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Horiuchi Y, Kamijo T, Tanaka N. Floral and pollination characteristics of Eriocaulon heleocharioides, an extinct species in the wild, for evidence-based conservation management. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:546-555. [PMID: 33471398 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Generally, floral characteristics and pollination are important factors enhancing the quality and quantity of reproductive output for regeneration in plant conservation. However, lack of evidence-based management could decrease fitness under ex-situ conservation. We investigated the capitulum and pollination characteristics of Eriocaulon heleocharioides Satake (Eriocaulaceae), which is extinct in the wild, to develop an evidence-based conservation management plan incorporating previously ignored reproductive characteristics. To evaluate the functional characteristics of capitula, pollen-ovule ratio, and reproductive status (maximum pollination success/florivory damage) were investigated along six flowering sequences of capitulum. To evaluate the effect of plant density on pollen transfer, high- and low-density plots were established. Total deposited pollen on stigma, insect visitation, and visit duration per capitulum were observed. A significantly lower pollen-ovule ratio was observed in the first of six capitula, reflecting higher female functionality. The highest pollination success was found in the second-fourth capitula, whereas florivory increased along the terminal capitula position. High plant density affected the pollen deposited on stigmas via insect visitation and low pollinator visit duration. Different capitula in E. heleocharioides could have different effects: different sexual functionality, enhancement of reproductive output both in quality and quantity through active pollen transfer, and escaping from florivores. High plant density could facilitate outcross-pollen transfer in E. heleocharioides. Multiple perspectives are important for determining potential reproductive success in ex-situ conservation. Thus, density management reflecting capitulum characteristics could improve the efficiency of conservation efforts for E. heleocharioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Horiuchi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - T Kamijo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - N Tanaka
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Madjidian JA, Smith HG, Andersson S, Lankinen Å. Direct and indirect selection on mate choice during pollen competition: Effects of male and female sexual traits on offspring performance following two-donor crosses. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1452-1467. [PMID: 33463845 PMCID: PMC7589368 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mate choice in plants is poorly understood, in particular its indirect genetic benefits, but also the direct benefits of avoiding harmful matings. In the herb Collinsia heterophylla, delayed stigma receptivity has been suggested to enhance pollen competition, potentially functioning as a female mate choice trait. Previous studies show that this trait can mitigate the cost of early fertilization caused by pollen, thus providing a direct benefit. We performed two-donor pollinations during successive floral stages to assess how this stigma receptivity trait and two pollen traits known to affect siring success influence indirect benefits in terms of offspring performance. We also investigated differential resource allocation by studying the influence of sibling performance in the same capsule. Offspring performance in terms of flower number was mainly affected by parental identities and differential resource allocation. Offspring seed production showed some influence of resource allocation, but was also affected by pollen donor identity and varied positively with late stigma receptivity. However, the effect of late stigma receptivity on offspring seed production was weakened in matings with pollen that advanced stigma receptivity. In conclusion, delayed stigma receptivity may be selected through both direct and indirect fitness effects in C. heterophylla, where pollen-based delay on stigma receptivity might act as a cue for mate choice. However, selection may also be counteracted by antagonistic selection on pollen to advance stigma receptivity. Our results highlight the challenges of studying indirect genetic benefits and other factors that influence mate choice in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin A. Madjidian
- BiodiversityDepartment of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
- Center for Environmental and Climate ResearchLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Henrik G. Smith
- BiodiversityDepartment of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
- Center for Environmental and Climate ResearchLund UniversityLundSweden
| | | | - Åsa Lankinen
- BiodiversityDepartment of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
- Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
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Hildesheim LS, Opedal ØH, Armbruster WS, Pélabon C. Quantitative and qualitative consequences of reduced pollen loads in a mixed-mating plant. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:14253-14260. [PMID: 31938516 PMCID: PMC6953568 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Greater pollination intensity can enhance maternal plant fitness by increasing seed set and seed quality as a result of more intense pollen competition or enhanced genetic sampling. We tested experimentally these effects by varying the pollen load from a single pollen donor on stigmas of female flowers of Dalechampia scandens (Euphorbiaceae) and measuring the effects on seed number and seed mass. Seed set increased rapidly with pollen number at low to moderate pollen loads, and a maximum set of three seeds occurred with a mean pollen load of 19 pollen grains. We did not detect a trade-off between the number of seeds and seed mass within a fruit. Seed mass increased with increasing pollen load, supporting the hypothesis of enhanced seed quality via increased pollen-competition intensity or genetic sampling. These results suggest that maternal fitness increases with larger pollen loads, even when the fertilization success is already high. Our results further highlight the importance of high rates of pollen arrival onto stigmas, as mediated by reliable pollinators. Comparing the pollen-to-seed response curve obtained in this experiment with those observed in natural populations suggests that pollen limitation may be more severe in natural populations than predicted from greenhouse studies. These results also indicate that declines in pollinator abundance may decrease plant fitness through lowered seed quality before an effect on seed set is detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S. Hildesheim
- Department of BiologyCentre for Biodiversity DynamicsNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyNTNUTrondheimNorway
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Øystein H. Opedal
- Department of BiologyCentre for Biodiversity DynamicsNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyNTNUTrondheimNorway
| | - W. Scott Armbruster
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of AlaskaFairbanksAKUSA
| | - Christophe Pélabon
- Department of BiologyCentre for Biodiversity DynamicsNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyNTNUTrondheimNorway
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Hildesheim LS, Opedal ØH, Armbruster WS, Pélabon C. Fitness costs of delayed pollination in a mixed-mating plant. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:869-881. [PMID: 31504153 PMCID: PMC6868360 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To predict the evolutionary consequences of pollinator declines, we need to understand the evolution of delayed autonomous self-pollination, which is expected to evolve as a mechanism of reproductive assurance when cross-pollination becomes unreliable. This involves estimating the costs of increased levels of selfing as well as those associated with floral senescence. METHODS We studied the mechanisms and costs of delayed self-pollination in the mixed-mating vine Dalechampia scandens (Euphorbiaceae) by first assessing among-population variation in herkogamy and dichogamy, which together determine the rate and timing of autonomous self-pollination. We then tested whether floral longevity responds plastically to delayed pollination. Finally, we assessed the costs of delayed self-pollination in terms of seed number and size, explicitly separating inbreeding depression from effects of floral senescence. KEY RESULTS Herkogamy varied extensively, while variation in dichogamy was more limited. Unpollinated blossoms increased their longevity, but seed quantity and quality decreased with increasing delays in pollination, independently of inbreeding depression. CONCLUSIONS In D. scandens, earlier autonomous selfing is facilitated by reduced herkogamy rather than reduced protogyny, providing reproductive assurance while maintaining the possibility for outcrossing events. Effective early autonomous self-pollination may evolve under reduced cross-pollination reliability in response to costs associated with floral senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Hildesheim
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øystein H Opedal
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - W Scott Armbruster
- School of Biological Sciences, King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Christophe Pélabon
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
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Malagon DA, Roche MD, McElderry RM, Kalisz S. Pollen performance decreases with plant age for outcrosser but not selfer: evidence for cost of male performance. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1271-1278. [PMID: 31442320 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Declines in reproductive capabilities with increasing age are common across the tree of life. However, in plants, mating system traits have rarely been tested for signs of senescence. Since reproduction is often resource limited, we might expect outcrossing and selfing taxa to allocate these resources differently, especially as a plant ages. Compared with selfers, outcrossers are expected to produce showy, rewarding flowers that attract pollinators and high-quality pollen that can successfully compete for ovules. Yet, this resource-intensive strategy of outcrossers may result in declines in floral allocation and pollen performance metrics, relative to selfers. METHODS To explore age-related changes in reproduction, we measured flower size and pollen germinability over the flowering period for multiple populations of an annual sister species pair, Collinsia linearis (outcrosser) and C. rattanii (selfer), in a growth chamber experiment. RESULTS We found that flower size decreased significantly with age in both species. The outcrosser expressed a significant and dramatic (88%) decline in pollen germinability with age, while the selfer's pollen germinability decline was non-significant and low (17%). CONCLUSIONS Our results support the idea that the higher total cost of reproduction in outcrossers can deplete available resources more rapidly than in selfers, manifesting as a decline in male performance with plant age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Malagon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Morgan D Roche
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Robert M McElderry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Susan Kalisz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
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Devaux C, Porcher E, Lande R. Mating systems and avoidance of inbreeding depression as evolutionary drivers of pollen limitation in animal-pollinated self-compatible plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:327-336. [PMID: 30351386 PMCID: PMC6344218 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most theory addressing the evolution of pollen limitation in flowering plants focuses on stochasticity in the relative abundance of plant and pollinator populations affecting trade-offs in resource allocation to ovule production or pollinator attraction vs. seed maturation. Mating system evolution is an underappreciated but potentially widespread additional mechanism for the evolutionary emergence of pollen limitation in animal-pollinated self-compatible plants. METHODS We model individual plant flowering phenologies influencing both pollinator attraction and geitonogamous self-fertilization caused by pollinator movements among flowers within plants, incorporating demographic but not environmental stochasticity. Plant phenology and the resulting pollen limitation are analysed at evolutionarily stable equilibria (ESS). Pollen limitation is measured by two quantities: the proportion of unpollinated flowers and the reduction in maternal fitness caused by inbreeding depression in selfed seeds. KEY RESULTS When pollinators visit multiple flowers per plant, pollen limitation is never minimized at an ESS and results from the evolution of flowering phenologies balancing the amount and genetic composition (outbred vs. inbred) of pollen receipt. CONCLUSIONS Results are consistent with previous theory demonstrating that pollen limitation can be an evolved property, not just a constraint; they complement existing models by showing that plant avoidance of inbreeding depression constitutes a genetic mechanism contributing to evolution of pollen limitation, in addition to ecological mechanisms previously studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Devaux
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, UMR, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Porcher
- Centre d’Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation, UMR, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Russell Lande
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Stone JD, Olson MS. Pollination context alters female advantage in gynodioecious
Silene vulgaris. J Evol Biol 2017; 31:111-122. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Stone
- Department of Biology and Wildlife University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks AK USA
| | - M. S. Olson
- Department of Biology and Wildlife University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks AK USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks AK USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA
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Wang Q, Yang L, Ranjitkar S, Wang JJ, Wang XR, Zhang DX, Wang ZY, Huang YZ, Zhou YM, Deng ZX, Yi L, Luan XF, El-Kassaby YA, Guan WB. Distribution and in situ conservation of a relic Chinese oil woody species Xanthoceras sorbifolium (yellowhorn). CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH 2017; 47:1450-1456. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1139/cjfr-2017-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To understand the contemporary and anticipated future (future 30–50 years) distribution of Chinese wild yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge) and to improve the species’ in situ conservation strategy within the network of China’s National Nature Reserves (NNR), we used BiodiversityR to predict the species’ distribution utilizing the “always-suitable” map concept. We then delineated the always-suitable distributions with the existing NNRs to identify potential conservation areas using an approach that concurrently considered spatial distribution, gap analysis, the role of climate change, and economic analyses. Seven bioclimatic variable predictors and 12 environmental niche modelling submodels successfully contributed to the final model assembly (AUC = 0.916, κ = 0.398). The species range delineation indicated that 71 of the 427 NNRs were included in the always-suitable area, accounting for 26 007 km2 (1.58%) of the species total distribution. This mapping endeavour highlighted the negative impact of climate change with a projected 15%–20% habitat decline and expected species’ distribution centers shifting from the country’s northwest to the southeast. Our results predict the continuous deterioration of X. sorbifolium because of its existing utilization as an oil source and its increased bioenergy potential. The adoption of a flexible management strategy embracing acceptable trade-offs between conservation and utilization within China’s NNRs could effectively alleviate the expected species decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Li Yang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Sailesh Ranjitkar
- Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xin-Rui Wang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dong-Xu Zhang
- Protected Agricultural Technology Development Center, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi, 037009, China
| | - Zi-Yang Wang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yan-Zi Huang
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yi-Ming Zhou
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Deng
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lubei Yi
- Qinghai Forestry Department, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Luan
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yousry A. El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wen-Bin Guan
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Lankinen Å, Strandh M. Differential selection on pollen and pistil traits in relation to pollen competition in the context of a sexual conflict over timing of stigma receptivity. AOB PLANTS 2016; 8:plw061. [PMID: 27562796 PMCID: PMC5063087 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sexual conflict and its evolutionary consequences are understudied in plants, but the theory of sexual conflict may help explain how selection generates and maintains variability. Here, we investigated selection on pollen and pistil traits when pollen arrives sequentially to partially receptive pistils in relation to pollen competition and a sexual conflict over timing of stigma receptivity in the mixed-mating annual Collinsia heterophylla (Plantaginaceae). In this species the conflict is generated by early fertilizing pollen that reduces seed production, which is counteracted by delaying receptivity in the recipient. We performed sequential two-donor pollinations at early floral developmental stages involving two pollen deposition schedules (with or without a time lag of 1 day), using only outcross or self and outcross pollen. We investigated pollen and pistil traits in relation to siring success (male fitness) and seed production (female fitness). In contrast to previous findings in receptive pistils in C. heterophylla and in other species, last arriving pollen donors showed highest siring success in partially receptive pistils. The last male advantage was weaker when self pollen was the first arriving donor. Two measures of germination rate (early and late) and pollen tube growth rate of first arriving donors were important for siring success in crosses with a time lag, while only late germination rate had an effect in contemporary crosses. Curiously, late stigma receptivity was negatively related to seed production in our contemporary crosses, which was opposite to expectation. Our results in combination with previous studies suggest that pollen and pistil traits in C. heterophylla are differentially advantageous depending on stage of floral development and varying pollen deposition schedules. Variation in success of these traits over floral development time may result from sexually antagonistic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Lankinen
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Biology, PO Box 102, S-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Maria Strandh
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Biology, PO Box 102, S-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Lankinen Å, Niss J, Madjidian JA. Effect of root contact on pollen competitive ability in a hermaphroditic winter-annual herb. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pélabon C, Hennet L, Bolstad GH, Albertsen E, Opedal ØH, Ekrem RK, Armbruster WS. Does stronger pollen competition improve offspring fitness when pollen load does not vary? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:522-531. [PMID: 26451034 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Competition among pollen grains from a single donor is expected to increase the quality of the offspring produced because of the recessive deleterious alleles expressed during pollen-tube growth. However, evidence for such an effect is inconclusive; a large number of studies suffer from confounding variation in pollen competition with variation in pollen load. METHODS In this study, we tested the effect of pollen competition on offspring performance independently of pollen-load variation. We compared seed mass and early seedling performance in Dalechampia scandens (Euphorbiaceae) between crosses in which variation in pollen competition was achieved, without variation in pollen load, by manipulating the dispersion of pollen grains on the stigmas. KEY RESULTS Despite a large sample size (211 crosses on 20 maternal plants), we failed to find an effect of pollen competition on seed characteristics or early seedling performance. Paternal effects were always limited, and pollen competition never reduced the within-father (residual) variance. CONCLUSION These results suggest that limited within-donor variation in genetic quality of pollen grains reduces the potential benefits of pollen competition in the study population. The lack of paternal effects on early sporophyte performance further suggests that benefits of pollen competition among pollen from multiple donors should be limited as well, and it raises questions about the significance of pollen competition as a mechanism of sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pélabon
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lauriane Hennet
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Geir H Bolstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elena Albertsen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øystein H Opedal
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Runa K Ekrem
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - W Scott Armbruster
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway School of Biological Sciences, King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775 USA
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Lankinen Å, Smith HG, Andersson S, Madjidian JA. Selection on pollen and pistil traits during pollen competition is affected by both sexual conflict and mixed mating in a self-compatible herb. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:541-552. [PMID: 26542842 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Although much attention has focused on the diversity of plant mating systems, only a few studies have considered the joint effects of mating system and sexual conflict in plant evolution. In mixed-mating Collinsia heterophylla, a sexual conflict over timing of stigma receptivity is proposed: pollen with a capacity to induce early onset of stigma receptivity secures paternity for early-arriving pollen (at the expense of reduced maternal seed set), whereas late onset of stigma receptivity mitigates the negative effects of early-arriving pollen. Here we investigated whether selection on pollen and pistil traits involved in sexual conflict is affected by the presence of both outcross- and self-pollen (mixed mating) during pollen competition. METHODS We conducted two-donor crosses at different floral developmental stages to explore male fitness (siring ability) and female fitness (seed set) in relation to male and female identity, pollen and pistil traits, and type of competitor pollen (outcross vs. self). KEY RESULTS Late-fertilizing pollen rather than rapidly growing pollen tubes was most successful in terms of siring success, especially in competition with self-pollen after pollination at early floral stages. Late stigma receptivity increased seed set after early-stage pollinations, in agreement with selection against antagonistic pollen. CONCLUSIONS Selection on pollen and pistil traits in C. heterophylla is affected by both sexual conflict and mixed mating, suggesting the importance of jointly considering these factors in plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Lankinen
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Biology, P.O. Box 102, S-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik G Smith
- Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden Center for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Andersson
- Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Josefin A Madjidian
- Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Swanson RJ, Hammond AT, Carlson AL, Gong H, Donovan TK. Pollen performance traits reveal prezygotic nonrandom mating and interference competition in Arabidopsis thaliana. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:498-513. [PMID: 26928008 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The lack of ability to measure pollen performance traits in mixed pollinations has been a major hurdle in understanding the mechanisms of differential success of compatible pollen donors. In previous work, we demonstrated that nonrandom mating between two accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana, Columbia (Col) and Landsberg (Ler), is mediated by the male genotype. Despite these genetic insights, it was unclear at what stage of reproduction these genes were acting. Here, we used an experimental strategy that allowed us to differentiate different pollen populations in mixed pollinations to ask: (1) What pollen performance traits differed between Col and Ler accessions that direct nonrandom mating? (2) Is there evidence of interference competition? METHODS We used genetically marked pollen that can be visualized colorimetrically to quantify pollen performance of single populations of pollen in mixed pollinations. We used this and other assays to measure pollen viability, germination, tube growth, patterns of fertilization, and seed abortion. Finally, we assessed interference competition. RESULTS In mixed pollinations on Col pistils, Col pollen sired significantly more seeds than Ler pollen. Col pollen displayed higher pollen viability, faster and greater pollen germination, and faster pollen tube growth. We saw no evidence of nonrandom seed abortion. Finally, we found interference competition occurs in mixed pollinations. CONCLUSION The lack of differences in postzygotic processes coupled with direct observation of pollen performance traits indicates that nonrandom mating in Arabidopsis thaliana is prezygotic, due mostly to differential pollen germination and pollen tube growth rates. Finally, this study unambiguously demonstrates the existence of interference competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Swanson
- Department of Biology, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383 USA
| | - Adam T Hammond
- Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA
| | - Ann L Carlson
- Department of Biology, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383 USA
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383 USA
| | - Thad K Donovan
- Smith Donovan Marketing & Communications, Chesterton, Indiana 46304 USA
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Ghyselen C, Bonte D, Brys R. The influence of herbivory on pre- and postzygotic stages of reproduction following open, self, and outcross pollination. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:2013-2019. [PMID: 26672010 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Herbivory affects pollination success and reproductive output in plants. However, the different stages in the process from pollination to seed maturation have hardly been investigated within the context of herbivory. Herbivory might affect these stages via its effect on geitonogamous pollination and thereby the proportion of self pollen delivered to the stigma and/or via its effect on the nutritional capacity of the maternal plant. METHODS Plants of monocarpic Cynoglossum officinale were experimentally subjected to root herbivory and exposed to natural open pollination in combination with self and outcross hand pollination. We quantified pollen germination, pollen tube competition intensity, pollen tube attrition, fruit set, and seed initiation, abortion, and maturation. KEY RESULTS Although root herbivory did not affect pollen germination or pollen tube attrition, fruit set and seed initiation and maturation were negatively affected by herbivory, but for seed initiation only in the case of outcross- and open-pollinated flowers. The intensity of pollen tube competition positively affected seed initiation, but only in plants infested with the herbivore. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that herbivory did not affect the early stages following pollination, but significantly impacted later postpollination stages such as fruit set and seed maturation and selection based on pollen tube competition intensity on zygote development. Our findings suggest that decreased nutritional capacity of the mother plant in response to root herbivory rather than herbivory effects on pollen quality was responsible for the lower fruit and seed production in infested plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Ghyselen
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dries Bonte
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, BE-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rein Brys
- Division of Plant Ecology and Systematics, Biology Department, University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Kliniekstraat 25, BE-1070 Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Opedal ØH, Armbruster WS, Pélabon C. Inbreeding effects in a mixed-mating vine: effects of mating history, pollen competition and stress on the cost of inbreeding. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv133. [PMID: 26578744 PMCID: PMC4683981 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Inbreeding depression is assumed to be a central factor contributing to the stability of plant mating systems. Predicting the fitness consequence of inbreeding in natural populations is complicated, however, because it may be affected by the mating histories of populations generating variation in the amount of purging of deleterious alleles. Furthermore, the level of inbreeding depression may depend on environmental conditions and the intensity of pollen competition. In a greenhouse experiment comparing four populations of the neotropical vine Dalechampia scandens (Euphorbiaceae), we tested whether inbreeding depression for early-life fitness depended on the inferred mating history of each population, as indicated by genetically determined differences in herkogamy and autofertility rates. We also tested whether the intensity of pollen competition and the level of stress encountered by the seeds and seedlings affected the amount of inbreeding depression observed. Herkogamy was a good predictor of autofertility in each population. However, we found only limited evidence for inbreeding depression in any population, and inbreeding depression varied independently of the intensity of pollen competition and amount of stress encountered by the seeds and seedlings. Thus, the population's rate of autofertility did not predict the amount of inbreeding depression. Overall, we found no evidence supporting the expectations that more inbred populations experience less inbreeding depression, and that pollen competition reduces the cost of inbreeding. These results suggest that additional factors may be responsible for the maintenance of the mixed mating systems of D. scandens populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein H Opedal
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - W Scott Armbruster
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Christophe Pélabon
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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16
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Pélabon C, Albertsen E, Falahati-Anbaran M, Wright J, Armbruster W. Does multiple paternity affect seed mass in angiosperms? An experimental test in Dalechampia scandens. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1719-33. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Pélabon
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - E. Albertsen
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - M. Falahati-Anbaran
- School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
- Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - J. Wright
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - W.S. Armbruster
- Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
- School of Biological Sciences; King Henry Building; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
- Institute of Arctic Biology; University of Alaska; Fairbanks AK USA
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17
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Hersh E, Madjidian JA, Andersson S, Strandh M, Armbruster WS, Lankinen Å. Sexual antagonism in the pistil varies among populations of a hermaphroditic mixed-mating plant. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1321-34. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Hersh
- Biodiversity; Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - J. A. Madjidian
- Biodiversity; Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - S. Andersson
- Biodiversity; Department of Biology; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - M. Strandh
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Plant Protection Biology; Alnarp Sweden
| | - W. S. Armbruster
- School of Biological Science; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth UK
- Institute of Arctic Biology; University of Alaska; Fairbanks AK USA
- Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Å. Lankinen
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Plant Protection Biology; Alnarp Sweden
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Lankinen Å, Karlsson Green K. Using theories of sexual selection and sexual conflict to improve our understanding of plant ecology and evolution. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv008. [PMID: 25613227 PMCID: PMC4344479 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Today it is accepted that the theories of sexual selection and sexual conflict are general and can be applied to both animals and plants. However, potentially due to a controversial history, plant studies investigating sexual selection and sexual conflict are relatively rare. Moreover, these theories and concepts are seldom implemented in research fields investigating related aspects of plant ecology and evolution. Even though these theories are complex, and can be difficult to study, we suggest that several fields in plant biology would benefit from incorporating and testing the impact of selection pressures generated by sexual selection and sexual conflict. Here we give examples of three fields where we believe such incorporation would be particularly fruitful, including (i) mechanisms of pollen-pistil interactions, (ii) mating-system evolution in hermaphrodites and (iii) plant immune responses to pests and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Lankinen
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Biology, PO Box 102, S-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Kristina Karlsson Green
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Biology, PO Box 102, S-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
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19
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Losdat S, Chang SM, Reid JM. Inbreeding depression in male gametic performance. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:992-1011. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Losdat
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; School of Biological Sciences; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen UK
| | - S.-M. Chang
- Plant Biology Department; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - J. M. Reid
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; School of Biological Sciences; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen UK
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20
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Armbruster WS. Floral specialization and angiosperm diversity: phenotypic divergence, fitness trade-offs and realized pollination accuracy. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu003. [PMID: 24790124 PMCID: PMC4038416 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant reproduction by means of flowers has long been thought to promote the success and diversification of angiosperms. It remains unclear, however, how this success has come about. Do flowers, and their capacity to have specialized functions, increase speciation rates or decrease extinction rates? Is floral specialization fundamental or incidental to the diversification? Some studies suggest that the conclusions we draw about the role of flowers in the diversification and increased phenotypic disparity (phenotypic diversity) of angiosperms depends on the system. For orchids, for example, specialized pollination may have increased speciation rates, in part because in most orchids pollen is packed in discrete units so that pollination is precise enough to contribute to reproductive isolation. In most plants, however, granular pollen results in low realized pollination precision, and thus key innovations involving flowers more likely reflect reduced extinction rates combined with opportunities for evolution of greater phenotypic disparity (phenotypic diversity) and occupation of new niches. Understanding the causes and consequences of the evolution of specialized flowers requires knowledge of both the selective regimes and the potential fitness trade-offs in using more than one pollinator functional group. The study of floral function and flowering-plant diversification remains a vibrant evolutionary field. Application of new methods, from measuring natural selection to estimating speciation rates, holds much promise for improving our understanding of the relationship between floral specialization and evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Scott Armbruster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science & Technology, Trondheim N-7491, Norway
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21
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Jorgensen R, Arathi HS. Floral longevity and autonomous selfing are altered by pollination and water availability in Collinsia heterophylla. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:821-8. [PMID: 23884393 PMCID: PMC3747799 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A plant investing in reproduction partitions resources between flowering and seed production. Under resource limitation, altered allocations may result in floral trait variations, leading to compromised fecundity. Floral longevity and timing of selfing are often the traits most likely to be affected. The duration of corolla retention determines whether fecundity results from outcrossing or by delayed selfing-mediated reproductive assurance. In this study, the role of pollination schedules and soil water availability on floral longevity and seed production is tested in Collinsia heterophylla (Plantaginaceae). METHODS Using three different watering regimes and pollination schedules, effects on floral longevity and seed production were studied in this protandrous, flowering annual. KEY RESULTS The results reveal that soil water status and pollination together influence floral longevity with low soil water and hand-pollinations early in the floral lifespan reducing longevity. However, early pollinations under excess water did not extend longevity, implying that resource surplus does not lengthen the outcrossing period. The results also indicate that pollen receipt, a reliable cue for fecundity, accelerates flower drop. Early corolla abscission under drought stress could potentially exacerbate sexual conflict in this protandrous, hermaphroditic species by ensuring self-pollen paternity and enabling male control of floral longevity. While pollination schedules did not affect fecundity, water stress reduced per-capita seed numbers. Unmanipulated flowers underwent delayed autonomous selfing, producing very few seeds, suggesting that inbreeding depression may limit benefits of selfing. CONCLUSIONS In plants where herkogamy and dichogamy facilitate outcrossing, floral longevity determines reproductive success and mating system. Reduction in longevity under drought suggests a strong environmental effect that could potentially alter the preferred breeding mode in this mixed-mated species. Extrapolating the findings to unpredictable global drought cycles, it is suggested that in addition to reducing yield, water stress may influence the evolutionary trajectory of plant mating system.
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MADJIDIAN JA, HYDBOM S, LANKINEN Å. Influence of number of pollinations and pollen load size on maternal fitness costs in Collinsia heterophylla: implications for existence of a sexual conflict over timing of stigma receptivity. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1623-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Madjidian JA, Andersson S, Lankinen A. Estimation of heritability, evolvability and genetic correlations of two pollen and pistil traits involved in a sexual conflict over timing of stigma receptivity in Collinsia heterophylla (Plantaginaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:91-9. [PMID: 22645118 PMCID: PMC3380587 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Heritable genetic variation is crucial for selection to operate, yet there is a paucity of studies quantifying such variation in interactive male/female sexual traits, especially those of plants. Previous work on the annual plant Collinsia heterophylla, a mixed-mating species, suggests that delayed stigma receptivity is involved in a sexual conflict: pollen from certain donors fertilize ovules earlier than others at the expense of reduced maternal seed set and lower levels of pollen competition. METHODS Parent-offspring regressions and sib analyses were performed to test for heritable genetic variation and co-variation in male and female interactive traits related to the sexual conflict. KEY RESULTS SOME heritable variation and evolvability were found for the female trait (delayed stigma receptivity in presence of pollen), but no evidence was found for genetic variation in the male trait (ability to fertilize ovules early). The results further indicated a marginally significant correlation between a male's ability to fertilize early and early stigma receptivity in offspring. However, despite potential indirect selection of these traits, antagonistic co-evolution may not occur given the lack of heritability of the male trait. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study of a plant or any hermaphrodite that examines patterns of genetic correlation between two interactive sexual traits, and also the first to assess heritabilities of plant traits putatively involved in a sexual conflict. It is concluded that the ability to delay fertilization in presence of pollen can respond to selection, while the pollen trait has lower evolutionary potential.
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24
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Alonso C, Herrera CM, Ashman TL. A piece of the puzzle: a method for comparing pollination quality and quantity across multiple species and reproductive events. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 193:532-542. [PMID: 22007922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
• Understanding how pollination affects plant reproductive success and how changes in pollination service affect plant populations, communities and ecosystems is of increasing concern. Yet supplemental hand-pollination traditionally used to assess pollen limitation is prohibitive for large-scale comparative work. Moreover, it does not differentiate between quality and quantity aspects of pollen limitation, and it may suffer from confounds of post-pollination processes such as resource availability to fill seeds. • Here, we highlight pollen tubes as the functional link between pollen arrival and seed production and suggest that consideration of pollen tubes leads to a better depiction of limitation at the pre-zygotic (pollination) phase of sexual reproduction. • We assessed the rigor of piecewise regression to analyze the relationship between the numbers of pollen grains and pollen tubes observed in nonmanipulated wilted flowers. We illustrate how parameters obtained from this analysis provide quantitative insight into the relative relevance of the quantity and quality of pollen receipt in limiting natural pollination success, and can facilitate comparisons among data sets. • This nonmanipulative method opens up new opportunities for rigorous assessment of the relative importance of the quantity and quality of pollination in limiting plant reproduction, especially from a community-wide perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conchita Alonso
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain.
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25
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Lankinen Å, Madjidian JA. Enhancing pollen competition by delaying stigma receptivity: pollen deposition schedules affect siring ability, paternal diversity, and seed production in Collinsia heterophylla (Plantaginaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:1191-200. [PMID: 21730339 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Even though pollen deposition schedules may have profound effects on the evolutionary outcome of pollen competition, few studies have investigated such effects in relation to pistil traits such as delayed stigma receptivity that enhance pollen competition. In Collinsia heterophylla, a largely outcrossing species with delayed stigma receptivity, we performed a series of controlled crosses involving several donors to understand how timing of pollen deposition influences siring ability, paternal diversity, and offspring fitness. METHODS Pollen was applied to fully receptive stigmas either as mixtures or consecutively with or without a time lag to mimic cases with early or delayed stigma receptivity. We used a genetic marker to assess offspring paternity. KEY RESULTS As expected, siring ability was affected by application order in crosses without a time lag, providing a first-donor advantage for pollen arriving on unreceptive stigmas. However, because pollen donor identity influenced siring ability, delaying stigma receptivity may still favor pollen of high competitive ability. In crosses on fully receptive pistils with a time lag of 24 h, a surprisingly high proportion of seeds (12-47%) were sired by pollen applied last. A novel finding was that pollen applied only once (as a mixture), mimicking delayed stigma receptivity, led to higher paternal diversity within progeny families, which was associated with increased seed production. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest fitness advantages of enhancing pollen competition by delaying stigma receptivity in C. heterophylla, particularly in relation to increased paternal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Lankinen
- Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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Baldwin BG, Kalisz S, Armbruster WS. Phylogenetic perspectives on diversification, biogeography, and floral evolution of Collinsia and Tonella (Plantaginaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:731-53. [PMID: 21613170 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Collinsia was the subject of classic biosystematic studies by Garber and colleagues and is increasingly investigated to address major evolutionary questions. Lack of phylogenetic data from more than one gene region and one taxonomic exemplar has left relationships, diversity, and phytogeography of Collinsia in question and has limited understanding of its diversification. METHODS Phylogenetic analyses representing 179 populations of Collinsia and closely related Tonella were conducted based on DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal transcribed spacers, the single-copy nuclear gene CYCLOIDEA-1, and part of the chloroplast matK/trnK intron region to reexamine systematic hypotheses and extend understanding of the importance of floral characters, chromosome evolution, interfertility, crossability, hybridization, edaphic factors, and ecogeographic barriers to diversification in the group. KEY RESULTS Informal "sections" of Collinsia are artificial, although pedicel length and other traditional deep-level taxonomic characters are more conservative evolutionarily than flower size. Evolutionary loss of crossability and interfertility in Collinsia appears to be largely a byproduct of divergence. Although most taxa appear to have arisen by divergent evolution, multiple lines of evidence indicate a homoploid hybrid constitution of C. tinctoria, possibly explaining an occurrence of convergent chromosome evolution. Phylogeographic and cryptic diversity is extensive. CONCLUSIONS Diversity in Collinsia is greater than previously documented. Recently divergent lineages are often associated with distinct habitat (including soil) and geographic factors, different flower sizes, and contrasting chromosomal arrangements. Evidence for a hybrid constitution of diploid C. tinctoria is consistent with lack of strong intersterility barriers between closely related taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G Baldwin
- Jepson Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building #2465, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-2465, USA.
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Pélabon C, Armbruster WS, Hansen TF. Experimental evidence for the Berg hypothesis: vegetative traits are more sensitive than pollination traits to environmental variation. Funct Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pélabon
- Department of Biology, Centre for Conservation Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - W. Scott Armbruster
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- School of Biological Sciences, King Henry Building, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, USA
| | - Thomas F. Hansen
- Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Collin CL, Penet L, Shykoff JA. Early inbreeding depression in the sexually polymorphic plant Dianthus sylvestris (Caryophyllaceae): Effects of selfing and biparental inbreeding among sex morphs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2009; 96:2279-2287. [PMID: 21622343 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0900073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Predominantly outcrossing plant species are expected to accumulate recessive deleterious mutations, which can be purged when in a homozygous state following selfing. Individuals may vary in their genetic load because of different selfing histories, which could lead to differences in inbreeding depression among families. Lineage-dependent inbreeding depression can appear in gynodioecious species if obligatory outcrossed females are more likely to produce female offspring and if partially selfing hermaphrodites are more likely to produce hermaphrodites. We investigated inbreeding depression at the zygote, seed, and germination stages in the gynomonoecious-gynodioecious Dianthus sylvestris, including pure-sexed plants and a mixed morph. We performed hand-pollinations on 56 plants, belonging to the three morphs, each receiving 2-3 cross treatments (out-, sib- and self-pollination) on multiple flowers. Effects of cross treatments varied among stages and influenced seed provisioning, with sibling competition mainly occurring within outcrossed fruits. We found significant inbreeding depression for seed mass and germination and cumulative early inbreeding depression varied greatly among families. Among sex morphs, we found that females and hermaphrodites differed in biparental inbreeding depression, whereas uniparental was similar for all. Significant inbreeding depression levels may play a role in female maintenance in this species, and individual variation in association with sex-lineages proclivity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine L Collin
- Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR 8079, Orsay cedex, F-91405, France; CNRS, UMR 8079, Orsay cedex, F-91405, France
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Lankinen Å. Upper petal lip colour polymorphism in Collinsia heterophylla (Plantaginaceae): genetic basis within a population and its use as a genetic marker. J Genet 2009; 88:205-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-009-0029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Sexual conflict and sexually antagonistic coevolution in an annual plant. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5477. [PMID: 19421402 PMCID: PMC2674941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual conflict theory predicts sexually antagonistic coevolution of reproductive traits driven by conflicting evolutionary interests of two reproducing individuals. Most studies of the evolutionary consequences of sexual conflicts have, however, to date collectively investigated only a few species. In this study we used the annual herb Collinsia heterophylla to experimentally test the existence and evolutionary consequences of a potential sexual conflict over onset of stigma receptivity. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted crosses within and between four greenhouse-grown populations originating from two regions. Our experimental setup allowed us to investigate male-female interactions at three levels of geographic distances between interacting individuals. Both recipient and pollen donor identity affected onset of stigma receptivity within populations, confirming previous results that some pollen donors can induce stigma receptivity. We also found that donors were generally better at inducing stigma receptivity following pollen deposition on stigmas of recipients from another population than their own, especially within a region. On the other hand, we found that donors did worse at inducing stigma receptivity in crosses between regions. Interestingly, recipient costs in terms of lowered seed number after early fertilisation followed the same pattern: the cost was apparent only if the pollen donor belonged to the same region as the recipient. Conclusion/Significance Our results indicate that recipients are released from the cost of interacting with local pollen donors when crossed with donors from a more distant location, a pattern consistent with a history of sexually antagonistic coevolution within populations. Accordingly, sexual conflicts may have important evolutionary consequences also in plants.
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Lankinen A, Maad J, Armbruster WS. Pollen-tube growth rates in Collinsia heterophylla (Plantaginaceae): one-donor crosses reveal heritability but no effect on sporophytic-offspring fitness. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 103:941-50. [PMID: 19202136 PMCID: PMC2707896 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Evolutionary change in response to natural selection will occur only if a trait confers a selective advantage and there is heritable variation. Positive connections between pollen traits and fitness have been found, but few studies of heritability have been conducted, and they have yielded conflicting results. To understand better the evolutionary significance of pollen competition and its potential role in sexual selection, the heritability of pollen tube-growth rate and the relationship between this trait and sporophytic offspring fitness were investigated in Collinsia heterophylla. METHODS Because the question being asked was if female function benefited from obtaining genetically superior fathers by enhancing pollen competition, one-donor (per flower) crosses were used in order to exclude confounding effects of post-fertilization competition/allocation caused by multiple paternity. Each recipient plant was crossed with an average of five pollen donors. Pollen-tube growth rate and sporophytic traits were measured in both generations. KEY RESULTS Pollen-tube growth rate in vitro differed among donors, and the differences were correlated with in vivo growth rate averaged over two to four maternal plants. Pollen-tube growth rate showed significant narrow-sense heritability and evolvability in a father-offspring regression. However, this pollen trait did not correlate significantly with sporophytic-offspring fitness. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that pollen-tube growth rate can respond to selection via male function. The data presented here do not provide any support for the hypothesis that intense pollen competition enhances maternal plant fitness through increased paternity by higher-quality sporophytic fathers, although this advantage cannot be ruled out. These data are, however, consistent with the hypothesis that pollen competition is itself selectively advantageous, through both male and female function, by reducing the genetic load among successful gametophytic fathers (pollen), and reducing inbreeding depression associated with self-pollination in plants with mix-mating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Lankinen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Genetic causes and consequences of the breakdown of self-incompatibility: case studies in the Brassicaceae. Genet Res (Camb) 2008; 90:47-60. [PMID: 18289400 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672307008907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic consequences of inbreeding is a subject that has received thorough theoretical attention and has been of interest to empirical biologists since the time of Darwin. Particularly for species with genetically controlled mechanisms to promote outcrossing (self-incompatibility or SI systems), it is expected that high levels of genetic load should accumulate through sheltering of deleterious recessive mutations. Nevertheless, transitions to selfing are common across angiosperms, which suggests that the potentially negative consequences of reduced heterozygosity and genetic diversity are balanced by other factors, such as reproductive assurance. This mini-review focuses on empirical research in the Brassicaceae to emphasize some of the genetic consequences of shifts to inbreeding in terms of mechanisms for loss of SI, changes in genetic diversity following loss of SI, and inbreeding depression in relation to outcrossing history. Despite the long history of theoretical attention, there are still some surprisingly large gaps in our understanding in each of these areas. Rather than providing a complete overview, examples are drawn predominantly from published and emerging data from Arabidopsis thaliana and its relatives to highlight recent progress and remaining questions. We are currently on the brink of major breakthroughs in understanding due both to advances in sequencing technology and a shift in focus from crop plants to natural populations, where critical factors such as population structure, phylogeography, demographic history, partial compatibility and individual variation can be taken into account when investigating the nature of the selective forces regulating mating system evolution.
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Alonso C, Mutikainen P, Herrera CM. Ecological context of breeding system variation: sex, size and pollination in a (predominantly) gynodioecious shrub. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2007; 100:1547-56. [PMID: 17933844 PMCID: PMC2759233 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Species that exhibit among-population variation in breeding system are particularly suitable to study the importance of the ecological context for the stability and evolution of gender polymorphism. Geographical variation in breeding system and sex ratio of Daphne laureola (Thymelaeaceae) was examined and their association with environmental conditions, plant and floral display sizes, and pollination environment in a broad geographic scale was analysed. METHODS The proportion of female and hermaphrodite individuals in 38 populations within the Iberian Peninsula was scored. Average local temperature and precipitation from these sites were obtained from interpolation models based on 30 years of data. Pollination success was estimated as stigmatic pollen loads, pollen tubes per ovule and the proportion of unfertilized flowers per individual in a sub-set of hermaphroditic and gynodioecious populations. KEY RESULTS Daphne laureola is predominantly gynodioecious, but hermaphroditic populations were found in northeastern and southwestern regions, characterized by higher temperatures and lower annual precipitation. In the gynodioecious populations, female plants were larger and bore more flowers than hermaphrodites. However, due to their lower pollination success, females did not consistently produce more seeds than hermaphrodites, which tends to negate a seed production advantage in D. laureola females. In the northeastern hermaphroditic populations, plants were smaller and produced 9-13 times fewer flowers than in the other Iberian regions, and thus presumably had a lower level of geitonogamous self-fertilization. However, in a few southern populations hermaphroditism was not associated with small plant size and low flower production. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight that different mechanisms, including abiotic conditions and pollinator service, may account for breeding system variation within a species' distribution range and also suggest that geitonogamy may affect plant breeding system evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conchita Alonso
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida de Maria Luisa s/n, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain.
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Lankinen A, Armbruster WS, Antonsen L. Delayed stigma receptivity in Collinsia heterophylla (Plantaginaceae): genetic variation and adaptive significance in relation to pollen competition, delayed self-pollination, and mating-system evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2007; 94:1183-92. [PMID: 21636485 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.94.7.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To increase our knowledge about mating-system evolution, we need to understand the relationship between specific floral traits and mating system. Species of Collinsia (Plantaginaceae) vary extensively in mating system; this variation is associated with variation in floral morphology and development and with the timing of self-pollination. Counterintuitively, large-flowered, more outcrossing species tend to have delayed stigma receptivity, reducing the amount of time that the stigma is receptive to cross-pollination before autonomous self-pollination. To understand how the timing of stigma receptivity is related to mating-system evolution, we studied in detail the timing of both stigma receptivity and self-pollination (anther-stigma contact) in two greenhouse-grown populations of large-flowered Collinsia heterophylla. Crosses on emasculated flowers at different stages of floral development always produced seeds, suggesting that cross-fertilization can be effected by pollen arriving prior to physiological receptivity. Phenotypic and genetic variation within populations in the timing of stigma receptivity and anther-stigma contact was substantial, although slightly less for the contact. Despite strong interspecific and interpopulation correlations, we did not find an among-genet phenotypic correlation between the traits. This indicates that each trait may respond independently to selection, and the trait association may be the result of correlational selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Lankinen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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