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Perri DV, Bruzzone O, Easdale MH. Ecological relationships between coprophagous insects and livestock production: a review. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 113:735-747. [PMID: 37855149 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The ecological function played by the coprophagous insects is an important issue in livestock production contexts. The role of this fauna, specially dung beetles, provides benefits to both rangelands and production performance. This interaction has been studied and reported in many scientific articles, in very different places and with diverse production contexts. However, a comprehensive review of the relationship between coprophagous insects and livestock production is still lacking. We reviewed the research studies on this topic during the past five decades, with a focus in Scarabaeidae taxon and livestock production, in order to identify further research priorities. We analysed 435 research articles. The main results were: (I) studies were mostly located in temperate broadleaf forest biome, whereas arid environments were less studied; (II) Production practices impacts category was the most studied, for which the effects produced by antiparasitic products on the coprophagous insects (n = 93; 21% of total revised articles) was the topics with major number of articles. Followed was Biology category (n = 69; 16%), then in Ecosystem function category the most frequent studies were on dung removal (n = 40; 9%), whereas in the Ecosystem Services category the most frequent studies were on biological control (n = 28; 6%); (III) Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and United States were the countries with most research articles. We identified some knowledge gaps on relevant ecological functions of this fauna, in relation to benefits to livestock production. There is a need for future research on nutrient cycling, bioturbation, effects on primary production and vegetation diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana V Perri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Modesta Victoria 4450 San Carlos de Bariloche, CP 8400, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Octavio Bruzzone
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Modesta Victoria 4450 San Carlos de Bariloche, CP 8400, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Marcos H Easdale
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Modesta Victoria 4450 San Carlos de Bariloche, CP 8400, Rio Negro, Argentina
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2
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Genevcius BC, Calandriello DC, Torres TT. Molecular and Developmental Signatures of Genital Size Macro-Evolution in Bugs. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6742344. [PMID: 36181434 PMCID: PMC9585474 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the genetic architecture of phenotypic traits has experienced drastic growth over the last years. Nevertheless, the majority of studies associating genotypes and phenotypes have been conducted at the ontogenetic level. Thus, we still have an elusive knowledge of how these genetic-developmental architectures evolve themselves and how their evolution is mirrored in the phenotypic change across evolutionary time. We tackle this gap by reconstructing the evolution of male genital size, one of the most complex traits in insects, together with its underlying genetic architecture. Using the order Hemiptera as a model, spanning over 350 million years of evolution, we estimate the correlation between genitalia and three features: development rate, body size, and rates of DNA substitution in 68 genes associated with genital development. We demonstrate that genital size macro-evolution has been largely dependent on body size and weakly influenced by development rate and phylogenetic history. We further revealed significant correlations between mutation rates and genital size for 19 genes. Interestingly, these genes have diverse functions and participate in distinct signaling pathways, suggesting that genital size is a complex trait whose fast evolution has been enabled by molecular changes associated with diverse morphogenetic processes. Our data further demonstrate that the majority of DNA evolution correlated with the genitalia has been shaped by negative selection or neutral evolution. Thus, in terms of sequence evolution, changes in genital size are predominantly facilitated by relaxation of constraints rather than positive selection, possibly due to the high pleiotropic nature of the morphogenetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis C Calandriello
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Tatiana T Torres
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil
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3
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Toh KX, Yap S, Goh TG, Puniamoorthy N. Sexual size dimorphism and male reproductive traits vary across populations of a tropical rainforest dung beetle species ( Onthophagus babirussa). Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9279. [PMID: 36177114 PMCID: PMC9481888 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) arises when natural selection and sexual selection act differently on males and females. Male‐biased SSD is rarer in insects and usually indicates strong sexual selection pressure on male body size in a species. Patterns of SSD can also vary between populations of species that are exposed to different environmental conditions, such as differing resource availability and diversity. Here, we investigate intraspecific variation in SSD as well as relative investment in precopulatory (horn length) and postcopulatory traits (sperm length and testes weight) in a tropical rainforest dung beetle Onthophagus babirussa across Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia. Overall, three out of four populations displayed significant male‐biased SSD, and SSD was greater in populations with smaller overall body size. Average male body size was similar across all populations while female body size was significantly smaller in Singapore, suggesting that the pronounced SSD may also be due to stronger sexual selection on male body size in Singapore populations. All populations showed significant investment in horns as a weapon likely used in male‐male competition, while postcopulatory traits showed no clear scaling relationship with body size, suggesting a higher priority on precopulatory sexual traits in the mating system of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xin Toh
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Sean Yap
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Thary Gazi Goh
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Science Faculty University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Nalini Puniamoorthy
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
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4
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Morphological variability of Argynnis paphia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) across different environmental conditions in eastern Slovakia. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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de Lira JJPR, Yan Y, Levasseur S, Kelly CD, Hendry AP. The complex ecology of genitalia: Gonopodium length and allometry in the Trinidadian guppy. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4564-4576. [PMID: 33976831 PMCID: PMC8093694 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Male genitalia present an extraordinary pattern of rapid divergence in animals with internal fertilization, which is usually attributed to sexual selection. However, the effect of ecological factors on genitalia divergence could also be important, especially so in animals with nonretractable genitalia because of their stronger interaction with the surrounding environment in comparison with animals with retractable genitalia. Here, we examine the potential of a pervasive ecological factor (predation) to influence the length and allometry of the male genitalia in guppies. We sampled guppies from pairs of low-predation (LP) and high-predation (HP) populations in seven rivers in Trinidad, and measured their body and gonopodium length. A key finding was that HP adult males do not have consistently longer gonopodia than do LP adult males, as had been described in previous work. However, we did find such divergence for juvenile males: HP juveniles have longer gonopodia than do LP juveniles. We therefore suggest that an evolutionary trend toward the development of longer gonopodia in HP males (as seen in the juveniles) is erased after maturity owing to the higher mortality of mature males with longer gonopodia. Beyond these generalities, gonopodium length and gonopodium allometry were remarkably variable among populations even within a predation regime, thus indicating strong context dependence to their development/evolution. Our findings highlight the complex dynamics of genitalia evolution in Trinidadian guppies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue Yan
- Department of Biology and Redpath MuseumMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Sophie Levasseur
- Faculty of Arts and SciencesConcordia UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Clint D. Kelly
- Pavillon des Sciences BiologiquesUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Department of Biology and Redpath MuseumMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
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6
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Female secondary sexual traits in spiders: Adaptive interpretations of the sternum projection in the pholcid Holocnemus pluchei. ZOOLOGY 2019; 136:125694. [PMID: 31434022 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2019.125694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sexually dimorphic traits are the outcome of a network of selective pressures acting upon each sex. While male secondary sexual traits are frequently restricted to intrasexual competition, female ornaments or weapons are mostly associated to social interactions for the access to limited resources. Here we investigate a sexually dimorphic trait expressed within the female's sternum of the spider species Holocnemus pluchei (Pholcidae), and its adaptive maintenance under the three leading hypotheses: sexual receptivity signaling, mate choice and sexual conflict hypothesis. We provide fine-scaled behavioral descriptions of the copulatory behavior of Holocnemus pluchei, corroborating that mating interactions are mediated by the female's sternum projection. The single moment of contact between the female projection and male body occurs during sperm transfer, always followed by a reduction on the intensity of the male genital movement. Additionally, biometrical properties of the female sternum projection corroborate our functional interpretation for the trait as restricting the intensity of males' copulatory movements. We claim that female sternum projection is a sexually selected trait mediating sexual conflict, with several adaptive consequences upon the sexes.
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7
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Sloan NS, Simmons LW. The evolution of female genitalia. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:882-899. [PMID: 31267594 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Female genitalia have been largely neglected in studies of genital evolution, perhaps due to the long-standing belief that they are relatively invariable and therefore taxonomically and evolutionarily uninformative in comparison with male genitalia. Contemporary studies of genital evolution have begun to dispute this view, and to demonstrate that female genitalia can be highly diverse and covary with the genitalia of males. Here, we examine evidence for three mechanisms of genital evolution in females: species isolating 'lock-and-key' evolution, cryptic female choice and sexual conflict. Lock-and-key genital evolution has been thought to be relatively unimportant; however, we present cases that show how species isolation may well play a role in the evolution of female genitalia. Much support for female genital evolution via sexual conflict comes from studies of both invertebrate and vertebrate species; however, the effects of sexual conflict can be difficult to distinguish from models of cryptic female choice that focus on putative benefits of choice for females. We offer potential solutions to alleviate this issue. Finally, we offer directions for future studies in order to expand and refine our knowledge surrounding female genital evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia S Sloan
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leigh W Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences (M092), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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8
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9
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Jones P, Strickland B, Demarais S, Wang G, Dacus C. Nutrition and ontogeny influence weapon development in a long-lived mammal. CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Selection in male cervids should optimize allocation of nutritional resources to the competing demands of body growth versus weapon development. We investigated allocation decisions of growing and mature male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmerman, 1780)) from three regions of low, moderate, and high diet quality. We tested (i) if deer under greater nutritional limitations would allocate proportionally less to antler growth, (ii) if antler and body mass became less variable with age, and (iii) if antler size consistently exhibited positive allometry with body mass across age classes and nutritional planes. Greater nutrition increased antler allocation in 2.5 to 4.5 year olds but not in yearlings or prime-aged males. Variability of antler mass decreased with age and was generally less in more fertile regions, but body mass was equally variable across all ages and regions. Antler mass was positively allometric with body mass for all combinations of age class and region but exhibited age- and region-related differences. Our results suggest that accruing body mass is more important to lifetime reproductive success than increasing weapon size. Reduced allometric coefficients in older males likely stem from increasing use of skeletal mineral reserves, selective pressures favoring greater body mass, and possible selection for optimal weapon strength and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.D. Jones
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Box 9690, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - B.K. Strickland
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Box 9690, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - S. Demarais
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Box 9690, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - G. Wang
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Box 9690, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - C.M. Dacus
- Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks, 1505 Eastover Drive, Jackson, MS 39211, USA
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10
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Parzer HF, David Polly P, Moczek AP. The evolution of relative trait size and shape: insights from the genitalia of dung beetles. Dev Genes Evol 2018; 228:83-93. [PMID: 29423654 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-018-0602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Insects show relatively little genital variation within species compared to extraordinary and often rapid diversification among species. It has been suggested that selection for reproductive isolation through differences in genital shape might explain this phenomenon. This hypothesis predicts that populations diverge faster in genital shape than in genital size. We tested this prediction in males from 10 dung beetle species with known phylogenetic relationships from the genus Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), including four species for which we were able to sample multiple populations. Specifically, we compared intra- and interspecific differentiation in shape and relative sizes of genitalia and calculated their respective evolutionary rates. We compared these rates to two similarly sized non-genital traits, the head and the fore-tibia. We found significant intraspecific variation in genital shape in all four species for which multiple populations were sampled, but for three of them we also identified significant relative size variation. We also found that genital shape evolved at higher rates than relative genital size. Genital shape evolved faster than head shape, but not fore-tibia shape. However, shapes of all measured structures evolved faster than their relative size. We discuss the functional constraints that may bias the developmental evolution of relative size and shape of genitalia and other morphological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald F Parzer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA. .,Department of Biology and Allied Health Science, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, NJ, USA.
| | - P David Polly
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Armin P Moczek
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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11
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Histone deacetylases control module-specific phenotypic plasticity in beetle weapons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:15042-15047. [PMID: 27956627 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615688114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional conditions during early development influence the plastic expression of adult phenotypes. Among several body modules of animals, the development of sexually selected exaggerated traits exhibits striking nutrition sensitivity, resulting in positive allometry and hypervariability distinct from other traits. Using de novo RNA sequencing and comprehensive RNA interference (RNAi) for epigenetic modifying factors, we found that histone deacetylases (HDACs) and polycomb group (PcG) proteins preferentially influence the size of mandibles (exaggerated male weapon) and demonstrate nutrition-dependent hypervariability in the broad-horned flour beetle, Gnatocerus cornutus RNAi-mediated HDAC1 knockdown (KD) in G. cornutus larvae caused specific curtailment of mandibles in adults, whereas HDAC3 KD led to hypertrophy. Notably, these KDs conferred opposite effects on wing size, but little effect on the size of the core body and genital modules. PcG RNAi also reduced adult mandible size. These results suggest that the plastic development of exaggerated traits is controlled in a module-specific manner by HDACs.
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12
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House CM, Jensen K, Rapkin J, Lane S, Okada K, Hosken DJ, Hunt J. Macronutrient balance mediates the growth of sexually selected weapons but not genitalia in male broad‐horned beetles. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M. House
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life & Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| | - Kim Jensen
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life & Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
- Department of Entomology North Carolina State University Gardner Hall Raleigh North Carolina 27695‐7613 USA
| | - James Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life & Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| | - Sarah Lane
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life & Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| | - Kensuke Okada
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology Graduate School of Environmental Science Okayama University Tsushima‐naka 111 Okayama 700‐8530 Japan
| | - David J. Hosken
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life & Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| | - John Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life & Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
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13
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Brennan PLR, Prum RO. Mechanisms and Evidence of Genital Coevolution: The Roles of Natural Selection, Mate Choice, and Sexual Conflict. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a017749. [PMID: 26134314 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genital coevolution between the sexes is expected to be common because of the direct interaction between male and female genitalia during copulation. Here we review the diverse mechanisms of genital coevolution that include natural selection, female mate choice, male-male competition, and how their interactions generate sexual conflict that can lead to sexually antagonistic coevolution. Natural selection on genital morphology will result in size coevolution to allow for copulation to be mechanically possible, even as other features of genitalia may reflect the action of other mechanisms of selection. Genital coevolution is explicitly predicted by at least three mechanisms of genital evolution: lock and key to prevent hybridization, female choice, and sexual conflict. Although some good examples exist in support of each of these mechanisms, more data on quantitative female genital variation and studies of functional morphology during copulation are needed to understand more general patterns. A combination of different approaches is required to continue to advance our understanding of genital coevolution. Knowledge of the ecology and behavior of the studied species combined with functional morphology, quantitative morphological tools, experimental manipulation, and experimental evolution have been provided in the best-studied species, all of which are invertebrates. Therefore, attention to vertebrates in any of these areas is badly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L R Brennan
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Richard O Prum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
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14
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Cayetano L, Bonduriansky R. Condition dependence of male and female genital structures in the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1364-72. [PMID: 26077617 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Theory predicts that costly secondary sexual traits will evolve heightened condition dependence, and many studies have reported strong condition dependence of signal and weapon traits in a variety of species. However, although genital structures often play key roles in intersexual interactions and appear to be subject to sexual or sexually antagonistic selection, few studies have examined the condition dependence of genital structures, especially in both sexes simultaneously. We investigated the responses of male and female genital structures to manipulation of larval diet quality (new versus once-used mung beans) in the bruchid seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. We quantified effects on mean relative size and static allometry of the male aedeagus, aedeagal spines, flap and paramere and the female reproductive tract and bursal spines. None of the male traits showed a significant effect of diet quality. In females, we found that longer bursal spines (relative to body size) were expressed on low-quality diet. Although the function of bursal spines is poorly understood, we suggest that greater bursal spine length in low-condition females may represent a sexually antagonistic adaptation. Overall, we found no evidence that genital traits in C. maculatus are expressed to a greater extent when nutrients are more abundant. This suggests that, even though some genital traits appear to function as secondary sexual traits, genital traits do not exhibit heightened condition dependence in this species. We discuss possible reasons for this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cayetano
- EvoLab, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Bonduriansky
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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RODRÍGUEZ RAFAELL, CRAMER JENNIFERDANZY, SCHMITT CHRISTOPHERA, GAETANO TEGANJ, GROBLER JPAUL, FREIMER NELSONB, TURNER TRUDYR. The static allometry of sexual and non-sexual traits in vervet monkeys. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015; 114:527-537. [PMID: 25684824 PMCID: PMC4323093 DOI: 10.1111/bij.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sexual traits vary tremendously in static allometry. This variation may be explained in part by body size-related differences in the strength of selection. We tested this hypothesis with in two populations of vervet monkeys, using estimates of the level of condition dependence for different morphological traits as a proxy for body size-related variation in the strength of selection. In support of the hypothesis, we found that the steepness of allometric slopes increased with the level of condition dependence. One trait of particular interest, the penis, had shallow allometric slopes and low levels of condition dependence, in agreement with one of the most consistent patterns yet detected in the study of allometry, that of genitalia exhibitting shallow allometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- RAFAEL L. RODRÍGUEZ
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - JENNIFER DANZY CRAMER
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Women’s Studies, American Military University and American Public University, Charles Town, WV 25414, USA
| | - CHRISTOPHER A. SCHMITT
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - TEGAN J. GAETANO
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - J. PAUL GROBLER
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - NELSON B. FREIMER
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - TRUDY R. TURNER
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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16
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Dmitriew C, Blanckenhorn WU. Condition dependence and the maintenance of genetic variance in a sexually dimorphic black scavenger fly. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:2408-19. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Dmitriew
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - W. U. Blanckenhorn
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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17
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Cassidy EJ, Bath E, Chenoweth SF, Bonduriansky R. Sex-specific patterns of morphological diversification: evolution of reaction norms and static allometries in neriid flies. Evolution 2013; 68:368-83. [PMID: 24111624 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of sex-specific selection for patterns of diversification remain poorly known. Because male secondary sexual traits are typically costly to express, and both costs and benefits are likely to depend on ambient environment and individual condition, such traits may be expected to diversify via changes in reaction norms as well as the scaling of trait size with body size (static allometry). We investigated morphological diversification within two species of Australian neriid flies (Telostylinus angusticollis, Telostylinus lineolatus) by rearing larvae from several populations on larval diets varying sixfold in nutrient concentration. Mean body size varied among populations of T. angusticollis, but body size reaction norms did not vary within either species. However, we detected diversification of reaction norms for body shape in males and females within both species. Moreover, unlike females, males also diversified in static allometry slope and reaction norms for static allometry slope of sexual and nonsexual traits. Our findings reveal qualitative sex differences in patterns of morphological diversification, whereby shape-size relationships diversify extensively in males, but remain conserved in females despite extensive evolution of trait means. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating plasticity and allometry in studies of adaptation and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Cassidy
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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18
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Hallsson LR, Chenoweth SF, Bonduriansky R. The relative importance of genetic and nongenetic inheritance in relation to trait plasticity in Callosobruchus maculatus. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2422-31. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. R. Hallsson
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - S. F. Chenoweth
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - R. Bonduriansky
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
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House CM, Simmons LW. The genetics of primary and secondary sexual character trade-offs in a horned beetle. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1711-7. [PMID: 22775558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
When structures compete for shared resources, this may lead to acquisition and allocation trade-offs so that the enlargement of one structure occurs at the expense of another. Among the studies of morphological trade-offs, their importance has been demonstrated primarily through experimental manipulations and comparative analyses. Relatively, a few studies have investigated the underlying genetic basis of phenotypic patterns. Here, we use a half-sibling breeding design to determine the genetic underpinnings of the phenotypic trade-off between head horns and the male copulatory organ or aedeagus that has been found in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus. Instead of the predicted negative genetic covariance among characters that trade-off, we find positive genetic covariance between absolute horn and aedeagus length and zero genetic covariance between relative horn and aedeagus length. Therefore, although the genetic covariance between absolute horn and aedeagus length would constrain the independent evolution of primary and secondary sexual characters in this population, there was no evidence of a trade-off. We discuss alternative hypotheses for the observed patterns of genetic correlation between traits that compete for resources and the implications that these have for selection and the evolution of such traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M House
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
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RODRÍGUEZ RAFAELL, AL-WATHIQUI NOORIA. Genotype × environment interaction in the allometry of body, genitalia and signal traits in Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Genotype × environment interaction is weaker in genitalia than in mating signals and body traits in Enchenopa treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae). Genetica 2011; 139:871-84. [PMID: 21695477 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-011-9591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Theory predicts that selection acting across environments should erode genetic variation in reaction norms; i.e., selection should weaken genotype × environment interaction (G × E). In spite of this expectation, G × E is often detected in fitness-related traits. It thus appears that G × E is at least sometimes sustained under selection, a possibility that highlights the need for theory that can account for variation in the presence and strength of G × E. We tested the hypothesis that trait differences in developmental architecture contribute to variation in the expression of G × E. Specifically, we assessed the influence of canalization (robustness to genetic or environmental perturbations) and condition-dependence (association between trait expression and prior resource acquisition or vital cellular processes). We compared G × E across three trait types expected to differ in canalization and condition-dependence: mating signals, body size-related traits, and genitalia. Because genitalia are expected to show the least condition-dependence and the most canalization, they should express weaker G × E than the other trait types. Our study species was a member of the Enchenopa binotata species complex of treehoppers. We found significant G × E in most traits; G × E was strongest in signals and body traits, and weakest in genitalia. These results support the hypothesis that trait differences in developmental architecture (canalization and condition-dependence) contribute to variation in the expression of G × E. We discuss implications for the dynamics of sexual selection on different trait types.
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KAMIMURA YOSHITAKA, IWASE RYOTA. Evolutionary genetics of genital size and lateral asymmetry in the earwig Euborellia plebeja (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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HIGGINS SAHRANL, HOSKEN DAVIDJ, WEDELL NINA. Phenotypic and genetic variation in male genitalia in the seedbug, Lygaeus equestris (Heteroptera). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Evolutionary Response to Sexual Selection in Male Genital Morphology. Curr Biol 2009; 19:1442-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ramm SA, Khoo L, Stockley P. Sexual selection and the rodent baculum: an intraspecific study in the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus). Genetica 2009; 138:129-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-009-9385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Sex allocation is a crucial life-history parameter in all sexual organisms. Over the last decades a body of evolutionary theory, sex allocation theory, was developed, which has yielded capital insight into the evolution of optimal sex allocation patterns and adaptive evolution in general. Most empirical work, however, has focused on species with separate sexes. Here I review sex allocation theory for simultaneous hermaphrodites and summarize over 50 empirical studies, which have aimed at evaluating this theory in a diversity of simultaneous hermaphrodites spanning nine animal phyla. These studies have yielded considerable qualitative support for several predictions of sex allocation theory, such as a female-biased sex allocation when the number of mates is limited, and a shift toward a more male-biased sex allocation with increasing numbers of mates. In contrast, many fundamental assumptions, such as the trade-off between male and female allocation, and numerous predictions, such as brooding limiting the returns from female allocation, are still poorly supported. Measuring sex allocation in simultaneously hermaphroditic animals remains experimentally demanding, which renders evaluation of more quantitative predictions a challenging task. I identify the main questions that need to be addressed and point to promising avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schärer
- University of Basel, Zoological Institute, Evolutionary Biology, Vesalgasse 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
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Walling CA, Stamper CE, Salisbury CL, Moore AJ. Experience does not alter alternative mating tactics in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. Behav Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arn127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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