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Rohr KE, McCarthy MJ. The impact of lithium on circadian rhythms and implications for bipolar disorder pharmacotherapy. Neurosci Lett 2022; 786:136772. [PMID: 35798199 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by disrupted circadian rhythms affecting sleep, arousal, and mood. Lithium is among the most effective mood stabilizer treatments for BD, and in addition to improving mood symptoms, stabilizes sleep and activity rhythms in treatment responsive patients. Across a variety of experimental models, lithium has effects on circadian rhythms. However, uncertainty exists as to whether these actions directly pertain to lithium's therapeutic effects. Here, we consider evidence from mechanistic studies in animals and cells and clinical trials in BD patients that identify associations between circadian rhythms and the therapeutic effects of lithium. Most evidence indicates that lithium has effects on cellular circadian rhythms and increases morningness behaviors in BD patients, changes that may contribute to the therapeutic effects of lithium. However, much of this evidence is limited by cross-sectional analyses and/or imprecise proxy markers of clinical outcomes and circadian rhythms in BD patients, while mechanistic studies rely on inference from animals or small numbers of patients . Further study may clarify the essential mechanisms underlying lithium responsive BD, better characterize the longitudinal changes in circadian rhythms in BD patients, and inform the development of therapeutic interventions targeting circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla E Rohr
- Department of Psychiatry and Center For Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael J McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry and Center For Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Mental Health Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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2
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Eisele BS, Luka Z, Wu AJ, Yang F, Hale AT, York JD. Sulfation of glycosaminoglycans depends on the catalytic activity of lithium-inhibited phosphatase BPNT2 in vitro. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101293. [PMID: 34634304 PMCID: PMC8551643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Golgi-resident bisphosphate nucleotidase 2 (BPNT2) is a member of a family of magnesium-dependent, lithium-inhibited phosphatases that share a three-dimensional structural motif that directly coordinates metal binding to effect phosphate hydrolysis. BPNT2 catalyzes the breakdown of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate, a by-product of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sulfation. KO of BPNT2 in mice leads to skeletal abnormalities because of impaired GAG sulfation, especially chondroitin-4-sulfation, which is critical for proper extracellular matrix development. Mutations in BPNT2 have also been found to underlie a chondrodysplastic disorder in humans. The precise mechanism by which the loss of BPNT2 impairs sulfation remains unclear. Here, we used mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to test the hypothesis that the catalytic activity of BPNT2 is required for GAG sulfation in vitro. We show that a catalytic-dead Bpnt2 construct (D108A) does not rescue impairments in intracellular or secreted sulfated GAGs, including decreased chondroitin-4-sulfate, present in Bpnt2-KO MEFs. We also demonstrate that missense mutations in Bpnt2 adjacent to the catalytic site, which are known to cause chondrodysplasia in humans, recapitulate defects in overall GAG sulfation and chondroitin-4-sulfation in MEF cultures. We further show that treatment of MEFs with lithium (a common psychotropic medication) inhibits GAG sulfation and that this effect depends on the presence of BPNT2. Taken together, this work demonstrates that the catalytic activity of an enzyme potently inhibited by lithium can modulate GAG sulfation and therefore extracellular matrix composition, revealing new insights into lithium pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynna S Eisele
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zigmund Luka
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alice J Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrew T Hale
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John D York
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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3
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Orefice LL. Peripheral Somatosensory Neuron Dysfunction: Emerging Roles in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neuroscience 2020; 445:120-129. [PMID: 32035119 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in somatosensory (touch and pain) behaviors are highly prevalent among people with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). However, the neural mechanisms underlying abnormal touch and pain-related behaviors in ASDs and how altered somatosensory reactivity might contribute to ASD pathogenesis has not been well studied. Here, we provide a brief review of somatosensory alterations observed in people with ASDs and recent evidence from animal models that implicates peripheral neurons as a locus of dysfunction for somatosensory abnormalities in ASDs. Lastly, we describe current efforts to understand how altered peripheral sensory neuron dysfunction may impact brain development and complex behaviors in ASD models, and whether targeting peripheral somatosensory neurons to improve their function might also improve related ASD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Orefice
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Roux M, Dosseto A. From direct to indirect lithium targets: a comprehensive review of omics data. Metallomics 2017; 9:1326-1351. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00203c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions are critical to a wide range of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Dosseto
- Wollongong Isotope Geochronology Laboratory
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
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Thomas MP, Mills SJ, Potter BVL. The "Other" Inositols and Their Phosphates: Synthesis, Biology, and Medicine (with Recent Advances in myo-Inositol Chemistry). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:1614-50. [PMID: 26694856 PMCID: PMC5156312 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell signaling via inositol phosphates, in particular via the second messenger myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, and phosphoinositides comprises a huge field of biology. Of the nine 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol isomers, myo-inositol is pre-eminent, with "other" inositols (cis-, epi-, allo-, muco-, neo-, L-chiro-, D-chiro-, and scyllo-) and derivatives rarer or thought not to exist in nature. However, neo- and d-chiro-inositol hexakisphosphates were recently revealed in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, thus highlighting the paucity of knowledge of the origins and potential biological functions of such stereoisomers, a prevalent group of environmental organic phosphates, and their parent inositols. Some "other" inositols are medically relevant, for example, scyllo-inositol (neurodegenerative diseases) and d-chiro-inositol (diabetes). It is timely to consider exploration of the roles and applications of the "other" isomers and their derivatives, likely by exploiting techniques now well developed for the myo series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Thomas
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Stephen J Mills
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Barry V L Potter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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Thomas MP, Mills SJ, Potter BVL. Die “anderen” Inositole und ihre Phosphate: Synthese, Biologie und Medizin (sowie jüngste Fortschritte in dermyo-Inositolchemie). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Thomas
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Stephen J. Mills
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology; University of Bath; Claverton Down Bath BA2 7AY Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Oxford; Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3QT Vereinigtes Königreich
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Long-Term Lithium Treatment Increases cPLA₂ and iPLA₂ Activity in Cultured Cortical and Hippocampal Neurons. Molecules 2015; 20:19878-85. [PMID: 26556322 PMCID: PMC6332452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Experimental evidence supports the neuroprotective properties of lithium, with implications for the treatment and prevention of dementia and other neurodegenerative disorders. Lithium modulates critical intracellular pathways related to neurotrophic support, inflammatory response, autophagy and apoptosis. There is additional evidence indicating that lithium may also affect membrane homeostasis. Objective: To investigate the effect of lithium on cytosolic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, a key player on membrane phospholipid turnover which has been found to be reduced in blood and brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: Primary cultures of cortical and hippocampal neurons were treated for 7 days with different concentrations of lithium chloride (0.02 mM, 0.2 mM and 2 mM). A radio-enzymatic assay was used to determine the total activity of PLA2 and two PLA2 subtypes: cytosolic calcium-dependent (cPLA2); and calcium-independent (iPLA2). Results: cPLA2 activity increased by 82% (0.02 mM; p = 0.05) and 26% (0.2 mM; p = 0.04) in cortical neurons and by 61% (0.2 mM; p = 0.03) and 57% (2 mM; p = 0.04) in hippocampal neurons. iPLA2 activity was increased by 7% (0.2 mM; p = 0.04) and 13% (2 mM; p = 0.05) in cortical neurons and by 141% (0.02 mM; p = 0.0198) in hippocampal neurons. Conclusion: long-term lithium treatment increases membrane phospholipid metabolism in neurons through the activation of total, c- and iPLA2. This effect is more prominent at sub-therapeutic concentrations of lithium, and the activation of distinct cytosolic PLA2 subtypes is tissue specific, i.e., iPLA2 in hippocampal neurons, and cPLA2 in cortical neurons. Because PLA2 activities are reported to be reduced in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and bipolar disorder (BD), the present findings provide a possible mechanism by which long-term lithium treatment may be useful in the prevention of the disease.
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Tanaka K, Takanaka S, Yoshida KI. A second-generation Bacillus cell factory for rare inositol production. Bioengineered 2015; 5:331-4. [PMID: 25482235 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.29897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Some rare inositol stereoisomers are known to exert specific health-promoting effects, including scyllo-inositol (SI), which is a promising therapeutic agent for Alzheimer disease. We recently reported a Bacillus subtilis cell factory that performed the efficient production of SI from the cheapest and most abundant isomer myo-inositol (MI). In the cell factory all "useless" genes involved in MI and SI metabolism were deleted and overexpression of the key enzymes, IolG and IolW, was appended. It converted 10 g/L MI into the same amount of SI in 48 h of cultivation. In this addendum, we discuss further improvement in the cell factory and its possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Tanaka
- a Organization of Advanced Science and Technology; Kobe University; Kobe, Japan
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Toker L, Kara N, Hadas I, Einat H, Bersudsky Y, Belmaker RH, Agam G. Acute intracerebroventricular inositol does not reverse the effect of chronic lithium treatment in the forced swim test. Neuropsychobiology 2014; 68:189-92. [PMID: 24157652 DOI: 10.1159/000355294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithium has numerous biochemical effects but it is difficult to dissect which of these is responsible for its therapeutic action in bipolar disorder. In the current study we aimed to address one of the major hypotheses, the inositol depletion hypothesis. This hypothesis postulates that lithium's mood-stabilizing effect is mediated by the depletion of brain inositol levels and the subsequent effect on cellular signaling. METHODS We studied whether acute intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of myo-inositol could reverse the antidepressant-like effect of chronic lithium treatment in the forced swim test (FST). RESULTS In contrast with our prediction, acute myo-inositol administration did not reverse the effect of chronic lithium to decrease immobility in the FST. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study are limited due to the following: (1) inositol was given acutely while possible events downstream of inositol depletion might require a longer period and (2) ICV inositol may not have reached those areas of the brain involved in the FST.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Toker
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Song D, Li B, Yan E, Man Y, Wolfson M, Chen Y, Peng L. Chronic Treatment with Anti-bipolar Drugs Causes Intracellular Alkalinization in Astrocytes, Altering Their Functions. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2524-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0837-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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Chang P, Orabi B, Deranieh RM, Dham M, Hoeller O, Shimshoni JA, Yagen B, Bialer M, Greenberg ML, Walker MC, Williams RSB. The antiepileptic drug valproic acid and other medium-chain fatty acids acutely reduce phosphoinositide levels independently of inositol in Dictyostelium. Dis Model Mech 2012; 5:115-24. [PMID: 21876211 PMCID: PMC3255550 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is the most widely prescribed epilepsy treatment worldwide, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. Our previous work identified a previously unknown effect of VPA in reducing phosphoinositide production in the simple model Dictyostelium followed by the transfer of data to a mammalian synaptic release model. In our current study, we show that the reduction in phosphoinositide [PtdInsP (also known as PIP) and PtdInsP(2) (also known as PIP(2))] production caused by VPA is acute and dose dependent, and that this effect occurs independently of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity, inositol recycling and inositol synthesis. In characterising the structural requirements for this effect, we also identify a family of medium-chain fatty acids that show increased efficacy compared with VPA. Within the group of active compounds is a little-studied group previously associated with seizure control, and analysis of two of these compounds (nonanoic acid and 4-methyloctanoic acid) shows around a threefold enhanced potency compared with VPA for protection in an in vitro acute rat seizure model. Together, our data show that VPA and a newly identified group of medium-chain fatty acids reduce phosphoinositide levels independently of inositol regulation, and suggest the reinvestigation of these compounds as treatments for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pishan Chang
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Benoit Orabi
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Rania M. Deranieh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Manik Dham
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Oliver Hoeller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jakob A. Shimshoni
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Boris Yagen
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Meir Bialer
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miriam L. Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Matthew C. Walker
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Robin S. B. Williams
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
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Yu Z, Ono C, Kim HB, Komatsu H, Tanabe Y, Sakae N, Nakayama KI, Matsuoka H, Sora I, Bunney WE, Tomita H. Four mood stabilizers commonly induce FEZ1 expression in human astrocytes. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13:486-99. [PMID: 22017218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mood stabilizers influence the morphology, chemotaxis, and survival of neurons, which are considered to be related to the mood-stabilizing effects of these drugs. Although previous studies suggest glial abnormalities in patients with bipolar disorder and an effect of mood stabilizers on certain genes in astrocytes, less is known about the effects of mood stabilizers in astrocytes than in neurons. The present study identifies a common underlying response to mood stabilizers in astrocytes. METHODS Human astrocyte-derived cells (U-87 MG) were treated with the four most commonly used mood stabilizers (lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine) and subjected to microarray gene expression analyses. The most prominently regulated genes were validated by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. The intercellular localization of one of these regulated genes, fasciculation and elongation protein zeta 1 (FEZ1), was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS The microarray data indicated that FEZ1 was the only gene commonly induced by the four mood stabilizers in human astrocyte-derived cells. An independent experiment confirmed astrocytic FEZ1 induction at both the transcript and protein levels following mood stabilizer treatments. FEZ1 localized to the cytoplasm of transformed and primary astrocytes from the human adult brain. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that FEZ1 may play important roles in human astrocytes, and that mood stabilizers might exert their cytoprotective and mood-stabilizing effects by inducing FEZ1 expression in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Yu
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Lukose R, Schmidt E, Wolski TP, Murawski NJ, Kulesza RJ. Malformation of the superior olivary complex in an animal model of autism. Brain Res 2011; 1398:102-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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McVearry KM, Gaillard WD, VanMeter J, Meador KJ. A prospective study of cognitive fluency and originality in children exposed in utero to carbamazepine, lamotrigine, or valproate monotherapy. Epilepsy Behav 2009; 16:609-16. [PMID: 19892603 PMCID: PMC3692001 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the differential effects of fetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on cognitive fluency and flexibility in a prospective sample of children. METHODS This substudy of the Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs investigation enrolled pregnant women with epilepsy on AED monotherapy (carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and valproate). Blinded to drug exposure, 54 children were tested for ability to generate ideas in terms of quantity (fluency/flexibility) and quality (originality). Forty-two children met inclusion criteria (mean age=4.2 years, SD=0.5) for statistical analyses of drug exposure group differences. RESULTS Fluency was lower in the valproate group (mean=76.3, SD=7.53) versus the lamotrigine (mean=93.76, SD=13.5, ANOVA P<0.0015) and carbamazepine (mean=95.5, SD=18.1, ANOVA P<0.003) groups. Originality was lower in the valproate group (mean=84.2, SD=3.23) versus the lamotrigine (mean=103.1, SD=14.8, ANOVA P<0.002) and carbamazepine (mean=99.4, SD=17.1, ANOVA P<0.01) groups. These results were not explained by factors other than AED exposure. CONCLUSION Children prenatally exposed to valproate demonstrate impaired fluency and originality compared with children exposed to lamotrigine and carbamazepine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M McVearry
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and inositol depletion as a cellular target of mood stabilizers. Biochem Soc Trans 2009; 37:1110-4. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0371110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lithium (Li+) is the mood stabilizer most frequently used in the treatment of bipolar mood disorder; however, its therapeutic mechanism is unknown. In the 1980s, Berridge and colleagues proposed that Li+ treatment acts via inhibition of IMPase (inositol monophosphatase) to deplete the cellular concentration of myo-inositol. Inositol depletion is also seen with the alternative mood stabilizers VPA (valproic acid) and CBZ (carbamazepine), suggesting a common therapeutic action. All three drugs cause changes in neuronal cell morphology and cell chemotaxis; however, it is unclear how reduced cellular inositol modulates these changes in cell behaviour. It is often assumed that reduced inositol suppresses Ins(1,4,5)P3, a major intracellular signal molecule, but there are other important phosphoinostide-based signal molecules in the cell. In the present paper, we discuss evidence that Li+ has a substantial effect on PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, an important signal molecule within the nervous system. As seen for Ins(1,4,5)P3 signalling, suppression of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 signalling also occurs via an inositol-depletion mechanism. This has implications for the cellular mechanisms controlling phosphoinositide signalling, and offers insight into the genetics underlying risk of bipolar mood disorder.
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Newberg AR, Catapano LA, Zarate CA, Manji HK. Neurobiology of bipolar disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2008; 8:93-110. [PMID: 18088203 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is one of the most severely debilitating of all medical illnesses. It can lead to significant suffering for patients and their families, limit functioning and workplace productivity, and with its risks of increased morbidity and mortality, it is increasingly recognized as a major public health problem. For a large number of patients, outcomes are poor. Patients with bipolar disorder generally experience high rates of relapse, a chronic recurrent course, lingering residual symptoms, functional impairment, psychosocial disability and diminished well-being. Despite this, little is known about the specific pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. A better understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of this condition, informed by preclinical and clinical research, will be essential for the future development of specific targeted therapies that are more effective, achieve their effects more quickly and are better tolerated than currently available treatments. An abundance of research has implicated specific neuroendocrine, neurotransmitter and intracellular signaling systems in the pathophysiology and treatment of this illness. More recently, genetic association studies have identified numerous genes that confer vulnerability to the disorder, many of which are known to function in the signaling pathways previously identified as relevant to the etiology of the illness. In this article, we will review current knowledge regarding the neurotransmitter systems, signaling networks, neuroendocrine systems and genetics of bipolar disorder; all of these allow insight into the mechanism of illness and thus offer potential novel directions for the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Newberg
- National Institute of Mental Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1282, Building 10-CRC, Room 7-5545, Bethesda, MD 20892-1282, USA.
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Ikeda M. [Effects of mood stabilizer on the circadian system: possible implication for abnormalities in mood disorders]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2007; 130:469-476. [PMID: 18079597 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.130.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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18
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Belmaker RH, Bersudsky Y. Lithium–pilocarpine seizures as a model for lithium action in mania. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31:843-9. [PMID: 17602744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) pre-treatment of rats or mice given low dose pilocarpine induces a unique limbic seizure syndrome. This syndrome is stereospecifically reversed by myo-inositol, which suggests that it is a behavioral model for Li depletion of brain inositol. However, this syndrome has little face validity because seizures are not a component of bipolar disorder. Moreover, other animal species that maintain higher brain inositol levels than mice or rats do not show Li-pilocarpine seizures and a study in humans suggests that humans do not show this syndrome as well. It could be suggested that Li-pilocarpine seizures are an in vivo bioassay for inositol depletion. Recent studies of knockout mice lacking inositol monophosphatase-1 or the sodium myo-inositol transporter-1 found that both these knockout mice given pilocarpine develop limbic seizures as if they had been pre-treated with Li. These mice in addition to such pilocarpine sensitivity have other behaviors such as decreased immobility in the Porsolt forced swim test that suggests that their inositol depletion has Li-like effects. Thus, the Li-pilocarpine seizure model may, despite its lack of face validity, be a biochemical marker for a model of mania treatment in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Belmaker
- Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva Mental Health Center, P.O. Box 4600, Beersheva, Israel.
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