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Hu X, Liu W, Yan Y, Deng H, Cai Y. Tropinone reductase: A comprehensive review on its role as the key enzyme in tropane alkaloids biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127377. [PMID: 37839598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
TAs, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine, were used to treat neuromuscular disorders ranging from nerve agent poisoning to Parkinson's disease. Tropinone reductase I (TR-I; EC 1.1.1.206) catalyzed the conversion of tropinone into tropine in the biosynthesis of TAs, directing the metabolic flow towards hyoscyamine and scopolamine. Tropinone reductase II (TR-II; EC 1.1.1.236) was responsible for the conversion of tropinone into pseudotropine, diverting the metabolic flux towards calystegine A3. The regulation of metabolite flow through both branches of the TAs pathway seemed to be influenced by the enzymatic activity of both enzymes and their accessibility to the precursor tropinone. The significant interest in the utilization of metabolic engineering for the efficient production of TAs has highlighted the importance of TRs as crucial enzymes that govern both the direction of metabolic flow and the yield of products. This review discussed recent advances for the TRs sources, properties, protein structure and biocatalytic mechanisms, and a detailed overview of its crucial role in the metabolism and synthesis of TAs was summarized. Furthermore, we conducted a detailed investigation into the evolutionary origins of these two TRs. A prospective analysis of potential challenges and applications of TRs was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yi Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Huaxiang Deng
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Institutes of Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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2
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Biswas D, Chakraborty A, Mukherjee S, Ghosh B. Hairy root culture: a potent method for improved secondary metabolite production of Solanaceous plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1197555. [PMID: 37731987 PMCID: PMC10507345 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1197555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites synthesized by the Solanaceous plants are of major therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance, many of which are commonly obtained from the roots of these plants. 'Hairy roots', mirroring the same phytochemical pattern of the corresponding root of the parent plant with higher growth rate and productivity, are therefore extensively studied as an effective alternative for the in vitro production of these metabolites. Hairy roots are the transformed roots, generated from the infection site of the wounded plants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. With their fast growth, being free from pathogen and herbicide contamination, genetic stability, and autotrophic nature for plant hormones, hairy roots are considered as useful bioproduction systems for specialized metabolites. Lately, several elicitation methods have been employed to enhance the accumulation of these compounds in the hairy root cultures for both small and large-scale production. Nevertheless, in the latter case, the cultivation of hairy roots in bioreactors should still be optimized. Hairy roots can also be utilized for metabolic engineering of the regulatory genes in the metabolic pathways leading to enhanced production of metabolites. The present study summarizes the updated and modern biotechnological aspects for enhanced production of secondary metabolites in the hairy root cultures of the plants of Solanaceae and their respective importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptesh Biswas
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, India
| | - Avijit Chakraborty
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, India
| | - Swapna Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology, Dinabandhu Andrews College, Kolkata, India
| | - Biswajit Ghosh
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, India
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3
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Lei T, Wang H, Li S, Cai X, Chen S, Cheng T, Shen J, Shi S, Zhou D. Comparison of Profiling of Hairy Root of Two Tibetan Medicinal Plants Przewalskia tangutica Maxim. and Anisodus tanguticus Maxim. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:516-527. [DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666191127125842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Tropane Alkaloids (TAs) are important drugs for curing many diseases in the
medical industry.
Methods:
To sustainably exploit TA resources in endangered traditional Tibetan herbs, the hairy root
(HR) systems of Przewalskia tangutica Maxim. and Anisodus tanguticus Maxim. were compared under
the same culture conditions.
Results:
The results indicated that both the Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains and explants affected the
HR induction frequency, MSU440, A4 and LBA9402 strains could induce hairy roots following infection
of cotyledon and hypocotyl of A. tanguticus while LBA9402 could not induce HR on either explants
of P. tangutica. The efficiency of LBA9402 was higher than A4 and MSU440 on A. tanguticus
and A4 was better strain than MSU440 on P. tangutica. The hypocotyl explant was more suitable for
P.tangutica and cotyledon explant was better for A.tangutica with a transformation frequency of 33.3%
(P. tangutica) and 82.5% (A. tanguticus), respectively. In a flask reactor system, both the growth
curves of HR for two species both appeared to be “S” curve; however, the HR of P. tangutica grew
more rapidly than that of A. tanguticus, and the latter accumulated more biomass than the former. As
the culture volume increased, the HR proliferation coefficient of both the species increased. HPLC
analysis results showed that the content of TAs in the HR of P. tangutica was 257.24mg/100g·DW,
which was more than that of A. tanguticus HR (251.08mg/100g·DW), and the anisodamine in the Pt-
HR was significantly higher than that in At-HR. Moreover, tropane alkaloids in the HR of the two species
were all significantly higher than that of the roots of aseptic seedlings.
Conclusion:
Our results suggest that HR of P. tangutica and A. tanguticus both could provide a useful
platform for sustainable utilization of two Tibetan medicinal plants in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in
the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota (AEPB), Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Tibetan Medicine Center, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - Songling Li
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Xiaojian Cai
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Shilong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota (AEPB), Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - Tingfeng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota (AEPB), Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - Jianwei Shen
- Tibetan Medicine Center, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - Shengbo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota (AEPB), Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - Dangwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota (AEPB), Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
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4
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Restrepo DA, Saenz E, Jara-Muñoz OA, Calixto-Botía IF, Rodríguez-Suárez S, Zuleta P, Chavez BG, Sanchez JA, D'Auria JC. Erythroxylum in Focus: An Interdisciplinary Review of an Overlooked Genus. Molecules 2019; 24:E3788. [PMID: 31640255 PMCID: PMC6833119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Erythroxylum contains species used by indigenous people of South America long before the domestication of plants. Two species, E. coca and E. novogranatense, have been utilized for thousands of years specifically for their tropane alkaloid content. While abuse of the narcotic cocaine has impacted society on many levels, these species and their wild relatives contain untapped resources for the benefit of mankind in the form of foods, pharmaceuticals, phytotherapeutic products, and other high-value plant-derived metabolites. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge of members within the genus and the recent advances in the realm of molecular biology and biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Restrepo
- Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - Ernesto Saenz
- Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | | | - Iván F Calixto-Botía
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia.
| | - Sioly Rodríguez-Suárez
- Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - Pablo Zuleta
- Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - Benjamin G Chavez
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Juan A Sanchez
- Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
- Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - John C D'Auria
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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Zhao T, Wang C, Bai F, Li S, Yang C, Zhang F, Bai G, Chen M, Lan X, Liao Z. Metabolic Characterization of Hyoscyamus niger Ornithine Decarboxylase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:229. [PMID: 30873201 PMCID: PMC6400997 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) catalyzes ornithine decarboxylation to yield putrescine, a key precursor of polyamines, and tropane alkaloids (TAs). Here, to investigate in depth the role of ODC in polyamine/TA biosynthesis and to provide a candidate gene for engineering polyamine/TA production, the ODC gene (HnODC) was characterized from Hyoscyamus niger, a TA-producing plant. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that HnODC was clustered with ODC enzymes of plants. Experimental work showed HnODC highly expressed in H. niger roots and induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA). In the MeJA treatment, the production of both putrescine and N-methylputrescine were markedly promoted in roots, while contents of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were all significantly increased in leaves. By contrast, MeJA did not significantly change the production of either hyoscyamine or scopolamine in H. niger plants. Building on these results, the 50-kDa His-tagged HnODC proteins were purified for enzymatic assays. When ornithine was fed to HnODC, the putrescine product was detected by HPLC, indicating HnODC catalyzed ornithine to form putrescine. Finally, we also investigated the enzymatic kinetics of HnODC. Its K m, V max, and K cat values for ornithine were respectively 2.62 ± 0.11 mM, 1.87 ± 0.023 nmol min-1 μg-1 and 1.57 ± 0.015 s-1, at pH 8.0 and at 30°C. The HnODC enzyme displays a much higher catalytic efficiency than most reported plant ODCs, suggesting it may be an ideal candidate gene for engineering polyamine/TA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Sweet Potato, TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changjian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Sweet Potato, TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Sweet Potato, TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Sweet Potato, TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Sweet Potato, TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Sweet Potato, TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ge Bai
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaozhong Lan
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, Xizang Agricultural and Husbandry College, Nyingchi of Tibet, China
| | - Zhihua Liao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Sweet Potato, TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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6
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Geng C, Zhao T, Yang C, Zhang Q, Bai F, Zeng J, Zhang F, Liu X, Lan X, Chen M, Liao Z. Metabolic characterization of Hyoscyamus niger root-specific putrescine N-methyltransferase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 127:47-54. [PMID: 29549757 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
N-methylputrescine is the precursor of nicotine and pharmaceutical tropane alkaloids such as hyoscyamine. Putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT) catalyzes the N-methylation of putrescine to form N-methylputrescine. While the role of PMT in nicotine biosynthesis is clear, knowledge of PMT in the biosynthesis of tropane alkaloids (TAs) and the regulation of polyamines remains limited. We characterized a PMT gene from Hyoscyamus niger, designated HnPMT that was specifically expressed in roots, especially in the secondary roots and dramatically induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The GUS gene was specifically expressed in Arabidopsis roots or in the vascular tissues, including pericycles and endodermis, of the H. niger hairy root cultures, when it was driven by the 5'-flanking promoter region of HnPMT. The recombinant HnPMT was purified for enzymatic assays. HnPMT converted putrescine to form N-methylputrescine, as confirmed by LC-MS. The kinetics analysis revealed that HnPMT had high affinity with putrescine but low catalytic activity, suggesting that it was a rate-limiting enzyme. When HnPMT was suppressed in the H. niger plants by using the VIGS approach, the contents of N-methylputrescine and hyoscyamine were markedly decreased, but the contents of putrescine, spermidine and a mixture of spermine and thermospermine were significantly increased; this suggested that HnPMT was involved in the biosynthesis of tropane alkaloids and played a competent role in regulating the biosynthesis of polyamines. Functional identification of HnPMT facilitated the understanding of TA biosynthesis and thus implied that the HnPMT-catalyzed step might be a target for metabolic engineering of the TA production in H. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Geng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Tengfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chunxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qiaozhuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Feng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Junlan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Fangyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaozhong Lan
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, Xizang Agricultural and Husbandry College, Nyingchi, Tibet, 86000, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhihua Liao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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7
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Lan X, Quan H, Xia X, Yin W, Zheng W. Molecular cloning and transgenic characterization of the genes encoding chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase from the Tibetan herbal plant Mirabilis himalaica. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:419-26. [PMID: 25817060 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mirabilis himalaica is an endangered medicinal plant species in the Tibetan Plateau. The two genes respectively encoding chalcone synthase (MhCHS) and chalcone isomerase (MhCHI) were isolated and characterized from M. himalaica. The sequence analysis revealed that the two genes were similar with their corresponding homologous genes in other plants. The tissue profiles showed that both MhCHS and MhCHI had higher expression levels in roots than in stems and leaves. Transgenic hairy root cultures respectively with overexpressing MhCHS and MhCHI were established. The genomic PCR detection confirmed the authority of transgenic hairy root lines, in which either MhCHS or MhCHI expression levels were much higher than that in non-transgenic hairy root line. Finally, the HPLC detection results demonstrated that the rotenoid contents in MhCHS/MhCHI-transformed hairy root lines were enhanced. This study provided two candidate genes that could be used to genetic engineering rotenoid biosynthesis in M. himalaica and an alternative method to produce rotenoid using transgenic hairy root cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Lan
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Tibet University, Nyingchi of Tibet, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Quan
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Tibet University, Nyingchi of Tibet, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Plateau Ecology, Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Tibet University, Nyingchi of Tibet, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinli Xia
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilun Yin
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilie Zheng
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Tibet University, Nyingchi of Tibet, People's Republic of China
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8
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Cui L, Huang F, Zhang D, Lin Y, Liao P, Zong J, Kai G. Transcriptome exploration for further understanding of the tropane alkaloids biosynthesis in Anisodus acutangulus. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 290:1367-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Guo H, Wu X, Wang A, Luo X, Ma Y, Zhou M. Separation and detection of tropane alkaloids in Anisodus tanguticus by capillary electrophoresis-electrochemiluminescence. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anisodine and anisodamine in different parts of Anisodus tanguticus are separated and determined using a chemically modified Pt electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Ailian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Xiaowei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Yongjun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Min Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
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10
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Dehghan E, Shahriari Ahmadi F, Ghotbi Ravandi E, Reed DW, Covello PS, Bahrami AR. An atypical pattern of accumulation of scopolamine and other tropane alkaloids and expression of alkaloid pathway genes in Hyoscyamus senecionis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 70:188-194. [PMID: 23786817 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding hyoscyamine 6β-hydroxylase (H6H, EC 1.14.11.11), a bifunctional enzyme catalyzing the last two steps in the scopolamine biosynthetic pathway, was isolated from Hyoscyamus senecionis, a medicinal plant endemic to the Iranian plateau. Expression analysis indicates that Hsh6h is expressed in all tested organs of H. senecionis including roots, rhizomes, leaves, stems and flowers unlike the other tropane alkaloid producing species. In parallel to this, in leaves, levels of scopolamine, the product of H6H, were higher than the substrate hyoscyamine. These data suggest that not only does the conversion of hyoscyamine to scopolamine take place in the root, followed by translocation to aerial parts, but also accumulated hyoscyamine in the aerial parts may be converted to scopolamine by activity of HsH6H. Analysis of expression profiles of putrescine N-methyltransferase and tropinone reductase I and II genes also indicates the organ-independent expression of these genes. Here we also introduce H. senecionis as an important tropane alkaloid producing species with its thick underground parts as a source of hyoscyamine, while its leaves can be considered as a source of scopolamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmail Dehghan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 9177948978, Mashhad, Iran.
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Komatsu S, Kuji R, Nanjo Y, Hiraga S, Furukawa K. Comprehensive analysis of endoplasmic reticulum-enriched fraction in root tips of soybean under flooding stress using proteomics techniques. J Proteomics 2012; 77:531-60. [PMID: 23041469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Flooding is a serious problem for soybean cultivation because it markedly reduces growth and grain yields. Here, 2 proteomics techniques were used to evaluate whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-enriched fraction is altered in soybean under flooding stress. Two-day-old soybeans were treated with flooding for 2 days, and rough ER-enriched fraction was then purified from root tips. Flooding-responsive protein of ER-enriched fraction was identified using gel-free and 1D-gel based proteomics techniques, and 117 proteins were increased and 212 proteins were decreased in soybean root tips in response to flooding stress. Among the identified proteins, 111 were functionally categorized as being involved in protein synthesis, post-translational modification, protein folding, protein degradation, and protein activation. Among differentially regulated proteins, the mRNA expression levels of 14 proteins that were predicted to be localized in the ER were analyzed. Notably, 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase 1 was up-regulated and eight genes related to stress, hormone metabolism, cell wall and DNA repair were down-regulated within 1 day under flooding conditions. In addition, the expression of luminal-binding protein 5 was specifically induced in flood-stressed roots, whereas arabinogalactan protein 2 and methyltransferase PMT2 were down-regulated. Taken together, these results suggest that flooding mainly affects the function of protein synthesis and glycosylation in the ER in root tips of soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Komatsu
- National Institute of Crop Science, Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan.
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Kai G, Zhang A, Guo Y, Li L, Cui L, Luo X, Liu C, Xiao J. Enhancing the production of tropane alkaloids in transgenic Anisodus acutangulus hairy root cultures by over-expressing tropinone reductase I and hyoscyamine-6β-hydroxylase. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:2883-90. [PMID: 22955966 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25208b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids (TA) including hyoscyamine, anisodamine, scopolamine and anisodine, are used medicinally as anticholinergic agents with increasing market demand, so it is very important to improve TA production by metabolic engineering strategy. Here, we report the simultaneous introduction of genes encoding the branch-controlling enzyme tropinone reductase I (TRI, EU424321) and the downstream rate-limiting enzyme hyoscyamine-6β-hydroxylase (H6H, EF187826) involved in TA biosynthesis into Anisodus acutangulus hairy roots by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer technology. Transgenic hairy root lines expressing both TRI and H6H (TH lines) produced significantly higher (P < 0.05) levels of TA compared with the control and single gene transformed lines (T or H lines). The best double gene transformed line (TH53) produced 4.293 mg g(-1) TA, which was about 4.49-fold higher than that of the control lines (0.96 mg g(-1)). As far as it is known, this is the first report on simultaneous introduction of TRI and H6H genes into TA-producing plant by biotechnological approaches. Besides, the content of anisodine was also greatly improved in A. acutangulus by over-expression of AaTRI and AaH6H genes. The average content of anisodine in TH lines was 0.984 mg g(-1) dw, about 18.57-fold of BC lines (0.053 mg g(-1) dw). This is the first time that this phenomenon has been found in TA-producing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyin Kai
- Department of Biology, College of Life & Environment Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China.
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The effects of elicitation on the expression of key enzyme genes and on production of tropane alkaloids in Anisodus acutangulus plant. Biologia (Bratisl) 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-012-0007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Kai G, Yang S, Zhang Y, Luo X, Fu X, Zhang A, Xiao J. Effects of different elicitors on yield of tropane alkaloids in hairy roots of Anisodus acutangulus. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:1721-9. [PMID: 21625855 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0912-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The four tropane alkaloids have played a pivotal role in controlling diseases such as the toxic and septic shock, the organophosphorus poison and the acute lung injury. Here, the elicitation effect of different elicitors on the production of tropane alkaloids and the molecular mechanism of enzyme genes in the pathway was firstly demonstrated in hairy roots of Anisodus acutangulus. The results showed ethanol, methyl jasmonate and Ag(+) could improve the accumulation of tropane alkaloids up to 1.51, 1.13 and 1.08 times after 24 h treatment, respectively (P < 0.05), whereas salicylic acid decreased the average content of tropane alkaloids. Furthermore, expression profile analysis results revealed that up-regulation of hyoscyamine-6b-hydroxylase (AaH6H) and little regulation of tropinone reducase II (AaTR2) elicited by ethanol, increased expression of putrescine N-methyltransferase I (AaPMT1) elicited by Ag(+), elevated expression of tropinone reducase I (AaTR1) elicited by methyl jasmonate, respectively, resulted in tropane alkaloids improvement. Our results showed that hairy root culture of A. acutangulus in combination with elicitors was a promising way for production of tropane alkaloids in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, People's Republic of China.
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Kai G, Yang S, Luo X, Zhou W, Fu X, Zhang A, Zhang Y, Xiao J. Co-expression of AaPMT and AaTRI effectively enhances the yields of tropane alkaloids in Anisodus acutangulus hairy roots. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:43. [PMID: 21526999 PMCID: PMC3111346 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tropane alkaloids (TA) including anisodamine, anisodine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine are a group of important anticholinergic drugs with rapidly increasing market demand, so it is significant to improve TA production by biotechnological approaches. Putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT) was considered as the first rate-limiting upstream enzyme while tropinone reductase I (TRI) was an important branch-controlling enzyme involved in TA biosynthesis. However, there is no report on simultaneous introduction of PMT and TRI genes into any TA-producing plant including Anisodus acutangulus (A. acutangulus), which is a Solanaceous perennial plant that is endemic to China and is an attractive resource plant for production of TA. RESULTS In this study, 21 AaPMT and AaTRI double gene transformed lines (PT lines), 9 AaPMT single gene transformed lines (P lines) and 5 AaTRI single gene transformed lines (T lines) were generated. RT-PCR and real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis results revealed that total AaPMT (AaPMT T) and total AaTRI (AaTRI T) gene transcripts in transgenic PT, P and T lines showed higher expression levels than native AaPMT (AaPMT E) and AaTRI (AaTRI E) gene transcripts. As compared to the control and single gene transformed lines (P or T lines), PT transgenic hairy root lines produced significantly higher levels of TA. The highest yield of TA was detected as 8.104 mg/g dw in line PT18, which was 8.66, 4.04, and 3.11-times higher than those of the control (0.935 mg/g dw), P3 (highest in P lines, 2.004 mg/g dw) and T12 (highest in T lines, 2.604 mg/g dw), respectively. All the tested samples were found to possess strong radical scavenging capacity, which were similar to control. CONCLUSION In the present study, the co-expression of AaPMT and AaTRI genes in A. acutangulus hairy roots significantly improved the yields of TA and showed higher antioxidant activity than control because of higher total TA content, which is the first report on simultaneous introduction of PMT and TRI genes into TA-producing plant by biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai, Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai, Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xiuqin Luo
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai, Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Wentao Zhou
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai, Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xueqing Fu
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai, Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ang Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai, Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai, Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai, Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
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Kai G, Liu Y, Wang X, Yang S, Fu X, Luo X, Liao P. Functional identification of hyoscyamine 6β-hydroxylase from Anisodus acutangulus and overproduction of scopolamine in genetically-engineered Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:1361-5. [PMID: 21380527 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyoscyamine 6β-hydroxylase (H6H; EC 1.14.11.11) converts hyoscyamine to scopolamine in the last step of scopolamine biosynthetic pathway. The gene encoding H6H in Anisodus acutangulus was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant proteins fused with His-tag or GST-tag at its N-terminal were purified and then confirmed by Western bolt analysis. The biofunctional assay revealed that the His-AaH6H and GST-AaH6H converted hyoscyamine (40 mg/l) to scopolamine at 32 and 31 mg/l, respectively. This is the first report on AaH6H expression, purification and functional characterization facilitates further genetic improvement of scopolamine yield in A. acutangulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Schäfer H, Wink M. Medicinally important secondary metabolites in recombinant microorganisms or plants: Progress in alkaloid biosynthesis. Biotechnol J 2009; 4:1684-703. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200900229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Molecular cloning and characterization of two tropinone reductases in Anisodus acutangulus and enhancement of tropane alkaloid production in AaTRI-transformed hairy roots. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2009; 54:177-86. [PMID: 19751215 DOI: 10.1042/ba20090171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids are used medicinally as anticholinergic agents with increasing market demand, so the improvement and production of active components from medicinal plants using molecular biotechnology show great potential for applications that should benefit human healthcare. Two tropinone reductases constitute a branching point in the biosynthesis of tropane alkaloids. In the present paper, we report for the first time the cloning and characterization of two fulllength cDNAs encoding TRI (tropinone reductase I) (GenBank accession number EU424321) and TRII (tropinone reductase II) (GenBank(R) accession number EU424322) from the solanaceous plant Anisodus acutangulus by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Sequence comparison indicated that AaTRI (A. acutangulus TRI) and AaTRII (A. acutangulus TRII) had high homology with other tropinone reductases from Hyoscyamus niger, Datura stramonium etc., but AaTRI and AaTRII showed identity of only 60.8%. Phylogenetic-tree analysis showed that AaTRI and AaTRII belong to different clusters and have the closest relationship with H. niger TRI and TRII respectively. Expression-pattern analysis showed that AaTRI and AaTRII were expressed in all tissues tested, including root, stem and leaf, but the transcript level of AaTRI was much lower than AaTRII. Expression of AaTRI and AaTRII could be enhanced by methyl jasmonate, with a weak effect for AaTRI and a strong effect for AaTRII. AaTRI-transformed hairy-root lines were accompanied by a mean 1.87-fold higher level of hyoscyamine and a mean 8-fold higher level of scopolamine compared with control roots, indicating that AaTRI is a promising target for genetic engineering to increase tropane alkaloid in A. acutangulus.
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Biastoff S, Brandt W, Dräger B. Putrescine N-methyltransferase--the start for alkaloids. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1708-18. [PMID: 19651420 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT) catalyses S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) dependent methylation of the diamine putrescine. The product N-methylputrescine is the first specific metabolite on the route to nicotine, tropane, and nortropane alkaloids. PMT cDNA sequences were cloned from tobacco species and other Solanaceae, also from nortropane-forming Convolvulaceae and enzyme proteins were synthesised in Escherichia coli. PMT activity was measured by HPLC separation of polyamine derivatives and by an enzyme-coupled colorimetric assay using S-adenosylhomocysteine. PMT cDNA sequences resemble those of plant spermidine synthases (putrescine aminopropyltransferases) and display little similarity to other plant methyltransferases. PMT is likely to have evolved from the ubiquitous enzyme spermidine synthase. PMT and spermidine synthase proteins share the same overall protein structure; they bind the same substrate putrescine and similar co-substrates, SAM and decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine. The active sites of both proteins, however, were shaped differentially in the course of evolution. Phylogenetic analysis of both enzyme groups from plants revealed a deep bifurcation and confirmed an early descent of PMT from spermidine synthase in the course of angiosperm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Biastoff
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
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