1
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Gimmi E, Wallisch J, Vorburger C. Ecological divergence despite common mating sites: Genotypes and symbiotypes shed light on cryptic diversity in the black bean aphid species complex. Heredity (Edinb) 2024; 132:320-330. [PMID: 38745070 PMCID: PMC11167045 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-024-00687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Different host plants represent ecologically dissimilar environments for phytophagous insects. The resulting divergent selection can promote the evolution of specialized host races, provided that gene flow is reduced between populations feeding on different plants. In black bean aphids belonging to the Aphis fabae complex, several morphologically cryptic taxa have been described based on their distinct host plant preferences. However, host choice and mate choice are largely decoupled in these insects: they are host-alternating and migrate between specific summer host plants and shared winter hosts, with mating occurring on the shared hosts. This provides a yearly opportunity for gene flow among aphids using different summer hosts, and raises the question if and to what extent the ecologically defined taxa are reproductively isolated. Here, we analyzed a geographically and temporally structured dataset of microsatellite genotypes from A. fabae that were mostly collected from their main winter host Euonymus europaeus, and additionally from another winter host and fourteen summer hosts. The data reveals multiple, strongly differentiated genetic clusters, which differ in their association with different summer and winter hosts. The clusters also differ in the frequency of infection with two heritable, facultative endosymbionts, separately hinting at reproductive isolation and divergent ecological selection. Furthermore, we found evidence for occasional hybridization among genetic clusters, with putative hybrids collected more frequently in spring than in autumn. This suggests that similar to host races in other phytophagous insects, both prezygotic and postzygotic barriers including selection against hybrids maintain genetic differentiation among A. fabae taxa, despite a common mating habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gimmi
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
- D-USYS, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Jesper Wallisch
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- D-USYS, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
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2
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Xu T, Zhang S, Liu Y, Ma L, Li X, Zhang Y, Fan Y, Song D, Gao X. Slow resistance evolution to neonicotinoids in field populations of wheat aphids revealed by insecticide resistance monitoring in China. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1428-1437. [PMID: 34923734 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The wheat aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion miscanthi, are serious agricultural insect pests of many crops. Neonicotinoid insecticides are commonly used as alternatives to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides for controlling wheat aphids. RESULTS Long-term monitoring of resistance to imidacloprid and acetamiprid in R. padi and S. miscanthi was carried out between 2007 and 2019. For this study, 344 specimens of the two wheat aphids were collected from field populations found in the main wheat production areas in China, from 2007 to 2019. In R. padi, the fluctuation in resistance was 14.7 times for imidacloprid and 1.4 times for acetamiprid; in S. miscanthi, it was 9.7 times for imidacloprid and 6.5 times for acetamiprid. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that both R. padi and S. miscanthi tended to have higher resistance to imidacloprid compared with acetamiprid. However, it is difficult for wheat aphids to develop a high level of neonicotinoid resistance given the pest control practices used in China. These results should be useful for the biorational application and resistance management of neonicotinoid insecticides. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Xu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinjun Fan
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - DunLun Song
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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3
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Stoeckel S, Porro B, Arnaud-Haond S. The discernible and hidden effects of clonality on the genotypic and genetic states of populations: Improving our estimation of clonal rates. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:1068-1084. [PMID: 33386695 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Partial clonality is widespread across the tree of life, but most population genetic models are designed for exclusively clonal or sexual organisms. This gap hampers our understanding of the influence of clonality on evolutionary trajectories and the interpretation of population genetic data. We performed forward simulations of diploid populations at increasing rates of clonality (c), analysed their relationships with genotypic (clonal richness, R, and distribution of clonal sizes, Pareto β) and genetic (FIS and linkage disequilibrium) indices, and tested predictions of c from population genetic data through supervised machine learning. Two complementary behaviours emerged from the probability distributions of genotypic and genetic indices with increasing c. While the impact of c on R and Pareto β was easily described by simple mathematical equations, its effects on genetic indices were noticeable only at the highest levels (c > 0.95). Consequently, genotypic indices allowed reliable estimates of c, while genetic descriptors led to poorer performances when c < 0.95. These results provide clear baseline expectations for genotypic and genetic diversity and dynamics under partial clonality. Worryingly, however, the use of realistic sample sizes to acquire empirical data systematically led to gross underestimates (often of one to two orders of magnitude) of c, suggesting that many interpretations hitherto proposed in the literature, mostly based on genotypic richness, should be reappraised. We propose future avenues to derive realistic confidence intervals for c and show that, although still approximate, a supervised learning method would greatly improve the estimation of c from population genetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenn Stoeckel
- Institute for Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, INRAE, Le Rheu, France
| | - Barbara Porro
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,MARBEC - Marine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, MARBEC, Sète, France
| | - Sophie Arnaud-Haond
- MARBEC - Marine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, MARBEC, Sète, France
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4
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Mideros M, Turissini D, Guayazán N, Ibarra-Avila H, Danies G, Cárdenas M, Myers K, Tabima J, Goss E, Bernal A, Lagos L, Grajales A, Gonzalez L, Cooke D, Fry W, Grünwald N, Matute D, Restrepo S. Phytophthora betacei, a new species within Phytophthora clade 1c causing late blight on Solanum betaceum in Colombia. PERSOONIA 2018; 41:39-55. [PMID: 30728598 PMCID: PMC6344807 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2018.41.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, symptoms akin to late blight disease have been reported on a variety of crop plants in South America. Despite the economic importance of these crops, the causal agents of the diseases belonging to the genus Phytophthora have not been completely characterized. In this study, a new Phytophthora species was described in Colombia from tree tomato (Solanum betaceum), a semi-domesticated fruit grown in northern South America. Comprehensive phylogenetic, morphological, population genetic analyses, and infection assays to characterize this new species, were conducted. All data support the description of the new species, Phytophthora betacei sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that this new species belongs to clade 1c of the genus Phytophthora and is a close relative of the potato late blight pathogen, P. infestans. Furthermore, it appeared as the sister group of the P. andina strains collected from wild Solanaceae (clonal lineage EC-2). Analyses of morphological and physiological characters as well as host specificity showed high support for the differentiation of these species. Based on these results, a complete description of the new species is provided and the species boundaries within Phytophthora clade 1c in northern South America are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.F. Mideros
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - D.A. Turissini
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - N. Guayazán
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - H. Ibarra-Avila
- Head of Microscopy Core (MCUA), Vice-Presidency of Research, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - G. Danies
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Biology Department, Universidad de Nariño, Pasto, Colombia
| | - M. Cárdenas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - K. Myers
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - J. Tabima
- Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - E.M. Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A. Bernal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - L.E. Lagos
- Biology Department, Universidad de Nariño, Pasto, Colombia
| | - A. Grajales
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - L.N. Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - D.E.L. Cooke
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - W.E. Fry
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - N. Grünwald
- Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - D.R. Matute
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - S. Restrepo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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5
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Larose C, Parker DJ, Schwander T. Fundamental and realized feeding niche breadths of sexual and asexual stick insects. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20181805. [PMID: 30487310 PMCID: PMC6283937 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors contributing to the maintenance of sex over asexuality in natural populations remain unclear. Ecological divergences between sexual and asexual lineages could help to maintain reproductive polymorphisms, at least transiently, but the consequences of asexuality for the evolution of ecological niches are unknown. Here, we investigated how niche breadths change in transitions from sexual reproduction to asexuality. We used host plant ranges as a proxy to compare the realized feeding niche breadths of five independently derived asexual Timema stick insect species and their sexual relatives at both the species and population levels. Asexual species had systematically narrower realized niches than sexual species, though this pattern was not apparent at the population level. To investigate how the narrower realized niches of asexual species arise, we performed feeding experiments to estimate fundamental niche breadths but found no systematic differences between reproductive modes. The narrow realized niches found in asexual species are therefore probably a consequence of biotic interactions such as predation or competition, that constrain realized niche size in asexuals more strongly than in sexuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Larose
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Quartier Unil-Sorge, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Darren J Parker
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Quartier Unil-Sorge, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Schwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Quartier Unil-Sorge, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Booksmythe I, Gerber N, Ebert D, Kokko H. Daphnia females adjust sex allocation in response to current sex ratio and density. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:629-637. [PMID: 29484799 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclical parthenogenesis presents an interesting challenge for the study of sex allocation, as individuals' allocation decisions involve both the choice between sexual and asexual reproduction, and the choice between sons and daughters. Male production is therefore expected to depend on ecological and evolutionary drivers of overall investment in sex, and those influencing male reproductive value during sexual periods. We manipulated experimental populations, and made repeated observations of natural populations over their growing season, to disentangle effects of population density and the timing of sex from effects of adult sex ratio on sex allocation in cyclically parthenogenetic Daphnia magna. Male production increased with population density, the major ecological driver of sexual reproduction; however, this response was dampened when the population sex ratio was more male-biased. Thus, in line with sex ratio theory, we show that D. magna adjust offspring sex allocation in response to the current population sex ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Booksmythe
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Tvärminne Zoological Station, J.A. Palmenintie 260, 10900, Hanko, Finland
| | - Nina Gerber
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Tvärminne Zoological Station, J.A. Palmenintie 260, 10900, Hanko, Finland.,Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, J.A. Palmenintie 260, 10900, Hanko, Finland.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Kokko
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Becheler R, Masson JP, Arnaud-Haond S, Halkett F, Mariette S, Guillemin ML, Valero M, Destombe C, Stoeckel S. ClonEstiMate, a Bayesian method for quantifying rates of clonality of populations genotyped at two-time steps. Mol Ecol Resour 2017; 17:e251-e267. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Becheler
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; UPMC; University of Paris VI; UC; UACH; UMI 3614; Roscoff France
| | - Jean-Pierre Masson
- Institute for Genetics; Environment and Plant Protection; INRA; UMR1349; Le Rheu France
| | - Sophie Arnaud-Haond
- Ifremer; MARBEC (Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation); Boulevard Jean Monet; 34200 SETE
| | | | | | - Marie-Laure Guillemin
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; UPMC; University of Paris VI; UC; UACH; UMI 3614; Roscoff France
- Facultad de Ciencias; Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia Chile
| | - Myriam Valero
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; UPMC; University of Paris VI; UC; UACH; UMI 3614; Roscoff France
| | - Christophe Destombe
- Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae; CNRS; Sorbonne Universités; UPMC; University of Paris VI; UC; UACH; UMI 3614; Roscoff France
| | - Solenn Stoeckel
- Institute for Genetics; Environment and Plant Protection; INRA; UMR1349; Le Rheu France
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8
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Vorburger C, Herzog J, Rouchet R. Aphid specialization on different summer hosts is associated with strong genetic differentiation and unequal symbiont communities despite a common mating habitat. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:762-772. [PMID: 28055138 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Specialization on different host plants can promote evolutionary diversification of herbivorous insects. Work on pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) has contributed significantly to the understanding of this process, demonstrating that populations associated with different host plants exhibit performance trade-offs across hosts, show adaptive host choice and genetic differentiation and possess different communities of bacterial endosymbionts. Populations specialized on different secondary host plants during the parthenogenetic summer generations are also described for the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae complex) and are usually treated as different (morphologically cryptic) subspecies. In contrast to pea aphids, however, host choice and mate choice are decoupled in black bean aphids, because populations from different summer hosts return to the same primary host plant to mate and lay overwintering eggs. This could counteract evolutionary divergence, and it is currently unknown to what extent black bean aphids using different summer hosts are indeed differentiated. We addressed this question by microsatellite genotyping and endosymbiont screening of black bean aphids collected in summer from the goosefoot Chenopodium album (subspecies A. f. fabae) and from thistles of the genus Cirsium (subspecies A. f. cirsiiacanthoides) across numerous sites in Switzerland and France. Our results show clearly that aphids from Cirsium and Chenopodium exhibit strong and geographically consistent genetic differentiation and that they differ in their frequencies of infection with particular endosymbionts. The dependence on a joint winter host has thus not prevented the evolutionary divergence into summer host-adapted populations that appear to have evolved mechanisms of reproductive isolation within a common mating habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vorburger
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Herzog
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - R Rouchet
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Greenwald KR, Denton RD, Gibbs HL. Niche partitioning among sexual and unisexual
Ambystoma
salamanders. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Greenwald
- Department of BiologyEastern Michigan University 441 Mark Jefferson Science Complex Ypsilanti Michigan 48197 USA
- Ohio Biodiversity Conservation PartnershipThe Ohio State University 300 Aronoff Laboratory Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Robert D. Denton
- Ohio Biodiversity Conservation PartnershipThe Ohio State University 300 Aronoff Laboratory Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal BiologyThe Ohio State University 300 Aronoff Laboratory Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - H. Lisle Gibbs
- Ohio Biodiversity Conservation PartnershipThe Ohio State University 300 Aronoff Laboratory Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal BiologyThe Ohio State University 300 Aronoff Laboratory Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
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10
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Kleiman M, Hadany L. The evolution of obligate sex: the roles of sexual selection and recombination. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:2572-83. [PMID: 26257871 PMCID: PMC4523354 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of sex is one of the greatest mysteries in evolutionary biology. An even greater mystery is the evolution of obligate sex, particularly when competing with facultative sex and not with complete asexuality. Here, we develop a stochastic simulation of an obligate allele invading a facultative population, where males are subject to sexual selection. We identify a range of parameters where sexual selection can contribute to the evolution of obligate sex: Especially when the cost of sex is low, mutation rate is high, and the facultative individuals do not reproduce sexually very often. The advantage of obligate sex becomes larger in the absence of recombination. Surprisingly, obligate sex can take over even when the population has a lower mean fitness as a result. We show that this is due to the high success of obligate males that can compensate the cost of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Kleiman
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Be'er-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Lilach Hadany
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
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11
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Durak R, Węgrzyn E, Leniowski K. Do all aphids benefit from climate warming? An effect of temperature increase on a native species of temperate climatic zoneCinara juniperi. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2015.1034785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Jaquiéry J, Stoeckel S, Larose C, Nouhaud P, Rispe C, Mieuzet L, Bonhomme J, Mahéo F, Legeai F, Gauthier JP, Prunier-Leterme N, Tagu D, Simon JC. Genetic control of contagious asexuality in the pea aphid. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004838. [PMID: 25473828 PMCID: PMC4256089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although evolutionary transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction are frequent in eukaryotes, the genetic bases of such shifts toward asexuality remain largely unknown. We addressed this issue in an aphid species where both sexual and obligate asexual lineages coexist in natural populations. These sexual and asexual lineages may occasionally interbreed because some asexual lineages maintain a residual production of males potentially able to mate with the females produced by sexual lineages. Hence, this species is an ideal model to study the genetic basis of the loss of sexual reproduction with quantitative genetic and population genomic approaches. Our analysis of the co-segregation of ∼ 300 molecular markers and reproductive phenotype in experimental crosses pinpointed an X-linked region controlling obligate asexuality, this state of character being recessive. A population genetic analysis (>400-marker genome scan) on wild sexual and asexual genotypes from geographically distant populations under divergent selection for reproductive strategies detected a strong signature of divergent selection in the genomic region identified by the experimental crosses. These population genetic data confirm the implication of the candidate region in the control of reproductive mode in wild populations originating from 700 km apart. Patterns of genetic differentiation along chromosomes suggest bidirectional gene flow between populations with distinct reproductive modes, supporting contagious asexuality as a prevailing route to permanent parthenogenesis in pea aphids. This genetic system provides new insights into the mechanisms of coexistence of sexual and asexual aphid lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jaquiéry
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Solenn Stoeckel
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Chloé Larose
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Pierre Nouhaud
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Claude Rispe
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Lucie Mieuzet
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Joël Bonhomme
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Frédérique Mahéo
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
- INRIA Centre Rennes - Bretagne Atlantique, GenOuest, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gauthier
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Nathalie Prunier-Leterme
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Denis Tagu
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- INRA, UMR1349, Institute of Genetics, Environment and Plant Protection, Domaine de la Motte, Le Rheu, France
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13
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Schmit O, Adolfsson S, Vandekerkhove J, Rueda J, Bode S, Rossetti G, Michalakis Y, Jokela J, Martens K, Mesquita-Joanes F. The distribution of sexual reproduction of the geographic parthenogen Eucypris virens (Crustacea: Ostracoda) matches environmental gradients in a temporary lake. CAN J ZOOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2012-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Niche segregation may prevent competitive exclusion and promote local coexistence. This typically results in the occupation of different habitats. In the freshwater ostracod Eucypris virens (Jurine, 1820), the distribution of sexual and parthenogenetic populations in the temporary Lake Caracuel, central Spain, was not homogeneous. Parthenogens were found everywhere including the littoral, whereas sexuals were restricted to the centre. We investigated the hypothesis that spatial distribution responded to ecological differences. We studied the ecological significance of this segregation by linking environmental data to male presence, sexual fraction, ploidy, and genetic structure of our model organism in 12 ponds in the lake basin. Hydro-chemical and biological data indicated that the observed segregation is not only spatial but also ecological, with sexual E. virens occurring in ponds with shorter and probably more unpredictable hydroperiod. The correlations between environmental gradients and E. virens population structure suggest that sexual and parthenogenetic lineages are ecologically segregated. Sexual populations appeared restricted to sufficiently unpredictable environments, while parthenogens dominated environments with longer hydroperiods. Local coexistence seems mediated by spatial heterogeneity in habitat stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Schmit
- University of Parma, Department of Environmental Sciences, Viale G.P. Usberti 11A, 43100 Parma, Italy
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS IRD UMI UMII 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - S. Adolfsson
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS IRD UMI UMII 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH-Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J. Vandekerkhove
- University of Valencia, Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Carrer del Doctor Moliner N° 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- University of Parma, Department of Environmental Sciences, Viale G.P. Usberti 11A, 43100 Parma, Italy
- University of Gdańsk, Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Limnozoology, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - J. Rueda
- University of Valencia, Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Carrer del Doctor Moliner N° 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - S.N.S. Bode
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Department of Freshwater Biology, rue Vautier 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - G. Rossetti
- University of Parma, Department of Environmental Sciences, Viale G.P. Usberti 11A, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Y. Michalakis
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS IRD UMI UMII 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - J. Jokela
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH-Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K. Martens
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Department of Freshwater Biology, rue Vautier 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - F. Mesquita-Joanes
- University of Valencia, Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Carrer del Doctor Moliner N° 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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14
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Macfadyen S, Kriticos DJ. Modelling the geographical range of a species with variable life-history. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40313. [PMID: 22808133 PMCID: PMC3394791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We show how a climatic niche model can be used to describe the potential geographic distribution of a pest species with variable life-history, and illustrate how to estimate biogeographic pest threats that vary across space. The models were used to explore factors that affect pest risk (irrigation and presences of host plant). A combination of current distribution records and published experimental data were used to construct separate models for the asexual and sexual lineages of Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The two models were combined with knowledge of host plant presence to classify the global pest risk posed by R. padi. Whilst R. padi has a relatively limited area in which sexual lineages can persist year round, a much larger area is suitable for transient sexual and asexual lineages to exist. The greatest risk of establishment of persistent sexual and asexual populations is in areas with warm temperate climates. At the global scale the models show very little difference in risk patterns between natural rainfall and irrigation scenarios, but in Australia, the amount of land suitable for persistent asexual and transient sexual populations decreases (by 20%) if drought stress is no longer alleviated by irrigation. This approach proved useful for modelling the potential distribution of a species that has a variable life-history. We were able to use the model outputs to examine factors such as irrigation practices and host plant presence that altered the nature (transient or permanent) and extent of pest risk. The composite niche maps indicate pest risk in terms that are useful to both biosecurity agencies and pest managers.
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15
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Carter MJ, Simon JC, Nespolo RF. The effects of reproductive specialization on energy costs and fitness genetic variances in cyclical and obligate parthenogenetic aphids. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:1414-25. [PMID: 22957150 PMCID: PMC3434922 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms with coexisting sexual and asexual populations are ideal models for studying the consequences of either reproductive mode on the quantitative genetic architecture of life-history traits. In the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi, lineages differing in their sex investment coexist but all share a common parthenogenetic phase. Here, we studied multiple genotypes of R. padi specialized either for sexual and asexual reproduction and compared their genetic variation in fitness during the parthenogenetic phase. Specifically, we estimated maintenance costs as standard metabolic rate (SMR), together with fitness (measured as the intrinsic rate of increase and the net reproductive rate). We found that genetic variation (in terms of broad-sense heritability) in fitness was higher in asexual genotypes compared with sexual genotypes. Also, we found that asexual genotypes exhibited several positive genetic correlations indicating that body mass, whole-animal SMR, and apterous individuals production are contributing to fitness. Hence, it appears that in asexual genotypes, energy is fully allocated to maximize the production of parthenogenetic individuals, the simplest possible form of aphid repertoire of life-histories strategies.
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Sandrock C, Razmjou J, Vorburger C. Climate effects on life cycle variation and population genetic architecture of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:4165-81. [PMID: 21883588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Aphid species may exhibit different reproductive modes ranging from cyclical to obligate parthenogenesis. The distribution of life cycle variation in aphids is generally determined by ecological forces, mainly climate, because only sexually produced diapausing eggs can survive harsh winters or periods of absence of suitable host plants. Aphids are thus interesting models to investigate intrinsic and environmental factors shaping the competition among sexual and asexual lineages. We conducted a Europe-wide sampling of black bean aphids, Aphis fabae, and combined population genetic analyses based on microsatellite data with an experimental determination of life cycle strategies. Aphids were collected from broad beans (Vicia faba) as well as some Chenopodiaceae, but we detected no genetic differentiation between aphids from different host plants. Consistent with model predictions, life cycle variation was related to climate, with aphids from areas with cold winters investing more in sexual reproduction than aphids from areas with mild winters. Accordingly, only populations from mild areas exhibited a clear genetic signature of clonal reproduction. These differences arise despite substantial gene flow over large distances, which was evident from a very low geographic population structure and a lack of isolation-by-distance among 18 sites across distances of more than 1000 km. There was virtually no genetic differentiation between aphids with different reproductive modes, suggesting that new asexual lineages are formed continuously. Indeed, a surprising number of A. fabae genotypes even from colder climates produced some parthenogenetic offspring under simulated winter conditions. From this we predict that a shift to predominantly asexual reproduction could take place rapidly under climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Sandrock
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Artacho P, Figueroa CC, Cortes PA, Simon JC, Nespolo RF. Short-term consequences of reproductive mode variation on the genetic architecture of energy metabolism and life-history traits in the pea aphid. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:986-994. [PMID: 21539843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cyclically parthenogenetic animals such as aphids are able alternating sexual and asexual reproduction during its life cycle, and represent good models for studying short-term evolutionary consequences of sex. In aphids, different morphs, whether sexual or asexual, winged or wingless, are produced in response to specific environmental cues. The production of these morphs could imply a differential energy investment between the two reproductive phases (i.e., sexual and asexual), which can also be interpreted in terms of changes in genetic variation and/or trade-offs between the associated traits. In this study we compared the G-matrices of energy metabolism, life-history traits and morph production in 10 clonal lineages (genotypes) of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, during both sexual and asexual phases. The heritabilities (broad-sense) were significant for almost all traits in both phases; however the only significant genetic correlation we found was a positive correlation between resting metabolic rate and production of winged parthenogenetic females during the asexual phase. These results suggest the pea aphid shows some lineage specialization in terms of energy costs, but a higher specialization in the production of the different morphs (e.g., winged parthenogenetic females). Moreover, the production of winged females during the asexual phase appears to be more costly than wingless females. Finally, the structures of genetic variance-covariance matrices differed between both phases. These differences were mainly due to the correlation between resting metabolic rate and winged parthenogenetic females in the asexual phase. This structural difference would be indicating that energy allocation rules changes between phases, emphasizing the dispersion role of asexual morphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Artacho
- Instituto de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
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18
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XHAARD C, FABRE B, ANDRIEUX A, GLADIEUX P, BARRÈS B, FREY P, HALKETT F. The genetic structure of the plant pathogenic fungus Melampsora larici-populina on its wild host is extensively impacted by host domestication. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:2739-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Zepeda-Paulo FA, Simon JC, Ramírez CC, Fuentes-Contreras E, Margaritopoulos JT, Wilson ACC, Sorenson CE, Briones LM, Azevedo R, Ohashi DV, Lacroix C, Glais L, Figueroa CC. The invasion route for an insect pest species: the tobacco aphid in the New World. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:4738-52. [PMID: 20958814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biological invasions are rapid evolutionary events in which populations are usually subject to a founder event during introduction followed by rapid adaptation to the new environment. Molecular tools and Bayesian approaches have shown their utility in exploring different evolutionary scenarios regarding the invasion routes of introduced species. We examined the situation for the tobacco aphid, Myzus persicae nicotianae, a recently introduced aphid species in Chile. Using seven microsatellite loci and approximate Bayesian computation, we studied populations of the tobacco aphid sampled from several American and European countries, identifying the most likely source populations and tracking the route of introduction to Chile. Our population genetic data are consistent with available historical information, pointing to an introduction route of the tobacco aphid from Europe and/or from other putative populations (e.g. Asia) with subsequent introduction through North America to South America. Evidence of multiple introductions to North America from different genetic pools, with successive loss of genetic diversity from Europe towards North America and a strong bottleneck during the southward introduction to South America, was also found. Additionally, we examined the special case of a widespread multilocus genotype that was found in all American countries examined. This case provides further evidence for the existence of highly successful genotypes or 'superclones' in asexually reproducing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Zepeda-Paulo
- Instituto de Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
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20
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Lehto MP, Haag CR. Ecological differentiation between coexisting sexual and asexual strains of Daphnia pulex. J Anim Ecol 2010; 79:1241-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Nespolo RF, Halkett F, Figueroa CC, Plantegenest M, Simon JC. EVOLUTION OF TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL PHASES AND THE ROLE OF REPRODUCTIVE PLASTICITY IN THE GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF APHID LIFE HISTORIES. Evolution 2009; 63:2402-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Kanbe T, Akimoto SI. Allelic and genotypic diversity in long-term asexual populations of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum in comparison with sexual populations. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:801-16. [PMID: 19207245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.04077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many aphid species exhibit geographical variation in the mode of reproduction that ranges from cyclical parthenogenesis with a sexual phase to obligate parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction). Theoretical studies predict that organisms reproducing asexually should maintain higher allelic diversity per locus but lower genotypic diversity than organisms reproducing sexually. To corroborate this hypothesis, we evaluated genotypic and allelic diversities in the sexual and asexual populations of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Microsatellite analysis revealed that populations in central Japan are asexual, whereas populations in northern Japan are obligatorily sexual. No mixed populations were detected in our study sites. Phylogenetic analysis using microsatellite data and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences revealed a long history of asexuality in central Japan and negated the possibility of the recent origin of the asexual populations from the sexual populations. Asexual populations exhibited much lower genotypic diversity but higher allelic richness per locus than did sexual populations. Asexual populations consisted of a few predominant clones that were considerably differentiated from one another. Sexual populations on alfalfa, an exotic plant in Japan, were most closely related to asexual populations associated with Vicia sativa L. The alfalfa-associated sexual populations harboured one COI haplotype that was included in the haplotype clade of the asexual populations. Available evidence suggests that the sexuality of the alfalfa-associated populations has recently been restored through the northward migration and colonization of alfalfa by V. sativa-associated lineages. Therefore, our results support the theoretical predictions and provide a new perspective on the origin of sexual populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanbe
- Systematic Entomology, Department of Ecology and Systematics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
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HALKETT F, PLANTEGENEST M, BONHOMME J, SIMON JC. Gene flow between sexual and facultatively asexual lineages of an aphid species and the maintenance of reproductive mode variation. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:2998-3007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nespolo RF, Figueroa CC, Plantegenest M, Simon JC. Short-term population differences in the genetic architecture of life history traits related to sexuality in an aphid species. Heredity (Edinb) 2008; 100:374-81. [PMID: 18212808 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6801085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important factors that determine the evolutionary trajectory of a suite of traits in a population is the structure of the genetic variance-covariance matrix (G). We studied the cyclically parthenogenetic aphid Rhopalosiphum padi, whose populations exhibit two types of reproductive lineages respectively specialized in sexuality (that is, cyclically parthenogenetic lineages) and in asexuality (that is, obligate parthenogenetic lineages). We compared the quantitative genetics of life histories in these two lineage types. Our results suggest that both, the elements and the whole structure of the resulting G matrices differ in the very short term, between lineage types. This would involve the evolution toward different evolutionary optima in the same population, depending on whether sexual or asexual lineages predominate. Since sexual and asexual lineages vary seasonally in their abundance, a fluctuating selective regime has been proposed for this species, which would contribute to the maintenance of the reproductive polymorphism that these populations exhibit.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Nespolo
- Instituto de Ecología y Evolución, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla, Chile.
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