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Gutiérrez-Guerrero A, Espinosa-Padilla SE, Lugo-Reyes SO. [Anything that can go wrong: cytotoxic cells and their control of Epstein-Barr virus]. REVISTA ALERGIA MÉXICO 2024; 71:29-39. [PMID: 38683066 DOI: 10.29262/ram.v71i1.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an gamma of herpes virus affecting exclusively humans, was the first oncogenic virus described and is associated with over seven different cancers. Curiously, the exchange of genes during viral infections has enabled the evolution of other cellular organisms, favoring new functions and the survival of the host. EBV has been co-evolving with mammals for hundreds of millions of years, and more than 95% of adults have been infected in one moment of their life. The infection is acquired primarily during childhood, in most cases as an asymptomatic infection. However, during adolescence or young adulthood, around 10 to 30% develop infectious mononucleosis. The NK and CD8+ T cells are the cytotoxic cells of the immune system that focus on antiviral responses. Importantly, an essential role of NK and CD8+ T cells has been demonstrated during the control and elimination of EBV-infected cells. Nonetheless, when the cytotoxic function of these cells is compromised, the infection increases the risk of developing lymphoproliferative diseases and cancer, often fatal. In this review, we delineate EBV infection and the importance of cytotoxic responses by NK and CD8+ T cells during the control and elimination of EBV-infected cells. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the main inborn errors of immunity that compromise cytotoxic responses by NK and CD8+ T cells, and how this scenario affects the antiviral response during EBV infection. Finally, we conclude the review by underlying the need for an effective EBV vaccine capable of preventing infection and the consequent development of malignancies and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Gutiérrez-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México
| | - Sara Elva Espinosa-Padilla
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México
| | - Saúl Oswaldo Lugo-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México
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Karachaliou M, de Sanjose S, Roumeliotaki T, Margetaki K, Vafeiadi M, Waterboer T, Chatzi L, Kogevinas M. Heterogeneous associations of polyomaviruses and herpesviruses with allergy-related phenotypes in childhood. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 127:191-199.e3. [PMID: 33895421 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests a complex interplay between infections and allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE To explore the association of 14 common viruses with eczema, asthma, and rhinoconjunctivitis in childhood. METHODS We used cross-sectional (n = 686) and prospective (n = 440) data from children participating in the Rhea birth cohort. Immunoglobulin G to polyomaviruses (BK polyomavirus, JC polyomavirus, KI polyomavirus [KIPyV], WU polyomavirus [WUPyV], human polyomavirus 6, human polyomavirus 7, Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, human polyomavirus 9, and human polyomavirus 10) and herpesviruses (Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus-1, Herpes simplex virus-2) were measured at age 4 years by fluorescent bead-based multiplex serology. Definitions of eczema, asthma, and rhinoconjunctivitis at ages 4 and 6 years were based on questionnaires. Mediation of the associations by immune biomarkers was tested. RESULTS Less likely to have eczema at age 4 years were KIPyV-seropositive (odds ratio [OR], 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27-0.82) and human polyomavirus 6 (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.26-0.73) compared with their seronegative counterparts. Seropositivity to Epstein-Barr virus was negatively associated with eczema at age 4 years (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.22-0.67) and 6 years (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.25-0.99). Children with a higher burden of herpesviruses or of skin polyomaviruses had the lowest odds of eczema at age 4 years. Higher odds for asthma at age 4 years were found for WUPyV-seropositive children (OR, 3.98; 95% CI, 1.38-11.51), and for children seropositive to both respiratory polyomaviruses (KIPyV and WUPyV) (OR, 7.35; 95% CI, 1.66-32.59) compared with children seronegative to both. No associations were observed for rhinoconjunctivitis. There was no evidence of mediation by immune biomarkers. CONCLUSION A heterogeneous pattern of infections and allergic diseases was observed with common infections associated with a decreased eczema risk and an increased asthma risk in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Karachaliou
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
| | | | - Theano Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Katerina Margetaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Division, Infection, Inflammation, and Cancer Research Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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Cruz-Muñoz ME, Fuentes-Pananá EM. Beta and Gamma Human Herpesviruses: Agonistic and Antagonistic Interactions with the Host Immune System. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2521. [PMID: 29354096 PMCID: PMC5760548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant and diverse biological entities in the planet. Historically, our main interest in viruses has focused on their pathogenic role, recognized by pandemics that have decimated the world population. However, viral infections have also played a major role in the evolution of cellular organisms, both through interchanging of genes with novel functions and shaping the immune system. Examples abound of infections that seriously compromise the host integrity, but evidence of plant and insect viruses mutualistic relationships have recently surfaced in which infected hosts are better suited for survival, arguing that virus-host interactions are initially parasitic but become mutualistic over years of co-evolution. A similar mutual help scenario has emerged with commensal gut bacteria. EBV is a herpesvirus that shares more than a hundred million years of co-evolution with humans, today successfully infecting close to 100% of the adult world population. Infection is usually acquired early in childhood persisting for the host lifetime mostly without apparent clinical symptoms. Disturbance of this homeostasis is rare and results in several diseases, of which the best understood are infectious mononucleosis and several EBV-associated cancers. Less understood are recently found inborn errors of the immune system that result in primary immunodeficiencies with an increased predisposition almost exclusive to EBV-associated diseases. Puzzling to these scenarios of broken homeostasis is the co-existence of immunosuppression, inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer. Homologous to EBV, HCMV, HHV-6 and HHV-7 are herpesviruses that also latently infect most individuals. Several lines of evidence support a mutualistic equilibrium between HCMV/EBV and hosts, that when altered trigger diseases in which the immune system plays a critical role. Interestingly, these beta and gamma herpesviruses persistently infect all immune lineages and early precursor cells. In this review, we will discuss the evidence of the benefits that infection of immune cells with these herpesviruses brings to the host. Also, the circumstances in which this positive relationship is broken, predisposing the host to diseases characterized by an abnormal function of the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario E Cruz-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ezequiel M Fuentes-Pananá
- Unidad de Investigación en Virología y Cáncer, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
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Kantor R, Silverberg JI. Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 13:15-26. [PMID: 27417220 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1212660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors. Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD. Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kantor
- a Department of Dermatology , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Jonathan I Silverberg
- b Departments of Dermatology, Preventive Medicine and Medical Social Sciences , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
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Smith-Norowitz TA, Carvajal-Raga S, Weedon J, Joks R, Norowitz KB, Weaver D, Durkin HG, Hammerschlag MR, Kohlhoff S. Increased seroprevalence of Enterovirus 71 IgE antibodies in asthmatic compared with non-asthmatic children. Ir J Med Sci 2016; 186:495-503. [PMID: 27440276 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-016-1480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a common pediatric chronic inflammatory airway disease. Respiratory viral infections are frequent infectious triggers for exacerbations of asthma. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a ubiquitous virus that causes systemic inflammatory responses in children but is not a known respiratory pathogen, can also serve as an infectious trigger for asthma. METHODS Specific EV71 IgE and IgM antibodies (Abs), total serum IgE, and IL-2 and IL-4 cytokine levels in serum of asthmatic and non-asthmatic children (N = 42, ages 5-19; N = 35, ages 1-20, respectively) were measured (ELISA). RESULTS Asthmatic children had higher EV71 IgE Ab levels than non-asthmatic (P < 0.001). Non-asthmatic children had significantly higher EV71 IgM Ab levels than asthmatic (P < 0.001). Despite low serum IgE levels of non-asthmatic, compared with asthmatic (P < 0.001), the non-asthmatic children produced significantly more IL-2 and IL-4 than asthmatic (P < 0.001; P < 0.001). The ages of the asthmatics, but not the non-asthmatics had a significant effect on the levels of EV 71 IgE Abs (P = 0.02; P = 0.356). A test of difference between these two slopes was significant. However, the ages of the non-asthmatic, but not the asthmatic children had a significant effect on the levels of EV 71 IgM Abs; a test of difference between these two slopes was significant. CONCLUSIONS Increased specific EV71 IgE Ab responses may indicate that EV71 infection may also be an infectious trigger in asthma. However, the role of specific EV71 IgM Abs, Th2 cytokines, and age in non-asthmatic children should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Smith-Norowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Box 49, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, New York, 11203, USA. .,Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203, USA.
| | - S Carvajal-Raga
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Box 49, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, New York, 11203, USA
| | - J Weedon
- Statistical Design and Analysis Research Division, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203, USA
| | - R Joks
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203, USA.,Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203, USA
| | - K B Norowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Box 49, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, New York, 11203, USA
| | - D Weaver
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Box 49, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, New York, 11203, USA
| | - H G Durkin
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203, USA.,Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203, USA
| | - M R Hammerschlag
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Box 49, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, New York, 11203, USA
| | - S Kohlhoff
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Box 49, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, New York, 11203, USA.,Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203, USA
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Li J, Silverberg J. Varicella infection is not associated with increasing prevalence of eczema: a U.S. population-based study. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:1169-74. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.C. Li
- Department of Dermatology; Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University; Suite 1600 676 N. St Clair St Chicago IL 60611 U.S.A
| | - J.I. Silverberg
- Departments of Dermatology, Preventive Medicine and Medical Social Sciences; Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University; Chicago IL U.S.A
- Northwestern Medicine Multidisciplinary Eczema Center; Chicago IL U.S.A
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Smith-Norowitz TA, Tam E, Norowitz KB, Chotikanatis K, Weaver D, Durkin HG, Bluth MH, Kohlhoff S. IgE anti Hepatitis B virus surface antigen antibodies detected in serum from inner city asthmatic and non asthmatic children. Hum Immunol 2013; 75:378-82. [PMID: 24374043 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral Hepatitis type B (HBV) is a public health concern, but has not been linked to asthma. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G is involved in HBV immune responses; less is known about IgE antibodies (Abs) against HBV in asthma. Given the importance of HBV, we sought to determine whether HBV vaccine contributes to asthma in children, by stimulating specific IgE production. Total IgE, IgE- or IgG-anti-HBVs Abs were studied in vaccinated pediatric asthmatics and non asthmatics. We found: (1) total IgE was higher in asthmatics; (2) total IgE did not correlate with IgE anti-HBVs; (3) IgE anti-HBVs did correlate with IgG-anti-HBVs in all subjects; (4)IgE- and IgG-HBVs Abs were similar in both groups; (5) IgE- or IgG anti-HBVs Abs did not correlate with age. Our findings indicate that HBV vaccination induces IgE responses in asthmatics and non asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar A Smith-Norowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, S.U.N.Y. Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Tam
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, S.U.N.Y. Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Kevin B Norowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, S.U.N.Y. Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Kobkul Chotikanatis
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, S.U.N.Y. Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Diana Weaver
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, S.U.N.Y. Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Helen G Durkin
- Department of Pathology, Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, S.U.N.Y. Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Martin H Bluth
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Stephan Kohlhoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, S.U.N.Y. Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
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Hesla HM, Gutzeit C, Stenius F, Scheynius A, Dahl H, Linde A, Alm J. Herpesvirus infections and allergic sensitization in children of families with anthroposophic and non-anthroposophic lifestyle - the ALADDIN birth cohort. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013; 24:61-5. [PMID: 23331530 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing up in families with an anthroposophic lifestyle has been associated with reduced risk of allergic disease in children. The aim of this report was to assess whether children with this lifestyle are infected earlier with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which has been associated with reduced risk of allergic disease, and three other herpesviruses potentially involved in allergy development, namely Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6), Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV7) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). METHODS Within the ALADDIN (Assessment of Lifestyle and Allergic Disease During Infancy), birth cohort study 157 children were categorized according to lifestyle into anthroposophic and non-anthroposophic. IgG-levels for EBV, HHV6, HHV7 and CMV were determined in plasma samples collected at ages 12 and 24 months and from parents. IgE levels against seven common allergens were analyzed at 24 months. RESULTS No significant differences in seroprevalence of EBV, HHV7 or CMV were detected at any age between the two lifestyle groups. The seroprevalence of HHV6 was significantly lower in the anthroposophic group at 24 months of age (74.6% vs. 87.5%, p-value 0.048). Further, no significant associations between allergic sensitization and seropositivity to any of the viruses were detected; however, an interaction effect of lifestyle could not be ruled out. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that there is no strong influence of exposure to the anthroposophic lifestyle on the time for infection with EBV, HHV6, HHV7 or CMV. These infections can therefore not be assumed to be important factors in the allergy-protective effect of this lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Marell Hesla
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Nearly all human beings, by the time they reach adolescence, are infected with multiple herpesviruses. At any given time, this family of viruses accounts for 35-40 billion human infections worldwide, making herpesviruses among the most prevalent pathogens known to exist. Compared to most other viruses, herpesviruses are also unique in that infection lasts the life of the host. Remarkably, despite their prevalence and persistence, little is known about how these viruses interact with their hosts, especially during the clinically asymptomatic phase of infection referred to as latency. This review explores data in human and animal systems that reveal the ability of latent herpesviruses to modulate the immune response to self and environmental antigens. From the perspective of the host, there are both potentially detrimental and surprisingly beneficial effects of this lifelong interaction. The realization that latent herpesvirus infection modulates immune responses in asymptomatic hosts forces us to reconsider what constitutes a 'normal' immune system in a healthy individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W. White
- Division of Rheumatology, Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - R. Suzanne Beard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC, USA
| | - Erik S. Barton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC, USA
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Association between varicella zoster virus infection and atopic dermatitis in early and late childhood: A case-control study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:300-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Nordström I, Rudin A, Adlerberth I, Wold A, Saalman R, Hesselmar B, Åberg N, Liljeqvist JÅ, Eriksson K. Infection of infants with human herpesvirus type 6 may be associated with reduced allergic sensitization and T-helper type 2 development. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40:882-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fecek RJ, Marcondes Rezende M, Busch R, Hassing I, Pieters R, Cuff CF. Enteric reovirus infection stimulates peanut-specific IgG2a responses in a mouse food allergy model. Immunobiology 2010; 215:941-8. [PMID: 20356650 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
IgE-mediated food allergies are an important cause of life-threatening hypersensitivity reactions. Orally administered peanut antigens mixed with the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (CT) induce a strong peanut extract (PE)-specific serum IgE response that is correlated with T-helper type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2)-like T-cell responses. This study was conducted to determine if respiratory enteric orphan virus (reovirus), a non-pathogenic virus that induces robust Th1-mediated mucosal and systemic responses could modulate induction of PE-specific allergic responses when co-administered with PE. Young mice were orally exposed to PE mixed with CT, reovirus, or both CT and reovirus. As expected, CT promoted PE-specific serum IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a and intestinal IgA production as well as splenic Th1- and Th2-associated cytokine recall responses. Reovirus did not alter PE-specific serum IgE and IgG1 levels, but substantially increased the PE-specific IgG2a response when co-administered with PE with or without CT. Additionally, reovirus significantly decreased the percentage of the Peyer's patch CD8+ T-cells and Foxp3+CD4+ T-regulatory cells when co-administered with PE. These results demonstrate that an acute mucosal reovirus infection and subsequent Th1 immune response is capable of modulating the Th1/Th2 controlled humoral response to PE. The reovirus-mediated increase in the PE-specific IgG2a antibody response may have therapeutic implications as increased levels of non-allergenic PE-specific IgG2a could block PE antigens from binding to IgE-sensitized mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Fecek
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center of West Virginia University, Morgantown, P.O. Box 9177, WV 26506, USA
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13
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Early-life EBV infection protects against persistent IgE sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 125:433-8. [PMID: 19963258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with EBV has previously been implicated in influencing allergic disorders, but its precise role remains contradictory. The timing of primary infection may contribute to the discrepancies. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at investigating whether the time-point of primary EBV infection during childhood could be of importance in modulating the risk of developing IgE sensitization. METHODS A total of 219 Swedish infants were followed prospectively to 5 years of age with clinical examinations, skin prick testing, specific IgE analyses, and determination of serostatus against EBV. RESULTS After analysis of the children's EBV serostatus, we found that 5-year-olds who were infected with EBV before the age of 2 years were at a significantly lower risk of being persistently IgE-sensitized-that is, sensitized at both 2 and 5 years of age (adjusted odds ratio, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.12-0.94). In contrast, contraction of EBV after 2 years of age was highly associated with late-onset IgE sensitization (adjusted odds ratio, 4.64; 95% CI, 1.57-13.69). Persistently sensitized 5-year-olds had higher specific-IgE levels than children with late-onset IgE sensitization (P < .01). CONCLUSION Our data support the value of early-life microbial exposure for protection against the development of IgE sensitization and underscore the proximate postnatal years as an important period during which EBV could contribute to an allergo-protective immune profile.
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Nilsson C, Larsson Sigfrinius AK, Montgomery SM, Sverremark-Ekström E, Linde A, Lilja G, Blomberg MT. Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus are differentially associated with numbers of cytokine-producing cells and early atopy. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:509-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Silverberg JI, Norowitz KB, Kleiman E, Durkin HG, Smith-Norowitz TA. Varicella Zoster Virus (Wild-Type) Infection, but not Varicella Vaccine, in Late Childhood Is Associated With Delayed Asthma Onset, Milder Symptoms, and Decreased Atopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1089/pai.2008.0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Hanashiro K, Ohta S, Sunagawa M, Nakamura M, Suzuki M, Kosugi T. Modification of Cepsilon mRNA expression by EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1. Mediators Inflamm 2007; 2006:68069. [PMID: 17392589 PMCID: PMC1775027 DOI: 10.1155/mi/2006/68069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of expression of latent membrane protein (LMP) 1 encoded by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) on Cɛ mRNA expression,
mRNA levels were examined by RT-PCR or Northern blot analysis upon transient transfection of LMP1 in the splenocytes derived from Brown-Norway rats with or without immunization with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-conjugated Ascaris suum antigen. Splenocytes were transfected with LMP1 expression vector, pSG5-LMP1, using lipofection method. Cɛ mRNA levels were considerably increased by transfection with pSG5-LMP1 in the splenocytes derived from the nonimmunized rats; however, Cɛ mRNA levels were decreased in the splenocytes derived from the immunized rats. Cɛ mRNA expression in IgE-producing cells are modulated by LMP1, which might depend on the differentiation status of B cells upon exposure to allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Hanashiro
- 1st Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Shigeto Ohta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Masanori Sunagawa
- 1st Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
- *Masanori Sunagawa:
| | - Mariko Nakamura
- 1st Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Mikio Suzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Kosugi
- 1st Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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17
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Ohta S, Hanashiro K, Sunagawa M, Tono T, Suzuki M, Kosugi T. Involvement of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein (LMP)-1 in the potentiation of C epsilon mRNA expression in human tonsil-derived cells. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2006; 264:245-50. [PMID: 17089136 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-006-0191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate a possible correlation between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection status, including its latent gene expression, and expression of allergy-related genes in human tonsil-derived cells. In the tonsil-derived cells from the patients undergoing routine tonsillectomies for palatine tonsil hypertrophy or tonsillar focal infection, the presence of EBV DNA and mRNA expressions of latent membrane protein (LMP)-1, C epsilon chain, and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) were detected by PCR and RT-PCR analysis, respectively. Of all the 12 patients, PCR products amplified from EBV DNA BamHI W fragment were detected in the tonsils from the 10 patients (83.3%). LMP1 mRNA expressions were confirmed in the six patients (50%). Both LMP1 mRNA expressions and EBV DNA were detected in the five patients. EBV DNA, but not LMP1 mRNA expression, was detected in the five patients. LMP1 mRNA expression, but not EBV DNA, was detected in one patient. In one patient, neither EBV DNA nor LMP1 mRNA expression was confirmed. C epsilon mRNA expressions were confirmed in all the 12 patients along with AID mRNA expressions. The degree of C epsilon mRNA expression, however, varied with the patients. The Fisher's exact probability test revealed a statistically significant correlation between LMP1 and C epsilon gene expressions, indicating that C epsilon mRNA expression level was significantly higher in the LMP1 positive samples than in the negative samples. On the other hand, there was no significant correlation between AID and LMP1 mRNA expressions. Thus, EBV infection is a notable factor capable of exacerbating allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeto Ohta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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18
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Nilsson C, Linde A, Montgomery SM, Gustafsson L, Näsman P, Blomberg MT, Lilja G. Does early EBV infection protect against IgE sensitization? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116:438-44. [PMID: 16083803 PMCID: PMC7119037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background There is indirect evidence that an increased infectious burden is associated with a decreased prevalence of IgE-mediated allergy during childhood. Objective To determine whether there is a relation between the serostatus of 13 different viruses and parentally reported infections and IgE sensitization in 2-year-old children. To investigate whether there is an interaction between cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in relation to IgE sensitization. Methods A total of 246 infants were followed prospectively to 2 years of age with clinical examinations, skin prick test, and specific IgE analyses and through analysis of seropositivity against adenovirus, influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, CMV, EBV, herpes simplex virus, human herpesvirus 6, and varicella-zoster virus. Results There was some evidence that IgE sensitization (24%) tended to be more common among children who were seropositive against few compared with children who were seropositive against many viruses, but this was not statistically significant, and there was no consistent trend across the groups. IgE sensitization was statistically significantly less prevalent at 2 years of age among infants who were seropositive against EBV but not other viruses (adjusted odds ratio, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.14-0.86). The interaction of seropositivity against both CMV and EBV antibodies indicated a further reduction in the risk for IgE sensitization (adjusted odds ratio for interaction, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.01-0.92), indicating effect modification associated with seropositivity against CMV. Conclusion Our results indicate that acquisition of EBV infection during the first 2 years of life is associated with a reduced risk of IgE sensitization, and this effect is enhanced by CMV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Nilsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Sachs' Children's Hospital, Stockholm South Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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19
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Adler UC. The influence of childhood infections and vaccination on the development of atopy: A systematic review of the direct epidemiological evidence. HOMEOPATHY 2005; 94:182-95. [PMID: 16060204 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'hygiene hypothesis' has been used to justify a belief common among homeopaths, that the suppression of childhood infections and immunisation may lead to the development of chronic atopic diseases. OBJECTIVES To analyse the influence of childhood infections and immunisation on the development of atopy. METHODS Qualitative systematic review of direct epidemiological evidence (Medline 1993-2004) concerning the influence of childhood infections and immunisation on the development of atopy and discussion based on homeopathy. CONCLUSIONS (1) Childhood infections do not protect against atopy; on the contrary, they increase the risk of allergic diseases, in agreement to Hahnemann's observations, which included epidemic diseases among the factors capable of stimulating the development of chronic diseases. (2) Vaccination is not a risk factor for atopy, notwithstanding the allergenic effect of some vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- U C Adler
- Al. dos Jurupis, 284, São Paulo-SP 04088-00, Brazil.
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20
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Sidorchuk A, Wickman M, Pershagen G, Lagarde F, Linde A. Cytomegalovirus infection and development of allergic diseases in early childhood: interaction with EBV infection? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 114:1434-40. [PMID: 15577849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic replication of cytomegalovirus and EBV in early life may affect the immune system and play a role in the development of allergy in children. OBJECTIVE To assess the relation between cytomegalovirus infection and allergic disorders in children, including a possible interaction with EBV infection. METHODS From a prospective birth cohort study in Stockholm, on factors of importance for development of allergy, 2581 four-year-old children were enrolled. The classification of allergic diseases was based on questionnaire answers and determination of IgE antibodies to common airborne and food allergens. IgG to cytomegalovirus was determined by a commercial ELISA and to EBV by indirect immunofluorescence. RESULTS A total of 1191 (46%) children were cytomegalovirus-seropositive. There were no significant associations between seropositivity to cytomegalovirus and allergic manifestations, such as bronchial asthma, suspected allergic rhinitis, or atopic dermatitis. Seropositivity to cytomegalovirus alone, ie, without seropositivity to EBV, was related to IgE antibodies to airborne and food allergens (adjusted odds ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.9). An antagonism between cytomegalovirus and EBV in relation to sensitization to airborne and food allergens was suggested ( P = .05). CONCLUSION The study does not support the hypothesis that previous cytomegalovirus infection plays an important role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma, suspected allergic rhinitis, or atopic dermatitis in children. However, in the absence of EBV infection, cytomegalovirus infection may be related to sensitization to airborne and food allergens.
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21
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Okudaira R, Mukoyama T, Suzuki N, Hashizume K, Iwata T, Juji F, Kohno Y, Takeuchi F, Shuto H, Okudaira H. Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Childhood May Precipitate Atopic Diseases. Allergol Int 2005. [DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.54.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Sidorchuk A, Lagarde F, Pershagen G, Wickman M, Linde A. Epstein-Barr virus infection is not associated with development of allergy in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22:642-7. [PMID: 12867841 DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000076510.41038.a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in concentrations of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in atopic and nonatopic children have been observed, suggesting that EBV infection may play a role in allergic diseases. AIM To assess the association between EBV infection and atopy in Swedish children at 4 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS Were studied 2561 children born in 1994 through 1996 in Stockholm, Sweden. The children were enrolled in a prospective birth cohort study focusing on the relation of exposure to various environmental and life style factors during early childhood and development of atopy. Blood samples were obtained when the children were approximately 4 years old, and immunoglobulin G to EBV was determined by indirect immunofluorescence. The relationship between the seroprevalence to EBV and various allergic disorders was assessed, withthe use of logistic regression analysis to account for other risk factors. RESULTS Totally 1347 of 2561 (52%) children were EBV-seropositive. Associations between EBV seropositivity and the occurrence of asthma [adjusted odds ratio (OR(adj)), 1.10; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.81 to 1.49] or suspected allergic rhinitis (OR(adj) 0.97; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.25) were not apparent. In children whose mothers were up to 25 years old, a higher EBV seroprevalence was observed than in children of older mothers (OR(adj) 1.34; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.71). Also in children whose mothers smoked, the seroprevalence was higher than in children of nonsmokers (OR(adj) 1.29; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.63). CONCLUSIONS The study does not support the hypothesis that EBV infection in early childhood plays an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sidorchuk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Menendez C, Sunyer J, Ventura PJ, Aponte JJ, Acosta CJ, Schellenberg D, Kahigwa E, Antó JM, Alonso PL. Malaria infection does not appear to modify the risk of bronchiolitis early in life. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21:249-54. [PMID: 12005090 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-200203000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The observation of an increased prevalence of allergic disorders coinciding with a decreasing frequency of infectious diseases in early childhood has led to the speculation that infections may prevent allergic sensitization. Information on the role of parasites in this context is limited. Bronchiolitis in infancy has been linked with asthmatic symptoms later in childhood, although the underlying cause of this association is unknown. METHODS To test the hypothesis that early parasitic infections in infancy might prevent the development of allergic manifestations later in life, the effect of malaria infections during the first year of life on the risk of bronchiolitis was studied in 675 Tanzanian children at 18 months of age. The study was conducted as part of an intervention trial of malaria chemoprophylaxis and/or iron supplementation for the prevention of malaria and anemia in infants. RESULTS The incidence of bronchiolitis up to 18 months of age in the 675 children was 0.58 episode per child per year. The risk factors analysis was based on 470 children with complete data. There was no difference in the incidence of bronchiolitis between those who had received malaria chemoprophylaxis during the first year of life and those who had not. However, the proportion of children who had bronchiolitis was lower among those who had had malaria episodes than among those who had not (48% vs. 55%, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study does not support the hypothesis that reduced exposure to parasites may modulate the development of bronchiolitis early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Menendez
- Unidad de Epidemiologia y Bioestadistica, Institut d'Investigaciones Mediques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.
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