Isolation and primary structures of elephant adrenocorticotropin and beta-lipotropin

Mutational analysis of evolutionarily conserved ACTH residues

alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)1-24, the minimal ACTH sequence required for full activity, differ only by the 10 C-terminal amino acids of ACTH1-24. Interestingly, these ten C-terminal residues have been highly conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. To understand the functional constraints of these 10 amino acids we analyzed the effects of mutating these residues on steroidogenic activity in vivo and in vitro. Alanine substitutions of some of the first four amino acid residues (the basic core residues KKRR, 15-18) greatly reduces ACTH activity in vitro and in vivo; replacement of mutant alanines at residues 15 and 17 with glutamine residues partially restores ACTH activity. Thus, for ACTH receptor binding and activation, the amino acid residues 15-18 are important for their side chains. Surprisingly, conversion of the five C-terminal residues (20-24) to alanines increases ACTH activity in vivo over that of native ACTH. With respect to receptor binding and activity, the last five amino acid residues are important only for the peptide length they contribute; however, with respect to serum stability, their side chains are significant.

Beta-endorphin-containing proteins in the human pituitary

Two new proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived beta-endorphin (BE)-containing proteins were detected in the human pituitary, using HPLC, trypsin digestion, and a high sensitivity search with liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS) for the protonated molecule ion, (M + H)+, of tryptic peptides that are unique to BE. Proteins were extracted from pituitary tissues and were purified by solid phase extraction (SPE) chromatography and RP-HPLC. Each HPLC fraction was treated with trypsin, and each unseparated peptide mixture was analyzed by LSIMS to detect the two selected marker peptides (BE 20-24 and BE 10-19) that have excellent LSIMS desorption-ionization properties. The detection of both of those peptides indicated the presence of BE-containing proteins in two HPLC fractions (number 47 and 51). Tandem MS determined the amino acid sequence of the marker peptide BE 20-24 (NAIIK), and those sequence data optimized the specificity of the method. The two new BE-containing proteins derive from the C-terminal region of POMC, and were minor components in the two HPLC fractions. The major component in fraction 51 derived from the vasopressin-neurophysin 2-copeptin precursor.

Synthesis and receptor binding activity of elephant beta-endorphin, a beta-endorphin homolog with highly potent analgesic activity

Elephant beta-endorphin and its analog, elephant beta-endorphin(6-31) were synthesized by standard solid phase method. Receptor binding activity showed that elephant beta-endorphin was five to six times more potent than human beta-endorphin in its ability to bind to opiate receptors on rat brain membrane. In a previous study (Wong, C.-L., Wai, M.-K., Cheng, H.-C., Chung, D. & Yamashiro, D (1990) Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 16, 33-37), tail flick test for intracerebroventricularly administered beta-endorphin showed that the antinociceptive potency of elephant beta-endorphin was seven to eight times higher than that of human beta-endorphin in mice. Results from both studies suggest that elephant beta-endorphin was a much more potent antinociceptive agent than human beta-endorphin in tail flick test and its higher analgesic activity might be due to its higher affinity for opiate receptors in the brain.