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Cord blood and amniotic membrane extract eye drop preparations display immune-suppressive and regenerative properties. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13754. [PMID: 34215804 PMCID: PMC8253755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases and injuries that compromise the ocular surface cause considerable patient distress and have long term consequences for their quality of life. Treatment modalities that can address the delicate balance of tissue regeneration, inflammation and maintenance of corneal transparency are therefore needed. We have recently formulated two novel eye drops from placental tissues: cord blood platelet lysate (CBED) and amniotic membrane extract eye drops (AMED), which can be used to treat severe ocular disorders. Here we characterise these two preparations by measuring: (a) growth factors (GF) and cytokines composition, (b) promotion of human corneal epithelial cell (HCEC) growth and (c) effects on immune cells in a lymphocyte culture assay. Finally, their bioavailability was assayed in an ex vivo porcine corneal model. We show that both preparations contain GF and cytokines that were able to promote the in vitro growth of HCEC and support repair in an in vitro scratch test. When assessed in a lymphocyte culture, both favoured immune suppression reducing the cellular expression of NKG2D and CD107a as well as the production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in natural killer, NKT and T cells. Regarding bioavailability, CBED active molecules were found mainly in the pre-corneal fraction with some penetration into the corneal fraction, in an ex vivo model. In summary, both placental-derived allogeneic preparations, CBED and AMED, display regenerative and immunomodulatory capabilities. These results will help define mechanisms of action and the best indications and doses of each product for use in a particular patient and support the development of off-the-shelf therapies for ocular surface pathologies in which wound healing defects and inflammatory events are contributing factors.
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Samarkanova D, Cox S, Hernandez D, Rodriguez L, Casaroli-Marano RP, Madrigal A, Querol S. Cord Blood Platelet Rich Plasma Derivatives for Clinical Applications in Non-transfusion Medicine. Front Immunol 2020; 11:942. [PMID: 32536916 PMCID: PMC7266986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cord blood platelet rich plasma (CB-PRP) derivatives have been investigated as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of diverse conditions including ocular surface disease and skin ulcers. We have developed processes for the formulation of several CB-PRP preparations, which have different composition and attributes. Here we describe the molecular characteristics of these preparations and we make recommendations as to their most appropriate clinical application based on functional and immunomodulatory profiles. We show that incubation of adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with all three preparations dramatically reduced the production of INFγ and the expression of NKG2D and CD107a in NK, NKT, and T cells thus diminishing their activation, we propose that the likely mechanism is the high levels of soluble NKG2D ligands present in plasma. Of the three preparations we investigated, CB platelet lysate (PL) and platelet releaseate (PR) have higher concentrations of trophic and pro-angiogenic factors, CB platelet poor plasma (PPP) has the lowest concentration of all analytes measured. Based on these finding we propose that CB-PR is the most suitable raw material for skin wound patches, while CB-PL and PPP can be used to prepare eye drops for severe ocular surface pathologies and inflammatory conditions such as corneal ulcers or severe dry eye disease, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinara Samarkanova
- Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain.,Transfusional Medicine Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steven Cox
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,UCL Cancer Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Hernandez
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,UCL Cancer Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ricardo P Casaroli-Marano
- Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine & Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Madrigal
- Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain.,Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,UCL Cancer Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Querol
- Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain.,Transfusional Medicine Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
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Cox ST, Danby R, Hernandez D, Laza-Briviesca R, Pearson H, Madrigal JA, Saudemont A. Functional Characterisation and Analysis of the Soluble NKG2D Ligand Repertoire Detected in Umbilical Cord Blood Plasma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1282. [PMID: 29963042 PMCID: PMC6013648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that cord blood plasma (CBP) contains significantly more soluble NKG2D ligands (sNKG2DLs), such as sMICB and sULBP1, than healthy adult plasma. Viral infection or malignant transformation upregulates expression of NKG2D ligand on affected cells, leading to NK group 2, member D (NKG2D)-mediated natural killer (NK) cell lysis. Conversely, sNKG2DL engagement of NKG2D decreases NK cell cytotoxicity leading to viral or tumour immune escape. We hypothesised that sNKG2DLs detected in CBP may represent an additional fetal–maternal tolerance mechanism. To further understand the role of sNKG2DL in pregnancy and individual contributions of the various ligand types, we carried out functional analysis using 181 CBP samples. To test the ability of CBP to suppress the function of NK cells in vitro, we measured expression of NKG2D, CD107a, and IFN-γ in NK cells from control donors after exposure to 181 individual CBP samples and characterised the sMICA, sMICB, and sULBP1 content of each one. Furthermore, to detect possible allelic differences between samples that may also affect function, we carried out umbilical cord blood typing for MHC class I-related chain A (MICA) and MHC class I-related chain B (MICB) coding and promoter allelic types. Strongest functional correlations related to increasing concentration of exosomal sULBP1, which was present in all CBP samples tested. In addition, common MICB alleles, such as MICB*005:02, resulted in increased concentration of sMICB. Interestingly, MICB*005:02 uniquely associated with eight different promoter types. Among promoter polymorphisms, P2 resulted in the highest expression of sMICB and P9 the least and was confirmed using luciferase reporter assays. Higher levels of sMICB associated with lower IFN-γ production, indicating that sMICB also suppressed NK cell function. We also examined the MICA functional dimorphism encoding methionine (met) or valine (val) at residue 129 associated with strong or weak NKG2D binding, respectively. Most sMICA associated with val/val, some with met/val but none with met/met and, counter-intuitively, the presence of sMICA in CBP increased NK cell cytotoxicity. We propose a model for fetal–maternal tolerance, whereby NK cell activity is limited by sULBP1 and sMICB in CBP. The release of 129val sMICA with weak NKG2D signalling may reduce the overall net suppressive signal and break tolerance thus allowing fetal NK cells to overcome immunological threats in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Cox
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Danby
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Hernandez
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hayley Pearson
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Alejandro Madrigal
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aurore Saudemont
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Cox ST, Pearson H, Laza-Briviesca R, Pesoa S, Vullo C, Madrigal JA, Saudemont A. Characterization of 5' promoter and exon 1-3 polymorphism of the RAET1E gene. Hum Immunol 2015; 77:96-103. [PMID: 26519211 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
NKG2D is an activating receptor utilized by natural killer (NK) cells that recognizes upregulated ligands on infected, tumorigenic and damaged cells, leading to their cytolysis. However, the NKG2D ligand (NKG2DL) system is very complex with eight known gene loci encoding slightly different molecules. Furthermore, most NKG2DL gene loci such as MICA and MICB are highly polymorphic with potential for functional differences. NKG2DL expression on tumors varies depending on the malignancy and tumors can also release soluble NKG2DL that exert anergic effects on NK cells when engagement with NKG2D occurs, allowing escape from NK cell immunosurveillance. We carried out RAET1E typing of IHW cell line DNA, including a 580 bp proximal promoter fragment and exons 1-3 identifying 13 of 15 known RAET1E alleles. We determined 7 polymorphisms within the promoter region, including 2 already known that contributed to 9 promoter types. RAET1E alleles with variability in the extracellular region also differed with respect to promoter type and one allele, RAET1E(∗)003, associated with 5 promoter types. We then identified putative transcription factor binding sites for RAET1E, and found 5 of the 7 promoter polymorphisms may disrupt these sites, abrogating binding of transcription factors and varying the potential level of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Cox
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London NW3 2QU, UK.
| | - Hayley Pearson
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London NW3 2QU, UK
| | - Raquel Laza-Briviesca
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London NW3 2QU, UK
| | - Susanna Pesoa
- HLA Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Clinicas, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos Vullo
- HLA Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Clinicas, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - J Alejandro Madrigal
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London NW3 2QU, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Aurore Saudemont
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London NW3 2QU, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2QG, UK
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Cox ST, Laza-Briviesca R, Pearson H, Soria B, Gibson D, Gomez S, Madrigal JA, Saudemont A. Umbilical cord blood plasma contains soluble NKG2D ligands that mediate loss of natural killer cell function and cytotoxicity. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2324-34. [PMID: 25991034 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NK cells play a key role in innate elimination of virally infected or neoplastic cells but they can be circumvented by immunoevasive mechanisms enabling viral spread or tumor progression. Engagement of the NKG2D activating receptor with soluble forms of its ligand is one such mechanism of inducing NK cell hyporesponsiveness. Interestingly, this immunoevasive strategy among others is described at the maternal-fetal interface where tolerance of the semi-allogeneic fetus is required to allow successful human pregnancy. Understanding of maternal-fetal tolerance is increasing but mechanisms preventing alloreactivity of fetal immune cells against the maternal host are less well understood. The study of umbilical cord blood has enabled insight of the fetal immune system, which appears immature and inert. We have found that soluble NKG2D ligands (sNKG2DLs) are present in cord blood plasma (CBP) and associate with adult NK cell hyporesponsiveness demonstrated by reduced CD107a expression and secretion of IFN-γ upon stimulation. The capacity of NK cells to kill K562 cells or proliferate was also reduced by incubation with CBP; however, physical removal of sNKG2DL from CBP restored K562 lytic function and NKG2D expression. Therefore, our results strongly suggest sNKG2DLs are expressed in CBP as a mechanism of fetal-maternal tolerance in human pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Cox
- The Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London, UK
| | - Raquel Laza-Briviesca
- The Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London, UK
| | - Hayley Pearson
- The Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London, UK
| | - Bernat Soria
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Fundación Progreso y Salud, Seville, Spain.,Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Gibson
- Cell Therapy Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Susana Gomez
- Cell Therapy Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - J Alejandro Madrigal
- The Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London, UK.,Cell Therapy Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.,UCL Cancer Institute, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - Aurore Saudemont
- The Anthony Nolan Research Institute, The Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London, UK.,UCL Cancer Institute, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
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Cox ST, Laza-Briviesca R, Madrigal JA, Saudemont A. Further polymorphism of the RAET1E/ULBP4 gene in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 84:435-7. [DOI: 10.1111/tan.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. T. Cox
- The Anthony Nolan Research Institute; The Royal Free Hospital; London UK
| | - R. Laza-Briviesca
- The Anthony Nolan Research Institute; The Royal Free Hospital; London UK
| | - J. A. Madrigal
- The Anthony Nolan Research Institute; The Royal Free Hospital; London UK
- Cancer Institute; University College London; London UK
| | - A. Saudemont
- The Anthony Nolan Research Institute; The Royal Free Hospital; London UK
- Cancer Institute; University College London; London UK
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RAET1/ULBP alleles and haplotypes among Kolla South American Indians. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:775-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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