1
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Brusa F, Suphi Erden M, Sedda A. Exploring the role of disgust in hands and feet laterality judgement tasks. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:1418-1429. [PMID: 37800303 PMCID: PMC11181741 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231207336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The hand laterality task (HLT) and the foot laterality task (FLT) are used to explore motor imagery, the ability to imagine an action without executing it. With our limbs, we interact with our body, with others, and with the environment. These contacts might cause negative feelings, such as disgust. Disgust is elicited by different drivers. For instance, body products and body envelope violations provoke disgust to avoid contaminations and to avoid damaging our bodies. However, not much is known about how disgust changes our motor imagery processes. In this study, we examined whether there is any difference in the ability to imagine hands and feet when these are emotionally charged with reminders of disgust. Thirty-six participants completed an online version of a classic (neutral) HLT and FLT and two emotionally charged (disgust) versions. Our findings show that when body parts are modified so that they elicit emotional processing, disgust is salient overall, rather than being salient specifically for actions. This is true for both our hands and our feet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Brusa
- Psychology Department, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Applied Behavioural Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mustafa Suphi Erden
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK; Edinburgh Centre for Robotics, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Sedda
- Psychology Department, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Applied Behavioural Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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2
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Gérard C, Bardo A, Guéry JP, Pouydebat E, Narat V, Simmen B. Influence of food physical properties and environmental context on manipulative behaviors highlighted by new methodological approaches in zoo-housed bonobos (Pan paniscus). Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23624. [PMID: 38546028 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Research on manipulative abilities in nonhuman primates, in the context of hominid evolution, has mostly focused on manual/pedal postures considered as static behaviors. While these behavioral repertoires highlighted the range of manipulative abilities in many species, manipulation is a dynamic process that mostly involves successive types of grips before reaching its goal. The present study aims to investigate the use of manual/pedal postures in zoo-housed bonobos in diverse dynamic food processing by using an innovative approach: the optimal matching analysis that compares sequences (i.e., succession of grasping postures) with each other. To characterize the manipulative techniques spontaneously employed by bonobos, we performed this sequential analysis of manual/pedal postures during 766 complete feeding sequences of 17 individuals. We analyzed the effectiveness with a score defined by a partial proxy of food intake (i.e., the number of mouthfuls) linked to a handling score measuring both the diversity and changes of manual postures during each sequence. We identified four techniques, used differently depending on the physical substrate on which the individual performed food manipulation and the food physical properties. Our results showed that manipulative techniques were more complex (i.e., higher handling score) for large foods and on substrates with lower stability. But the effectiveness score was not significantly lower for these items since manipulative complexity seemed to be compensated by a greater number of mouthfuls. It appeared that the techniques employed involved a trade-off between manipulative complexity and the amount of food ingested. This study allowed us to test and validate innovative analysis methods that are applicable to diverse ethological studies involving sequential events. Our results bring new data for a better understanding of the evolution of manual abilities in primates in association with different ecological contexts and both terrestrial and arboreal substrates and suggest that social and individual influences need to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gérard
- Eco-anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ameline Bardo
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique (HNHP), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Human Origins, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Emmanuelle Pouydebat
- Mécanismes adaptatifs et évolution (MECADEV), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Victor Narat
- Eco-anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Simmen
- Eco-anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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3
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van Boekholt B, Wilkinson R, Pika S. Bodies at play: the role of intercorporeality and bodily affordances in coordinating social play in chimpanzees in the wild. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1206497. [PMID: 38292528 PMCID: PMC10826840 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1206497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The comparative approach is a crucial method to gain a better understanding of the behavior of living human and nonhuman animals to then draw informed inferences about the behavior of extinct ancestors. One focus has been on disentangling the puzzle of language evolution. Traditionally, studies have predominantly focused on intentionally produced signals in communicative interactions. However, in collaborative and highly dynamic interactions such as play, underlying intentionality is difficult to assess and often interactions are negotiated via body movements rather than signals. This "lack" of signals has led to this dynamic context being widely ignored in comparative studies. The aim of this paper is threefold: First, we will show how comparative research into communication can benefit from taking the intentionality-agnostic standpoint used in conversation analysis. Second, we will introduce the concepts of 'intercorporeality' and 'bodily affordance', and show how they can be applied to the analysis of communicative interactions of nonhuman animals. Third, we will use these concepts to investigate how chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) initiate, end, and maintain 'contact social play'. Our results showed that bodily affordances are able to capture elements of interactions that more traditional approaches failed to describe. Participants made use of bodily affordances to achieve coordinated engagement in contact social play. Additionally, these interactions could display a sequential organization by which one 'move' by a chimpanzee was responded to with an aligning 'move', which allowed for the co-construction of the activity underway. Overall, the present approach innovates on three fronts: First, it allows for the analysis of interactions that are often ignored because they do not fulfil criteria of intentionality, and/or consist of purely body movements. Second, adopting concepts from research on human interaction enables a better comparison of communicative interactions in other animal species without a too narrow focus on intentional signaling only. Third, adopting a stance from interaction research that highlights how practical action can also be communicative, our results show that chimpanzees can communicate through their embodied actions as well as through signaling. With this first step, we hope to inspire new research into dynamic day-to-day interactions involving both "traditional" signals and embodied actions, which, in turn, can provide insights into evolutionary precursors of human language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas van Boekholt
- Comparative BioCognition, Institute of Cognitive Science, Osnabück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ray Wilkinson
- Division of Human Communication Sciences, School of Allied Health Professions, Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Pika
- Comparative BioCognition, Institute of Cognitive Science, Osnabück University, Osnabrück, Germany
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4
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Peckre LR, Fabre AC, Wall CE, Pouydebat E, Whishaw IQ. Evolutionary History of food Withdraw Movements in Primates: Food Withdraw is Mediated by Nonvisual Strategies in 22 Species of Strepsirrhines. Evol Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-023-09598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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5
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Masi S, Pouydebat E, San-Galli A, Meulman E, Breuer T, Reeves J, Tennie C. Free hand hitting of stone-like objects in wild gorillas. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11981. [PMID: 35840637 PMCID: PMC9287431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest stone tool types, sharp flakes knapped from stone cores, are assumed to have played a crucial role in human cognitive evolution. Flaked stone tools have been observed to be accidentally produced when wild monkeys use handheld stones as tools. Holding a stone core in hand and hitting it with another in the absence of flaking, free hand hitting, has been considered a requirement for producing sharp stone flakes by hitting stone on stone, free hand percussion. We report on five observations of free hand hitting behavior in two wild western gorillas, using stone-like objects (pieces of termite mound). Gorillas are therefore the second non-human lineage primate showing free-hand hitting behavior in the wild, and ours is the first report for free hand hitting behavior in wild apes. This study helps to shed light on the morphofunctional and cognitive requirements for the emergence of stone tool production as it shows that a prerequisite for free hand percussion (namely, free hand hitting) is part of the spontaneous behavioral repertoire of one of humans' closest relatives (gorillas). However, the ability to combine free hand hitting with the force, precision, and accuracy needed to facilitate conchoidal fracture in free hand percussion may still have been a critical watershed for hominin evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Masi
- Eco-Anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Musée de l'Homme 17 place du Trocadéro, 75016, Paris, France. .,World Wide Fund for Nature - Germany, Reinhardstrasse 18, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Emmanuelle Pouydebat
- Department Adaptations du Vivant, UMR7179 MECADEV CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 55 rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Aurore San-Galli
- Eco-Anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Musée de l'Homme 17 place du Trocadéro, 75016, Paris, France
| | - Ellen Meulman
- Eco-Anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Musée de l'Homme 17 place du Trocadéro, 75016, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Breuer
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, 10460, USA.,World Wide Fund for Nature - Germany, Reinhardstrasse 18, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Reeves
- Department for Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudio Tennie
- Department for Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Miozzo M, Peressotti F. How the hand has shaped sign languages. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11980. [PMID: 35831441 PMCID: PMC9279340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In natural languages, biological constraints push toward cross-linguistic homogeneity while linguistic, cultural, and historical processes promote language diversification. Here, we investigated the effects of these opposing forces on the fingers and thumb configurations (handshapes) used in natural sign languages. We analyzed over 38,000 handshapes from 33 languages. In all languages, the handshape exhibited the same form of adaptation to biological constraints found in tasks for which the hand has naturally evolved (e.g., grasping). These results were not replicated in fingerspelling—another task where the handshape is used—thus revealing a signing-specific adaptation. We also showed that the handshape varies cross-linguistically under the effects of linguistic, cultural, and historical processes. Their effects could thus emerge even without departing from the demands of biological constraints. Handshape’s cross-linguistic variability consists in changes in the frequencies with which the most faithful handshapes to biological constraints appear in individual sign languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Miozzo
- Psychology Department, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Av., New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Francesca Peressotti
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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7
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Gérard C, Bardo A, Guéry JP, Pouydebat E, Simmen B, Narat V. Manipulative repertoire of bonobos (Pan paniscus) in spontaneous feeding situation. Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23383. [PMID: 35417066 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Comparative behavioral studies of hand use amongst primate species, including humans, have been central in research on evolutionary mechanisms. In particular, the manipulative abilities of our closest relatives, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), have been widely described in various contexts, showing a high level of dexterity both in zoo and in natural conditions. In contrast, the study of bonobos' manipulative abilities has almost exclusively been carried out in experimental contexts related to tool use. The objective of the present study is to describe the richness of the manipulative repertoire of zoo-housed bonobos, in a spontaneous feeding context including various physical substrates to gain a larger insight into our evolutionary past. Our study describes a great variety of grasping postures and grip associations in bonobos, close to the range of manipulative repertoire in chimpanzees, confirming that the two species are not markedly different in terms of cognitive and morphological constraints associated with food manipulation. We also observed differences in manipulative behaviors between juveniles and adults, indicating a greater diversity in grip associations and grasping postures used in isolation with age, and a sex-biased use of tools with females using tools more often than males. These results are consistent with the previous results in the Pan genus and reinforce the hypothesis that the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the flexibility of manipulative behaviors are shared by both species and that these ecological strategies would have already evolved in their common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gérard
- Eco-anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ameline Bardo
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique (HNHP), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - Emmanuelle Pouydebat
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Simmen
- Eco-anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Victor Narat
- Eco-anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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8
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Qiu S, Kermani MR. Precision Grasp Using an Arm-Hand System as a Hybrid Parallel-Serial System: A Novel Inverse Kinematics Solution. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2021.3111078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Inverse Kinematics of High Dimensional Robotic Arm-Hand Systems for Precision Grasping. J INTELL ROBOT SYST 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10846-021-01349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Boulinguez-Ambroise G, Herrel A, Berillon G, Young JW, Cornette R, Meguerditchian A, Cazeau C, Bellaiche L, Pouydebat E. Increased performance in juvenile baboons is consistent with ontogenetic changes in morphology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 175:546-558. [PMID: 33483958 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In many primates, the greater proportion of climbing and suspensory behaviors in the juvenile repertoire likely necessitates good grasping capacities. Here, we tested whether very young individuals show near-maximal levels of grasping strength, and whether such an early onset of grasping performance could be explained by ontogenetic variability in the morphology of the limbs in baboons. MATERIAL AND METHODS We quantified a performance trait, hand pull strength, at the juvenile and adult stages in a cross-sectional sample of 15 olive baboons (Papio anubis). We also quantified bone dimensions (i.e., lengths, widths, and heights) of the fore- (n = 25) and hind limb (n = 21) elements based on osteological collections covering the whole development of olive baboons. RESULTS One-year old individuals demonstrated very high pull strengths (i.e., 200% of the adult performance, relative to body mass), that are consistent with relatively wider phalanges and digit joints in juveniles. The mature proportions and shape of the forelimb elements appeared only at full adulthood (i.e., ≥4.5 years), whereas the mature hind limb proportions and shape were observed much earlier during development. DISCUSSION These changes in limb performance and morphology across ontogeny may be explained with regard to behavioral transitions that olive baboons experience during their development. Our findings highlight the effect of infant clinging to mother, an often-neglected feature when discussing the origins of grasping in primates. The differences in growth patterns, we found between the forelimb and the hind limb further illustrate their different functional roles, having likely evolved under different ecological pressures (manipulation and locomotion, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Boulinguez-Ambroise
- Mecanismes Adaptatifs et Évolution UMR7179, CNRS-National Museum of Natural History, Paris Cedex 5, France.,Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive UMR7290, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Station de Primatologie CNRS, Rousset-sur-Arc, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Mecanismes Adaptatifs et Évolution UMR7179, CNRS-National Museum of Natural History, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Gilles Berillon
- Station de Primatologie CNRS, Rousset-sur-Arc, France.,Département Homme et Environnement, Musée de L'Homme, UMR 7194 CNRS-MNHN, Place du Trocadéro, Paris, France
| | - Jesse W Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- Origine, Structure et Evolution de la Biodiversité, UMR 7205, CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Meguerditchian
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive UMR7290, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Station de Primatologie CNRS, Rousset-sur-Arc, France
| | | | | | - Emmanuelle Pouydebat
- Mecanismes Adaptatifs et Évolution UMR7179, CNRS-National Museum of Natural History, Paris Cedex 5, France
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Patel BA, Orr CM, Jashashvili T. Strength properties of extant hominoid hallucal and pollical metapodials. J Hum Evol 2020; 143:102774. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Correlation between musculoskeletal structure of the hand and primate locomotion: Morphometric and mechanical analysis in prehension using the cross- and triple-ratios. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232397. [PMID: 32365096 PMCID: PMC7197777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biometric ratios of the relative length of the rays in the hand have been analyzed between primate species in the light of their hand function or phylogeny. However, how relative lengths among phalanges are mechanically linked to the grasping function of primates with different locomotor behaviors remains unclear. To clarify this, we calculated cross and triple-ratios, which are related to the torque distribution, and the torque generation mode at different joint angles using the lengths of the phalanges and metacarpal bones in 52 primates belonging to 25 species. The torque exerted on the finger joint and traction force of the flexor tendons necessary for a cylindrical grip and a suspensory hand posture were calculated using the moment arm of flexor tendons measured on magnetic resonance images, and were compared among Hylobates spp., Ateles sp., and Papio hamadryas. Finally, the torques calculated from the model were validated by a mechanical study detecting the force exerted on the phalanx by pulling the digital flexor muscles during suspension in these three species. Canonical discriminant analysis of cross and triple-ratios classified primates almost in accordance with their current classification based on locomotor behavior. The traction force was markedly reduced with flexion of the MCP joint parallel to the torque in brachiating primates; this was notably lower in the terrestrial quadrupedal primates than in the arboreal primates at mild flexion. Our mechanical study supported these features in the torque and traction force generation efficiencies. Our results suggest that suspensory or terrestrial quadrupedal primates have hand structures that can exert more torque at a suspensory posture, or palmigrade and digitigrade locomotion, respectively. Furthermore, our study suggests availability of the cross and triple-ratios as one of the indicators to estimate the hand function from the skeletal structure.
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13
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Boulinguez-Ambroise G, Herrel A, Pouydebat E. Ontogeny of locomotion in mouse lemurs: Implications for primate evolution. J Hum Evol 2020; 142:102732. [PMID: 32172006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The environment of juvenile primates is very challenging. They have to forage and move on the same substrates as adults do and escape the same predators, despite their immature state. In this study, we explore the developmental strategies that may provide effective locomotor abilities early in life. This could provide new insights into the selective pressures acting on juvenile primates and into evolution of primate locomotion. We conducted an ontogenetic study of 36 arboreal gray mouse lemurs from birth to adulthood (6 months of age). The investigated parameters were, for both limbs, (1) grasping behavior during locomotion (i.e., grip postures), (2) grasping performance (i.e., pull strength), and (3) motor coordination (i.e., rotarod test). Our results show that 8-day-old babies are able to climb substrates of various slopes and diameters outside of their nest. Although juveniles cannot successfully complete a motor coordination test before 30 days of age, young individuals display relative pull strengths that are very high or even on par with adults, guaranteeing stability on narrow substrates. These powerful grasps highlight the importance of the grasping function for these juveniles that are not carried and move independently on arboreal substrates shortly after their first week of life. Moreover, the pedal grasping provides a secure grasp on all substrates across ontogeny; however, manual secure grasps decrease during development, being highly used only shortly after birth on vertical and narrow substrates. These results first suggest different functional roles of the hands and feet, with the hind limbs ensuring body balance on the substrates, freeing the upper limbs for manipulation. They further show vertical and narrow branches to be especially challenging, requiring strong grasps, which suggests that they may drive the evolution of strong grasping abilities in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179-CNRS, National Museum of Natural History, 75321, Paris, Cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuelle Pouydebat
- UMR 7179-CNRS, National Museum of Natural History, 75321, Paris, Cedex 5, France
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14
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Toussaint S, Llamosi A, Morino L, Youlatos D. The Central Role of Small Vertical Substrates for the Origin of Grasping in Early Primates. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1600-1613.e3. [PMID: 32169214 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The manual and pedal grasping abilities of primates, characterized by an opposable hallux, flat nails, and elongated digits, constitute a unique combination of features that likely promoted their characteristic use of arboreal habitats. These hand and foot specificities are central for understanding the origins and early evolution of primates and have long been associated with foraging in a fine-branch milieu. However, other arboreal mammals occupy similar niches, and it remains unclear how substrate type may have exerted a selective pressure on the acquisition of nails and a divergent pollex/hallux in primates or in what sequential order these traits evolved. Here, we video-recorded 14,564 grasps during arboreal locomotion in 11 primate species (6 strepsirrhines and 5 platyrrhines) and 11 non-primate arboreal species (1 scandentian, 3 rodents, 3 carnivorans, and 4 marsupials). We quantified our observations with 19 variables to analyze the effect of substrate orientation and diameter on hand and foot postural repertoire. We found that hand and foot postures correlate with phylogeny. Also, primates exhibited high repertoire diversity, with a strong capability for postural adjustment compared to the other studied groups. Surprisingly, nails do not confer an advantage in negotiating small substrates unless the animal is large, but the possession of a grasping pollex and hallux is crucial for climbing small vertical substrates. We propose that the divergent hallux and pollex may have resulted from a frequent use of vertical plants in early primate ecological scenarios, although nails may not have resulted from a fundamental adaptation to arboreal locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severine Toussaint
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris, UMR 7207, CNRS/MNHN/UPMC, 8 rue Buffon CP38, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France; Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire, Département Frontières du vivant et de l'apprendre, 8 bis rue Charles V, 75004 Paris, France; UFR Sciences Du Vivant, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Sorbonne Universités, 35 rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Artémis Llamosi
- Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire, Département Frontières du vivant et de l'apprendre, 8 bis rue Charles V, 75004 Paris, France; UFR Sciences Du Vivant, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Sorbonne Universités, 35 rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Luca Morino
- Parc Zoologique de Paris, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, 53 avenue de Saint Maurice, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Dionisios Youlatos
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Panepistimioupoli, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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15
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Dunmore CJ, Bardo A, Skinner MM, Kivell TL. Trabecular variation in the first metacarpal and manipulation in hominids. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 171:219-241. [PMID: 31762017 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The dexterity of fossil hominins is often inferred by assessing the comparative manual anatomy and behaviors of extant hominids, with a focus on the thumb. The aim of this study is to test whether trabecular structure is consistent with what is currently known about habitually loaded thumb postures across extant hominids. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyze first metacarpal (Mc1) subarticular trabecular architecture in humans (Homo sapiens, n = 10), bonobos (Pan paniscus, n = 10), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes, n = 11), as well as for the first time, gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla, n = 10) and orangutans (Pongo sp., n = 1, Pongo abelii, n = 3 and Pongo pygmaeus, n = 5). Using a combination of subarticular and whole-epiphysis approaches, we test for significant differences in relative trabecular bone volume (RBV/TV) and degree of anisotropy (DA) between species. RESULTS Humans have significantly greater RBV/TV on the radiopalmar aspects of both the proximal and distal Mc1 subarticular surfaces and greater DA throughout the Mc1 head than other hominids. Nonhuman great apes have greatest RBV/TV on the ulnar aspect of the Mc1 head and the palmar aspect of the Mc1 base. Gorillas possessed significantly lower DA in the Mc1 head than any other taxon in our sample. DISCUSSION These results are consistent with abduction of the thumb during forceful "pad-to-pad" precision grips in humans and, in nonhuman great apes, a habitually adducted thumb that is typically used in precision and power grips. This comparative context will help infer habitual manipulative and locomotor grips in fossil hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Dunmore
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Ameline Bardo
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Matthew M Skinner
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tracy L Kivell
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Peckre LR, Lowie A, Brewer D, Ehmke E, Welser K, Shaw E, Wall C, Pouydebat E, Fabre AC. Food mobility and the evolution of grasping behaviour: a case study in strepsirrhine primates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.207688. [PMID: 31558589 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.207688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Manual grasping is widespread among tetrapods but is more prominent and dexterous in primates. Whether the selective pressures that drove the evolution of dexterous hand grasping involved the collection of fruit or predation on mobile insects remains an area of debate. One way to explore this question is to examine preferences for manual versus oral grasping of a moving object. Previous studies on strepsirrhines have shown a preference for oral grasping when grasping static food items and a preference for manual grasping when grasping mobile prey such as insects, but little is known about the factors at play. Using a controlled experiment with a simple and predictable motion of a food item, we tested and compared the grasping behaviours of 53 captive individuals belonging to 17 species of strepsirrhines while grasping swinging food items and static food items. The swinging motion increased the frequency of hand-use for all individuals. Our results provide evidence that the swinging motion of the food is a sufficient parameter to increase hand grasping in a wide variety of strepsirrhine primates. From an evolutionary perspective, this result gives some support to the idea that hand-grasping abilities evolved under selective pressure associated with the predation of food items in motion. Looking at a common grasping pattern across a large set of species, this study provides important insight into comparative approaches to understanding the evolution of the hand grasping of food in primates and potentially other tetrapod taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Rachel Peckre
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France .,Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Leibniz Science Campus 'Primate Cognition', 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aurélien Lowie
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France.,Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Erin Ehmke
- Duke Lemur Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Kay Welser
- Duke Lemur Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Erin Shaw
- Duke Lemur Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Christine Wall
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France.,Duke Lemur Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5DB, UK
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17
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Pouydebat E, Bardo A. An interdisciplinary approach to the evolution of grasping and manipulation. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Pouydebat
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Paris, France
| | - Ameline Bardo
- Animal Postcranial Evolution Laboratory, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
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18
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Yoshizawa H, Miyamoto JJ, Hanakawa T, Shitara H, Honda M, Moriyama K. Reciprocal cortical activation patterns during incisal and molar biting correlated with bite force levels: an fMRI study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8419. [PMID: 31182743 PMCID: PMC6557817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the incisors and molars have distinct functions during mastication, analogous to the two main types of handgrip, the precision and power grips. In the present study, we investigated cortical activation and masticatory muscle activity during incisal and molar biting via simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and electromyogram (EMG) recordings. We conducted recordings in 15 healthy adult participants while they performed incisal and molar biting tasks at three step-wise force levels using two custom-made splints. Regarding the results of the ROI analysis, we found a significantly stronger positive linear correlation between the blood oxygenation level dependent signal and EMG activity during molar biting than incisal biting, which was particularly prominent in the primary sensorimotor cortex and the cerebellum. We also found a significantly stronger negative linear correlation during incisal biting than molar biting, which was particularly prominent in the rostral cingulate motor area, superior frontal gyrus, and caudate nucleus. These findings indicate that molar biting enables powerful chewing: brain activity in several brain areas related to motor function was increased with increasing bite force levels, while incisal biting enables fine motor control: brain activity in several brain areas related to motor control was increased with reduced bite force levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Yoshizawa
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun J Miyamoto
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Functional Brain Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Department of Functional Brain Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shitara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Manabu Honda
- Department of Functional Brain Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Peckre LR, Fabre AC, Hambuckers J, Wall CE, Socias-Martínez L, Pouydebat E. Food properties influence grasping strategies in strepsirrhines. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise R Peckre
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale, Paris Cedex 5, France
- Behavioural Ecology & Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Centre, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale, Paris Cedex 5, France
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Julien Hambuckers
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Chair of Statistics, Humboldtallee, Göttingen, Germany
- HEC Liège, University of Liège, 14 rue Louvrex, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christine E Wall
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - lluís Socias-Martínez
- Behavioural Ecology & Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Centre, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg, Göttingen, Germany
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20
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Fabre AC, Peckre L, Pouydebat E, Wall CE. Does the shape of forelimb long bones co-vary with grasping behaviour in strepsirrhine primates? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Fine prehensile activities are often thought to have been associated with the evolution of the human hand. However, there has been no holistic approach establishing the link between the morphology of the forelimb and grasping ability in living primates. The present study investigated the possible relationships between grasping behaviour and the morphology of the forelimb in strepsirrhines in a phylogenetic context. To do so, grasping behaviour during feeding and the shape of the long bones of the forelimb were analysed for 22 species of strepsirrhines. The data obtained show that there is a phylogenetic signal in forelimb morphology in primates in relation to grasping behaviour, but also that there is a marked co-evolution between grasping behaviour and the shape of the humerus and radius. This latter finding suggests a functional association between grasping and forelimb shape, which in turn suggests that bone shape constrains or facilitates behaviour. This result may permit future inferences to be made regarding this behaviour in extinct species and deserves further examination in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Fabre
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, USA
- UMR 7179 C.N.R.S., M.N.H.N. Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Louise Peckre
- UMR 7179 C.N.R.S., M.N.H.N. Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Kellnerweg, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Pouydebat
- UMR 7179 C.N.R.S., M.N.H.N. Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Christine E Wall
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, USA
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21
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Key A, Merritt SR, Kivell TL. Hand grip diversity and frequency during the use of Lower Palaeolithic stone cutting-tools. J Hum Evol 2018; 125:137-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Bardo A, Vigouroux L, Kivell TL, Pouydebat E. The impact of hand proportions on tool grip abilities in humans, great apes and fossil hominins: A biomechanical analysis using musculoskeletal simulation. J Hum Evol 2018; 125:106-121. [PMID: 30502891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Differences in grip techniques used across primates are usually attributed to variation in thumb-finger proportions and muscular anatomy of the hand. However, this cause-effect relationship is not fully understood because little is known about the biomechanical functioning and mechanical loads (e.g., muscle or joint forces) of the non-human primate hand compared to that of humans during object manipulation. This study aims to understand the importance of hand proportions on the use of different grip strategies used by humans, extant great apes (bonobos, gorillas and orangutans) and, potentially, fossil hominins (Homo naledi and Australopithecus sediba) using a musculoskeletal model of the hand. Results show that certain grips are more challenging for some species, particularly orangutans, than others, such that they require stronger muscle forces for a given range of motion. Assuming a human-like range of motion at each hand joint, simulation results show that H. naledi and A. sediba had the biomechanical potential to use the grip techniques considered important for stone tool-related behaviors in humans. These musculoskeletal simulation results shed light on the functional consequences of the different hand proportions among extant and extinct hominids and the different manipulative abilities found in humans and great apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameline Bardo
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75006, France; Department of Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179-CNRS/MNHN, MECADEV, Paris, 75321, France; Animal Postcranial Evolution Laboratory, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom.
| | - Laurent Vigouroux
- Institute of Movement Sciences, UMR 7287-CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Tracy L Kivell
- Animal Postcranial Evolution Laboratory, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Emmanuelle Pouydebat
- Department of Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179-CNRS/MNHN, MECADEV, Paris, 75321, France
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23
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Hopkins WD. A review of performance asymmetries in hand skill in nonhuman primates with a special emphasis on chimpanzees. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2018; 238:57-89. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Anzeraey A, Aumont M, Decamps T, Herrel A, Pouydebat E. The effect of food properties on grasping and manipulation in the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:4486-4491. [PMID: 28982969 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.159442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to grasp an object is fundamental from an evolutionary perspective. Involved in many daily activities, grasping has been extensively studied in primates and other mammals. Yet other groups of tetrapods, including anurans, have also evolved significant forelimb prehensile capacities that are often thought to have originated in an arboreal context. In addition, grasping is also observed in aquatic species. But how aquatic frogs use their forelimbs to capture and manipulate prey remains largely unknown. The aim of this study is to explore how the grasping and manipulation of food items in aquatic frogs is impacted by food properties such as size and mobility. To do so, we uses the aquatic frog Xenopus laevis and quantified the use of the hands and fingers while processing mobile and stationary prey of different sizes (small, intermediate and large). Our results show that X. laevis is able to individualize the digits and that the mobility and the length of the prey significantly influence the kind of grasping pattern used. Grasping abilities are thus not specific to terrestrial or arboreal species. These results illustrate how prey properties impact grasping and manipulation strategies in an aquatic frog and shed further light on the ecological contexts that may have given rise to the origin of grasping in frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Anzeraey
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, 75005, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Madeleine Aumont
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, 75005, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Thierry Decamps
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, 75005, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, 75005, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Emmanuelle Pouydebat
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Département Adaptations du Vivant, 75005, Paris Cedex 5, France
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25
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Peckre L, Fabre AC, Wall CE, Brewer D, Ehmke E, Haring D, Shaw E, Welser K, Pouydebat E. Holding-on: co-evolution between infant carrying and grasping behaviour in strepsirrhines. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37729. [PMID: 27883046 PMCID: PMC5121892 DOI: 10.1038/srep37729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin and evolution of manual grasping remain poorly understood. The ability to cling requires important grasping abilities and is essential to survive in species where the young are carried in the fur. A previous study has suggested that this behaviour could be a pre-adaptation for the evolution of fine manipulative skills. In this study we tested the co-evolution between infant carrying in the fur and manual grasping abilities in the context of food manipulation. As strepsirrhines vary in the way infants are carried (mouth vs. fur), they are an excellent model to test this hypothesis. Data on food manipulation behaviour were collected for 21 species of strepsirrhines. Our results show that fur-carrying species exhibited significantly more frequent manual grasping of food items. This study clearly illustrates the potential novel insights that a behaviour (infant carrying) that has previously been largely ignored in the discussion of the evolution of primate manipulation can bring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Peckre
- UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
| | - Christine E. Wall
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
| | - David Brewer
- Duke Lemur Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27705, USA
| | - Erin Ehmke
- Duke Lemur Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27705, USA
| | - David Haring
- Duke Lemur Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27705, USA
| | - Erin Shaw
- Duke Lemur Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27705, USA
| | - Kay Welser
- Duke Lemur Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27705, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Pouydebat
- UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., 57 rue Cuvier, Case postale 55, 75231, Paris Cedex 5, France
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26
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Bardo A, Borel A, Meunier H, Guéry JP, Pouydebat E. Behavioral and functional strategies during tool use tasks in bonobos. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:125-40. [PMID: 27311774 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Different primate species have developed extensive capacities for grasping and manipulating objects. However, the manual abilities of primates remain poorly known from a dynamic point of view. The aim of the present study was to quantify the functional and behavioral strategies used by captive bonobos (Pan paniscus) during tool use tasks. The study was conducted on eight captive bonobos which we observed during two tool use tasks: food extraction from a large piece of wood and food recovery from a maze. We focused on grasping postures, in-hand movements, the sequences of grasp postures used that have not been studied in bonobos, and the kind of tools selected. Bonobos used a great variety of grasping postures during both tool use tasks. They were capable of in-hand movement, demonstrated complex sequences of contacts, and showed more dynamic manipulation during the maze task than during the extraction task. They arrived on the location of the task with the tool already modified and used different kinds of tools according to the task. We also observed individual manual strategies. Bonobos were thus able to develop in-hand movements similar to humans and chimpanzees, demonstrated dynamic manipulation, and they responded to task constraints by selecting and modifying tools appropriately, usually before they started the tasks. These results show the necessity to quantify object manipulation in different species to better understand their real manual specificities, which is essential to reconstruct the evolution of primate manual abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameline Bardo
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75006, France.,Department of Ecology and Management of Biodiversity, UMR 7179-CNRS/MNHN, MECADEV, Paris, 75321, France
| | - Antony Borel
- Department of Prehistory, UMR 7194-CNRS-MNHN, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, 75116, France
| | - Hélène Meunier
- Primatology Center of Strasbourg University, Fort Foch, Niederhausbergen, 67207, France.,Laboratory of Cognitive and Adaptative Neuroscience, UMR 7364-CNRS/, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Pouydebat
- Department of Ecology and Management of Biodiversity, UMR 7179-CNRS/MNHN, MECADEV, Paris, 75321, France
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Fontanarrosa G, Abdala V. Bone indicators of grasping hands in lizards. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1978. [PMID: 27168987 PMCID: PMC4860302 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Grasping is one of a few adaptive mechanisms that, in conjunction with clinging, hooking, arm swinging, adhering, and flying, allowed for incursion into the arboreal eco-space. Little research has been done that addresses grasping as an enhanced manual ability in non-mammalian tetrapods, with the exception of studies comparing the anatomy of muscle and tendon structure. Previous studies showed that grasping abilities allow exploitation for narrow branch habitats and that this adaptation has clear osteological consequences. The objective of this work is to ascertain the existence of morphometric descriptors in the hand skeleton of lizards related to grasping functionality. A morphological matrix was constructed using 51 morphometric variables in 278 specimens, from 24 genera and 13 families of Squamata. To reduce the dimensions of the dataset and to organize the original variables into a simpler system, three PCAs (Principal Component Analyses) were performed using the subsets of (1) carpal variables, (2) metacarpal variables, and (3) phalanges variables. The variables that demonstrated the most significant contributions to the construction of the PCA synthetic variables were then used in subsequent analyses. To explore which morphological variables better explain the variations in the functional setting, we ran Generalized Linear Models for the three different sets. This method allows us to model the morphology that enables a particular functional trait. Grasping was considered the only response variable, taking the value of 0 or 1, while the original variables retained by the PCAs were considered predictor variables. Our analyses yielded six variables associated with grasping abilities: two belong to the carpal bones, two belong to the metacarpals and two belong to the phalanges. Grasping in lizards can be performed with hands exhibiting at least two different independently originated combinations of bones. The first is a combination of a highly elongated centrale bone, reduced palmar sesamoid, divergence angles above 90°, and slender metacarpal V and phalanges, such as exhibited by Anolis sp. and Tropidurus sp. The second includes an elongated centrale bone, lack of a palmar sesamoid, divergence angles above 90°, and narrow metacarpal V and phalanges, as exhibited by geckos. Our data suggest that the morphological distinction between graspers and non-graspers is demonstrating the existence of ranges along the morphological continuum within which a new ability is generated. Our results support the hypothesis of the nested origin of grasping abilities within arboreality. Thus, the manifestation of grasping abilities as a response to locomotive selective pressure in the context of narrow-branch eco-spaces could also enable other grasping-dependent biological roles, such as prey handling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virginia Abdala
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical, UNT- CONICET, Tucuman, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, UNT, Cátedra de Biología General, Tucuman, Argentina
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Lesnik JJ, Sanz CM, Morgan DB. The interdigital brace and other grips for termite nest perforation by chimpanzees of the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 157:252-9. [PMID: 25916822 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Studies of chimpanzee termite foraging enlighten our understanding of early hominin tool use not only by modeling the cognitive ability of our ancestors but also by emphasizing the possible role of social insects in the hominin diet. The chimpanzees of the Goualougo Triangle are known to have one of the largest and most complex tool repertoires reported for wild chimpanzees. One tool set habitually used by this population includes a perforating tool to penetrate the hard outer crust of elevated termite nests before fishing for termite prey with an herbaceous stem. Here, we report the variation present in the grips used on the perforating tool. Our analysis of video recordings of chimpanzee visitation to termite nests over a 3-year period shows that these chimpanzees use a variety of grips to navigate the challenges encountered in opening a termite nest. For situations in which the soil is most hardened, perforating requires force and a power grip is often used. When the soil in the passageway is loose, precision grips are suitable for the task. One of the preferred grips reported here is an interdigital brace, which has previously been described in studies of how some people hold a pencil. In this study, for the first time, the interdigital brace has been thoroughly described for chimpanzees. The various strategies and grips used during perforation emphasize the importance of termites as a nutritional resource that should be considered more strongly as a food used by early hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie J Lesnik
- Department of Anthropology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202.,Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104
| | - Crickette M Sanz
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MI 63130.,Congo Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - David B Morgan
- Congo Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.,Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614
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Brunon A, Bovet D, Bourgeois A, Pouydebat E. Motivation and manipulation capacities of the blue and yellow macaw and the tufted capuchin: A comparative approach. Behav Processes 2014; 107:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Reghem E, Chèze L, Coppens Y, Pouydebat E. The influence of body posture on the kinematics of prehension in humans and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:1047-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Almécija S, Shrewsbury M, Rook L, Moyà-Solà S. The morphology of Oreopithecus bambolii pollical distal phalanx. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 153:582-97. [PMID: 24395731 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oreopithecus bambolii is a Late Miocene ape from Italy, first described in the late 19th century. Its interpretation is still highly controversial, especially in reference to its hand proportions and thumb morphology. In this study, the authors provide detailed descriptions of the available Oreopithecus pollical distal phalanx (PDP) specimens, as well as bivariate and multivariate morphometric analyses in comparison with humans, extant apes, selected anthropoid monkeys, and available Miocene PDP specimens. The multivariate results reveal two opposite poles on the hominoid PDP shape spectrum: on one side, a mediolaterally broad and dorsopalmarly short human PDP, and on the other side, the narrow and "conical" PDP of chimpanzees and orangutans. The authors contend that Oreopithecus exhibits intermediate PDP proportions that are largely primitive for hominoids because it shares morphological similarities with Proconsul. Furthermore, Oreopithecus displays a mediolaterally wide tuft for a hominoid, as well as a palmarly elevated attachment for a long tendon of a flexor muscle that is associated at its proximal edge with a proximal fossa and at its distal edge with an ungual fossa. These nonmetrical traits have been associated in humans with their capability to oppose and contact the proximal pads of the thumb and fingers, that is, pad-to-pad precision grasping. These traits reinforce previous studies that indicate a human-like thumb-to-hand length ratio compatible with pad-to-pad precision grasping in Oreopithecus. Although specific hand use is still unresolved in Oreopithecus, the results suggest enhanced manipulative skills (unrelated to stone tool-making) in this taxon relative to other (extant or fossil) hominoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Almécija
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8081; Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History and NYCEP, New York, NY, 10024; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
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How posture affects macaques’ reach-to-grasp movements. Exp Brain Res 2013; 232:919-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fontanarrosa G, Abdala V. Anatomical analysis of the lizard carpal bones in the terms of skilled manual abilities. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Fontanarrosa
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical; UNT - CONICET. Miguel Lillo 251; 4000 Tucumán República Argentina
| | - Virginia Abdala
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical; UNT - CONICET. Miguel Lillo 251; 4000 Tucumán República Argentina
- Cátedra de Biología General; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML; UNT. Miguel Lillo 205 4000 Tucumán República Argentina
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Abstract
Was stone tool making a factor in the evolution of human hand morphology? Is it possible to find evidence in fossil hominin hands for this capability? These questions are being addressed with increasingly sophisticated studies that are testing two hypotheses; (i) that humans have unique patterns of grip and hand movement capabilities compatible with effective stone tool making and use of the tools and, if this is the case, (ii) that there exist unique patterns of morphology in human hands that are consistent with these capabilities. Comparative analyses of human stone tool behaviours and chimpanzee feeding behaviours have revealed a distinctive set of forceful pinch grips by humans that are effective in the control of stones by one hand during manufacture and use of the tools. Comparative dissections, kinematic analyses and biomechanical studies indicate that humans do have a unique pattern of muscle architecture and joint surface form and functions consistent with the derived capabilities. A major remaining challenge is to identify skeletal features that reflect the full morphological pattern, and therefore may serve as clues to fossil hominin manipulative capabilities. Hominin fossils are evaluated for evidence of patterns of derived human grip and stress-accommodation features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary W. Marzke
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402, USA
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Reevaluation of the lumbosacral region of Oreopithecus bambolii. J Hum Evol 2013; 65:253-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Reghem E, Chèze L, Coppens Y, Pouydebat E. Unconstrained 3D-kinematics of prehension in five primates: Lemur, capuchin, gorilla, chimpanzee, human. J Hum Evol 2013; 65:303-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fabre AC, Cornette R, Slater G, Argot C, Peigné S, Goswami A, Pouydebat E. Getting a grip on the evolution of grasping in musteloid carnivorans: a three-dimensional analysis of forelimb shape. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1521-35. [PMID: 23662594 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to grasp and manipulate is often considered a hallmark of hominins and associated with the evolution of their bipedal locomotion and tool use. Yet, many other mammals use their forelimbs to grasp and manipulate objects. Previous investigations have suggested that grasping may be derived from digging behaviour, arboreal locomotion or hunting behaviour. Here, we test the arboreal origin of grasping and investigate whether an arboreal lifestyle could confer a greater grasping ability in musteloid carnivorans. Moreover, we investigate the morphological adaptations related to grasping and the differences between arboreal species with different grasping abilities. We predict that if grasping is derived from an arboreal lifestyle, then the anatomical specializations of the forelimb for arboreality must be similar to those involved in grasping. We further predict that arboreal species with a well-developed manipulation ability will have articulations that facilitate radio-ulnar rotation. We use ancestral character state reconstructions of lifestyle and grasping ability to understand the evolution of both traits. Finally, we use a surface sliding semi-landmark approach capable of quantifying the articulations in their full complexity. Our results largely confirm our predictions, demonstrating that musteloids with greater grasping skills differ markedly from others in the shape of their forelimb bones. These analyses further suggest that the evolution of an arboreal lifestyle likely preceded the development of enhanced grasping ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-C Fabre
- Centre de recherche sur la paléobiodiversité et les paléoenvironnements - UMR 7207 Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.
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Sustaita D, Pouydebat E, Manzano A, Abdala V, Hertel F, Herrel A. Getting a grip on tetrapod grasping: form, function, and evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 88:380-405. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sustaita
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; 75 N. Eagleville Road; Storrs; CT; 06269-3043; USA
| | - Emmanuelle Pouydebat
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité; UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N; 57 rue Cuvier; 75231; Paris; France
| | - Adriana Manzano
- CONICET-UADER; Matteri y España, (3105); Entre Ríos; Argentina
| | - Virginia Abdala
- Instituto de Herpetología; Fundación Miguel Lillo-CONICET; Miguel Lillo 251; Tucumán; Argentina
| | - Fritz Hertel
- Department of Biology; California State University; 18111 Nordhoff Street; Northbridge; CA; 91330-8303; USA
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité; UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N; 57 rue Cuvier; 75231; Paris; France
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Dejong SL, Lang CE. Comparison of unilateral versus bilateral upper extremity task performance after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 2012; 19:294-305. [PMID: 22750959 DOI: 10.1310/tsr1904-294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that practicing functional tasks bilaterally instead of unilaterally may improve paretic limb performance after stroke. OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study were to determine whether the bilateral movement condition alters paretic limb performance of a functional task in people with poststroke hemiparesis and to identify specifically which parameters of performance may be affected. METHODS In this single-session study, we examined immediate effects of the bilateral versus unilateral movement condition on performance of a reach-grasp-lift-release task at preferred speed in 16 people with mild to moderate poststroke hemiparesis and in 12 healthy control subjects. Performance was quantified by using motion analysis variables, including duration of the reach and grasp phases, reach path straightness, maximum thumb-index finger aperture, efficiency of finger movement, peak grip force, and timing of release. RESULTS We found no evidence of immediate improvement in paretic limb performance in the bilateral condition. In both groups, release timing occurred later when participants moved bilaterally instead of unilaterally, possibly representing a divided attention effect. Other variables did not differ across conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest little immediate impact of the bilateral condition on motor performance of a reach-grasp-lift-release task at preferred speed in people with mild to moderate hemiparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Dejong
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Pellis SM, Pellis VC. Anatomy is important, but need not be destiny: Novel uses of the thumb in aye-ayes compared to other lemurs. Behav Brain Res 2012; 231:378-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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DeJong SL, Schaefer SY, Lang CE. Need for speed: better movement quality during faster task performance after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2011; 26:362-73. [PMID: 22140198 DOI: 10.1177/1545968311425926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND . Although slow and insufficient muscle activation is a hallmark of hemiparesis poststroke, movement speed is rarely emphasized during upper-extremity rehabilitation. Moving faster may increase the intensity of task-specific training, but positive and/or negative effects on paretic-limb movement quality are unknown. OBJECTIVE . To determine whether moving quickly instead of at a preferred speed either enhances or impairs paretic-limb task performance after stroke. METHODS . A total of 16 people with poststroke hemiparesis and 11 healthy controls performed reach-grasp-lift movements at their preferred speed and as fast as possible, using palmar and 3-finger grip types. The authors measured durations of the reach and grasp phases, straightness of the reach path, thumb-index finger separation (aperture), efficiency of finger movement, and grip force. RESULTS . Reach and grasp phase durations decreased in the fast condition in both groups, showing that participants were able to move more quickly when asked. When moving fast, the hemiparetic group had reach durations equal to those of healthy controls moving at their preferred speed. Movement quality also improved. Reach paths were straighter, and peak apertures were greater in both groups in the fast condition. The group with hemiparesis also showed improved efficiency of finger movement. Differences in peak grip force across speed conditions did not reach significance. CONCLUSIONS . People with hemiparesis who can perform reach-grasp-lift movements with a 3-finger grip can move faster than they choose to, and when they do, movement quality improves. Simple instructions to move faster could be a cost-free and effective means of increasing rehabilitation intensity after stroke.
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Laurin M, Everett ML, Parker W. The cecal appendix: one more immune component with a function disturbed by post-industrial culture. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:567-79. [PMID: 21370495 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review assesses the current state of knowledge regarding the cecal appendix, its apparent function, and its evolution. The association of the cecal appendix with substantial amounts of immune tissue has long been taken as an indicator that the appendix may have some immune function. Recently, an improved understanding of the interactions between the normal gut flora and the immune system has led to the identification of the appendix as an apparent safe-house for normal gut bacteria. Further, a variety of observations related to the evolution and morphology of the appendix, including the identification of the structure as a "recurrent trait" in some clades, the presence of appendix-like structures in monotremes and some non-mammalian species, and consistent features of the cecal appendix such as its narrow diameter, provide direct support for an important function of the appendix. This bacterial safe-house, which is likely important in the event of diarrheal illness, is presumably of minimal importance to humans living with abundant nutritional resources, modern medicine and modern hygiene practices that include clean drinking water. Consistent with this idea, epidemiologic studies demonstrate that diarrheal illness is indeed a major source of selection pressure in developing countries but not in developed countries, whereas appendicitis shows the opposite trend, being associated with modern hygiene and medicine. The cecal appendix may thus be viewed as a part of the immune system that, like those immune compartments that cause allergy, is vital to life in a "natural" environment, but which is poorly suited to post-industrialized societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Laurin
- UMR 7207, CNRS/MNHN/UPMC, Centre de Recherches sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Pouydebat E, Reghem E, Borel A, Gorce P. Diversity of grip in adults and young humans and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Behav Brain Res 2011; 218:21-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Reghem E, Tia B, Bels V, Pouydebat E. Food Prehension and Manipulation in Microcebus murinus (Prosimii, Cheirogaleidae). Folia Primatol (Basel) 2011; 82:177-88. [DOI: 10.1159/000334077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Salomon M, Voisin JF. Ecogeographical variation in the Southern Giant Petrel (Macronectes giganteus). CAN J ZOOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/z09-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Southern Giant Petrel ( Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin, 1789); Aves, Procellariiformes), ranging from New Zealand to the Graham Peninsula and Patagonia and also from coastal Antarctica to Gough Island, displays significant geographic variation throughout its range. Six breeding provinces were identified, which show significant interpopulational variation. The formerly proposed subspecies Macronectes giganteus giganteus and Macronectes giganteus solanderi were confirmed. Macronectes giganteus solanderi has smaller homologuous parts than M. g. giganteus. Two of the provinces belong to the subspecies M. g. solanderi. Females are smaller and have shorter bills than males. In M. g. giganteus, outer appendages are longer in the sub-Antarctic than in the Antarctic, which is consistent with Allen’s rule. Moreover, an east-to-west cline shows a gradual decrease in body size. Within M. g. solanderi, the Chubut River Estuary (Argentina) and the Falkland Islands form the southern province, and Gough Island the northern province. The birds have shallower bills in Argentina than in the Falklands or Gough, but tarsi are longest in Gough. Macronectes giganteus giganteus is morphologically polymorphic but taxonomically stable, whereas M. g. solanderi, which is biometrically less variable, could undergo taxonomical differentiation. This paper gives arguments for further morphometric and genetic studies on the taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Salomon
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, FRE 3207, AnBioPhy, 4 Place Jussieu, case courrier 138, 75005 Paris, France
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, USM 305, case courrier 51, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Voisin
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, FRE 3207, AnBioPhy, 4 Place Jussieu, case courrier 138, 75005 Paris, France
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, USM 305, case courrier 51, 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
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Marzke MW, Pouydebat E, Laurin M, Gorce P, Bels V. A clarification of Pouydebat et al., 2008, evolution of grasping among anthropoids. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:2554-7. [PMID: 19878411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several statements by Pouydebat et al. (2008) do not adequately represent views of authors cited, in part because they reflect confusion in the literature about terminology regarding precision gripping. We address these problems, by tracing definitions of precision grips through the literature on manipulative behaviour and identifying the grip that is central to the Pouydebat et al. (2008) study. This allows us to offer a clarification of the statements by Pouydebat et al. (2008) regarding the sequence of appearance of human grip capabilities and possible morphological correlates to these capabilities in extant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Marzke
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402, USA.
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Smith HF, Fisher RE, Everett ML, Thomas AD, Bollinger RR, Parker W. Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:1984-99. [PMID: 19678866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A recently improved understanding of gut immunity has merged with current thinking in biological and medical science, pointing to an apparent function of the mammalian cecal appendix as a safe-house for symbiotic gut microbes, preserving the flora during times of gastrointestinal infection in societies without modern medicine. This function is potentially a selective force for the evolution and maintenance of the appendix, and provides an impetus for reassessment of the evolution of the appendix. A comparative anatomical approach reveals three apparent morphotypes of the cecal appendix, as well as appendix-like structures in some species that lack a true cecal appendix. Cladistic analyses indicate that the appendix has evolved independently at least twice (at least once in diprotodont marsupials and at least once in Euarchontoglires), shows a highly significant (P < 0.0001) phylogenetic signal in its distribution, and has been maintained in mammalian evolution for 80 million years or longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Smith
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, in Partnership with Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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49
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Legendre P, Desdevises Y. Independent contrasts and regression through the origin. J Theor Biol 2009; 259:727-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Laurin M, Canoville A, Quilhac A. Use of paleontological and molecular data in supertrees for comparative studies: the example of lissamphibian femoral microanatomy. J Anat 2009; 215:110-23. [PMID: 19508493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A new method to assemble time-calibrated supertrees is able to incorporate paleontological and molecular dates. This method, along with new branch length transformations, is implemented in the Stratigraphic Tools for Mesquite. It was used here to analyse a dataset on bone microanatomy, body size and habitat of 46 species of lissamphibians through a variety of methods (Felsenstein independent contrasts, variance partition with phylogenetic eigenvector regression, discriminant analyses and simple regressions). Our analyses showed that the new methods can produce adequate standardization for several characters on a tree whose branch lengths can represent evolutionary time. The analyses confirmed previous conclusions about the presence of an ecological signal in bone microanatomical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Laurin
- UMR 7179, Equipe squelette des vertebrés, Université Paris 6, Paris, France.
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