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Graves LE, Torpy DJ, Coates PT, Alexander IE, Bornstein SR, Clarke B. Future directions for adrenal insufficiency: cellular transplantation and genetic therapies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:1273-1289. [PMID: 36611246 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Primary adrenal insufficiency occurs in 1 in 5-7000 adults. Leading aetiologies are autoimmune adrenalitis in adults and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in children. Oral replacement of cortisol is lifesaving, but poor quality of life, repeated adrenal crises and dosing uncertainty related to lack of a validated biomarker for glucocorticoid sufficiency, persists. Adrenocortical cell therapy and gene therapy may obviate many of the shortcomings of adrenal hormone replacement. Physiological cortisol secretion regulated by pituitary adrenocorticotropin, could be achieved through allogeneic adrenocortical cell transplantation, production of adrenal-like steroidogenic cells from either stem cells or lineage conversion of differentiated cells, or for CAH, gene therapy to replace or repair a defective gene. The adrenal cortex is a high turnover organ and thus failure to incorporate progenitor cells within a transplant will ultimately result in graft exhaustion. Identification of adrenocortical progenitor cells is equally important in gene therapy where new genetic material must be specifically integrated into the genome of progenitors to ensure a durable effect. Delivery of gene editing machinery and a donor template, allowing targeted correction of the 21-hydroxylase gene, has the potential to achieve this. This review describes advances in adrenal cell transplants and gene therapy that may allow physiological cortisol production for children and adults with primary adrenal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E Graves
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - David J Torpy
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - P Toby Coates
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigette Clarke
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Jin X, Lu Y, Zhao Y, Yi S. Large-scale in vitro expansion of human regulatory T cells with potent xenoantigen-specific suppression. Cytotechnology 2015; 68:935-45. [PMID: 25605448 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation is a potential solution to the organ donor shortage. Immunosuppression is required for successful application of xenotransplantation but may lead to infection and cancer. Thus, strategies for immune tolerance induction need to be developed. Polyclonal regulatory T cells (Treg) play a central role in the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance and have been shown to protect against islet xenograft rejection in vivo. However, global immune suppression may be mediated by polyclonal Treg immunotherapy and a simple method for in vitro expansion of xenoantigen-specific Treg for efficient Treg application becomes necessary. Human Treg isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were initially cultured with anti-CD3/CD28 beads, rapamycin and IL-2 for 7 days as polyclonal expansion. Expanded Treg were then cocultured with irradiated porcine PBMC as xenoantigen stimulation for three subsequent cycles with 7 days for each cycle in the presence of IL-2 and anti-CD3/CD28 beads. Treg phenotype and suppressive capacity were assessed after each cycle of xenoantigen stimulation. Treg expanded with one cycle of xenoantigen stimulation retained Treg suppressive phenotype but acquired no xenoantigen specificity along with poor expansion efficiency, whereas expansion with two-cycle xenoantigen stimulation resulted in not only more than 800-fold Treg expansion but highly suppressive xenoantigen-specific Treg with effector Treg phenotype. However further increase of stimulation cycles resulted in reduced Treg suppressive potency. This study provides a simple approach to obtain high numbers of xenoantigen-specific Treg for immune tolerance induction in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
- Center for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Center for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Shounan Yi
- Center for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
- Transplantation Research Center, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.
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Jin X, Wang Y, Hawthorne WJ, Hu M, Yi S, O’Connell P. Enhanced Suppression of the Xenogeneic T-Cell Response In Vitro by Xenoantigen Stimulated and Expanded Regulatory T Cells. Transplantation 2014; 97:30-8. [PMID: 24092378 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182a860fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Hawthorne WJ, Simond DM, Stokes R, Patel AT, Walters S, Burgess J, O'Connell PJ. Pre-clinical model of composite foetal pig pancreas fragment/renal xenotransplantation to treat renal failure and diabetes. Xenotransplantation 2012; 18:390-9. [PMID: 22168145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2011.00681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Development of a limitless source of β cells for xenotransplantation into patients suffering type 1 diabetes and renal failure that can control their diabetes and provide normal renal function in one procedure would be a major achievement. For the islet tissue to survive transplantation, as an islet-kidney composite graft this would have significant advantages. It would simplify the surgical procedure; remove the complications caused by the exocrine pancreas whilst reversing diabetes and uraemia. It was our hypothesis that a composite foetal porcine pancreas fragment (FPPF)/renal graft could achieve these objectives in a large pre-clinical animal model as a means to establish whether this would be feasible before moving to the clinic. METHODS Inbred 'Westran' pig FPPF were transplanted under the kidney capsule of syngeneic Westran pig recipients without immunosuppression. Following maturation of the FPPF under the renal subcapsular space of this recipient, this kidney bearing the composite FPPF piggyback graft was removed and transplanted into another nephrectomized and pancreatectomized recipient to demonstrate function. RESULTS Under the kidney capsule of the first transplant group (n = 6), the FPPF-transplanted tissue developed and matured to form islet cell nests. These composite FPPF/renal grafts were then successfully removed and transplanted into the second functional assessment recipient group. This second group of six composite FPPF/renal-grafted pigs had normal renal function for more than 44 days and normal glucose homoeostasis without exogenous insulin as assessed by normal glucose tolerance tests, K values and normal glucagon secretion. Histological analysis showed despite the ischaemic insult during the composite kidney transplant procedure, there was appropriate development of islet-like structures up to and beyond 224 days after the original transplantation under the kidney capsule. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the use of composite FPPF/renal grafts can cure both diabetes and renal failure with a single-transplant procedure. Using such composite grafts for xenotransplantation would simplify the surgical procedure and protect the islet graft from the immediate innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne J Hawthorne
- Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
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Yi S, Ji M, Wu J, Ma X, Phillips P, Hawthorne WJ, O’Connell PJ. Adoptive transfer with in vitro expanded human regulatory T cells protects against porcine islet xenograft rejection via interleukin-10 in humanized mice. Diabetes 2012; 61:1180-91. [PMID: 22403295 PMCID: PMC3331767 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
T cell-mediated rejection remains a barrier to the clinical application of islet xenotransplantation. Regulatory T cells (Treg) regulate immune responses by suppressing effector T cells. This study aimed to determine the ability of human Treg to prevent islet xenograft rejection and the mechanism(s) involved. Neonatal porcine islet transplanted NOD-SCID IL2rγ(-/-) mice received human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with in vitro expanded autologous Treg in the absence or presence of anti-human interleukin-10 (IL-10) monoclonal antibody. In addition, human PBMC-reconstituted recipient mice received recombinant human IL-10 (rhIL-10). Adoptive transfer with expanded autologous Treg prevented islet xenograft rejection in human PBMC-reconstituted mice by inhibiting graft infiltration of effector cells and their function. Neutralization of human IL-10 shortened xenograft survival in mice receiving human PBMC and Treg. In addition, rhIL-10 treatment led to prolonged xenograft survival in human PBMC-reconstituted mice. This study demonstrates the ability of human Treg to prevent T-cell effector function and the importance of IL-10 in this response. In vitro Treg expansion was a simple and effective strategy for generating autologous Treg and highlighted a potential adoptive Treg cell therapy to suppress antigraft T-cell responses and reduce the requirement for immunosuppression in islet xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounan Yi
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology of the Ministry of Education at the 2nd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Ji
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peta Phillips
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wayne J. Hawthorne
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip J. O’Connell
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Subcapsular fetal pig pancreas fragment transplantation provides normal blood glucose control in a preclinical model of diabetes. Transplantation 2011; 91:515-21. [PMID: 21183867 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182079474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying a limitless source of β-cells that survive transplantation into a neovascularised site and provide normal blood glucose control remains an important goal in the development of pancreatic islet xenotransplantation. It was our hypothesis that fetal porcine pancreas fragments could achieve these objectives, and this was tested in a large preclinical animal model. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Inbred "Westran Pig" fetal porcine pancreas fragments were transplanted beneath the splenic capsule into syngeneic Westran Pig recipients without immunosuppression, and 3 months later, a total native pancreatectomy was performed to demonstrate function. RESULTS Histologic analysis showed appropriate development of islet-like structures up to and beyond 120 days after transplantation. After native pancreatectomy, recipients survived more than 100 days without exogenous insulin and with normal glucose homeostasis as assessed by normal glucose tolerance tests, K values, and normal glucagon secretion. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that fetal pig islet tissue has the potential to mature and function normally in a neovascularised site, hence, avoiding the innate immune destruction that occurs when islet tissue is exposed directly to the circulation.
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Nottle MB, Vassiliev I, O'Connel PJ, d'Apice AJ, Cowan PJ. On the need for porcine embryonic stem cells to produce Gal KO pigs expressing multiple transgenes to advance xenotransplantation research. Xenotransplantation 2011; 17:411-2. [PMID: 21192491 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2010.00611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Nottle
- Reproductive Biotechnology Group, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Centre for Stem Cell Research, Robinson Institute University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Sun L, Yi S, O'Connell PJ. Foxp3 regulates human natural CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell-mediated suppression of xenogeneic response. Xenotransplantation 2010; 17:121-30. [PMID: 20522244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2010.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Cellular rejection of xenografts is predominantly mediated by CD4+ T cells. Foxp3 expressing human naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (nTregs) have been shown to suppress pathological and physiological immune responses, including the CD4+ T-cell-mediated anti-pig xenogeneic response in vitro. Although Foxp3 is required for nTreg development and their function, the precise role of Foxp3 in regulating Treg suppressive function in xenoimmune response remains to be identified. METHODS In vitro expanded human nTregs were transfected with fluorescein isothiocyanate -conjugated Foxp3 small interfering RNA (siRNA) by Lipofectamine 2000. Transfected nTregs were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and then analyzed for Foxp3 gene and protein expression as well as their phenotypic characteristics. Human CD4+CD25- T cells were stimulated with xenogeneic pig peripheral blood mononuclear cell in the presence or absence of nTregs in a coculture or transwell system for evaluation of nTreg suppressive activity. The production of effector cytokines by xenoreactive CD4+CD25- T cells as well as suppressive cytokine by nTregs in their cocultures was examined by ELISA. RESULTS The siRNA-mediated Foxp3 knockdown resulted in impaired nTreg anergic state, downregulated expression of nTreg function associated molecules, and reduced production of suppressive cytokines by nTregs, which together leading to impaired nTreg-mediated suppression of CD4+CD25- T-cell proliferation and their effector cytokine production in response to xenogeneic stimulation. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that Foxp3 expression is required for human nTregs to maintain their suppressive function in the xenoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Center for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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IL‐10 is required for human CD4
+
CD25
+
regulatory T cell‐mediated suppression of xenogeneic proliferation. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:477-85. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Cloning, cSNP Identification, and Genotyping of Pig Complement Factor B(CFB) Gene Located on the SLA Class III Region. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2008.50.6.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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In vitro suppression of xenoimmune-mediated macrophage activation by human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Transplantation 2008; 86:865-74. [PMID: 18813112 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31818530fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages are important effector cells in T cell-mediated xenograft rejection. The aim of this study was to determine whether CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) were capable of suppressing macrophage activation in vitro. METHODS Porcine cell or xenoantigen-primed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, CD4+ T cell-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells, or CD14+ macrophages plus autologous CD4+CD25- T cells were cultured with or without expanded autologous Tregs. Transwell cultures were used to separate the various components to determine the need for cell-cell contact. RESULTS Pig cell primed CD14+ macrophages required the presence of CD4+CD25- T cells for activation and increased expression of CD40, interleukin-12, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. This up-regulated expression of macrophage activation markers was reduced substantially in the presence of autologous Tregs. Coculture with Tregs did not alter macrophage viability but reduced the capacity of macrophages to stimulate proliferation of responder T cells. Tregs required direct contact with CD4+CD25- T cells to inhibit macrophage activation but activated macrophage phenotype was not altered by separating the stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or CD14+ macrophages from Tregs in a transwell system. Macrophages did not require direct cell contact with porcine stimulator cells for full activation by CD4+CD25- T cells. CONCLUSIONS Human Tregs were able to suppress xenoantigen-primed and CD4+ T-cell-mediated macrophage activation and antigen-presenting cell function. However, Tregs had no direct effect on macrophages in vitro.
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Abstract
Allogeneic islet transplantation faces difficulties because (1) organ shortage is recurrent; (2) several pancreas donors are often needed to treat one diabetic recipient; and (3) the intrahepatic site of islet implantation may not be the most appropriate site. Another source of insulin-producing cells, therefore, would be of major interest, and pigs represent a possible and serious source for obtaining such cells. Pig islet grafts may seem difficult because of the species barrier, but recent reports demonstrate that pig islets may function in primates for at least 6 months. Pig islet xenotransplantation, however, must still overcome several hurdles before becoming clinically applicable. The actual consensus is to produce more preclinical data in the pig-to-primate model as a necessary requirement to envisage any pig-to-human transplantation of islets; therefore, a summary of the actual acquired knowledge of pig islet transplantation in primates seemed useful and is summarized in this overview.
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Abstract
Xenotransplantation from pigs provides a possible way around the shortage of human organs for transplantation. The highly inbred Westran line of pigs is genetically well characterised and known to lack endogenous retroviruses able to infect human cells. Like most inbreds, it has poor reproductive performance for which reproductive interventions would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Moran
- Centre for Advanced Technologies in Animal Genetics and Reproduction, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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14
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In Vitro Expanded Human CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells are Potent Suppressors of T-Cell-Mediated Xenogeneic Responses. Transplantation 2008; 85:1841-8. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181734793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kurome M, Tomii R, Ueno S, Hiruma K, Matsumoto S, Okumura K, Nakamura K, Matsumoto M, Kaji Y, Endo F, Nagashima H. Production of Cloned Pigs from Salivary Gland-Derived Progenitor Cells. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2008; 10:277-86. [DOI: 10.1089/clo.2007.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kurome
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Science, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Ryo Tomii
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Science, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueno
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Science, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Katsumi Hiruma
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Science, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Shirou Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kenji Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Mitsuhito Matsumoto
- National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan
| | - Yuji Kaji
- National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan
| | - Fumio Endo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Science, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
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cSNP Identification and Genotyping from C4B and BAT2 Assigned to the SLA Class III Region. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2007.49.5.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lehr EJ, Rayat GR, Desai LS, Coe JY, Korbutt GS, Ross DB. Inbred or outbred? An evaluation of the functional allogenicity of farm sheep used in cardiac valve studies. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 132:1156-61. [PMID: 17059938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cryopreserved allograft cardiovascular tissue elicits a strong cellular and humoral response in recipients; this may accelerate the deterioration of the allograft and complicate future heart transplantation. Juvenile sheep are the standard model for in vivo valve research and have been used to investigate the allogeneic immune response to cardiac valve and vascular tissue transplantation. Studies to date have not considered the extent of allogenicity of sheep used in transplantation studies. METHODS Functional allogenicity was assessed by standard one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction assay using peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Responder cells were stimulated with irradiated stimulator cells and cultured at 37 degrees C in 95% air and 5% carbon dioxide for 3, 4, 5, and 6 days. Cultures were pulsed with tritiated thymidine for 24 hours and harvested onto filtermats. RESULTS The allogeneic response, measured as counts per minute, demonstrated a bimodal distribution. Fifty-nine (36.9%) of 160 pairs fell within the first peak (counts per minute < 10,000) and were defined as weak responders. The remaining 101 (63.1%) of 160 pairs of animals demonstrated a strong allogeneic response (counts per minute > or = 10,000) that followed a normal distribution. CONCLUSIONS More than 1 in 3 pairs of sheep is too closely related to elicit an immune response when cross-reacted. This finding may alter the interpretation of studies that base their findings on allogeneic transplantations in sheep without ascertaining the genetic similarities of the animals. Valve transplantation studies in a sheep model should assess the extent of allogenicity of donor and recipient sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Lehr
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Holyoake PK, Stevenson J, Moran C, Stokes R, Kirk EP, Sugo E, Hawthorne WJ. The occurrence of congenital heart defects in an inbred herd of pigs in Australia. Aust Vet J 2006; 84:129-33. [PMID: 16629192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.tb13395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report on the first case of congenital heart defects in pigs in Australia. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of case records from an inbred herd of "Westran" pigs at the University of Sydney, between January 2001 and December 2004. Detailed gross and histological examination of 15 hearts from pigs that had died or were euthanased in 2004. CASE DETAILS The necropsy records from a population of 471 pigs that had died (106 pigs) or were euthanased for research purposes (365 pigs) were analysed and the incidence of heart defects recorded, together with basic demographic data. No attempts were made to diagnose the condition in live pigs. RESULTS Congenital heart defects were diagnosed in 6.4% of pigs but this is likely to be an underestimate of the incidence of the deformity. Eighteen pigs died on the farm as a result of the defect, and 12 pigs were diagnosed with the defect as an incidental finding. The most common abnormality seen at necropsy was a sac-like dilatation on the right lateral surface of the right atrium. This was associated with secondary deformity and hypoplasia of the adjacent left ventricle, interventricular region and part of the right ventricle. All hearts showed atrial septal defects of varying size. CONCLUSION This is the first reported case of congenital heart defects in pigs in Australia, and one of less than five reported cases of atrial septal defects in pigs in the world. The authors conclude that there may be an element of genetic predisposition to the malformation, since it has only been reported in this inbred line of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Holyoake
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales
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Baertschiger RM, Buhler LH. Xenotransplantation literature update July-August, 2005. Xenotransplantation 2005; 12:492-6. [PMID: 16202074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2005.00254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reto M Baertschiger
- Surgical Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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