1
|
da Silva MK, Akash S, de Aquino JGF, Akter S, Fulco UL, Oliveira JIN. A newly discovered circovirus and its potential impact on human health and disease. Int J Surg 2024; 110:2523-2525. [PMID: 38363986 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000001198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shahina Akter
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ouyang T, Niu G, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Ren L. Recent progress on porcine circovirus type 3. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 73:227-233. [PMID: 31096019 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a newly identified virus that belongs to the genus Circovirus in the family Circoviridae. Since the first identification of PCV3 in domestic swine in 2016 in the USA, exciting progress on PCV3 has emphasized the importance of the virus. The aim of this review is to present recent advances in the molecular characteristics, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of PCV3. The virus spreads widely throughout almost all tissues of pig and wild boar in various countries, with a gradual increase of the infection. PCV3 is a pathogen associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like clinical signs, reproductive failure, and cardiac and multiorgan inflammation. Furthermore, PCV3 has been detected in other animals and ticks, suggesting that PCV3 possesses cross-species transmission abilities and has an unexpectedly broad distribution and circulation in the wild, where these animals may serve as potential reservoirs for PCV3 and pose a threat to the swine industry or even to humans. Moreover, several detection methods, which can specifically detect PCV3 or differentiate PCV3 from the other viruses, are also reviewed. The present review provides updated knowledge on PCV3-related research. Identification of the prevailing strain of PCV3 and its reservoirs is essential for researchers to understand PCV3 infections and PCV3-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Guyu Niu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Linzhu Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Human cells are permissive for the productive infection of porcine circovirus type 2 in vitro. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5638. [PMID: 30948762 PMCID: PMC6449348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is the main pathogen of porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus-associated diseases, which are widespread in swine-producing countries. However, there is controversy regarding the susceptibility of human cells to PCV2 infection. In this study, human cell lines were infected with PCV2 and blind passaged several times. PCV2 entered and replicated in human cells, and infectious virions were generated, indicating that human cell lines were permissive to PCV2 replication. Furthermore, PCV2 replication in human cell lines was enhanced by D-glucosamine or concanavalin A (ConA). However, the infection efficiency of PCV2 was lower in human cells than in PK-15 cells, suggesting that PCV2 infection was limited in human cells. Our study reveals that human cells are permissive for the productive infection of porcine circovirus type 2 in vitro.
Collapse
|
4
|
Noordergraaf J, Schucker A, Martin M, Schuurman HJ, Ordway B, Cooley K, Sheffler M, Theis K, Armstrong C, Klein L, Hansen D, Olson M, Schlechter L, Spizzo T. Pathogen elimination and prevention within a regulated, Designated Pathogen Free, closed pig herd for long-term breeding and production of xenotransplantation materials. Xenotransplantation 2019; 25:e12428. [PMID: 30264879 PMCID: PMC7169735 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We established a Source Animal (barrier) Facility (SAF) for generating designated pathogen-free (DPF) pigs to serve as donors of viable organs, tissues, or cells for xenotransplantation into clinical patients. This facility was populated with caesarian derived, colostrum deprived (CDCD) piglets, from sows of conventional-specific (or specified) pathogen-free (SPF) health status in six cohorts over a 10-month period. In all cases, CDCD piglets fulfilled DPF status including negativity for porcine circovirus (PCV), a particularly environmentally robust and difficult to inactivate virus which at the time of SAF population was epidemic in the US commercial swine production industry. Two outbreaks of PCV infection were subsequently detected during sentinel testing. The first occurred several weeks after PCV-negative animals were moved under quarantine from the nursery into an animal holding room. The apparent origin of PCV was newly installed stainless steel penning, which was not sufficiently degreased thereby protecting viral particles from disinfection. The second outbreak was apparently transmitted via employee activities in the Caesarian-section suite adjacent to the barrier facility. In both cases, PCV was contained in the animal holding room where it was diagnosed making a complete facility depopulation-repopulation unnecessary. METHOD Infectious PCV was eliminated during both outbreaks by the following: euthanizing infected animals, disposing of all removable items from the affected animal holding room, extensive cleaning with detergents and degreasing agents, sterilization of equipment and rooms with chlorine dioxide, vaporized hydrogen peroxide, and potassium peroxymonosulfate, and for the second outbreak also glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium. Impact on other barrier animals throughout the process was monitored by frequent PCV diagnostic testing. RESULT After close monitoring for 6 months indicating PCV absence from all rooms and animals, herd animals were removed from quarantine status. CONCLUSION Ten years after PCV clearance following the second outbreak, due to strict adherence to biosecurity protocols and based on ongoing sentinel diagnostic monitoring (currently monthly), the herd remains DPF including PCV negative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kara Theis
- Spring Point Project, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tom Spizzo
- Spring Point Project, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Karuppannan AK, Opriessnig T. Possible risks posed by single-stranded DNA viruses of pigs associated with xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12453. [PMID: 30264878 PMCID: PMC6120555 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Routine large-scale xenotransplantation from pigs to humans is getting closer to clinical reality owing to several state-of-the-art technologies, especially the ability to rapidly engineer genetically defined pigs. However, using pig organs in humans poses risks including unwanted cross-species transfer of viruses and adaption of these pig viruses to the human organ recipient. Recent developments in the field of virology, including the advent of metagenomic techniques to characterize entire viromes, have led to the identification of a plethora of viruses in many niches. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses are the largest group prevalent in virome studies in mammals. Specifically, the ssDNA viral genomes are characterized by a high rate of nucleotide substitution, which confers a proclivity to adapt to new hosts and cross-species barriers. Pig-associated ssDNA viruses include torque teno sus viruses (TTSuV) in the Anelloviridae family, porcine parvoviruses (PPV), and porcine bocaviruses (PBoV) both in the family of Parvoviridae, and porcine circoviruses (PCV) in the Circoviridae family, some of which have been confirmed to be pathogenic to pigs. The risks of these viruses for the human recipient during xenotransplantation procedures are relatively unknown. Based on the scant knowledge available on the prevalence, predilection, and pathogenicity of pig-associated ssDNA viruses, careful screening and monitoring are required. In the case of positive identification, risk assessments and strategies to eliminate these viruses in xenotransplantation pig stock may be needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anbu K. Karuppannan
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmesIowa
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghRoslinMidlothianUK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu Q, Liu Y, Du J, Liu Y, Zhang L, Guo T. Porcine circovirus type 1 was undetected in vaccine but could be cultured in the cell substrate of Lanzhou lamb rotavirus vaccine. J Gen Virol 2017; 99:103-108. [PMID: 29165219 PMCID: PMC5882086 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2010, Rotarix was found to be contaminated with infectious porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1). In China, the Lanzhou lamb rotavirus (LLR) vaccine is the only vaccine used to prevent rotavirus disease. From 2006 to September 2014, more than 54 million doses of LLR vaccines have been lot released. It is a safety issue whether PCV1 is present in the LLR vaccine. Although the cell substrate of LLR, bovine kidney (BK), is different from that of Rotarix, we have investigated the cell’s permissivity for PCV1 by both infectivity and full-length PCR analysis. We have assessed the LLR using a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. A total of 171 random batches of LLR final products over a period of 5 years were tested, and no PCV1 was detected (0/171). Infectivity studies showed that two strains of PCV1, the PCV1-prototype, which was derived from PK-15 cells, and the mutant, PCV1-GSK, which was isolated from Rotarix, were capable of replicating in BK cells over a wide m.o.i. ranging from 10 to 0.01. After culture for 6 days, copies of PCV1-prototype DNA were higher than those of PCV1-GSK on average. The genome of the virus was detected at 6 days post-infection. In summary, the LLR vaccine is free of PCV1. Nevertheless, because PCV1 can replicate in the BK cell substrate, manufacturers need to be vigilant in monitoring for this adventitious agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingchuan Yu
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Jialiang Du
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Yueyue Liu
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Tai Guo
- Division of Enteric Viral Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Denner J, Mankertz A. Porcine Circoviruses and Xenotransplantation. Viruses 2017; 9:v9040083. [PMID: 28425928 PMCID: PMC5408689 DOI: 10.3390/v9040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allotransplantation and xenotransplantation may be associated with the transmission of pathogens from the donor to the recipient. Whereas in the case of allotransplantation the transmitted microorganisms and their pathogenic effect are well characterized, the possible influence of porcine microorganisms on humans is mostly unknown. Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) are common in pig breeds and they belong to porcine microorganisms that still have not been fully addressed in terms of evaluating the potential risk of xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues, and organs. Two types of PCVs are known: porcine circovirus (PCV) 1 and PCV2. Whereas PCV1 is apathogenic in pigs, PCV2 may induce severe pig diseases. Although most pigs are subclinically infected, we do not know whether this infection impairs pig transplant functionality, particularly because PCV2 is immunosuppressive. In addition, vaccination against PCV2 is able to prevent diseases, but in most cases not transmission of the virus. Therefore, PCV2 has to be eliminated to obtain xenotransplants from uninfected healthy animals. Although there is evidence that PCV2 does not infect—at least immunocompetent—humans, animals should be screened using sensitive methods to ensure virus elimination by selection, Cesarean delivery, vaccination, or embryo transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee Y, Lin CM, Jeng CR, Pang VF. Detection of torque teno sus virus 1 and 2 in porcine tissues by in situ hybridization using multi-strained pooled probes. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:390-9. [PMID: 24984843 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) has been suggested as a co-factor for the development of porcine circovirus-associated diseases. However, the pathogenic role of TTSuV is still inconclusive, and the target cell and tissue tropism of this virus are also ambiguous. In the present study, a multi-strained pooled probe-based in situ hybridization was established to detect the nucleic acids of TTSuV1 and TTSuV2 in the tissue. The strategy of using polymerase chain reaction-derived digoxigenin-labeled multi-strained pooled probe, instead of single-strained probe or oligonucleotide, was to overcome the fact of high sequence diversity among TTSuV strains and simultaneous infection with distinct strains of TTSuV in the same animal. The cell tropism and tissue distribution were evaluated by grading system with tissues from major organs. Lymphoid tissues, including superficial inguinal, mesenteric, and hilar lymph nodes, tonsil, intestinal lamina propria of mucosa and Peyer's patches, and sometimes spleen, generally contained higher levels of positive signals and are considered as the target sites for TTSuV. Morphologically, the distribution of TTSuV-positive signals had a strong correlation with the T lymphocyte zone. T lymphocytes are, thus, speculated as the major target cells for TTSuV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lee
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Ren Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Victor Fei Pang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma H, Shaheduzzaman S, Willliams DK, Gao Y, Khan AS. Investigations of porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) in vaccine-related and other cell lines. Vaccine 2011; 29:8429-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Hernández Jáuregui P, Anaya Ruiz M, Romero Pastrana F, Delgado López G, Pimentel Morales A, Tena Betancourt E, Gómez Conde E. The porcine circovirus type 1 in porcine kidney 15 cell line is not transferred to mice lymphoid cells after xenoimplantation into the peritoneal cavity. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:1209-13. [PMID: 20977832 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x504441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) has been identified within lymphoid tissues of experimental infected pigs and suggested to induce an immunosuppressive stage in pigs. The virus does not induce a cytophatic effect in the pig-derived cell line PK-15. Because PCV1 is prevalent in many pig cells and tissues, the risk of inducing a viral xenozoonosis by PCV1 was raised for the xenoimplantation of pig cells into human hosts. The present work evaluated if PCV1 is able to replicate in mice tissues after xenoimplantation of PCV1-infected pig cells. Active growing PK-15 cells harboring PCV1 with or without microencapsulation in sodium alginate were implanted into the peritoneal cavity of mice. After 1 month postimplantation in mice, peritoneal macrophages, spleen, and lymph nodes were harvested and analyzed with the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR). No evidence of circovirus type 1 DNA was detected within the mice tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Hernández Jáuregui
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Puebla, México.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Development and evaluation of an indirect in situ polymerase chain reaction for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. Vet Microbiol 2009; 138:225-34. [PMID: 19414228 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Taking advantage of the high sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the cell-localizing ability of in situ hybridization (ISH), an indirect in situ PCR (ISPCR) method was developed for detecting the distribution of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded inguinal lymph nodes obtained from clinically healthy PCV2-carrier pigs and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected pigs. Comparisons of the relative sensitivity of indirect ISPCR with other routinely used diagnostic methods for PCV2 indicated that nested PCR was the most sensitive method followed by indirect ISPCR, conventional PCR, ISH, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Although indirect ISPCR, ISH, and IHC staining all revealed a similar signal distribution pattern of PCV2, using indirect ISPCR allowed specific amplification and detection of previously uneasily detected PCV2 signal than by routine ISH or IHC staining, particularly in those cells within the germinal center in clinically healthy PCV2-carrier pigs. Furthermore, six different PCV2 signal expression patterns in conjunction with the correlated lymphoid lesion stages were classified to describe the tissue morphological changes and viral infection. The result indicates that indirect ISPCR is a more effective, cell-based diagnostic tool with good specificity to detect limited PCV2 infection in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens and it would be a useful tool for further exploring the pathogenesis of PCV2 infection.
Collapse
|
12
|
Characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection in swine lymphocytes using mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy PCV2-carrier pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 124:355-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
13
|
Sun M, Liu X, Cao S, He Q, Zhou R, Ye J, Li Y, Chen H. Inhibition of porcine circovirus type 1 and type 2 production in PK-15 cells by small interfering RNAs targeting the Rep gene. Vet Microbiol 2007; 123:203-9. [PMID: 17467930 PMCID: PMC7117131 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) and type 2 (PCV2) are two genotypes of porcine circovirus. Both of them are presumed to be widespread in the swine population. Currently, there is no specific treatment for their infections. RNA interference (RNAi) is a sequence-specific RNA degradation mechanism mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA), which represents a possible therapeutic application for the treatment of viral infections. In this study, three siRNA expression plasmids (pS-RepA, pS-RepB and pS-RepC) were generated to target three different coding regions of the Rep protein (Rep) of PCV. These siRNAs were used to inhibit PCV production in a porcine kidney cell line, PK-15 cells. Our results revealed that Rep gene expression was inhibited by pS-RepA, pS-RepB and pS-RepC to different degrees. Moreover, our study also showed that the production of PCV1 and PCV2 was reduced by these siRNAs. pS-RepC, which targets the middle region of Rep gene, proved to be the most efficient siRNA for inhibition of Rep expression and viral production. Taken together, our data suggest that RNAi could be investigated as a potential treatment for PCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minxuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xueqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetic and Breeding of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 27 87288629; fax: +86 27 87281795.
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yaoming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Baertschiger RM, Buhler LH. Xenotransplantation literature update November-December 2005. Xenotransplantation 2006; 13:96-9. [PMID: 16623798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2006.00285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reto M Baertschiger
- Surgical Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|