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Hudson CM, Stalder D, Vorburger C. Clines of resistance to parasitoids: the multifarious effects of temperature on defensive symbioses in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 64:101208. [PMID: 38821141 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Insects are frequently infected with heritable bacterial endosymbionts. Some of them confer resistance to parasitoids. Such defensive symbionts are sensitive to variation in temperature. Drawing predominantly from the literature on aphids and flies, we show that temperature can affect the reliability of maternal transmission and the strength of protection provided by defensive symbionts. Costs of infection with defensive symbionts can also be temperature-dependent and may even turn into benefits under extreme temperatures, for example, when defensive symbionts increase heat tolerance. Alone or in combination, these mechanisms can drive temperature-associated (latitudinal) clines of infection prevalence with defensive symbionts. This has important consequences for host-parasitoid coevolution, as the relative importance of host-encoded vs. symbiont-provided defenses will shift along such clines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron M Hudson
- Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Stalder
- Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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2
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Giorgini M, Formisano G, García-García R, Bernat-Ponce S, Beitia F. The Susceptibility of Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) Species to Attack by a Parasitoid Wasp Changes between Two Whitefly Strains with Different Facultative Endosymbiotic Bacteria. INSECTS 2023; 14:808. [PMID: 37887820 PMCID: PMC10607859 DOI: 10.3390/insects14100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two strains of the mitochondrial lineage Q1 of Bemisia tabaci MED species, characterized by a different complement of facultative bacterial endosymbionts, were tested for their susceptibility to be attacked by the parasitoid wasp Eretmocerus mundus, a widespread natural enemy of B. tabaci. Notably, the BtHC strain infected with Hamiltonella and Cardinium was more resistant to parasitization than the BtHR strain infected with Hamiltonella and Rickettsia. The resistant phenotype consisted of fewer nymphs successfully parasitized (containing the parasitoid mature larva or pupa) and in a lower percentage of adult wasps emerging from parasitized nymphs. Interestingly, the resistance traits were not evident when E. mundus parasitism was compared between BtHC and BtHR using parasitoids originating from a colony maintained on BtHC. However, when we moved the parasitoid colony on BtHR and tested E. mundus after it was reared on BtHR for four and seven generations, we saw then that BtHC was less susceptible to parasitization than BtHR. On the other hand, we did not detect any difference in the parasitization of the BtHR strain between the three generations of E. mundus tested. Our findings showed that host strain is a factor affecting the ability of E. mundus to parasitize B. tabaci and lay the basis for further studies aimed at disentangling the role of the facultative endosymbiont Cardinium and of the genetic background in the resistance of B. tabaci MED to parasitoid attack. Furthermore, they highlight that counteradaptations to the variation of B. tabaci defence mechanisms may be rapidly selected in E. mundus to maximize the parasitoid fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Giorgini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Formisano
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Rosalía García-García
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (S.B.-P.); (F.B.)
| | - Saúl Bernat-Ponce
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (S.B.-P.); (F.B.)
| | - Francisco Beitia
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain; (R.G.-G.); (S.B.-P.); (F.B.)
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Higashi CHV, Nichols WL, Chevignon G, Patel V, Allison SE, Kim KL, Strand MR, Oliver KM. An aphid symbiont confers protection against a specialized RNA virus, another increases vulnerability to the same pathogen. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:936-950. [PMID: 36458425 PMCID: PMC10107813 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Insects often harbour heritable symbionts that provide defence against specialized natural enemies, yet little is known about symbiont protection when hosts face simultaneous threats. In pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), the facultative endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa confers protection against the parasitoid, Aphidius ervi, and Regiella insecticola protects against aphid-specific fungal pathogens, including Pandora neoaphidis. Here, we investigated whether these two common aphid symbionts protect against a specialized virus A. pisum virus (APV), and whether their antifungal and antiparasitoid services are impacted by APV infection. We found that APV imposed large fitness costs on symbiont-free aphids and these costs were elevated in aphids also housing H. defensa. In contrast, APV titres were significantly reduced and costs to APV infection were largely eliminated in aphids with R. insecticola. To our knowledge, R. insecticola is the first aphid symbiont shown to protect against a viral pathogen, and only the second arthropod symbiont reported to do so. In contrast, APV infection did not impact the protective services of either R. insecticola or H. defensa. To better understand APV biology, we produced five genomes and examined transmission routes. We found that moderate rates of vertical transmission, combined with horizontal transfer through food plants, were the major route of APV spread, although lateral transfer by parasitoids also occurred. Transmission was unaffected by facultative symbionts. In summary, the presence and species identity of facultative symbionts resulted in highly divergent outcomes for aphids infected with APV, while not impacting defensive services that target other enemies. These findings add to the diverse phenotypes conferred by aphid symbionts, and to the growing body of work highlighting extensive variation in symbiont-mediated interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William L Nichols
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Germain Chevignon
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Vilas Patel
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Suzanne E Allison
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Kyungsun Lee Kim
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Kerry M Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Georgia, Athens, USA
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Tomanović Ž, Kavallieratos NG, Ye Z, Nika EP, Petrović A, Vollhardt IMG, Vorburger C. Cereal Aphid Parasitoids in Europe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae): Taxonomy, Biodiversity, and Ecology. INSECTS 2022; 13:1142. [PMID: 36555052 PMCID: PMC9785021 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cereals are very common and widespread crops in Europe. Aphids are a diverse group of herbivorous pests on cereals and one of the most important limiting factors of cereal production. Here, we present an overview of knowledge about the taxonomy, biodiversity, and ecology of cereal aphid parasitoids in Europe, an important group of natural enemies contributing to cereal aphid control. We review the knowledge obtained from the integrative taxonomy of 26 cereal aphid primary parasitoid species, including two allochthonous species (Lysiphlebus testaceipes and Trioxys sunnysidensis) and two recently described species (Lipolexis labialis and Paralipsis brachycaudi). We further review 28 hyperparasitoid species belonging to three hymenopteran superfamilies and four families (Ceraphronoidea: Megaspillidae; Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae, Encyrtidae; Cynipoidea: Figitidae). We also compile knowledge on the presence of secondary endosymbionts in cereal aphids, as these are expected to influence the community composition and biocontrol efficiency of cereal aphid parasitoids. To study aphid-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid food webs more effectively, we present two kinds of DNA-based approach: (i) diagnostic PCR (mainly multiplex PCR), and (ii) DNA sequence-based methods. Finally, we also review the effects of landscape complexity on the different trophic levels in the food webs of cereal aphids and their associated parasitoids, as well as the impacts of agricultural practices and environmental variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Tomanović
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Zhengpei Ye
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Erifili P. Nika
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Andjeljko Petrović
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ines M. G. Vollhardt
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Science, Georg-August University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Linder S, Jarrett BJM, Fanning P, Isaacs R, Szűcs M. Limited gains in native parasitoid performance on an invasive host beyond three generations of selection. Evol Appl 2022; 15:2113-2124. [PMID: 36540639 PMCID: PMC9753813 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-evolved natural enemies provide sustainable and long-term control of numerous invasive insect pests, but the introduction of such enemies has declined sharply due to increasing regulations. In the absence of co-evolved natural enemies, native species may attack exotic invasive pests; however, they usually lack adaptations to control novel hosts effectively. We investigated the potential of two native pupal parasitoids, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae and Trichopria drosophilae, to increase their developmental success on the invasive Drosophila suzukii. Replicated populations of the two parasitoids were subjected to 10 generations of laboratory selection on D. suzukii with Drosophila melanogaster serving as the co-evolved host. We assessed developmental success of selected and control lines in generations 0, 3, and 10. Changes in host preference, sex ratio, development time, and body size were measured to evaluate correlated responses with adaptation. Both parasitoid species responded rapidly to selection by significantly increasing their developmental success on the novel host within three generations, which remained constant for seven additional generations without further improvement. The generalist parasitoid species P. vindemmiae was able to reach similar developmental success as the control populations, while the performance of the more specialized parasitoid T. drosophilae remained lower on the novel than on the co-evolved host. There was no increase in preference towards the novel host over 10 generations of selection nor were there changes in development time or body size associated with adaptation in either parasitoid species. The sex ratio became less female-biased for both parasitoids after three generations of selection but rebounded in P. vindemmiae by generation 10. These results suggest that a few generations of selection may be sufficient to improve the performance of native parasitoids on invasive hosts, but with limits to the degree of improvement for managing invasive pests when exotic co-evolved natural enemies are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Linder
- Department of EntomologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Benjamin J. M. Jarrett
- Department of EntomologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Philip Fanning
- Department of EntomologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- School of Biology and EcologyUniversity of MaineOronoMaineUSA
| | - Rufus Isaacs
- Department of EntomologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Marianna Szűcs
- Department of EntomologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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Sentis A, Hemptinne J, Magro A, Outreman Y. Biological control needs evolutionary perspectives of ecological interactions. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1537-1554. [PMID: 36330295 PMCID: PMC9624075 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
While ecological interactions have been identified as determinant for biological control efficiency, the role of evolution remains largely underestimated in biological control programs. With the restrictions on the use of both pesticides and exotic biological control agents (BCAs), the evolutionary optimization of local BCAs becomes central for improving the efficiency and the resilience of biological control. In particular, we need to better account for the natural processes of evolution to fully understand the interactions of pests and BCAs, including in biocontrol strategies integrating human manipulations of evolution (i.e., artificial selection and genetic engineering). In agroecosystems, the evolution of BCAs traits and performance depends on heritable phenotypic variation, trait genetic architecture, selection strength, stochastic processes, and other selective forces. Humans can manipulate these natural processes to increase the likelihood of evolutionary trait improvement, by artificially increasing heritable phenotypic variation, strengthening selection, controlling stochastic processes, or overpassing evolution through genetic engineering. We highlight these facets by reviewing recent studies addressing the importance of natural processes of evolution and human manipulations of these processes in biological control. We then discuss the interactions between the natural processes of evolution occurring in agroecosystems and affecting the artificially improved BCAs after their release. We emphasize that biological control cannot be summarized by interactions between species pairs because pests and biological control agents are entangled in diverse communities and are exposed to a multitude of deterministic and stochastic selective forces that can change rapidly in direction and intensity. We conclude that the combination of different evolutionary approaches can help optimize BCAs to remain efficient under changing environmental conditions and, ultimately, favor agroecosystem sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sentis
- INRAEAix Marseille University, UMR RECOVERAix‐en‐ProvenceFrance
| | - Jean‐Louis Hemptinne
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité biologiqueUMR 5174 CNRS/UPS/IRDToulouseFrance
- Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi‐Pyrénées – ENSFEACastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Alexandra Magro
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité biologiqueUMR 5174 CNRS/UPS/IRDToulouseFrance
- Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi‐Pyrénées – ENSFEACastanet‐TolosanFrance
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Du X, Yang H, Gong S, Zhang P, Chen P, Liang Y, Huang Y, Tang X, Chen Q, De Clercq P, Li H, Pang H. Aphidophagous ladybird beetles adapt to an aphid symbiont. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐Yong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Huan‐Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Sen‐Rui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Pei‐Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Pei‐Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yuan‐Sen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yu‐Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Xue‐Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Qiao‐Kui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Patrick De Clercq
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Hao‐Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Hong Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
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Vorburger C. Defensive Symbionts and the Evolution of Parasitoid Host Specialization. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 67:329-346. [PMID: 34614366 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-072621-062042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect host-parasitoid interactions abound in nature and are characterized by a high degree of host specialization. In addition to their behavioral and immune defenses, many host species rely on heritable bacterial endosymbionts for defense against parasitoids. Studies on aphids and flies show that resistance conferred by symbionts can be very strong and highly specific, possibly as a result of variation in symbiont-produced toxins. I argue that defensive symbionts are therefore an important source of diversifying selection, promoting the evolution of host specialization by parasitoids. This is likely to affect the structure of host-parasitoid food webs. I consider potential changes in terms of food web complexity, although the nature of these effects will also be influenced by whether maternally transmitted symbionts have some capacity for lateral transfer. This is discussed in the light of available evidence for horizontal transmission routes. Finally, I propose that defensive mutualisms other than microbial endosymbionts may also exert diversifying selection on insect parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Vorburger
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Hourdez S, Boidin-Wichlacz C, Jollivet D, Massol F, Rayol MC, Bruno R, Zeppilli D, Thomas F, Lesven L, Billon G, Duperron S, Tasiemski A. Investigation of Capitella spp. symbionts in the context of varying anthropic pressures: First occurrence of a transient advantageous epibiosis with the giant bacteria Thiomargarita sp. to survive seasonal increases of sulfides in sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149149. [PMID: 34375231 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Capitella spp. is considered as an important ecological indicator of eutrophication due to its high densities in organic-rich, reduced, and sometimes polluted coastal ecosystems. We investigated whether such ability to cope with adverse ecological contexts might be a response to the microorganisms these worms are associated with. In populations from the French Atlantic coast (Roscoff, Brittany), we observed an epibiotic association covering the tegument of 20-30% specimens from an anthropized site while individuals from a reference, non-anthropized site were devoid of any visible epibionts. Using RNAseq, molecular and microscopic analyses, we described and compared the microbial communities associated with the epibiotic versus the non-epibiotic specimens at both locations. Interestingly, data showed that the epibiosis is characterized by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria among which the giant bacterium Thiomargarita sp., to date only described in deep sea habitats. Survey of Capitella combined with the geochemical analysis of their sediment revealed that epibiotic specimens are always found in muds with the highest concentration of sulfides, mostly during the summer. Concomitantly, tolerance tests demonstrated that the acquisition of epibionts increased survival against toxic level of sulfides. Overall, the present data highlight for the first time a peculiar plastic adaptation to seasonal variations of the habitat based on a transcient epibiosis allowing a coastal species to survive temporary harsher conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Hourdez
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, UMR 8222 CNRS-SU, avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Céline Boidin-Wichlacz
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France; Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Didier Jollivet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7144 'Adaptation et Diversité en Milieux Marins' (AD2M), Team 'Dynamique de la Diversité Marine' (DyDiv), Station biologique de Roscoff, Place G. Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - François Massol
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France; Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Maria Claudia Rayol
- Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente - CIEnAm, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Renato Bruno
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France; Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Daniela Zeppilli
- IFREMER, Centre Brest, REM/EEP/LEP, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC/CREES, UMR IRD-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ludovic Lesven
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Gabriel Billon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Duperron
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR7245 Mécanismes de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, 12 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Tasiemski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France; Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France.
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10
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Ulrich GF, Zemp N, Vorburger C, Boulain H. Quantitative trait locus analysis of parasitoid counteradaptation to symbiont-conferred resistance. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 127:219-232. [PMID: 34012059 PMCID: PMC8322320 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-021-00444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect hosts and parasitoids are engaged in an intense struggle of antagonistic coevolution. Infection with heritable bacterial endosymbionts can substantially increase the resistance of aphids to parasitoid wasps, which exerts selection on parasitoids to overcome this symbiont-conferred protection (counteradaptation). Experimental evolution in the laboratory has produced counteradapted populations of the parasitoid wasp Lysiphlebus fabarum. These populations can parasitize black bean aphids (Aphis fabae) protected by the bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa, which confers high resistance against L. fabarum. We used two experimentally evolved parasitoid populations to study the genetic architecture of the counteradaptation to symbiont-conferred resistance by QTL analysis. With simple crossing experiments, we showed that the counteradaptation is a recessive trait depending on the maternal genotype. Based on these results, we designed a customized crossing scheme to genotype a mapping population phenotyped for the ability to parasitize Hamiltonella-protected aphids. Using 1835 SNP markers obtained by ddRAD sequencing, we constructed a high-density linkage map consisting of six linkage groups (LGs) with an overall length of 828.3 cM and an average marker spacing of 0.45 cM. We identified a single QTL associated with the counteradaptation to Hamiltonella in L. fabarum on linkage group 2. Out of 120 genes located in this QTL, several genes encoding putative venoms may represent candidates for counteradaptation, as parasitoid wasps inject venoms into their hosts during oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel F. Ulrich
- grid.418656.80000 0001 1551 0562EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland ,grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Zemp
- Genetic Diversity Centre, Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- grid.418656.80000 0001 1551 0562EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland ,grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Boulain
- grid.418656.80000 0001 1551 0562EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland ,grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Present Address: Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Smith AH, O'Connor MP, Deal B, Kotzer C, Lee A, Wagner B, Joffe J, Woloszynek S, Oliver KM, Russell JA. Does getting defensive get you anywhere?-Seasonal balancing selection, temperature, and parasitoids shape real-world, protective endosymbiont dynamics in the pea aphid. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:2449-2472. [PMID: 33876478 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Facultative, heritable endosymbionts are found at intermediate prevalence within most insect species, playing frequent roles in their hosts' defence against environmental pressures. Focusing on Hamiltonella defensa, a common bacterial endosymbiont of aphids, we tested the hypothesis that such pressures impose seasonal balancing selection, shaping a widespread infection polymorphism. In our studied pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) population, Hamiltonella frequencies ranged from 23.2% to 68.1% across a six-month longitudinal survey. Rapid spikes and declines were often consistent across fields, and we estimated that selection coefficients for Hamiltonella-infected aphids changed sign within this field season. Prior laboratory research suggested antiparasitoid defence as the major Hamiltonella benefit, and costs under parasitoid absence. While a prior field study suggested these forces can sometimes act as counter-weights in a regime of seasonal balancing selection, our present survey showed no significant relationship between parasitoid wasps and Hamiltonella prevalence. Field cage experiments provided some explanation: parasitoids drove modest ~10% boosts to Hamiltonella frequencies that would be hard to detect under less controlled conditions. They also showed that Hamiltonella was not always costly under parasitoid exclusion, contradicting another prediction. Instead, our longitudinal survey - and two overwintering studies - showed temperature to be the strongest predictor of Hamiltonella prevalence. Matching some prior lab discoveries, this suggested that thermally sensitive costs and benefits, unrelated to parasitism, can shape Hamiltonella dynamics. These results add to a growing body of evidence for rapid, seasonal adaptation in multivoltine organisms, suggesting that such adaptation can be mediated through the diverse impacts of heritable bacterial endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Smith
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael P O'Connor
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth, and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brooke Deal
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Coleman Kotzer
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda Lee
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barrett Wagner
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonah Joffe
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Kerry M Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jacob A Russell
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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12
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Postic E, Outreman Y, Derocles S, Granado C, Le Ralec A. Genetics of wild and mass-reared populations of a generalist aphid parasitoid and improvement of biological control. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249893. [PMID: 33848317 PMCID: PMC8043399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their ability to parasitize various insect species, generalist parasitoids are widely used as biological control agents. They can be mass-reared and released in agroecosystems to control several pest species in various crops. However, the existence of genetic differentiation among populations of generalist parasitoid species is increasingly recognized and this can be associated with an adaptation to local conditions or to a reduced range of host species. Moreover, constraints of mass-rearing conditions can alter genetic variation within parasitoid populations released. These features could be associated with a reduced efficiency of the control of targeted pest species. Here, we focused on strawberry greenhouses where the control of aphids with the generalist parasitoid Aphidius ervi appears to be inefficient. We investigated whether this inefficiency may have both genetic and ecological bases comparing wild and commercial populations of A. ervi. We used two complementary genetic approaches: one based on the mitochondrial marker COI and one based on microsatellite markers. COI analysis showed a genetic differentiation within the A. ervi species, but the structure was neither associated with the commercial/wild status nor with host species factors. On the other hand, using microsatellite markers, we showed a genetic differentiation between commercial and wild A. ervi populations associated with a loss of genetic diversity within the mass-reared populations. Our ecological genetics study may potentially explain the weak efficiency of biological control of aphids in protected strawberry crops and enable to provide some insights to improve biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Postic
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
- AOPn Fraises de France, Estillac, France
| | | | | | | | - Anne Le Ralec
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
- * E-mail:
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13
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Hafer‐Hahmann N, Vorburger C. Positive association between the diversity of symbionts and parasitoids of aphids in field populations. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hafer‐Hahmann
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 133 Dübendorf8600Switzerland
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 133 Dübendorf8600Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zürich Universitätsstrasse 16 Zürich8092Switzerland
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14
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Badji CA, Sol-Mochkovitch Z, Fallais C, Sochard C, Simon JC, Outreman Y, Anton S. Alarm Pheromone Responses Depend on Genotype, but Not on the Presence of Facultative Endosymbionts in the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. INSECTS 2021; 12:43. [PMID: 33430009 PMCID: PMC7826508 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aphids use an alarm pheromone, E-β farnesene (EBF), to warn conspecifics of potential danger. The antennal sensitivity and behavioural escape responses to EBF can be influenced by different factors. In the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, different biotypes are adapted to different legume species, and within each biotype, different genotypes exist, which can carry or not Hamiltonella defensa, a bacterial symbiont that can confer protection against natural enemies. We investigate here the influence of the aphid genotype and symbiotic status on the escape behaviour using a four-way olfactometer and antennal sensitivity for EBF using electroantennograms (EAGs). Whereas the investigated three genotypes from two biotypes showed significantly different escape and locomotor behaviours in the presence of certain EBF doses, the infection with H. defensa did not significantly modify the escape behaviour and only marginally influenced the locomotor behaviour at high doses of EBF. Dose-response curves of EAG amplitudes after stimulation with EBF differed significantly between aphid genotypes in correlation with behavioural differences, whereas antennal sensitivity to EBF did not change significantly as a function of the symbiotic status. The protective symbiont H. defensa does thus not modify the olfactory sensitivity to the alarm pheromone. How EBF sensitivity is modified between genotypes or biotypes remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Auguste Badji
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, University Rennes, CEDEX, 49045 Angers, France; (C.A.B.); (Z.S.-M.); (C.F.)
| | - Zoé Sol-Mochkovitch
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, University Rennes, CEDEX, 49045 Angers, France; (C.A.B.); (Z.S.-M.); (C.F.)
| | - Charlotte Fallais
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, University Rennes, CEDEX, 49045 Angers, France; (C.A.B.); (Z.S.-M.); (C.F.)
| | - Corentin Sochard
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, University Rennes, CEDEX, 35000 Rennes, France; (C.S.); (Y.O.)
| | | | - Yannick Outreman
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, University Rennes, CEDEX, 35000 Rennes, France; (C.S.); (Y.O.)
| | - Sylvia Anton
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, University Rennes, CEDEX, 49045 Angers, France; (C.A.B.); (Z.S.-M.); (C.F.)
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15
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Rossbacher S, Vorburger C. Prior adaptation of parasitoids improves biological control of symbiont-protected pests. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1868-1876. [PMID: 32908591 PMCID: PMC7463345 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing demand for sustainable pest management to reduce harmful effects of pesticides on the environment and human health. For pest aphids, biological control with parasitoid wasps provides a welcome alternative, particularly in greenhouses. However, aphids are frequently infected with the heritable bacterial endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa, which increases resistance to parasitoids and thereby hampers biological control. Using the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) and its main parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum, we tested whether prior adaptation of parasitoids can improve the control of symbiont-protected pests. We had parasitoid lines adapted to two different strains of H. defensa by experimental evolution, as well as parasitoids evolved on H. defensa-free aphids. We compared their ability to control caged aphid populations comprising 60% unprotected and 40% H. defensa-protected aphids, with both H. defensa strains present in the populations. Parasitoids that were not adapted to H. defensa had virtually no effect on aphid population dynamics compared to parasitoid-free controls, but one of the adapted lines and a mixture of both adapted lines controlled aphids successfully, strongly benefitting plant growth. Selection by parasitoids altered aphid population composition in a very specific manner. Aphid populations became dominated by H. defensa-protected aphids in the presence of parasitoids, and each adapted parasitoid line selected for the H. defensa strain it was not adapted to. This study shows, for the first time, that prior adaptation of parasitoids improves biological control of symbiont-protected pests, but the high specificity of parasitoid counter-resistance may represent a challenge for its implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvan Rossbacher
- Aquatic EcologyEawagDübendorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Aquatic EcologyEawagDübendorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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16
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Dennis AB, Ballesteros GI, Robin S, Schrader L, Bast J, Berghöfer J, Beukeboom LW, Belghazi M, Bretaudeau A, Buellesbach J, Cash E, Colinet D, Dumas Z, Errbii M, Falabella P, Gatti JL, Geuverink E, Gibson JD, Hertaeg C, Hartmann S, Jacquin-Joly E, Lammers M, Lavandero BI, Lindenbaum I, Massardier-Galata L, Meslin C, Montagné N, Pak N, Poirié M, Salvia R, Smith CR, Tagu D, Tares S, Vogel H, Schwander T, Simon JC, Figueroa CC, Vorburger C, Legeai F, Gadau J. Functional insights from the GC-poor genomes of two aphid parasitoids, Aphidius ervi and Lysiphlebus fabarum. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:376. [PMID: 32471448 PMCID: PMC7257214 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitoid wasps have fascinating life cycles and play an important role in trophic networks, yet little is known about their genome content and function. Parasitoids that infect aphids are an important group with the potential for biological control. Their success depends on adapting to develop inside aphids and overcoming both host aphid defenses and their protective endosymbionts. RESULTS We present the de novo genome assemblies, detailed annotation, and comparative analysis of two closely related parasitoid wasps that target pest aphids: Aphidius ervi and Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). The genomes are small (139 and 141 Mbp) and the most AT-rich reported thus far for any arthropod (GC content: 25.8 and 23.8%). This nucleotide bias is accompanied by skewed codon usage and is stronger in genes with adult-biased expression. AT-richness may be the consequence of reduced genome size, a near absence of DNA methylation, and energy efficiency. We identify missing desaturase genes, whose absence may underlie mimicry in the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of L. fabarum. We highlight key gene groups including those underlying venom composition, chemosensory perception, and sex determination, as well as potential losses in immune pathway genes. CONCLUSIONS These findings are of fundamental interest for insect evolution and biological control applications. They provide a strong foundation for further functional studies into coevolution between parasitoids and their hosts. Both genomes are available at https://bipaa.genouest.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice B Dennis
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Gabriel I Ballesteros
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Centre for Molecular and Functional Ecology in Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Stéphanie Robin
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes, 35650, Le Rheu, France
- Université de Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Lukas Schrader
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Bast
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Université de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Zoology, Universität zu Köln, 50674, Köln, Germany
| | - Jan Berghöfer
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Leo W Beukeboom
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maya Belghazi
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, PINT, PFNT, Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Bretaudeau
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes, 35650, Le Rheu, France
- Université de Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Jan Buellesbach
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Cash
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Zoé Dumas
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Université de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohammed Errbii
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Elzemiek Geuverink
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua D Gibson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
| | - Corinne Hertaeg
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, D-USYS, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Hartmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, F-78000, Versailles, France
| | - Mark Lammers
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Blas I Lavandero
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Ina Lindenbaum
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Camille Meslin
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, F-78000, Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, F-78000, Versailles, France
| | - Nina Pak
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marylène Poirié
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Chris R Smith
- Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN, 47374, USA
| | - Denis Tagu
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | - Sophie Tares
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Université de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian C Figueroa
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Centre for Molecular and Functional Ecology in Agroecosystems, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes, 35650, Le Rheu, France
- Université de Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Jürgen Gadau
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
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17
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Hafer-Hahmann N, Vorburger C. Parasitoids as drivers of symbiont diversity in an insect host. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1232-1241. [PMID: 32375203 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immune systems have repeatedly diversified in response to parasite diversity. Many animals have outsourced part of their immune defence to defensive symbionts, which should be affected by similar evolutionary pressures as the host's own immune system. Protective symbionts provide efficient and specific protection and respond to changing selection pressure by parasites. Here we use the aphid Aphis fabae, its protective symbiont Hamiltonella defensa, and its parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum to test whether parasite diversity can maintain diversity in protective symbionts. We exposed aphid populations with the same initial symbiont composition to parasitoid populations that differed in their diversity. As expected, single parasitoid genotypes mostly favoured a single symbiont that was most protective against that particular parasitoid, while multiple symbionts persisted in aphids exposed to more diverse parasitoid populations, which in turn affected aphid population density and rates of parasitism. Parasite diversity may be crucial to maintaining symbiont diversity in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hafer-Hahmann
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Matthews AC, Mikonranta L, Raymond B. Shifts along the parasite-mutualist continuum are opposed by fundamental trade-offs. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20190236. [PMID: 30940052 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory suggests that symbionts can readily evolve more parasitic or mutualistic strategies with respect to hosts. However, many symbionts have stable interactions with hosts that improve nutrient assimilation or confer protection from pathogens. We explored the potential for evolution of increased parasitism or decreased parasitism and mutualism in a natural gut symbiosis between larvae of Plutella xylostella and the microbe Enterobacter cloacae. We focused on interactions with the pathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis: selecting for parasitism in terms of facilitating pathogen infection, or increased mutualism in terms of host protection. Selection for parasitism led to symbionts increasing pathogen-induced mortality but reduced their competitive ability with pathogens and their in vitro growth rates. Symbionts did not evolve to confer protection from pathogens. However, several lineages evolved reduced parasitism, primarily in terms of moderating impacts on host growth, potentially because prudence pays dividends through increased host size. Overall, the evolution of increased parasitism was achievable but was opposed by trade-offs likely to reduce fitness. The evolution of protection may not have occurred because suppressing growth of B. thuringiensis in the gut might provide only weak protection or because evolution towards protective interactions was opposed by the loss of competitive fitness in symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Matthews
- 1 School of Biological Science, Royal Holloway University of London , Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX , UK.,2 University of Exeter , Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE , UK
| | - Lauri Mikonranta
- 2 University of Exeter , Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE , UK.,3 Department of Biology, University of York , Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Ben Raymond
- 1 School of Biological Science, Royal Holloway University of London , Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX , UK.,2 University of Exeter , Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE , UK
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19
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Boycheva Woltering S, Romeis J, Collatz J. Influence of the Rearing Host on Biological Parameters of Trichopria drosophilae, a Potential Biological Control Agent of Drosophila suzukii. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10060183. [PMID: 31242634 PMCID: PMC6628421 DOI: 10.3390/insects10060183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Trichopria drosophilae is a pupal parasitoid that can develop in a large number of drosophilid host species including the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii, and is considered a biological control agent. We investigated the influence of the rearing host on the preference and performance of the parasitoid, using two different strains of T. drosophilae, reared on D. melanogaster or D. suzukii for approximately 30 generations. Host switching was employed to assess the impact of host adaptation on T. drosophilae performance. In a no-choice experimental setup, T. drosophilae produced more and larger offspring on the D. suzukii host. When given a choice, T. drosophilae showed a preference towards D. suzukii, and an increased female ratio on this host compared to D. melanogaster and D. immigrans. The preference was independent from the rearing host and was confirmed in behavioral assays. However, the preference towards D. suzukii increased further after a host switch from D. melanogaster to D. suzukii in just one generation. Our data indicate that rearing T. drosophilae for several years on D. melanogaster does not compromise its performance on D. suzukii in the laboratory. However, producing a final generation on D. suzukii prior to release could increase its efficacy towards the pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Boycheva Woltering
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jana Collatz
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
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20
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Mathé-Hubert H, Kremmer L, Colinet D, Gatti JL, Van Baaren J, Delava É, Poirié M. Variation in the Venom of Parasitic Wasps, Drift, or Selection? Insights From a Multivariate QST Analysis. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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21
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Hafer N, Vorburger C. Diversity begets diversity: do parasites promote variation in protective symbionts? CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:8-14. [PMID: 31113636 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insects commonly possess heritable microbial symbionts that increase their resistance to particular parasites. A diverse community of defensive symbionts may thus provide hosts with effective and specific protection against multiple parasites, although costs might constrain the accumulation of many symbionts. In parallel to the allelic diversity in the MHC complex of the vertebrate immune system, parasite diversity could be the driving force behind symbiont diversity. There is indeed evidence that parasites have the ability to drive frequencies of defensive symbionts in their hosts, and that these symbionts influence parasite communities, but direct evidence that parasite diversity can promote symbiont diversity is still lacking. We provide suggestions to investigate this potential link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hafer
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Oliver KM. Editorial overview: Microbial manipulation of insect-parasite interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:vi-ix. [PMID: 31113641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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23
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Monticelli LS, Outreman Y, Frago E, Desneux N. Impact of host endosymbionts on parasitoid host range - from mechanisms to communities. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:77-82. [PMID: 31113635 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In insects, bacterial endosymbionts are known to influence the ecology of their hosts by modifying interactions with natural enemies such as parasitoids. Symbionts can modulate both parasitoid behavioral and/or physiological traits as well as host behaviors and life-history traits. Together these suggest that endosymbionts may impact the host range of parasitoids. For example, endosymbionts may narrow parasitoid host range through first, reducing parasitoid ability to locate hosts and/or larval survival, second, affecting fitness traits of the emerging adult parasitoid and/or third, modulating the outcome of interference and exploitative competition between parasitoid species. From both a fundamental and applied point of view, these symbiotic effects would influence the ecology and evolution of parasitoids and associated population-level processes and ecosystem services (e.g. biocontrol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie S Monticelli
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Yannick Outreman
- Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne-Loire, UMR IGEPP, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Enric Frago
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Saint-Pierre, Reunion, France
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France.
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24
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Ye Z, Vollhardt IMG, Parth N, Rubbmark O, Traugott M. Facultative bacterial endosymbionts shape parasitoid food webs in natural host populations: A correlative analysis. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:1440-1451. [PMID: 29928757 PMCID: PMC6099228 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Facultative bacterial endosymbionts can protect their aphid hosts from natural enemies such as hymenopteran parasitoids. As such, they have the capability to modulate interactions between aphids, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. However, the magnitude of these effects in natural aphid populations and their associated parasitoid communities is currently unknown. Moreover, environmental factors such as plant fertilization and landscape complexity are known to affect aphid–parasitoid interactions but it remains unclear how such environmental factors affect the interplay between aphids, parasitoids and endosymbionts. Here, we tested whether facultative endosymbionts confer protection to parasitoids in natural populations of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, and if this is affected by plant fertilization and landscape complexity. Furthermore, we examined whether the effects of facultative endosymbionts can cascade up to the hyperparasitoid level and increase primary‐hyperparasitoid food web specialization. Living aphids and mummies were collected in fertilized and unfertilized plots within 13 wheat fields in Central Germany. We assessed the occurrence of primary parasitoid, hyperparasitoid and endosymbiont species in aphids and mummies using a newly established molecular approach. Facultative endosymbiont infection rates were high across fields (~80%), independent of whether aphids were parasitized or unparasitized. Aphid mummies exhibited a significantly lower share of facultative endosymbiont infection (~38%). These findings suggest that facultative endosymbionts do not affect parasitoid oviposition behaviour, but decrease parasitoid survival in the host. Facultative endosymbiont infection rates were lower in mummies collected from fertilized compared to unfertilized plants, indicating that plant fertilization boosts the facultative endosymbiont protective effect. Furthermore, we found strong evidence for species‐specific and negative cascading effects of facultative endosymbionts on primary and hyperparasitoids, respectively. Facultative endosymbionts impacted parasitoid assemblages and increased the specialization of primary‐hyperparasitoid food webs: these effects were independent from and much stronger than other environmental factors. The current findings strongly suggest that facultative endosymbionts act as a driving force in aphid–parasitoid–hyperparasitoid networks: they shape insect community composition at different trophic levels and modulate, directly and indirectly, the interactions between aphids, parasitoids and their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengpei Ye
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ines M G Vollhardt
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadia Parth
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oskar Rubbmark
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Traugott
- Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Vorburger C, Perlman SJ. The role of defensive symbionts in host-parasite coevolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1747-1764. [PMID: 29663622 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the coevolution of hosts and parasites is a long-standing goal of evolutionary biology. There is a well-developed theoretical framework to describe the evolution of host-parasite interactions under the assumption of direct, two-species interactions, which can result in arms race dynamics or sustained genotype fluctuations driven by negative frequency dependence (Red Queen dynamics). However, many hosts rely on symbionts for defence against parasites. Whilst the ubiquity of defensive symbionts and their potential importance for disease control are increasingly recognized, there is still a gap in our understanding of how symbionts mediate or possibly take part in host-parasite coevolution. Herein we address this question by synthesizing information already available from theoretical and empirical studies. First, we briefly introduce current hypotheses on how defensive mutualisms evolved from more parasitic relationships and highlight exciting new experimental evidence showing that this can occur very rapidly. We go on to show that defensive symbionts influence virtually all important determinants of coevolutionary dynamics, namely the variation in host resistance available to selection by parasites, the specificity of host resistance, and the trade-off structure between host resistance and other components of fitness. In light of these findings, we turn to the limited theory and experiments available for such three-species interactions to assess the role of defensive symbionts in host-parasite coevolution. Specifically, we discuss under which conditions the defensive symbiont may take over from the host the reciprocal adaptation with parasites and undergo its own selection dynamics, thereby altering or relaxing selection on the hosts' own immune defences. Finally, we address potential effects of defensive symbionts on the evolution of parasite virulence. This is an important problem for which there is no single, clear-cut prediction. The selection on parasite virulence resulting from the presence of defensive symbionts in their hosts will depend on the underlying mechanism of defence. We identify the evolutionary predictions for different functional categories of symbiont-conferred resistance and we evaluate the empirical literature for supporting evidence. We end this review with outstanding questions and promising avenues for future research to improve our understanding of symbiont-mediated coevolution between hosts and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Vorburger
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Steve J Perlman
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
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26
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Hertäg C, Vorburger C. Defensive symbionts mediate species coexistence in phytophagous insects. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Hertäg
- EawagSwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
- D‐USYSDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- EawagSwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
- D‐USYSDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
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27
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Andersen JC, Mills NJ. Comparative genetics of invasive populations of walnut aphid, Chromaphis juglandicola, and its introduced parasitoid, Trioxys pallidus, in California. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:801-811. [PMID: 29321915 PMCID: PMC5756880 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coevolution may be an important component of the sustainability of importation biological control, but how frequently introduced natural enemies coevolve with their target pests is unclear. Here we explore whether comparative population genetics of the invasive walnut aphid, Chromaphis juglandicola, and its introduced parasitoid, Trioxys pallidus, provide insights into the localized breakdown of biological control services in walnut orchards in California. We found that sampled populations of C. juglandicola exhibited higher estimates of genetic differentiation (FST) than co-occurring populations of T. pallidus. In contrast, estimates of both the inbreeding coefficient (GIS) and contemporary gene flow were higher for T. pallidus than for C. juglandicola. We also found evidence of reciprocal outlier loci in some locations, but none showed significant signatures of selection. Synthesis and applications. Understanding the importance of coevolutionary interactions for the sustainability of biological control remains an important and understudied component of biological control research. Given the observed differences in gene flow and genetic differentiation among populations of T. pallidus and C. juglandicola, we suspect that temporary local disruption of biological control services may occur more frequently than expected while remaining stable at broader regional scales. Further research that combines genomewide single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping with measurements of phenotypic traits is needed to provide more conclusive evidence of whether the occurrence of outlier loci that display significant signatures of selection can be interpreted as evidence of the presence of a geographic mosaic of coevolution in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C. Andersen
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Nicholas J. Mills
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and ManagementUniversity of California BerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
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28
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Leclair M, Polin S, Jousseaume T, Simon JC, Sugio A, Morlière S, Fukatsu T, Tsuchida T, Outreman Y. Consequences of coinfection with protective symbionts on the host phenotype and symbiont titres in the pea aphid system. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:798-808. [PMID: 27514019 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic associations between microbes and insects are widespread, and it is frequent that several symbionts share the same host individual. Hence, interactions can occur between these symbionts, influencing their respective abundance within the host with consequences on its phenotype. Here, we investigate the effects of multiple infections in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, which is the host of an obligatory and several facultative symbionts. In particular, we study the influence of a coinfection with 2 protective symbionts: Hamiltonella defensa, which confers protection against parasitoids, and Rickettsiella viridis, which provides protection against fungal pathogens and predators. The effects of Hamiltonella-Rickettsiella coinfection on the respective abundance of the symbionts, host fitness and efficacy of enemy protection were studied. Asymmetrical interactions between the 2 protective symbionts have been found: when they coinfect the same aphid individuals, the Rickettsiella infection affected Hamiltonella abundance within hosts but not the Hamiltonella-mediated protective phenotype while the Hamiltonella infection negatively influences the Rickettsiella-mediated protective phenotype but not its abundance. Harboring the 2 protective symbionts also reduced the survival and fecundity of host individuals. Overall, this work highlights the effects of multiple infections on symbiont abundances and host traits that are likely to impact the maintenance of the symbiotic associations in natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Leclair
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne-Loire, Rennes, France
| | - Sarah Polin
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne-Loire, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Akiko Sugio
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
| | | | | | - Tsutomu Tsuchida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yannick Outreman
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, Université Bretagne-Loire, Rennes, France
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29
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Käch H, Mathé-Hubert H, Dennis AB, Vorburger C. Rapid evolution of symbiont-mediated resistance compromises biological control of aphids by parasitoids. Evol Appl 2017; 11:220-230. [PMID: 29387157 PMCID: PMC5775498 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in biological control as a sustainable and environmentally friendly way to control pest insects. Aphids are among the most detrimental agricultural pests worldwide, and parasitoid wasps are frequently employed for their control. The use of asexual parasitoids may improve the effectiveness of biological control because only females kill hosts and because asexual populations have a higher growth rate than sexuals. However, asexuals may have a reduced capacity to track evolutionary change in their host populations. We used a factorial experiment to compare the ability of sexual and asexual populations of the parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum to control caged populations of black bean aphids (Aphis fabae) of high and low clonal diversity. The aphids came from a natural population, and one‐third of the aphid clones harbored Hamiltonella defensa, a heritable bacterial endosymbiont that increases resistance to parasitoids. We followed aphid and parasitoid population dynamics for 3 months but found no evidence that the reproductive mode of parasitoids affected their effectiveness as biocontrol agents, independent of host clonal diversity. Parasitoids failed to control aphids in most cases, because their introduction resulted in strong selection for clones protected by H. defensa. The increasingly resistant aphid populations escaped control by parasitoids, and we even observed parasitoid extinctions in many cages. The rapid evolution of symbiont‐conferred resistance in turn imposed selection on parasitoids. In cages where asexual parasitoids persisted until the end of the experiment, they became dominated by a single genotype able to overcome the protection provided by H. defensa. Thus, there was evidence for parasitoid counteradaptation, but it was generally too slow for parasitoids to regain control over aphid populations. It appears that when pest aphids possess defensive symbionts, the presence of parasitoid genotypes able to overcome symbiont‐conferred resistance is more important for biocontrol success than their reproductive mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Käch
- Aquatic Ecology Eawag Dübendorf Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | | | - Alice B Dennis
- Institute for Biochemistry & Biology University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Aquatic Ecology Eawag Dübendorf Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
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30
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Kraft LJ, Kopco J, Harmon JP, Oliver KM. Aphid symbionts and endogenous resistance traits mediate competition between rival parasitoids. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180729. [PMID: 28700614 PMCID: PMC5507255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects use endogenous mechanisms and infection with protective symbionts to thwart attacks from natural enemies. Defenses that target specific enemies, however, potentially mediate competition between rivals and thereby impact community composition. Following its introduction to North America to control pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), the parasitoid Aphidius ervi competitively displaced other parasitoids, except for the native Praon pequodorum. The pea aphid exhibits tremendous clonal variation in resistance to A. ervi, primarily through infection with the heritable bacterial symbiont Hamiltonella defensa, although some symbiont-free aphid genotypes encode endogenous resistance. Interestingly, H. defensa strains and aphid genotypes that protect against A. ervi, provide no protection against the closely related, P. pequodorum. Given the specificity of aphid defenses, we hypothesized that aphid resistance traits may contribute to the continued persistence of P. pequodorum. We conducted multiparasitism assays to determine whether aphid resistance traits mediate internal competition between these two solitary parasitoid species, but found this was not the case; P. pequodorum was the successful internal competitor across lines varying in susceptibility to A. ervi. Next, to determine whether resistance traits influence competitive interactions resulting in the stable persistence of P. pequodorum, we established replicated cages varying in the proportion of resistant aphids and recorded successful parasitism for each wasp species over time. As expected, A. ervi outcompeted P. pequodorum in cages containing only susceptible aphids. However, P. pequodorum not only persisted, but was the superior competitor in populations containing any proportion (20–100%) of resistant aphids (20–100%). Smaller scale, better replicated competition cage studies corroborated this finding, and no-competition and behavioral assays provide insight into the processes mediating competition. Genetic variation, including that acquired via infection with protective symbionts, may provide a supply of hosts susceptible only to particular enemies, mediating competition with effects on community richness and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Kraft
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James Kopco
- Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jason P. Harmon
- Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Kerry M. Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Hoang KL, Morran LT, Gerardo NM. Experimental Evolution as an Underutilized Tool for Studying Beneficial Animal-Microbe Interactions. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1444. [PMID: 27679620 PMCID: PMC5020044 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms play a significant role in the evolution and functioning of the eukaryotes with which they interact. Much of our understanding of beneficial host–microbe interactions stems from studying already established associations; we often infer the genotypic and environmental conditions that led to the existing host–microbe relationships. However, several outstanding questions remain, including understanding how host and microbial (internal) traits, and ecological and evolutionary (external) processes, influence the origin of beneficial host–microbe associations. Experimental evolution has helped address a range of evolutionary and ecological questions across different model systems; however, it has been greatly underutilized as a tool to study beneficial host–microbe associations. In this review, we suggest ways in which experimental evolution can further our understanding of the proximate and ultimate mechanisms shaping mutualistic interactions between eukaryotic hosts and microbes. By tracking beneficial interactions under defined conditions or evolving novel associations among hosts and microbes with little prior evolutionary interaction, we can link specific genotypes to phenotypes that can be directly measured. Moreover, this approach will help address existing puzzles in beneficial symbiosis research: how symbioses evolve, how symbioses are maintained, and how both host and microbe influence their partner’s evolutionary trajectories. By bridging theoretical predictions and empirical tests, experimental evolution provides us with another approach to test hypotheses regarding the evolution of beneficial host–microbe associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Hoang
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Levi T Morran
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole M Gerardo
- Department of Biology, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
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32
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Diversity in symbiont consortia in the pea aphid complex is associated with large phenotypic variation in the insect host. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Hopkins SR, Ocampo JM, Wojdak JM, Belden LK. Host community composition and defensive symbionts determine trematode parasite abundance in host communities. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Skylar R. Hopkins
- Department of Biological Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24060 USA
| | - Jancarla M. Ocampo
- Department of Biological Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24060 USA
| | - Jeremy M. Wojdak
- Department of Biology Radford University Radford Virginia 24142 USA
| | - Lisa K. Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24060 USA
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34
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Mateos M, Winter L, Winter C, Higareda-Alvear VM, Martinez-Romero E, Xie J. Independent origins of resistance or susceptibility of parasitic wasps to a defensive symbiont. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2679-87. [PMID: 27066241 PMCID: PMC4798148 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect microbe associations are diverse, widespread, and influential. Among the fitness effects of microbes on their hosts, defense against natural enemies is increasingly recognized as ubiquitous, particularly among those associations involving heritable, yet facultative, bacteria. Protective mutualisms generate complex ecological and coevolutionary dynamics that are only beginning to be elucidated. These depend in part on the degree to which symbiont‐mediated protection exhibits specificity to one or more members of the natural enemy community. Recent findings in a well‐studied defensive mutualism system (i.e., aphids, bacteria, parasitoid wasps) reveal repeated instances of evolution of susceptibility or resistance to defensive bacteria by parasitoids. This study searched for similar patterns in an emerging model system for defensive mutualisms: the interaction of Drosophila, bacteria in the genus Spiroplasma, and wasps that parasitize larval stages of Drosophila. Previous work indicated that three divergent species of parasitic wasps are strongly inhibited by the presence of Spiroplasma in three divergent species of Drosophila, including D. melanogaster. The results of this study uncovered two additional wasp species that are susceptible to Spiroplasma and two that are unaffected by Spiroplasma, implying at least two instances of loss or gain of susceptibility to Spiroplasma among larval parasitoids of Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Mateos
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Lauryn Winter
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Caitlyn Winter
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
| | | | | | - Jialei Xie
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas
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35
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Rodrigues LR, Duncan AB, Clemente SH, Moya-Laraño J, Magalhães S. Integrating Competition for Food, Hosts, or Mates via Experimental Evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 2016; 31:158-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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36
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Smith AH, Łukasik P, O'Connor MP, Lee A, Mayo G, Drott MT, Doll S, Tuttle R, Disciullo RA, Messina A, Oliver KM, Russell JA. Patterns, causes and consequences of defensive microbiome dynamics across multiple scales. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:1135-49. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H. Smith
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Piotr Łukasik
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | | | - Amanda Lee
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Garrett Mayo
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Milton T. Drott
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Steven Doll
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Robert Tuttle
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | | | - Andrea Messina
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Kerry M. Oliver
- Department of Entomology; University of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Jacob A. Russell
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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37
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McLean AHC, Godfray HCJ. An experimental test of whether the defensive phenotype of an aphid facultative symbiont can respond to selection within a host lineage. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111601. [PMID: 25396733 PMCID: PMC4232250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test whether parasitoid resistance within a single clonal line of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) might increase after exposure to the parasitoid wasp Aphidius ervi. Any change in resistance was expected to occur through an increase in the density of protective symbiotic bacteria rather than genetic change within the aphid or the bacterial symbiont. Six aphid lineages were exposed to high parasitoid attack rates over nine generations, each line being propagated from individuals that had survived attack; a further six lineages were maintained without parasitoids as a control. At the end of the experiment the strength of resistance of aphids from treatment and control lines were compared. No differences in resistance were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa H. C. McLean
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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38
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Oliver KM, Martinez AJ. How resident microbes modulate ecologically-important traits of insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 4:1-7. [PMID: 28043402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota inhabiting insects influence a wide range of ecologically-important traits. In addition to their better-known roles in nutrient provisioning and degrading plant polymers, there is emerging evidence that microorganisms also aid herbivores in countering plant defenses. The latter can be mediated by enzymes that degrade plant allelochemicals or via the modulation of plant signaling pathways. Symbionts are also increasingly recognized to protect insects from attack by a wide range of natural enemies. Underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, but some microbes produce antimicrobials or toxins, while others modulate insect immune responses. Ecologically-relevant symbioses can exhibit dynamic variation in strength and specificity of conferred phenotypes, transfer key traits among unrelated insects, and have effects that extend to interacting players and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Adam J Martinez
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Kerstes NAG, Martin OY. Insect host-parasite coevolution in the light of experimental evolution. INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 21:401-414. [PMID: 24130157 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The many ways parasites can impact their host species have been the focus of intense study using a range of approaches. A particularly promising but under-used method in this context is experimental evolution, because it allows targeted manipulation of known populations exposed to contrasting conditions. The strong potential of applying this method to the study of insect hosts and their associated parasites is demonstrated by the few available long-term experiments where insects have been exposed to parasites. In this review, we summarize these studies, which have delivered valuable insights into the evolution of resistance in response to parasite pressure, the underlying mechanisms, as well as correlated genetic responses. We further assess findings from relevant artificial selection studies in the interrelated contexts of immunity, life history, and reproduction. In addition, we discuss a number of well-studied Tribolium castaneum-Nosema whitei coevolution experiments in more detail and provide suggestions for research. Specifically, we suggest that future experiments should also be performed using nonmodel hosts and should incorporate contrasting experimental conditions, such as population sizes or environments. Finally, we expect that adding a third partner, for example, a second parasite or symbiont, to a host-parasite system could strongly impact (co)evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels A G Kerstes
- Experimental Ecology, Institute for Integrative Biology, D-USYS, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Martinez AJ, Ritter SG, Doremus MR, Russell JA, Oliver KM. Aphid-encoded variability in susceptibility to a parasitoid. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:127. [PMID: 24916045 PMCID: PMC4057601 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many animals exhibit variation in resistance to specific natural enemies. Such variation may be encoded in their genomes or derived from infection with protective symbionts. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, for example, exhibits tremendous variation in susceptibility to a common natural enemy, the parasitic wasp Aphidius ervi. Pea aphids are often infected with the heritable bacterial symbiont, Hamiltonella defensa, which confers partial to complete resistance against this parasitoid depending on bacterial strain and associated bacteriophages. That previous studies found that pea aphids without H. defensa (or other symbionts) were generally susceptible to parasitism, together with observations of a limited encapsulation response, suggested that pea aphids largely rely on infection with H. defensa for protection against parasitoids. However, the limited number of uninfected clones previously examined, and our recent report of two symbiont-free resistant clones, led us to explicitly examine aphid-encoded variability in resistance to parasitoids. RESULTS After rigorous screening for known and unknown symbionts, and microsatellite genotyping to confirm clonal identity, we conducted parasitism assays using fifteen clonal pea aphid lines. We recovered significant variability in aphid-encoded resistance, with variation levels comparable to that contributed by H. defensa. Because resistance can be costly, we also measured aphid longevity and cumulative fecundity of the most and least resistant aphid lines under permissive conditions, but found no trade-offs between higher resistance and these fitness parameters. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that pea aphid resistance to A. ervi is more complex than previously appreciated, and that aphids employ multiple tactics to aid in their defense. While we did not detect a tradeoff, these may become apparent under stressful conditions or when resistant and susceptible aphids are in direct competition. Understanding sources and amounts of variation in resistance to natural enemies is necessary to understand the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of antagonistic interactions, such as the potential for coevolution, but also for the successful management of pest populations through biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Martinez
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602, USA
| | - Shannon G Ritter
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602, USA
| | - Matthew R Doremus
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602, USA
| | - Jacob A Russell
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Kerry M Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602, USA
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Vorburger C. The evolutionary ecology of symbiont-conferred resistance to parasitoids in aphids. INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 21:251-264. [PMID: 24167113 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aphids may harbor a wide variety of facultative bacterial endosymbionts. These symbionts are transmitted maternally with high fidelity and they show horizontal transmission as well, albeit at rates too low to enable infectious spread. Such symbionts need to provide a net fitness benefit to their hosts to persist and spread. Several symbionts have achieved this by evolving the ability to protect their hosts against parasitoids. Reviewing empirical work and some models, I explore the evolutionary ecology of symbiont-conferred resistance to parasitoids in order to understand how defensive symbiont frequencies are maintained at the intermediate levels observed in aphid populations. I further show that defensive symbionts alter the reciprocal selection between aphids and parasitoids by augmenting the heritable variation for resistance, by increasing the genetic specificity of the host-parasitoid interaction, and by inducing environment-dependent trade-offs. These effects are conducive to very dynamic, symbiont-mediated coevolution that is driven by frequency-dependent selection. Finally I argue that defensive symbionts represent a problem for biological control of pest aphids, and I propose to mitigate this problem by exploiting the parasitoids' demonstrated ability to rapidly evolve counteradaptations to symbiont-conferred resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Vorburger
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich; EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Rouchet R, Vorburger C. EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION OF PARASITOID INFECTIVITY ON SYMBIONT-PROTECTED HOSTS LEADS TO THE EMERGENCE OF GENOTYPE SPECIFICITY. Evolution 2014; 68:1607-16. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Rouchet
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- EAWAG; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Christoph Vorburger
- Institute of Integrative Biology; ETH Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- EAWAG; Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Dübendorf Switzerland
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Zepeda-Paulo FA, Ortiz-Martínez SA, Figueroa CC, Lavandero B. Adaptive evolution of a generalist parasitoid: implications for the effectiveness of biological control agents. Evol Appl 2013; 6:983-99. [PMID: 24062806 PMCID: PMC3779098 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of alternative hosts imposes divergent selection pressures on parasitoid populations. In response to selective pressures, these populations may follow different evolutionary trajectories. Divergent natural selection could promote local host adaptation in populations, translating into direct benefits for biological control, thereby increasing their effectiveness on the target host. Alternatively, adaptive phenotypic plasticity could be favored over local adaptation in temporal and spatially heterogeneous environments. We investigated the existence of local host adaptation in Aphidius ervi, an important biological control agent, by examining different traits related to infectivity (preference) and virulence (a proxy of parasitoid fitness) on different aphid-host species. The results showed significant differences in parasitoid infectivity on their natal host compared with the non-natal hosts. However, parasitoids showed a similar high fitness on both natal and non-natal hosts, thus supporting a lack of host adaptation in these introduced parasitoid populations. Our results highlight the role of phenotypic plasticity in fitness-related traits of parasitoids, enabling them to maximize fitness on alternative hosts. This could be used to increase the effectiveness of biological control. In addition, A. ervi females showed significant differences in infectivity and virulence across the tested host range, thus suggesting a possible host phylogeny effect for those traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca A Zepeda-Paulo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de TalcaTalca, Chile
| | - Sebastián A Ortiz-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de TalcaTalca, Chile
| | - Christian C Figueroa
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de TalcaTalca, Chile
| | - Blas Lavandero
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Biología Vegetal y Biotecnología, Universidad de TalcaTalca, Chile
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Oliver KM, Smith AH, Russell JA. Defensive symbiosis in the real world - advancing ecological studies of heritable, protective bacteria in aphids and beyond. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M. Oliver
- Department of Entomology; University of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Andrew H. Smith
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Jacob A. Russell
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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The diversity and fitness effects of infection with facultative endosymbionts in the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae. Oecologia 2013; 173:985-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Vorburger C, Ganesanandamoorthy P, Kwiatkowski M. Comparing constitutive and induced costs of symbiont-conferred resistance to parasitoids in aphids. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:706-13. [PMID: 23533102 PMCID: PMC3605857 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defenses against parasites do not come for free. The evolution of increased resistance can be constrained by constitutive costs associated with possessing defense mechanisms, and by induced costs of deploying them. These two types of costs are typically considered with respect to resistance as a genetically determined trait, but they may also apply to resistance provided by ‘helpers’ such as bacterial endosymbionts. We investigated the costs of symbiont-conferred resistance in the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae (Scopoli), which receives strong protection against the parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum from the defensive endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa. Aphids infected with H. defensa were almost ten times more resistant to L. fabarum than genetically identical aphids without this symbiont, but in the absence of parasitoids, they had strongly reduced lifespans, resulting in lower lifetime reproduction. This is evidence for a substantial constitutive cost of harboring H. defensa. We did not observe any induced cost of symbiont-conferred resistance. On the contrary, symbiont-protected aphids that resisted a parasitoid attack enjoyed increased longevity and lifetime reproduction compared with unattacked controls, whereas unprotected aphids suffered a reduction of longevity and reproduction after resisting an attack. This surprising result suggests that by focusing exclusively on the protection, we might underestimate the selective advantage of infection with H. defensa in the presence of parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Vorburger
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland ; EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Russell JA, Weldon S, Smith AH, Kim KL, Hu Y, Łukasik P, Doll S, Anastopoulos I, Novin M, Oliver KM. Uncovering symbiont-driven genetic diversity across North American pea aphids. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:2045-59. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Russell
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; 3245 Chestnut St Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Stephanie Weldon
- Department of Entomology; University of Georgia; 413 Biological Sciences Building Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Andrew H. Smith
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; 3245 Chestnut St Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Kyungsun L. Kim
- Department of Entomology; University of Georgia; 413 Biological Sciences Building Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; 3245 Chestnut St Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Piotr Łukasik
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; 3245 Chestnut St Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Steven Doll
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; 3245 Chestnut St Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Ioannis Anastopoulos
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; 3245 Chestnut St Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Matthew Novin
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; 3245 Chestnut St Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Kerry M. Oliver
- Department of Entomology; University of Georgia; 413 Biological Sciences Building Athens GA 30602 USA
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van Nouhuys S, Niemikapee S, Hanski I. Variation in a Host-Parasitoid Interaction across Independent Populations. INSECTS 2012; 3:1236-56. [PMID: 26466737 PMCID: PMC4553574 DOI: 10.3390/insects3041236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antagonistic relationships between parasitoids and their insect hosts involve multiple traits and are shaped by their ecological and evolutionary context. The parasitoid wasp Cotesia melitaearum and its host butterfly Melitaea cinxia occur in several locations around the Baltic sea, with differences in landscape structure, population sizes and the histories of the populations. We compared the virulence of the parasitoid and the susceptibility of the host from five populations in a reciprocal transplant-style experiment using the progeny of five independent host and parasitoid individuals from each population. The host populations showed significant differences in the rate of encapsulation and parasitoid development rate. The parasitoid populations differed in brood size, development rate, pupal size and adult longevity. Some trait differences depended on specific host-parasitoid combinations, but neither species performed systematically better or worse in experiments involving local versus non-local populations of the other species. Furthermore, individuals from host populations with the most recent common ancestry did not perform alike, and there was no negative effect due to a history of inbreeding in the parasitoid. The complex pattern of variation in the traits related to the vulnerability of the host and the ability of the parasitoid to exploit the host may reflect multiple functions of the traits that would hinder simple local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskya van Nouhuys
- Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), University of Helsinki, FI 00014, Finland.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Suvi Niemikapee
- Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), University of Helsinki, FI 00014, Finland.
| | - Ilkka Hanski
- Department of Biosciences, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), University of Helsinki, FI 00014, Finland.
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Rouchet R, Vorburger C. Strong specificity in the interaction between parasitoids and symbiont-protected hosts. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2369-75. [PMID: 22998667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution between hosts and parasites may promote the maintenance of genetic variation in both antagonists by negative frequency-dependence if the host-parasite interaction is genotype-specific. Here we tested for specificity in the interaction between parasitoids (Lysiphlebus fabarum) and aphid hosts (Aphis fabae) that are protected by a heritable defensive endosymbiont, the γ-proteobacterium Hamiltonella defensa. Previous studies reported a lack of genotype specificity between unprotected aphids and parasitoids, but suggested that symbiont-conferred resistance might exhibit a higher degree of specificity. Indeed, in addition to ample variation in host resistance as well as parasitoid infectivity, we found a strong aphid clone-by-parasitoid line interaction on the rates of successful parasitism. This genotype specificity appears to be mediated by H. defensa, highlighting the important role that endosymbionts can play in host-parasite coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Rouchet
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Kawecki TJ, Lenski RE, Ebert D, Hollis B, Olivieri I, Whitlock MC. Experimental evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 2012; 27:547-60. [PMID: 22819306 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evolution is the study of evolutionary processes occurring in experimental populations in response to conditions imposed by the experimenter. This research approach is increasingly used to study adaptation, estimate evolutionary parameters, and test diverse evolutionary hypotheses. Long applied in vaccine development, experimental evolution also finds new applications in biotechnology. Recent technological developments provide a path towards detailed understanding of the genomic and molecular basis of experimental evolutionary change, while new findings raise new questions that can be addressed with this approach. However, experimental evolution has important limitations, and the interpretation of results is subject to caveats resulting from small population sizes, limited timescales, the simplified nature of laboratory environments, and, in some cases, the potential to misinterpret the selective forces and other processes at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz J Kawecki
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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