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Hirsch M, Langer SE, Marina M, Rosli HG, Civello PM, Martínez GA, Villarreal NM. Expression profiling of endo-xylanases during ripening of strawberry cultivars with contrasting softening rates. Influence of postharvest and hormonal treatments. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3676-3684. [PMID: 33280108 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Softening is one of the main features that determine fruit quality during strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa, Duch.) ripening and storage. Being closely related to textural changes, the molecular and biochemical bases underlying strawberry cell-wall metabolism is a matter of interest. Here we investigated the abundance of transcripts encoding putative strawberry endo-xylanases in plant tissues, during fruit ripening and under postharvest and hormonal treatments. Total xylanase activity and expression of related genes in strawberry varieties with contrasting firmness were analyzed. RESULTS FaXynA and FaXynC mRNA abundance was significantly higher than FaXynB in each plant tissue studied. Higher total xylanase activity was detected at the end of the ripening of the softer cultivar ('Toyonoka') in comparison with the firmer one ('Camarosa'), correlating with the abundance of FaXynA and FaXynC transcripts. Postharvest 1-methylcyclopropene treatment up-regulated FaXynA and FaXynC expressions. FaXynC mRNA abundance decreased with heat treatment but the opposite was observed for FaXynA. Calcium chloride treatment down-regulated FaXynA and FaXynC expression. Both genes responded differently to plant growth regulators' exposure. FaXynC expression was down-regulated by auxins and gibberellins treatment and up-regulated by abscisic acid. FaXynA was up-regulated by auxins, while no changes in mRNA levels were evident by abscisic acid and gibberellins treatment. Ethephon exposure did not change FaXynA and FaXynC expressions. CONCLUSION New knowledge about the presence of xylanases in ripening strawberry fruit and their response to postharvest and hormonal treatments is provided. Our findings suggest a role for endo-xylanases in hemicelluloses depolymerization and possibly in strawberry fruit softening. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailén Hirsch
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Fisiología de la Maduración de Frutos, INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Av. Intendente Marino km 8,2, Chascomús, Pcia. Buenos Aires, B7130IWA, Argentina
| | - Silvia E Langer
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Fisiología de la Maduración de Frutos, INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Av. Intendente Marino km 8,2, Chascomús, Pcia. Buenos Aires, B7130IWA, Argentina
| | - María Marina
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Fisiología de la Maduración de Frutos, INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Av. Intendente Marino km 8,2, Chascomús, Pcia. Buenos Aires, B7130IWA, Argentina
| | - Hernán G Rosli
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Maduración de Frutos y Senescencia Foliar, INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Diag. 113 N° 495, La Plata, Pcia. Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Pedro M Civello
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Maduración de Frutos y Senescencia Foliar, INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Diag. 113 N° 495, La Plata, Pcia. Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115, La Plata, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Martínez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Maduración de Frutos y Senescencia Foliar, INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Diag. 113 N° 495, La Plata, Pcia. Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115, La Plata, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Natalia M Villarreal
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Fisiología de la Maduración de Frutos, INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Av. Intendente Marino km 8,2, Chascomús, Pcia. Buenos Aires, B7130IWA, Argentina
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Zheng S, Hao Y, Fan S, Cai J, Chen W, Li X, Zhu X. Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Profiling Provide Novel Insights into Fruit Ripening and Ripening Disorder Caused by 1-MCP Treatments in Papaya. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020916. [PMID: 33477620 PMCID: PMC7831311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment with 1-methylcyclopropylene (1-MCP) is an effective technique to preserve fruits, but inappropriate treatment with 1-MCP causes a ripening disorder (rubbery texture) in papaya fruit. In this study, a combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis was conducted to reveal the possible mechanism of the ripening disorder caused by unsuitable 1-MCP in papaya. A total of 203 differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified in the metabolome analysis. Only 24 DAMs were identified in the control (CK) vs. the 1-MCP 2 h group, and they were primarily flavonoids. Ninety and 89 DAMs were identified in the CK vs. 1-MCP 16 h and 1-MCP 2 h vs. 1-MCP 16 h groups, respectively, indicating that long-term 1-MCP treatment severely altered the metabolites during fruit ripening. 1-MCP 16 h treatment severely reduced the number of metabolites, which primarily consisted of flavonoids, lipids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, and organic acids. An integrated analysis of RNA-Seq and metabolomics showed that various energy metabolites for the tricarboxylic acid cycle were reduced by long-term treatment with 1-MCP, and the glycolic acid cycle was the most significantly affected, as well as the phenylpropane pathway. These results provide valuable information for fruit quality control and new insight into the ripening disorder caused by unsuitable treatment with 1-MCP in papaya.
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Zhu X, Ye L, Ding X, Gao Q, Xiao S, Tan Q, Huang J, Chen W, Li X. Transcriptomic analysis reveals key factors in fruit ripening and rubbery texture caused by 1-MCP in papaya. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:309. [PMID: 31299898 PMCID: PMC6626363 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethylene promotes fruit ripening whereas 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), a non-toxic antagonist of ethylene, delays fruit ripening via the inhibition of ethylene receptor. However, unsuitable 1-MCP treatment can cause fruit ripening disorders. RESULTS In this study, we show that short-term 1-MCP treatment (400 nL•L- 1, 2 h) significantly delays papaya fruit ripening with normal ripening characteristics. However, long-term 1-MCP treatment (400 nL•L- 1, 16 h) causes a "rubbery" texture of fruit. The comparative transcriptome analysis showed that a total of 5529 genes were differently expressed during fruit ripening compared to freshly harvested fruits. Comprehensive functional enrichment analysis showed that the metabolic pathways of carbon metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, biosynthesis of amino acids, and starch and sucrose metabolism are involved in fruit ripening. 1-MCP treatment significantly affected fruit transcript levels. A total of 3595 and 5998 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between short-term 1-MCP, long-term 1-MCP treatment and the control, respectively. DEGs are mostly enriched in the similar pathway involved in fruit ripening. A large number of DEGs were also identified between long-term and short-term 1-MCP treatment, with most of the DEGs being enriched in carbon metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, and biosynthesis of amino acids. The 1-MCP treatments accelerated the lignin accumulation and delayed cellulose degradation during fruit ripening. Considering the rubbery phenotype, we inferred that the cell wall metabolism and hormone signal pathways are closely related to papaya fruit ripening disorder. The RNA-Seq output was confirmed using RT-qPCR by 28 selected genes that were involved in cell wall metabolism and hormone signal pathways. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that long-term 1-MCP treatment severely inhibited ethylene signaling and the cell wall metabolism pathways, which may result in the failure of cell wall degradation and fruit softening. Our results reveal multiple ripening-associated events during papaya fruit ripening and provide a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying 1-MCP treatment on fruit ripening and the regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
| | - Lanlan Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
| | - Xiaochun Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
| | - Qiyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
| | - Shuangling Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
| | - Qinqin Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
| | - Jiling Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
| | - Weixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
| | - Xueping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
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Prakash R, Hallett IC, Wong SF, Johnston SL, O’Donoghue EM, McAtee PA, Seal AG, Atkinson RG, Schröder R. Cell separation in kiwifruit without development of a specialised detachment zone. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:86. [PMID: 28486974 PMCID: PMC5424339 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike in abscission or dehiscence, fruit of kiwifruit Actinidia eriantha develop the ability for peel detachment when they are ripe and soft in the absence of a morphologically identifiable abscission zone. Two closely-related genotypes with contrasting detachment behaviour have been identified. The 'good-peeling' genotype has detachment with clean debonding of cells, and a peel tissue that does not tear. The 'poor-peeling' genotype has poor detachability, with cells that rupture upon debonding, and peel tissue that fragments easily. RESULTS Structural studies indicated that peel detachability in both genotypes occurred in the outer pericarp beneath the hypodermis. Immunolabelling showed differences in methylesterification of pectin, where the interface of labelling coincided with the location of detachment in the good-peeling genotype, whereas in the poor-peeling genotype, no such interface existed. This zone of difference in methylesterification was enhanced by differential cell wall changes between the peel and outer pericarp tissue. Although both genotypes expressed two polygalacturonase genes, no enzyme activity was detected in the good-peeling genotype, suggesting limited pectin breakdown, keeping cell walls strong without tearing or fragmentation of the peel and flesh upon detachment. Differences in location and amounts of wall-stiffening galactan in the peel of the good-peeling genotype possibly contributed to this phenotype. Hemicellulose-acting transglycosylases were more active in the good-peeling genotype, suggesting an influence on peel flexibility by remodelling their substrates during development of detachability. High xyloglucanase activity in the peel of the good-peeling genotype may contribute by having a strengthening effect on the cellulose-xyloglucan network. CONCLUSIONS In fruit of A. eriantha, peel detachability is due to the establishment of a zone of discontinuity created by differential cell wall changes in peel and outer pericarp tissues that lead to changes in mechanical properties of the peel. During ripening, the peel becomes flexible and the cells continue to adhere strongly to each other, preventing breakage, whereas the underlying outer pericarp loses cell wall strength as softening proceeds. Together these results reveal a novel and interesting mechanism for enabling cell separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roneel Prakash
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Ian C. Hallett
- PFR, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Sally F. Wong
- PFR, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Sarah L. Johnston
- PFR, Hawke’s Bay Research Centre, Cnr Crosses and St George’s Roads, Havelock North, 4130 New Zealand
| | - Erin M. O’Donoghue
- PFR, Food Industry Science Centre, Fitzherbert Science Centre, Batchelar Road, Palmerston North, 4474 New Zealand
| | - Peter A. McAtee
- PFR, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Alan G. Seal
- PFR, Te Puke Research Centre, 412 No 1 Road RD 2, Te Puke, 3182 New Zealand
| | - Ross G. Atkinson
- PFR, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Roswitha Schröder
- PFR, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
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Di Guardo M, Bink MCAM, Guerra W, Letschka T, Lozano L, Busatto N, Poles L, Tadiello A, Bianco L, Visser RGF, van de Weg E, Costa F. Deciphering the genetic control of fruit texture in apple by multiple family-based analysis and genome-wide association. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1451-1466. [PMID: 28338805 PMCID: PMC5441909 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruit texture is a complex feature composed of mechanical and acoustic properties relying on the modifications occurring in the cell wall throughout fruit development and ripening. Apple is characterized by a large variation in fruit texture behavior that directly impacts both the consumer's appreciation and post-harvest performance. To decipher the genetic control of fruit texture comprehensively, two complementing quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping approaches were employed. The first was represented by a pedigree-based analysis (PBA) carried out on six full-sib pedigreed families, while the second was a genome-wide association study (GWAS) performed on a collection of 233 apple accessions. Both plant materials were genotyped with a 20K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and phenotyped with a sophisticated high-resolution texture analyzer. The overall QTL results indicated the fundamental role of chromosome 10 in controlling the mechanical properties, while chromosomes 2 and 14 were more associated with the acoustic response. The latter QTL, moreover, showed a consistent relationship between the QTL-estimated genotypes and the acoustic performance assessed among seedlings. The in silico annotation of these intervals revealed interesting candidate genes potentially involved in fruit texture regulation, as suggested by the gene expression profile. The joint integration of these approaches sheds light on the specific control of fruit texture, enabling important genetic information to assist in the selection of valuable fruit quality apple varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Di Guardo
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C A M Bink
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Guerra
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, via Laimburg 6, 39040 Ora (BZ),Italy
| | - Thomas Letschka
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, via Laimburg 6, 39040 Ora (BZ),Italy
| | - Lidia Lozano
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, via Laimburg 6, 39040 Ora (BZ),Italy
| | - Nicola Busatto
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento,Italy
| | - Lara Poles
- Innovation Fruit Consortium (CIF), via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Alice Tadiello
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento,Italy
| | - Luca Bianco
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento,Italy
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric van de Weg
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio Costa
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento,Italy
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do Prado SBR, Melfi PR, Castro-Alves VC, Broetto SG, Araújo ES, do Nascimento JRO, Fabi JP. Physiological Degradation of Pectin in Papaya Cell Walls: Release of Long Chains Galacturonans Derived from Insoluble Fractions during Postharvest Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1120. [PMID: 27512402 PMCID: PMC4961711 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a fleshy fruit that presents a rapid pulp softening during ripening. However, the timeline on how papaya pectinases act in polysaccharide solubilization and the consequent modification of the cell wall fractions during ripening is still not clear. In this work, the gene expression correlations between, on one hand, 16 enzymes potentially acting during papaya cell wall disassembling and, on the other hand, the monosaccharide composition of cell wall fractions during papaya ripening were evaluated. In order to explain differences in the ripening of papaya samplings, the molecular mass distribution of polysaccharides from water-soluble and oxalate-soluble fractions (WSF and OSF, respectively), as well as the oligosaccharide profiling from the WSF fraction, were evaluated by high performance size exclusion chromatography coupled to a refractive index detector and high performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled to pulse amperometric detection analyses, respectively. Results showed that up-regulated polygalacturonase and β-galactosidase genes were positively correlated with some monosaccharide profiles. In addition, an overall increase in the retention time of high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) polysaccharides in WSF and OSF was shown. The apparent disappearance of one HMW peak of the OSF may result from the conversion of pectin that were crosslinked with calcium into more soluble forms through the action of PGs, which would increase the solubilization of polysaccharides by lowering their molecular weight. Thus, the results allowed us to propose a detailed process of papaya cell wall disassembling that would affect sensorial properties and post-harvesting losses of this commercially important fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira B. R. do Prado
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. Melfi
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor C. Castro-Alves
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina G. Broetto
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elias S. Araújo
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - João R. O. do Nascimento
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
- University of São Paulo – NAPAN – Food and Nutrition Research CenterSão Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center, CEPID-FAPESP (Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation)São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João P. Fabi
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
- University of São Paulo – NAPAN – Food and Nutrition Research CenterSão Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center, CEPID-FAPESP (Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation)São Paulo, Brazil
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Fabi JP, Broetto SG, da Silva SLGL, Zhong S, Lajolo FM, do Nascimento JRO. Analysis of papaya cell wall-related genes during fruit ripening indicates a central role of polygalacturonases during pulp softening. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105685. [PMID: 25162506 PMCID: PMC4146514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a climacteric fleshy fruit that undergoes dramatic changes during ripening, most noticeably a severe pulp softening. However, little is known regarding the genetics of the cell wall metabolism in papayas. The present work describes the identification and characterization of genes related to pulp softening. We used gene expression profiling to analyze the correlations and co-expression networks of cell wall-related genes, and the results suggest that papaya pulp softening is accomplished by the interactions of multiple glycoside hydrolases. The polygalacturonase cpPG1 appeared to play a central role in the network and was further studied. The transient expression of cpPG1 in papaya results in pulp softening and leaf necrosis in the absence of ethylene action and confirms its role in papaya fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Fabi
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, FCF, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- University of São Paulo, – NAPAN – Food and Nutrition Research Center, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Garcia Broetto
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, FCF, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Silin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Franco Maria Lajolo
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, FCF, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- University of São Paulo, – NAPAN – Food and Nutrition Research Center, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Roberto Oliveira do Nascimento
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, FCF, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- University of São Paulo, – NAPAN – Food and Nutrition Research Center, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Molecular cloning, characterizing, and expression analysis of CTR1 genes in harvested papaya fruit. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-2131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Gribaa A, Dardelle F, Lehner A, Rihouey C, Burel C, Ferchichi A, Driouich A, Mollet JC. Effect of water deficit on the cell wall of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera 'Deglet nour', Arecales) fruit during development. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1056-70. [PMID: 23176574 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is an important crop providing a valuable nutrition source for people in many countries including the Middle East and North Africa. In recent years, the amount of rain in North Africa and especially in the Tunisian palm grove areas has dropped significantly. We investigated the growth and cell wall remodelling of fruits harvested at three key development stages from trees grown with or without water supply. During development, cell wall solubilization and remodelling was characterized by a decrease of the degree of methylesterification of pectin, an important loss of galactose content and a reduction of the branching of xylan by arabinose in irrigated condition. Water deficit had a profound effect on fruit size, pulp content, cell wall composition and remodelling. Loss of galactose content was not as important, arabinose content was significantly higher in the pectin-enriched extracts from non-irrigated condition, and the levels of methylesterification of pectin and O-acetylation of xyloglucan were lower than in irrigated condition. The lower levels of hydrophobic groups (methylester and O-acetyl) and the less intensive degradation of the hydrophilic galactan, arabinan and arabinogalactan in the cell wall may be implicated in maintaining the hydration status of the cells under water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gribaa
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES EA 4358, IRIB, Normandy University, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
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Johnston SL, Prakash R, Chen NJ, Kumagai MH, Turano HM, Cooney JM, Atkinson RG, Paull RE, Cheetamun R, Bacic A, Brummell DA, Schröder R. An enzyme activity capable of endotransglycosylation of heteroxylan polysaccharides is present in plant primary cell walls. PLANTA 2013; 237:173-87. [PMID: 23001197 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Heteroxylans in the plant cell wall have been proposed to have a role analogous to that of xyloglucans or heteromannans, forming growth-restraining networks by interlocking cellulose microfibrils. A xylan endotransglycosylase has been identified that can transglycosylate heteroxylan polysaccharides in the presence of xylan-derived oligosaccharides. High activity was detected in ripe fruit of papaya (Carica papaya), but activity was also found in a range of other fruits, imbibed seeds and rapidly growing seedlings of cereals. Xylan endotransglycosylase from ripe papaya fruit used a range of heteroxylans, such as wheat arabinoxylan, birchwood glucuronoxylan and various heteroxylans from dicotyledonous primary cell walls purified from tomato and papaya fruit, as donor molecules. As acceptor molecules, the enzyme preferentially used xylopentaitol over xylohexaitol or shorter-length acceptors. Xylan endotransglycosylase was active over a broad pH range and could perform transglycosylation reactions up to 55 °C. Xylan endotransglycosylase activity was purified from ripe papaya fruit by ultrafiltration and cation exchange chromatography. Highest endotransglycosylase activity was identified in fractions that also contained high xylan hydrolase activity and correlated with the presence of the endoxylanase CpaEXY1. Recombinant CpaEXY1 protein transiently over-expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves showed both endoxylanase and xylan endotransglycosylase activities in vitro, suggesting that CpaEXY1 is a single enzyme with dual activity in planta. Purified native CpaEXY1 showed two- to fourfold higher endoxylanase than endotransglycosylase activity, suggesting that CpaEXY1 may act primarily as a hydrolase. We propose that xylan endotransglycosylase activity (like xyloglucan and mannan endotransglycosylase activities) could be involved in remodelling or re-arrangement of heteroxylans of the cellulose-non-cellulosic cell wall framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Johnston
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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11
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Espitia PJP, Soares NDFF, Botti LCM, Melo NRD, Pereira OL, Silva WAD. Assessment of the efficiency of essential oils in the preservation of postharvest papaya in an antimicrobial packaging system. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1981-67232012005000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rot and damage caused by post-harvest phytopathogenic fungi affect fruit quality. Essential oils (EO) are considered as an alternative to fungicides. Postharvest diseases of fruits may also be controlled by the bagging approach and the use of antimicrobial packaging. Based on the beneficial properties of EO and the concepts of bagging and antimicrobial packaging, this study aimed to develop sachets containing EO to be used as part of an antimicrobial packaging system. The activities of oregano, cinnamon and lemon grass EO were evaluated testing the sachets in vitro against the phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria alternata, Fusarium semitectum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Rhizopus stolonifer. The effects of the sachets on the microbiological and physicochemical parameters of post-harvest papaya were also evaluated. Both pure and sachet-incorporated EO showed antifungal activity in vitro against all tested fungi. For papaya, sachets containing cinnamon, oregano and lemon grass showed a significant reduction in the growth of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, yeasts and mould, with the cinnamon sachet causing the greatest reduction in microorganisms at the end of the storage time. Physicochemical parameters of papaya, such as weight loss, colour, firmness, total soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio and pH were not significantly altered by the presence of EO sachets, thus not affecting the natural ripening process of the papaya.
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12
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Yao BN, Tano K, Konan HK, Bédié GK, Oulé MK, Koffi-Nevry R, Arul J. The role of hydrolases in the loss of firmness and of the changes in sugar content during the post-harvest maturation of Carica papaya L. var solo 8. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012; 51:3309-16. [PMID: 26396325 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is associated with many hydrolase activities involved in the softening of the fruit during the maturation. This study investigates the relationship between the loss of firmness along with the changes of sugar content and the enzymatic activities in Carica papaya L.var solo 8 during post-harvest storage. Three maturation stages (green immature: the fruit is entirely green, green mature: the fruit shows 1/32 yellow skin and fully mature: the fruit shows 1/8 yellow skin) have been selected and stored at 15, 22 and 28 °C. The reduction of fruit firmness, total sugar contents, refractive index (% Brix) and enzymatic activities were measured. Low enzymatic activities (0.035 μmol/min/mg) were recorded in fruit harvested at the green immature stage with no significant (p ≥ 0.05) effect on the softening while fruit harvested at the green mature and fully mature stages showed enzymatic activities 7 times as high as those of the green immature stage. These high enzymatic activities were responsible for the loss of firmness of the fruit. Accordingly, papayas at the green mature and fully mature stages displayed higher maxima of sugar content (4.8 g/100 g at 28 °C at day 12, and 10.2 g/100 g at 22 °C at day 8, respectively) at higher temperatures. Meanwhile in green immature papayas, the maximum was only 4.3 g/100 g at 22 °C and day 12 of storage. The results show that the loss of firmness of the papaya was highly related to the hydrolytic enzyme activities and the sweet taste to the presence of simple sugars such as galactose liberated from the polysaccharide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Yao
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Tropical Products Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Abobo-Adjamé University, Abidjan, 02 B.P. 801, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Kablan Tano
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Tropical Products Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Abobo-Adjamé University, Abidjan, 02 B.P. 801, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Hubert K Konan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Food Technology, Abobo-Adjamé University, Abidjan, 02 BP 801 Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Gerard K Bédié
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry and Tropical Products Technology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Abobo-Adjamé University, Abidjan, 02 B.P. 801, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Mathias K Oulé
- Faculty of Sciences, University College of Saint-Boniface, 200 Avenue de la Cathédrale, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R2H 0H7
| | - Rose Koffi-Nevry
- Laboratory of biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Abobo-Adjamé, 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Joseph Arul
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Horticulture Research Center, Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Quebec Canada G1K 7P4
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13
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Zhu X, Li X, Chen W, Chen J, Lu W, Chen L, Fu D. Evaluation of new reference genes in papaya for accurate transcript normalization under different experimental conditions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44405. [PMID: 22952972 PMCID: PMC3432124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is a preferred method for rapid and accurate quantification of gene expression studies. Appropriate application of RT-qPCR requires accurate normalization though the use of reference genes. As no single reference gene is universally suitable for all experiments, thus reference gene(s) validation under different experimental conditions is crucial for RT-qPCR analysis. To date, only a few studies on reference genes have been done in other plants but none in papaya. In the present work, we selected 21 candidate reference genes, and evaluated their expression stability in 246 papaya fruit samples using three algorithms, geNorm, NormFinder and RefFinder. The samples consisted of 13 sets collected under different experimental conditions, including various tissues, different storage temperatures, different cultivars, developmental stages, postharvest ripening, modified atmosphere packaging, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment, hot water treatment, biotic stress and hormone treatment. Our results demonstrated that expression stability varied greatly between reference genes and that different suitable reference gene(s) or combination of reference genes for normalization should be validated according to the experimental conditions. In general, the internal reference genes EIF (Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A), TBP1 (TATA binding protein 1) and TBP2 (TATA binding protein 2) genes had a good performance under most experimental conditions, whereas the most widely present used reference genes, ACTIN (Actin 2), 18S rRNA (18S ribosomal RNA) and GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) were not suitable in many experimental conditions. In addition, two commonly used programs, geNorm and Normfinder, were proved sufficient for the validation. This work provides the first systematic analysis for the selection of superior reference genes for accurate transcript normalization in papaya under different experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science and Technology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xueping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science and Technology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Weixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science and Technology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianye Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science and Technology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wangjin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science and Technology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science and Technology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Danwen Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science and Technology, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Konozy EHE, Causse M, Faurobert M. Cell wall glycosidase activities and protein content variations during fruit development and ripening in three texture contrasted tomato cultivars. Saudi J Biol Sci 2012; 19:277-83. [PMID: 23961187 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive softening is the main factor limiting fruit shelf life and storage. It is generally acceptable now that softening of fruit which occurs during the ripening is due to synergistic actions of several enzymes on cell wall polysaccharides. As a subject for this study, we have assayed some glycosidase activities using three tomato species (Lycopersicon esculentum) contrasted for their texture phenotypes; the cherry tomato line Cervil (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme), a common taste tomato line Levovil (S. lycopersicum Mill.) and VilB a modern line, large, firmer and with good storage capability. Four glycosidase activities namely α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, β-mannosidase and β-glucosidase were extracted from tomato's cell wall of the three species. Cell wall protein from fruits pericarp was extracted and compared among the three cultivars at the following stages; 14 days post anthesis (14DPA) fruit; 21 days post anthesis (21DPA), turning (breaker), red and over ripe. When glycolytic activities were also compared among these cultivars at the precited development stages, gross variations were noticed from stage to stage and also from species to species in accordance with the fruit firmness status. Interestingly, VilB cultivar, the firmer among the other two, though possessed the highest total protein content, exhibited the lowest enzymatic activities. Taken together, these results may therefore allow us to conclude that studies of glycolytic activities in a single tomato cultivar cannot be generalized to all species. On the other hand, relating fruit development to glycosidase activities should logically be coupled to these enzymes from cell wall compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emadeldin H E Konozy
- INRA, Unité de Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Montfavet BP94, France
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Cruz-Hernández A, Paredes-lópez O. Fruit Quality: New Insights for Biotechnology. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:272-89. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.499844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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17
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Ripening of fleshy fruit: Molecular insight and the role of ethylene. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:94-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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