1
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Charmouh AP, Bocedi G, Hartfield M. Inferring the distributions of fitness effects and proportions of strongly deleterious mutations. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad140. [PMID: 37337692 PMCID: PMC10468728 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of fitness effects is a key property in evolutionary genetics as it has implications for several evolutionary phenomena including the evolution of sex and mating systems, the rate of adaptive evolution, and the prevalence of deleterious mutations. Despite the distribution of fitness effects being extensively studied, the effects of strongly deleterious mutations are difficult to infer since such mutations are unlikely to be present in a sample of haplotypes, so genetic data may contain very little information about them. Recent work has attempted to correct for this issue by expanding the classic gamma-distributed model to explicitly account for strongly deleterious mutations. Here, we use simulations to investigate one such method, adding a parameter (plth) to capture the proportion of strongly deleterious mutations. We show that plth can improve the model fit when applied to individual species but underestimates the true proportion of strongly deleterious mutations. The parameter can also artificially maximize the likelihood when used to jointly infer a distribution of fitness effects from multiple species. As plth and related parameters are used in current inference algorithms, our results are relevant with respect to avoiding model artifacts and improving future tools for inferring the distribution of fitness effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders P Charmouh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
- Bioinformatics Research Centre Aarhus University, University City 81, building 1872, 3rd floor. DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Greta Bocedi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Matthew Hartfield
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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2
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Charmouh AP, Reid JM, Bilde T, Bocedi G. Eco-evolutionary extinction and recolonization dynamics reduce genetic load and increase time to extinction in highly inbred populations. Evolution 2022; 76:2482-2497. [PMID: 36117269 PMCID: PMC9828521 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how genetic and ecological effects can interact to shape genetic loads within and across local populations is key to understanding ongoing persistence of systems that should otherwise be susceptible to extinction through mutational meltdown. Classic theory predicts short persistence times for metapopulations comprising small local populations with low connectivity, due to accumulation of deleterious mutations. Yet, some such systems have persisted over evolutionary time, implying the existence of mechanisms that allow metapopulations to avoid mutational meltdown. We first hypothesize a mechanism by which the combination of stochasticity in the numbers and types of mutations arising locally (genetic stochasticity), resulting local extinction, and recolonization through evolving dispersal facilitates metapopulation persistence. We then test this mechanism using a spatially and genetically explicit individual-based model. We show that genetic stochasticity in highly structured metapopulations can result in local extinctions, which can favor increased dispersal, thus allowing recolonization of empty habitat patches. This causes fluctuations in metapopulation size and transient gene flow, which reduces genetic load and increases metapopulation persistence over evolutionary time. Our suggested mechanism and simulation results provide an explanation for the conundrum presented by the continued persistence of highly structured populations with inbreeding mating systems that occur in diverse taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders P. Charmouh
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB24 2TZUnited Kingdom
| | - Jane M. Reid
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB24 2TZUnited Kingdom,Centre for Biodiversity DynamicsInstitutt for Biologi, NTNUTrondheim7491Norway
| | - Trine Bilde
- Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus C8000Denmark
| | - Greta Bocedi
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB24 2TZUnited Kingdom
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3
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Bichet C, Vedder O, Sauer‐Gürth H, Becker PH, Wink M, Bouwhuis S. Contrasting heterozygosity‐fitness correlations across life in a long‐lived seabird. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:671-685. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar Vedder
- Institute of Avian Research Wilhelmshaven Germany
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Hedwig Sauer‐Gürth
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany
| | | | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany
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4
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Li XY, Kokko H. Sex-biased dispersal: a review of the theory. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:721-736. [PMID: 30353655 PMCID: PMC7379701 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal is ubiquitous throughout the tree of life: factors selecting for dispersal include kin competition, inbreeding avoidance and spatiotemporal variation in resources or habitat suitability. These factors differ in whether they promote male and female dispersal equally strongly, and often selection on dispersal of one sex depends on how much the other disperses. For example, for inbreeding avoidance it can be sufficient that one sex disperses away from the natal site. Attempts to understand sex‐specific dispersal evolution have created a rich body of theoretical literature, which we review here. We highlight an interesting gap between empirical and theoretical literature. The former associates different patterns of sex‐biased dispersal with mating systems, such as female‐biased dispersal in monogamous birds and male‐biased dispersal in polygynous mammals. The predominant explanation is traceable back to Greenwood's (1980) ideas of how successful philopatric or dispersing individuals are at gaining mates or the resources required to attract them. Theory, however, has developed surprisingly independently of these ideas: models typically track how immigration and emigration change relatedness patterns and alter competition for limiting resources. The limiting resources are often considered sexually distinct, with breeding sites and fertilizable females limiting reproductive success for females and males, respectively. We show that the link between mating system and sex‐biased dispersal is far from resolved: there are studies showing that mating systems matter, but the oft‐stated association between polygyny and male‐biased dispersal is not a straightforward theoretical expectation. Here, an important understudied factor is the extent to which movement is interpretable as an extension of mate‐searching (e.g. are matings possible en route or do they only happen after settling in new habitat – or can females perhaps move with stored sperm). We also point out other new directions for bridging the gap between empirical and theoretical studies: there is a need to build Greenwood's influential yet verbal explanation into formal models, which also includes the possibility that an individual benefits from mobility as it leads to fitness gains in more than one final breeding location (a possibility not present in models with a very rigid deme structure). The order of life‐cycle events is likewise important, as this impacts whether a departing individual leaves behind important resources for its female or male kin, or perhaps both, in the case of partially overlapping resource use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yi Li
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Kokko
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Bocedi G, Reid JM. Feed-backs among inbreeding, inbreeding depression in sperm traits, and sperm competition can drive evolution of costly polyandry. Evolution 2017; 71:2786-2802. [PMID: 28895138 PMCID: PMC5765454 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing ambitions are to understand the evolution of costly polyandry and its consequences for species ecology and evolution. Emerging patterns could stem from feed-back dynamics between the evolving mating system and its genetic environment, defined by interactions among kin including inbreeding. However, such feed-backs are rarely considered in nonselfing systems. We use a genetically explicit model to demonstrate a mechanism by which inbreeding depression can select for polyandry to mitigate the negative consequences of mating with inbred males, rather than to avoid inbreeding, and to elucidate underlying feed-backs. Specifically, given inbreeding depression in sperm traits, costly polyandry evolved to ensure female fertility, without requiring explicit inbreeding avoidance. Resulting sperm competition caused evolution of sperm traits and further mitigated the negative effect of inbreeding depression on female fertility. The evolving mating system fed back to decrease population-wide homozygosity, and hence inbreeding. However, the net overall decrease was small due to compound effects on the variances in sex-specific reproductive success and paternity skew. Purging of deleterious mutations did not eliminate inbreeding depression in sperm traits or hence selection for polyandry. Overall, our model illustrates that polyandry evolution, both directly and through sperm competition, might facilitate evolutionary rescue for populations experiencing sudden increases in inbreeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Bocedi
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenZoology BuildingTillydrone AvenueAberdeen AB24 2TZUnited Kingdom
| | - Jane M. Reid
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenZoology BuildingTillydrone AvenueAberdeen AB24 2TZUnited Kingdom
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6
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Saastamoinen M, Bocedi G, Cote J, Legrand D, Guillaume F, Wheat CW, Fronhofer EA, Garcia C, Henry R, Husby A, Baguette M, Bonte D, Coulon A, Kokko H, Matthysen E, Niitepõld K, Nonaka E, Stevens VM, Travis JMJ, Donohue K, Bullock JM, Del Mar Delgado M. Genetics of dispersal. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:574-599. [PMID: 28776950 PMCID: PMC5811798 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal is a process of central importance for the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of populations and communities, because of its diverse consequences for gene flow and demography. It is subject to evolutionary change, which begs the question, what is the genetic basis of this potentially complex trait? To address this question, we (i) review the empirical literature on the genetic basis of dispersal, (ii) explore how theoretical investigations of the evolution of dispersal have represented the genetics of dispersal, and (iii) discuss how the genetic basis of dispersal influences theoretical predictions of the evolution of dispersal and potential consequences. Dispersal has a detectable genetic basis in many organisms, from bacteria to plants and animals. Generally, there is evidence for significant genetic variation for dispersal or dispersal‐related phenotypes or evidence for the micro‐evolution of dispersal in natural populations. Dispersal is typically the outcome of several interacting traits, and this complexity is reflected in its genetic architecture: while some genes of moderate to large effect can influence certain aspects of dispersal, dispersal traits are typically polygenic. Correlations among dispersal traits as well as between dispersal traits and other traits under selection are common, and the genetic basis of dispersal can be highly environment‐dependent. By contrast, models have historically considered a highly simplified genetic architecture of dispersal. It is only recently that models have started to consider multiple loci influencing dispersal, as well as non‐additive effects such as dominance and epistasis, showing that the genetic basis of dispersal can influence evolutionary rates and outcomes, especially under non‐equilibrium conditions. For example, the number of loci controlling dispersal can influence projected rates of dispersal evolution during range shifts and corresponding demographic impacts. Incorporating more realism in the genetic architecture of dispersal is thus necessary to enable models to move beyond the purely theoretical towards making more useful predictions of evolutionary and ecological dynamics under current and future environmental conditions. To inform these advances, empirical studies need to answer outstanding questions concerning whether specific genes underlie dispersal variation, the genetic architecture of context‐dependent dispersal phenotypes and behaviours, and correlations among dispersal and other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Saastamoinen
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Greta Bocedi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, U.K
| | - Julien Cote
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique UMR5174, CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Legrand
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Frédéric Guillaume
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher W Wheat
- Population Genetics, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emanuel A Fronhofer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Garcia
- CIBIO-InBIO, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Roslyn Henry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, U.K.,School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH89XP, U.K
| | - Arild Husby
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michel Baguette
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, 09200 Moulis, France.,Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Dries Bonte
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Coulon
- PSL Research University, CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, Biogéographie et Ecologie des Vertébrés, 34293 Montpellier, France.,CESCO UMR 7204, Bases écologiques de la conservation, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hanna Kokko
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erik Matthysen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kristjan Niitepõld
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Etsuko Nonaka
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virginie M Stevens
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, SETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UMR 5321, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Justin M J Travis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, U.K
| | | | - James M Bullock
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, U.K
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7
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Duthie AB, Reid JM. Evolution of Inbreeding Avoidance and Inbreeding Preference through Mate Choice among Interacting Relatives. Am Nat 2016; 188:651-667. [DOI: 10.1086/688919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Henry RC, Coulon A, Travis JMJ. Dispersal asymmetries and deleterious mutations influence metapopulation persistence and range dynamics. Evol Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-015-9777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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9
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Effects of Interference Between Selected Loci on the Mutation Load, Inbreeding Depression, and Heterosis. Genetics 2015; 201:745-57. [PMID: 26269503 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.178533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A classical prediction from single-locus models is that inbreeding increases the efficiency of selection against partially recessive deleterious alleles (purging), thereby decreasing the mutation load and level of inbreeding depression. However, previous multilocus simulation studies found that increasing the rate of self-fertilization of individuals may not lead to purging and argued that selective interference among loci causes this effect. In this article, I derive simple analytical approximations for the mutation load and inbreeding depression, taking into account the effects of interference between pairs of loci. I consider two classical scenarios of nonrandomly mating populations: a single population undergoing partial selfing and a subdivided population with limited dispersal. In the first case, correlations in homozygosity between loci tend to reduce mean fitness and increase inbreeding depression. These effects are stronger when deleterious alleles are more recessive, but only weakly depend on the strength of selection against deleterious alleles and on recombination rates. In subdivided populations, interference increases inbreeding depression within demes, but decreases heterosis between demes. Comparisons with multilocus, individual-based simulations show that these analytical approximations are accurate as long as the effects of interference stay moderate, but fail for high deleterious mutation rates and low dominance coefficients of deleterious alleles.
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10
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Hardouin LA, Legagneux P, Hingrat Y, Robert A. Sex-specific dispersal responses to inbreeding and kinship. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Vanpé C, Debeffe L, Hewison AJM, Quéméré E, Lemaître JF, Galan M, Amblard B, Klein F, Cargnelutti B, Capron G, Merlet J, Warnant C, Gaillard JM. Reduced microsatellite heterozygosity does not affect natal dispersal in three contrasting roe deer populations. Oecologia 2014; 177:631-643. [PMID: 25388875 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although theoretical studies have predicted a link between individual multilocus heterozygosity and dispersal, few empirical studies have investigated the effect of individual heterozygosity on dispersal propensity or distance. We investigated this link using measures of heterozygosity at 12 putatively neutral microsatellite markers and natal dispersal behaviour in three contrasting populations of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), a species displaying pre-saturation condition-dependent natal dispersal. We found no effect of individual heterozygosity on either dispersal propensity or dispersal distance. Average heterozygosity was similar across the three studied populations, but dispersal propensity and distance differed markedly among them. In Aurignac, dispersal propensity and distance were positively related to individual body mass, whereas there was no detectable effect of body mass on dispersal behaviour in Chizé and Trois Fontaines. We suggest that we should expect both dispersal propensity and distance to be greater when heterozygosity is lower only in those species where dispersal behaviour is driven by density-dependent competition for resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Vanpé
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive (LBBE), CNRS UMR5558, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Lucie Debeffe
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive (LBBE), CNRS UMR5558, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- Laboratoire Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), INRA UR35, B.P. 52627, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - A J Mark Hewison
- Laboratoire Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), INRA UR35, B.P. 52627, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Erwan Quéméré
- Laboratoire Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), INRA UR35, B.P. 52627, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-François Lemaître
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive (LBBE), CNRS UMR5558, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Maxime Galan
- Laboratoire Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), INRA UR35, B.P. 52627, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR CBGP, (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet CS 30016, 34988, Montferrier-Sur-Lez Cedex, France
| | - Britany Amblard
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive (LBBE), CNRS UMR5558, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- INRA, UMR CBGP, (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet CS 30016, 34988, Montferrier-Sur-Lez Cedex, France
| | - François Klein
- ONCFS, CNERA Cervidés-Sanglier, 1 Place Exelmans, 55000, Bar-Le-Duc, France
| | - Bruno Cargnelutti
- Laboratoire Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), INRA UR35, B.P. 52627, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Gilles Capron
- ONCFS, Délégation Inter-Régionale Poitou-Charentes Limousin, 255 route de Bonnes, 86000, Poitiers, France
| | - Joël Merlet
- Laboratoire Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), INRA UR35, B.P. 52627, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claude Warnant
- ONCFS, CNERA Cervidés-Sanglier, 1 Place Exelmans, 55000, Bar-Le-Duc, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive (LBBE), CNRS UMR5558, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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12
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Duputié A, Massol F. An empiricist's guide to theoretical predictions on the evolution of dispersal. Interface Focus 2014; 3:20130028. [PMID: 24516715 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2013.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal, the tendency for organisms to reproduce away from their parents, influences many evolutionary and ecological processes, from speciation and extinction events, to the coexistence of genotypes within species or biological invasions. Understanding how dispersal evolves is crucial to predict how global changes might affect species persistence and geographical distribution. The factors driving the evolution of dispersal have been well characterized from a theoretical standpoint, and predictions have been made about their respective influence on, for example, dispersal polymorphism or the emergence of dispersal syndromes. However, the experimental tests of some theories remain scarce partly because a synthetic view of theoretical advances is still lacking. Here, we review the different ingredients of models of dispersal evolution, from selective pressures and types of predictions, through mathematical and ecological assumptions, to the methods used to obtain predictions. We provide perspectives as to which predictions are easiest to test, how theories could be better exploited to provide testable predictions, what theoretical developments are needed to tackle this topic, and we place the question of the evolution of dispersal within the larger interdisciplinary framework of eco-evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Duputié
- UMR 5175 CEFE, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CNRS) , 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier cedex 05 34293 , France
| | - François Massol
- UMR 5175 CEFE, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CNRS) , 1919 Route de Mende, Montpellier cedex 05 34293 , France
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13
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Blanquart F, Gandon S. On the evolution of migration in heterogeneous environments. Evolution 2014; 68:1617-28. [PMID: 24571236 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Populations often experience variable conditions, both in time and space. Here we develop a novel theoretical framework to study the evolution of migration under the influence of spatially and temporally variable selection and genetic drift. First, we examine when polymorphism is maintained at a locus under heterogeneous selection, as a function of the pattern of spatial heterogeneity and the migration rate. In a second step, we study how levels of migration evolve under the joint action of kin competition and local adaptation at a polymorphic locus. This analysis reveals the existence of evolutionary bistability, whereby a low or a high migration rate may evolve depending on the initial conditions. Last, we relax several assumptions regarding selection heterogeneity commonly made in previous studies and explore the consequences of more complex spatial and temporal patterns of variability in selection on the evolution of migration. We found that small modifications in the pattern of environmental heterogeneity may have dramatic effects on the evolution of migration. This work highlights the importance of considering more general scenarios of environmental heterogeneity when studying the evolution of life-history traits in ecologically complex settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Blanquart
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5175, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Université de Montpellier 2, 2 Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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14
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Gillingham MAF, Cézilly F, Wattier R, Béchet A. Evidence for an association between post-fledging dispersal and microsatellite multilocus heterozygosity in a large population of greater flamingos. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81118. [PMID: 24278385 PMCID: PMC3838344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal can be divided into three stages: departure, transience and settlement. Despite the fact that theoretical studies have emphasized the importance of heterozygosity on dispersal strategies, empirical evidence of its effect on different stages of dispersal is lacking. Here, using multi-event capture-mark-recapture models, we show a negative association between microsatellite multilocus heterozygosity (MLH; 10 loci; n = 1023) and post-fledging dispersal propensity for greater flamingos, Phoenicopterus roseus, born in southern France. We propose that the negative effects of inbreeding depression affects competitive ability and therefore more homozygous individuals are more likely to disperse because they are less able to compete within the highly saturated natal site. Finally, a model with the effect of MLH on propensity of post-fledgling dispersers to disperse to the long-distance sites of Africa was equivalent to the null model, suggesting that MLH had low to no effect on dispersal distance. Variations in individual genetic quality thus result in context-dependent heterogeneity in dispersal strategies at each stage of dispersal. Our results have important implications on fitness since sites visited early in life are known to influence site selection later on in life and future survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. F. Gillingham
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France
- Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, Arles, France
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, dpt. of Evolutionary Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Frank Cézilly
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France
- Insitut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Wattier
- Université de Bourgogne, Equipe Ecologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Dijon, France
| | - Arnaud Béchet
- Centre de Recherche de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, Arles, France
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15
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Gueijman A, Ayali A, Ram Y, Hadany L. Dispersing away from bad genotypes: the evolution of Fitness-Associated Dispersal (FAD) in homogeneous environments. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:125. [PMID: 23777293 PMCID: PMC3704926 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dispersal is a major factor in ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Although empirical evidence shows that the tendency to disperse varies among individuals in many organisms, the evolution of dispersal patterns is not fully understood. Previous theoretical studies have shown that condition-dependent dispersal may evolve as a means to move to a different environment when environments are heterogeneous in space or in time. However, dispersal is also a means to genetically diversify offspring, a genetic advantage that might be particularly important when the individual fitness is low. We suggest that plasticity in dispersal, in which fit individuals are less likely to disperse (Fitness-Associated Dispersal, or FAD), can evolve due to its evolutionary advantages even when the environment is homogeneous and stable, kin competition is weak, and the cost of dispersal is high. Results Using stochastic simulations we show that throughout the parameter range, selection favors FAD over uniform dispersal (in which all individuals disperse with equal probability). FAD also has significant long-term effects on the mean fitness and genotypic variance of the population. Conclusions We show that FAD evolves under a very wide parameter range, regardless of its effects on the population mean fitness. We predict that individuals of low quality will have an increased tendency for dispersal, even when the environment is homogeneous, there is no direct competition with neighbors, and dispersal carries significant costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Gueijman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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16
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Vitalis R, Rousset F, Kobayashi Y, Olivieri I, Gandon S. The joint evolution of dispersal and dormancy in a metapopulation with local extinctions and kin competition. Evolution 2013; 67:1676-91. [PMID: 23730761 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal and dormancy are two strategies that allow recolonization of empty patches and escape from kin competition. Because they presumably respond to similar evolutionary forces, it is tempting to consider that these strategies may substitute for each other. Yet in order to predict the outcome of the evolution of dispersal and dormancy, and to characterize the emerging covariation between both traits, it is necessary to consider models where dispersal and dormancy evolve jointly. Here, we analyze the evolution of dispersal and dormancy as a function of direct fitness costs, environmental variation, and competition among relatives. We consider two scenarios depending on whether the rates of dormancy for philopatric and dispersed individuals are constrained to be the same (unconditional dormancy) or allowed to be different (conditional dormancy). We show that only philopatric individuals should enter dormancy, at a rate increasing with increasing rates of local extinction and decreasing population sizes. When dormancy and dispersal evolve jointly, we observe a wide range of evolutionary outcomes. In particular, we find that the pattern of covariation between the evolutionarily stable rates of dispersal and dormancy is molded by the rate of extinction and the local population size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Vitalis
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution, UMR 5554, CNRS, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier cedex 5, Place Eugène Bataillon, France.
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17
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Spatial heterogeneity in the strength of selection against deleterious alleles and the mutation load. Heredity (Edinb) 2012; 109:137-45. [PMID: 22588129 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2012.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
According to current estimates of genomic deleterious mutation rates (which are often of the order 0.1-1) the mutation load (defined as a reduction in the average fitness of a population due to the presence of deleterious alleles) may be important in many populations. In this paper, I use multilocus simulations to explore the effect of spatial heterogeneity in the strength of selection against deleterious alleles on the mutation load (for example, it has been suggested that stressful environments may increase the strength of selection). These simulations show contrasted results: in some situations, spatial heterogeneity may greatly reduce the mutation load, due to the fact that migrants coming from demes under stronger selection carry relatively few deleterious alleles, and benefit from a strong advantage within demes under weaker selection (where individuals carry many more deleterious alleles); in other situations, however, deleterious alleles accumulate within demes under stronger selection, due to migration pressure from demes under weaker selection, leading to fitness erosion within those demes. This second situation is more frequent when the productivity of the different demes is proportional to their mean fitness. The effect of spatial heterogeneity is greatly reduced, however, when the response to environmental differences is inconsistent across loci.
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18
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Blanquart F, Gandon S. Evolution of Migration in a Periodically Changing Environment. Am Nat 2011; 177:188-201. [DOI: 10.1086/657953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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19
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Shafer ABA, Poissant J, Côté SD, Coltman DW. Does reduced heterozygosity influence dispersal? A test using spatially structured populations in an alpine ungulate. Biol Lett 2011; 7:433-5. [PMID: 21270020 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite having a profound effect on population dynamics, the reasons that animals disperse are poorly understood. Evolutionary explanations have focused on inbreeding and competition, where the potential cost of philopatry is negated through dispersal. Such scenarios lead to the prediction that less successful individuals preferentially disperse, termed 'fitness-associated dispersal'. Since heterozygosity is associated with fitness, we assessed whether dispersed animals had less observed heterozygosity (H(O)) than residents. We tested this prediction using both genetic and population-monitoring data of mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus). Individuals classified as dispersers through cross-assignment had the lowest mean H(O), followed by residents, and then admixed individuals. Dispersed individuals had 6.3 per cent less H(O) than their subpopulation of origin. In the long-term study of the mountain goat herd at Caw Ridge, Alberta, immigrants had the lowest H(O); however, the opposite pattern was seen in emigrants, which may be related to density dependence. This study is the first to provide empirical evidence that heterozygosity is associated with dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B A Shafer
- Department of Biological Sciences CW 405, Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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20
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Abstract
Heterosis is a widespread phenomenon corresponding to the increase in fitness following crosses between individuals from different populations or lines relative to their parents. Its genetic basis has been a topic of controversy since the early 20th century. The masking of recessive deleterious mutations in hybrids likely explains a substantial part of heterosis. The dynamics and consequences of these mutations have thus been studied in depth. Recently, it was suggested that GC-biased gene conversion (gBGC) might strongly affect the fate of deleterious mutations and may have significant fitness consequences. gBGC is a recombination-associated process mimicking selection in favor of G and C alleles, which can interfere with selection, for instance by increasing the frequency of GC deleterious mutations. I investigated how gBGC could affect the amount and genetic structure of heterosis through an analysis of the interaction between gBGC and selection in subdivided populations. To do so, I analyzed the infinite island model both by numerical computations and by analytical approximations. I showed that gBGC might have little impact on the total amount of heterosis but could greatly affect its genetic basis.
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Ohtsuki H. EVOLUTIONARY GAMES IN WRIGHT'S ISLAND MODEL: KIN SELECTION MEETS EVOLUTIONARY GAME THEORY. Evolution 2010; 64:3344-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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