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Song XY, Liu XW, Wang J. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) attenuates memory impairment in the offspring of rats exposed to sevoflurane anesthesia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 643:139-146. [PMID: 36609154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SAHA was reported to enhance the expression of miR-129-5p, which was predicted to bind to 3' UTR of CASP-6, a gene playing crucial roles in the pathogenesis of memory impairment. Whether SAHA/miR-129-5p/CASP-6 is involved in the pathogenesis of prenatal exposure to sevoflurane remains to be explored. METHODS Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate the functional parameters of learning and memory. Quantitative real-time qPCR was carried out to analyze the expression of miRNAs and CASP-6 mRNA under different conditions. RESULTS Sevoflurane exposure of pregnant rats and SAHA treatment of the offspring had no effect on the blood gases, litter size, survival rate and weight. SAHA administration remarkably reversed the learning and memory impairment in prenatal rats caused by sevoflurane exposure. Mechanistically, the abnormal expression of miR-129-5p and CASP-6 in the offspring of pregnant rats exposed to sevoflurane was effectively restored by SAHA treatment. The luciferase activity of CASP-6 vector was effectively inhibited by miR-129-5p in primary neuron cells of rats. Moreover, the expression of CASP-6 mRNA and protein was significantly suppressed by miR-129-5p and SAHA treatment in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Our work demonstrated that the administration of SAHA suppressed the expression of CASP-6 via modulating the expression of miR-129-5p, and SAHA may rescue the apoptosis of neurons caused by exposure to sevoflurane. The underlying mechanism might be the ability of SAHA to relieve learning and memory impairment in the offspring of the pregnant rats exposed to sevoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yuan Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China
| | - Xiu-Wen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China
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Xu Y, Dong Y, Wang C, Jiang Q, Chu H, Tian Y. Lovastatin attenuates sevoflurane-induced cognitive disorder in aged rats via reducing Aβ accumulation. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105078. [PMID: 34048842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As a general anesthetic widely used in surgical, sevoflurane has been shown to cause cognitive and memory deficits in the elderly. It's important to find out agents that can counteract sevoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction. This study is aimed to investigate the effect of lovastatin on sevoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in aged rats and reveal the potential mechanisms. BV-2 cells, rat hippocampal neurons or male aged rats were exposed to 2% sevoflurane for 5 h. The cells were pretreated with 10 μM lovastatin. The rats were intraperitoneally injected with 5 mg/kg/day lovastatin for three days. The results showed that lovastatin enhanced exosomal IDE secretion from sevoflurane-exposed BV-2 cells and promoted Aβ degradation. Lovastatin treatment also inhibited the increased expressions of β-secretase 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase in hippocampal neurons under sevoflurane exposure in vitro. In animal experiments, the discrimination index in novel object recognition test and percentage of spontaneous alternation in Y-maze test were significantly elevated after lovastatin administration. In addition, Aβ plaque area and contents of soluble Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 in the hippocampal tissues were decreased upon lovastatin treatment. Furthermore, lovastatin reversed sevoflurane-induced Aβ accumulation via up-regulating IDE expression, and down-regulating amyloid precursor protein (APP)-related protein expression (β-C-terminal fragment (CTF), BACE1 and γ-secretase). In conclusion, lovastatin alleviates sevoflurane-induced cognitive deficient in aged rats via promoting Aβ degradation and reducing Aβ production. Lovastatin may be beneficial in preventing anesthetic-induced cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Haichao Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.
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AMPK-SIRT1-PGC1α Signal Pathway Influences the Cognitive Function of Aged Rats in Sevoflurane-Induced Anesthesia. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:2058-2067. [PMID: 32514740 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01612-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To understand the effect of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-SIRT1 (silent information regulator 1)-PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC1α) signaling pathway on the cognitive function of sevoflurane-anesthetized aged rats. Aged rats were divided into Normal group, Sevo group (Sevoflurane anesthesia), Sevo + AICAR (the AMPK activator) group, Sevo + EX527 group (the AMPK inhibitor), and Sevo + AICAR + EX527 group. The cognitive function of rats was determined by the Morris water maze. Hippocampal neuronal apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL and Fluoro-Jade C (FJC) staining, and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 was detected by immunohistochemistry. ROS, SOD, and MDA levels and the fluorescence intensity of GFAP in the hippocampus were assayed. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial mass, ATP level, and the expression of AMPK-SIRT1-PGC1α were determined by the corresponding methods. Rats in the Sevo group manifested significant extension in the escape latency, with fewer platform crossings; and meanwhile, the apoptotic rate, the number of FJC-positive cells, and the fluorescence intensity of GFAP of neurons were elevated, with up-regulation of cleaved caspase-3. Moreover, the level of MDA and ROS was increased evidently, with significant down-regulation of SOD activity, ATP, mitochondrial mass and MMP levels, and AMPK, SIRT1 and PGC-1α protein expressions. However, sevoflurane-induced changes above were improved after the administration of AICAR, and EX527 could reverse AICAR-induced improvements in Sevo-anesthetized aged rats. Activating AMPK-SIRT1-PGC1α pathway can improve the cognitive function and mitigate the neuronal injury in Sevo-anesthetized aged rats by antagonizing the oxidative stress and maintaining the mitochondrial function.
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Zhang X, Zhu J, Ye B, Yashengaili A, Xu L, Li X. Combination of Epidural Blockade and Parecoxib in Enhanced Recovery After Gastrointestinal Surgery. J INVEST SURG 2020; 34:716-720. [PMID: 31960719 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2019.1690601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigation effects of the combination use of epidural blockade and parecoxib in postoperative recovery of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. METHODS The present prospective single-blinded study included 186 CRC patients who received radical resection during April 2016 to December 2017. All patients were randomized into 3 different groups, the epidural blockade group, the combined-group with both epidural blockade and pre-intravenous injection of parecoxib, and the control group. The mean operative time, bleeding volume, the first out of bed activity time and hospital stay time were recorded. The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score and Ramsay score were measured for cognitive function and the Visual Analog Score (VAS) was determined for the pain condition. RESULTS The surgery time for the control group was significantly shorter than the other 2 groups (P < 0.05). The VAS scores were significantly lower in both the combined group and the epidural blockade group when compared with the control group and were dramatically lower in the combined group than the others 2 groups (all P < 0.05). The first out of bed activity time and hospital stay time were the shortest in the combined group, and the control group had the longest time (all P < 0.05). Both the Ramsay and MMSE scores were the highest in the combination group than other groups (all P < 0.05) and no significant difference was observed between the epidural blockade group and the control. CONCLUSION The combination of epidural blockade and parecoxib could enhance the recovery process, as well as reduce the pain for the CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Clinic, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
| | | | | | - Lei Xu
- Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuebin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China
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Peng S, Li P, Liu P, Yan H, Wang J, Lu W, Liu C, Zhou Y. Cistanches alleviates sevoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction by regulating PPAR-γ-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in rats. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1345-1359. [PMID: 31802591 PMCID: PMC6991648 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of cistanche on sevoflurane‐induced aged cognitive dysfunction rat model. Aged (24 months) male SD rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control group, sevoflurane group, control + cistanche and sevoflurane + cistanche group. Subsequently, inflammatory cytokine levels were measured by ELISA, and the cognitive dysfunction of rats was evaluated by water maze test, open‐field test and the fear conditioning test. Three days following anaesthesia, the rats were killed and hippocampus was harvested for the analysis of relative biomolecules. The oxidative stress level was indicated as nitrite and MDA concentration, along with the SOD and CAT activity. Finally, PPAR‐γ antagonist was used to explore the mechanism of cistanche in vivo. The results showed that after inhaling the sevoflurane, 24‐ but not 3‐month‐old male SD rats developed obvious cognitive impairments in the behaviour test 3 days after anaesthesia. Intraperitoneal injection of cistanche at the dose of 50 mg/kg for 3 consecutive days before anaesthesia alleviated the sevoflurane‐induced elevation of neuroinflammation levels and significantly attenuated the hippocampus‐dependent memory impairments in 24‐month‐old rats. Cistanche also reduced the oxidative stress by decreasing nitrite and MDA while increasing the SOD and CAT activity. Moreover, such treatment also inhibited the activation of microglia. In addition, we demonstrated that PPAR‐γ inhibition conversely alleviated cistanche‐induced protective effect. Taken together, we demonstrated that cistanche can exert antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐apoptosis and anti‐activation of microglia effects on the development of sevoflurane‐induced cognitive dysfunction by activating PPAR‐γ signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengyi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Red Cross Cancer Center, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peirong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhu Yan
- Department of Pathology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunliang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
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Luo A, Yan J, Tang X, Zhao Y, Zhou B, Li S. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the aged: the collision of neuroinflammaging with perioperative neuroinflammation. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:27-37. [PMID: 30607668 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-00559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aging population is burgeoning globally and this trend presents great challenges to the current healthcare system as the growing number of aged individuals receives procedures of surgery and anesthesia. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a severe postoperative neurological sequela. Advanced age is considered as an independent risk factor of POCD. Mounting evidence have shown that neuroinflammation plays an essential role in POCD. However, it remains debatable why this complication occurs highly in the aged individuals. As known, aging itself is the major common high-risk factor for age-associated disorders including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic low-grade neuroinflammation (dubbed neuroinflammaging in the present paper) is a hallmark alternation and contributes to age-related cognitive decline in the normal aging. Interestingly, several lines of findings show that the neuroinflammatory pathogenesis of POCD is age-dependent. It suggests that age-related changes, especially the neuroinflammaging, are possibly associated with the postoperative cognitive impairment. Understanding the role of neuroinflammaging in POCD is crucial to elucidate the mechanism of POCD and develop strategies to prevent or treat POCD. Here the focus of this review is on the potential role of neuroinflammaging in the mechanism of POCD. Lastly, we briefly review promising interventions for this neurological sequela.
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Affiliation(s)
- AiLin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - XiaoLe Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - YiLin Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - BiYun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - ShiYong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Huang S, Hu H, Cai YH, Hua F. Effect of parecoxib in the treatment of postoperative cognitive dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e13812. [PMID: 30608392 PMCID: PMC6344118 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parecoxib is a selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor widely used as an analgesia technique in perioperative period for its potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. However, litter is known about its effect on postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). The purpose of this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was to evaluate the effect of parecoxib in the treatment of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. METHODS We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase databases for relevant studies up to October 2017. We selected fixed-effect model for analysis of data heterogeneity. Statistical analyses were performed by using Review Manager Version 5.3 for Windows. RESULTS Four RCTs with 904 patients that underwent surgical operations were included. The meta-analysis demonstrated parecoxib could significantly decrease the incidence of POCD on postoperative day 1, day 3, day 5, and day 7 when compared with control treatment; IL-6 and S100β concentrations were lower up to postoperative day 2. The consumption of morphine, fentanyl and tramadol in parecoxib groups were lower than control groups. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis suggested that the administration of Parecoxib was effective in treating early POCD within 7 days and reducing IL-6 and S100β concentrations within 2 days after operations. Nevertheless, our current study with some limitations such as the small sample size only provided limited quality of evidence, confirmation from further meta-analysis with large-scale, well-designed RCTs is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Huang
- Anesthesia Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Min De Road
| | - Haijun Hu
- Anesthesia Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Min De Road
| | - Yue-Hong Cai
- Ophthalmology Department, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Fuzhou Hua
- Anesthesia Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Min De Road
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Zakrocka I, Targowska-Duda KM, Wnorowski A, Kocki T, Jóźwiak K, Turski WA. Influence of Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors on Kynurenic Acid Production in Rat Brain in Vitro. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:244-254. [PMID: 30178287 PMCID: PMC6313367 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9952-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significant body of evidence suggests that abnormal kynurenic acid (KYNA) level is involved in the pathophysiology of central nervous system disorders. In the brain, KYNA is synthesized from kynurenine (KYN) by kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs), predominantly by KAT II isoenzyme. Blockage of ionotropic glutamate (GLU) receptors is a main cellular effect of KYNA. High KYNA levels have been linked with psychotic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in animals and humans. As immunological imbalance and impaired glutamatergic neurotransmission are one of the crucial processes in neurological pathologies, we aimed to analyze the effect of anti-inflammatory agents, inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2): celecoxib, niflumic acid, and parecoxib, on KYNA synthesis and KAT II activity in rat brain in vitro. The influence of COX-2 inhibitors was examined in rat brain cortical slices and on isolated KAT II enzyme. Niflumic acid and parecoxib decreased in a dose-dependent manner KYNA production and KAT II activity in rat brain cortex in vitro, whereas celecoxib was ineffective. Molecular docking results suggested that niflumic acid and parecoxib interact with an active site of KAT II. In conclusion, niflumic acid and parecoxib are dual COX-2 and KAT II inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Zakrocka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
| | | | - Artur Wnorowski
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kocki
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jóźwiak
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Waldemar A Turski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
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Xu X, Tian X, Wang G. Sevoflurane reduced functional connectivity of excitatory neurons in prefrontal cortex during working memory performance of aged rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1258-1266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Liu Y, Liu C, Zeng M, Han X, Zhang K, Fu Y, Li J, Li Y. Influence of sevoflurane exposure on mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt/GSK-3β/CRMP-2 signaling pathways in the developing rat brain. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:2066-2073. [PMID: 29434807 PMCID: PMC5776508 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to volatile anesthetics causes neurodegeneration in developing animal brains. However, their underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear. The current study investigated the expression of proteins associated with the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)/collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP-2) signaling pathways in the cortices of neonatal mice following exposure to sevoflurane. Seven-day-old (P7) neonatal C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 2 groups and either exposed to 2.6% sevoflurane or air for 6 h. Terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, as well as the expression of activated caspase-3 and α-fodrin, was used to detect neuronal apoptosis in the cortices of mice. MAPK signaling pathways were investigated by detecting the expression of phosphorylated (p-) extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p-cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB), p-p38, p-nuclear factor (NF-κB) and p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK). Akt/GSK-3β/CRMP-2 signaling pathways were assessed by detecting the expression of p-Akt, p-GSK-3β and p-CRMP-2 in the cortices of P7 mice 2 h following exposure to sevoflurane. The results demonstrated that sevoflurane significantly increased the apoptosis of cells in the retrosplenial cortex (RS), frontal cortex (FC) and parietal association cortex (PtA), increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3 expression and promoted the formation of 145 kDa and 120 kDa fragments from α-fodrin. Sevoflurane inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and CREB, stimulated the phosphorylation of p38 and NF-κB, but did not significantly affect the phosphorylation of JNK. Furthermore, sevoflurane inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, decreased the phosphorylation of GSK-3β at ser9 and increased the phosphorylation of CRMP2 at Thr514. These results suggest that multiple signaling pathways, including ERK1/2, P38 and Akt/GSK-3β/CRMP-2 may be involved in sevoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Chuiliang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chancheng Center Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Foshan, Guangdong 528030, P.R. China
| | - Minting Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510523, P.R. China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yanni Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Jue Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Yujuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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Repeated exposure to sevoflurane impairs the learning and memory of older male rats. Life Sci 2017; 192:75-83. [PMID: 29155302 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Critically ill old patients sometimes require repeated surgical interventions, and thus it is important to determine the influence of repeated exposure to anesthetics on learning and memory. Sevoflurane, a widely used inhalation anesthetic, has few neurological adverse effects and offers a rapid return to consciousness. But the long-term influence of sevoflurane exposure and the effect of repeated sevoflurane exposure on cognition have rarely been reported, and available studies are contradictory. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, the Morris water maze test was employed to investigate the long-term influence of single (4h) or repeated (2h daily for 5 consecutive days) exposure to 1.5% or 2.5% sevoflurane on the learning ability and memory of old (16-18months old) male rats. Testing was performed from 1day to 4weeks after the last exposure. In the hippocampus, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), NF-κB mRNA, and apoptosis rate were also examined to determine whether cellular biochemical changes related to cognition and memory occurred after single or repeated exposure to sevoflurane. KEY FINDINGS Repeated exposure to 2.5% sevoflurane decreased hippocampal levels of BDNF protein, enhanced hippocampal levels of NF-κB mRNA, and increased the apoptosis rate of pyramidal cells. Single exposure to 2.5% sevoflurane, and repeated exposure to either 1.5% or 2.5% sevoflurane significantly compromised learning and memory of old male rats. SIGNIFICANCE Repeated exposure to sevoflurane impaired the learning and memory of old male rats, an impairment that was accompanied by cognition-related biochemical changes in the hippocampus.
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Wang B, Jin X, Kuang X, Tian S. Chronic administration of parecoxib exerts anxiolytic-like and memory enhancing effects and modulates synaptophysin expression in mice. BMC Anesthesiol 2017; 17:152. [PMID: 29132299 PMCID: PMC5684753 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-017-0443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that cyclooxygenase-2, a key enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, is involved in anxiety and cognitive processes, but few studies have investigated the effects of chronic administration of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors on anxiety, learning and memory under normal physiological conditions. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of chronic administration of parecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, on anxiety behavior and memory performance under normal physiological conditions and to explore the possible neural mechanism underlying parecoxib-mediated effects. METHODS Adult male ICR mice were randomly divided into four groups: the control group and three parecoxib groups. Mice received normal saline or parecoxib (2.5, 5.0 or 10 mg/kg) intraperitoneal injection once a day for 21 days, respectively. Elevated plus-maze, novel object recognition and Y maze tests were conducted on day 23, 24 and 26, respectively. Four additional groups that received same drug treatment were used to measure synaptophysin protein levels by western blot and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels by ELISA in the amygdala and hippocampus on day 26. RESULTS Chronic parecoxib exerted an anxiolytic-like effect in the plus-maze test test, and enhanced memory performance in the novel object recognition and Y maze tests. Western blot analysis showed that chronic parecoxib down-regulated synaptophysin levels in the amygdala and up-regulated synaptophysin levels in the hippocampus. ELISA assay showed that chronic parecoxib inhibited PGE2 in the hippocampus but not amygdala. CONCLUSIONS Chronic parecoxib exerts anxiolytic-like and memory enhancing effects, which might be mediated through differential modulation of synaptophysin and PGE2 in the amygdala and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Kuang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaowen Tian
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Hypothermia induced by anesthesia regulates various signals expressions in the hippocampus of animals. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1321-1330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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14
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Karaman T, Karaman S, Doğru S, Tapar H, Şahin A, Süren M. Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Dexamethasone on Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Sevoflurane in Adult Rats. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim 2017; 45:158-163. [PMID: 28752006 DOI: 10.5152/tjar.2017.98624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is common after anaesthesia in elderly patients. However, it may appear in patients of all ages. The main pathogenesis of cognitive dysfunction remains unclear, although there is some evidence that brain inflammation may alter cognitive abilities. In the present study, we aim to evaluate short-term and long-term effects of dexamethasone on cognitive dysfunction induced by sevoflurane anaesthesia in adult rats. METHODS Seven-month-old 30 male Wistar albino rats were randomised into three groups: sevoflurane group (exposure to sevoflurane), sevoflurane + dexamethasone group (exposure to sevoflurane and dexamethasone injection), and control group (exposure to 100% oxygen). Spatial learning and short-term (7 days after exposure) and long-term (30 days after exposure) memory were evaluated using Morris water maze test. RESULTS Sevoflurane induced significant deficit in spatial learning and short-term and long-term memory in adult rats. Dexamethasone-treated animals exposed to sevoflurane had equivalent performance as control animals in training and probe trials. CONCLUSION Sevoflurane may impair spatial learning and short-term and long-term memories in adult rats. The co-administration of dexamethasone and sevoflurane may ameliorate short-term and long-term cognitive dysfunctions induced by sevoflurane in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba Karaman
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Gaziosmanpaşa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Serkan Karaman
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Gaziosmanpaşa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Serkan Doğru
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Gaziosmanpaşa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Hakan Tapar
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Gaziosmanpaşa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Aynur Şahin
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Gaziosmanpaşa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Süren
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Gaziosmanpaşa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
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15
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Walters JL, Chelonis JJ, Fogle CM, Orser BA, Paule MG. Single and repeated exposures to the volatile anesthetic isoflurane do not impair operant performance in aged rats. Neurotoxicology 2016; 56:159-169. [PMID: 27498192 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) is a complication that can occur in the elderly after anesthesia and surgery and is characterized by impairments in information processing, memory, and executive function. Currently, it is unclear whether POCD is due to the effects of surgery, anesthesia, or perhaps some interaction between these or other perioperative variables. Studies in rodents suggest that the development of POCD may be related directly to anesthesia-induced neuroactivity. Volatile anesthetics have been shown to increase cellular inflammation and apoptosis within the hippocampus of aged rodents, while producing corresponding impairments in hippocampal-dependent brain functions. However, it is unclear whether volatile anesthetics can affect additional aspects of cognition that do not primarily depend upon the hippocampus. The purpose of this study was to use established operant tests to examine the effects of isoflurane on aspects of behavioral inhibition, learning, and motivation in aged rats. Twenty-one adult Sprague-Dawley rats (11 male, 10 female) were trained to perform fixed consecutive number (FCN), incremental repeated acquisition (IRA), and progressive ratio (PR) tasks for a minimum of 15 months prior to receiving anesthesia. At 23 months of age, rats were exposed to 1.3% isoflurane or medical grade air for 2h. Initial results revealed that a 2h exposure to isoflurane had no effect on IRA, FCN, or PR performance. Thus, rats received 3 additional exposures to 1.3% isoflurane or medical grade air: 2, 4 and 6h exposures with 2 weeks elapsing before exposure two, 3 weeks elapsing between exposures two and three, and 2 weeks elapsing between exposures three and four. These additional exposures had no observable effects on performance of any operant task. These results suggest that single and repeated exposures to isoflurane do not impair the performance of aged rats in tasks designed to measure behavioral inhibition, learning, and motivation. This lack of significant effect suggests that the impairments associated with isoflurane exposure may not generalize to all aspects of cognition, but may be selective to tasks that primarily measure spatial memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Walters
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/FDA, Division of Neurotoxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States.
| | - John J Chelonis
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/FDA, Division of Neurotoxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Charles M Fogle
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/FDA, Division of Neurotoxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Beverley A Orser
- University of Toronto, Department of Physiology, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3318, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Merle G Paule
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/FDA, Division of Neurotoxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
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16
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Ling YZ, Ma W, Yu L, Zhang Y, Liang QS. Decreased PSD95 expression in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was associated with cognitive impairment induced by sevoflurane anesthesia. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 16:763-71. [PMID: 26365118 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Though sevoflurane has been widely used as an anesthetic in surgery, recent studies have shown that exposure to sevoflurane alone could lead to postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), of which the mechanisms still remain largely unknown. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is known to be implicated in various cognitive impairments, including working memory and attentional processes. In the present study, we tried to identify dysregulated gene expression in mPFC and investigate the underlying mechanisms involved in POCD. METHODS Behavioral tests, including elevated plus-maze, O-maze, and Y-maze tests, were performed on Wistar rats exposed to sevoflurane. Whole-genome mRNA profiling of mPFC from Wistar rats after exposure to sevoflurane was carried out. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done to verify the differentially expressed genes. RESULTS Significant impairment of working memory of rats after exposure to sevoflurane was observed. A total of 119 of 7319 detected mRNAs showed significantly different expression between rats with and without sevoflurane exposure (fold change (FC)>2.0, P<0.05, and false discovery rate (FDR)<0.05), among which 74 mRNAs were down-regulated and 45 mRNAs were up-regulated. Postsynaptic density-95 (PSD95, also named DLG4) showed the most significantly decreased expression in mPFC and further investigation indicated that PSD95 expression level was correlated with spatial working memory performance. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that PSD95 might be involved in the mechanism of POCD, which could provide clues for preventing POCD in clinical operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-zhi Ling
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui 230601, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Preventive Treatment of Disease, Yulin City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi 719000, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233003, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Qi-sheng Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, China
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17
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Xu X, Zhang Q, Tian X, Wang G. Sevoflurane anesthesia induces neither contextual fear memory impairment nor alterations in local population connectivity of medial prefrontal cortex local field potentials networks in aged rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 30:338-46. [PMID: 26946081 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sevoflurane has been found to increase apoptosis and pathologic markers associated with Alzheimer disease, provoking concern over their potential contribution to postoperative cognitive dysfunction. This study aimed to determine the effects of sevoflurane on contextual fear memory of aged rats and to characterize local population connectivity of local field potentials (LFPs) in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of aged rats during contextual fear memory. Eighteen-month-old male SD rats were implanted with one multichannel electrode array in mPFC. The aged rats were divided into control group, sevoflurane group (1 MAC sevoflurane for 2 h) and surgical group with 1.0 MAC sevoflurane for 2 h. We then assessed the effect of the anesthesia on contextual fear memory, and alterations in the local population connectivity of mPFC LFP networks by partial directed coherence (PDC). Surgery impaired contextual fear memory and reduced local population connectivity of mPFC LFP networks in aged rats at day 1 after the surgery and anesthesia. 1 MAC Sevoflurane anesthesia induced neither contextual fear memory impairment nor alterations in local population connectivity of mPFC LFP networks in aged rats when tested 1, 7, 15 and 30 days after exposure (P > 0.05). PDC values of theta band mPFC LFPs became strongly increased during contextual fear memory at 1, 7, 15, and 30 days after anesthesia. Our results suggest that 1 MAC sevoflurane anesthesia does not induce contextual fear memory impairment in aged rats and suggest that the increased local population connectivity in theta bands LFPs of mPFC plays a role in contextual fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qi Xiang Tai Road, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and obstetrics, 156 San Ma Road, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Laboratory of Neurobiology in Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qi Xiang Tai Road, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Guolin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, 154 An Shan Road, Tianjin, 300050, China
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18
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Bajwa SJS, Anand S, Gupta H. Perils of paediatric anaesthesia and novel molecular approaches: An evidence-based review. Indian J Anaesth 2015; 59:272-81. [PMID: 26019351 PMCID: PMC4445148 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5049.156865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution of anaesthesia has been largely helped by progress of evidence-based medicine. In spite of many advancements in anaesthesia techniques and availability of newer and safer drugs, much more needs to be explored scientifically for the development of anaesthesia. Over the last few years, the notion that the actions of the anaesthesiologist have only immediate or short-term consequences has largely been challenged. Evidences accumulated in the recent years have shown that anaesthesia exposure may have long-term consequences particularly in the extremes of ages. However, most of the studies conducted so far are in vitro or animal studies, the results of which have been extrapolated to humans. There have been confounding evidences linking anaesthesia exposure in the developing brain with poor neurocognitive outcome. The results of animal studies and human retrospective studies have raised concern over the potential detrimental effects of general anaesthetics on the developing brain. The purpose of this review is to highlight the long-term perils of anaesthesia in the very young and the potential of improving anaesthesia delivery with the novel molecular approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhminder Jit Singh Bajwa
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Gian Sagar Medical College and Hospital, Banur, Punjab, India
| | - Smriti Anand
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Maharishi Markendeshwar Medical College and Hospital, Kumarhatti, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Hemant Gupta
- Department of Paediatrics, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
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19
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Lobo FA, P Saraiva A. Playing games with the brain: the possible link between anesthesia and Alzheimer's disease revisited. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ANESTESIOLOGIA Y REANIMACION 2014; 61:417-421. [PMID: 25171825 DOI: 10.1016/j.redar.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F A Lobo
- Anesthesiology Department, Hospital Geral de Santo António, Porto, Portugal.
| | - A P Saraiva
- Anesthesiology Department, Hospital Geral de Santo António - Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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20
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Cerebral dysfunction after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Anesth 2013; 28:242-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00540-013-1699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hohsfield LA, Ehrlich D, Humpel C. Cholesterol diet counteracts repeated anesthesia/infusion-induced cognitive deficits in male Brown Norway rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 106:154-62. [PMID: 23973449 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A variety of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are associated with alterations in cholesterol levels and metabolism. Moreover, convincing evidence shows that high cholesterol diet can lead to learning and memory impairments. On the other hand, a significant body of research has also demonstrated that learning is improved by elevated dietary cholesterol. Despite these conflicting findings, it is clear that cholesterol plays an important role in these cognitive properties. However, it remains unclear how this blood-brain barrier (BBB)-impenetrable molecule affects the brain and under what circumstances it provides either detrimental or beneficial effects to learning and memory. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of 5% cholesterol diet on six-month-old inbred Brown Norway rats. More important, we sought to examine the role that cholesterol can play when repeated anesthesia and intravenous infusion disrupts cognitive function. This present study supports previous work showing that enriched cholesterol diet leads to significant alterations in neuroinflammation and BBB disruption. Following repeated anesthesia and intravenous infusion of saline we observe that animals under normal diet conditions exhibit significant deficiencies in spatial learning and cholinergic neuron populations compared to animals under enriched cholesterol diet, which do not show such deficiencies. These findings indicate that cholesterol diet can protect against or counteract anesthesia/infusion-induced cognitive deficits. Ultimately, these results suggest that cholesterol homeostasis serves an important functional role in the brain and that altering this homeostasis can either exert positive or negative effects on cognitive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Hohsfield
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimer's Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Kilicaslan A, Belviranli M, Okudan N, Nurullahoglu Atalik E. Single and repeated sevoflurane or desflurane exposure does not impair spatial memory performance of young adult mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2013; 27:641-9. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alper Kilicaslan
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Meram Faculty of Medicine; Necmettin Erbakan University; Konya Turkey
| | - Muaz Belviranli
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; Selcuk University; Konya Turkey
| | - Nilsel Okudan
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; Selcuk University; Konya Turkey
| | - Esra Nurullahoglu Atalik
- Department of Pharmacology; Meram Faculty of Medicine; Necmettin Erbakan University; Konya Turkey
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