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Kyogoku D, Sota T. Sexual selection increased offspring production via evolution of male and female traits. J Evol Biol 2020; 34:501-511. [PMID: 33314378 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic evolution driven by sexual selection can impact the fitness of individuals and thus population performance through multiple mechanisms, but it is unresolved how and when sexual selection affects offspring production by females. We examined the effects of sexual selection on offspring production by females using replicated experimental evolutionary lines of Callosobruchus chinensis that were kept under polygamy (with sexual selection) or monogamy (without sexual selection) for 21 generations. We found that polygamous-line pairs produced more offspring than monogamous-line pairs, because polygamous-line beetles evolved to be larger than monogamous-line beetles, and larger females were more fecund. Egg hatchability did not differ between polygamous- and monogamous-line pairs, as a result of the positive and negative effects of sexual selection cancelling out. When mated with an individual from a common tester line, both polygamous-line females and males showed higher hatchability in resultant eggs than monogamous ones. Further, cohabitation with a male reduced egg hatchability, and this effect was more pronounced in polygamous-line than in monogamous-line males. These results demonstrate multiple mechanisms by which sexual selection affects female fitness, with the net effect being positive. Analyses of how development time, body size and male genital morphology were influenced by selection regime suggest that these results arose from both evolution via good-gene processes and sexually antagonistic selection. Our results are also consistent with the hypothesis that the fitness consequences of sexual selection for females are dependent on the evolutionary history of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kyogoku
- Ecological Integration, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Flintham EO, Yoshida T, Smith S, Pavlou HJ, Goodwin SF, Carazo P, Wigby S. Interactions between the sexual identity of the nervous system and the social environment mediate lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1450. [PMID: 30487307 PMCID: PMC6283938 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in lifespan are ubiquitous, but the underlying causal factors remain poorly understood. Inter- and intrasexual social interactions are well known to influence lifespan in many taxa, but it has proved challenging to separate the role of sex-specific behaviours from wider physiological differences between the sexes. To address this problem, we genetically manipulated the sexual identity of the nervous system-and hence sexual behaviour-in Drosophila melanogaster, and measured lifespan under varying social conditions. Consistent with previous studies, masculinization of the nervous system in females induced male-specific courtship behaviour and aggression, while nervous system feminization in males induced male-male courtship and reduced aggression. Control females outlived males, but masculinized female groups displayed male-like lifespans and male-like costs of group living. By varying the mixture of control and masculinized females within social groups, we show that male-specific behaviours are costly to recipients, even when received from females. However, consistent with recent findings, our data suggest courtship expression to be surprisingly low cost. Overall, our study indicates that nervous system-mediated expression of sex-specific behaviour per se-independent of wider physiological differences between the sexes, or the receipt of aggression or courtship-plays a limited role in mediating sex differences in lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan O. Flintham
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 5PS, UK,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK,e-mail:
| | - Tomoyo Yoshida
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 5PS, UK
| | - Sophie Smith
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 5PS, UK
| | - Hania J. Pavlou
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Stephen F. Goodwin
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Pau Carazo
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Stuart Wigby
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 5PS, UK
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3
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Van Haren MM, Rönn JL, Schilthuizen M, Arnqvist G. Postmating sexual selection and the enigmatic jawed genitalia of Callosobruchus subinnotatus. Biol Open 2017; 6:1008-1012. [PMID: 28583926 PMCID: PMC5550917 DOI: 10.1242/bio.025684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect genitalia exhibit rapid divergent evolution. Truly extraordinary structures have evolved in some groups, presumably as a result of postmating sexual selection. To increase our understanding of this phenomenon, we studied the function of one such structure. The male genitalia of Callosobruchus subinnotatus (Coleoptera: Bruchinae) contain a pair of jaw-like structures with unknown function. Here, we used phenotypic engineering to ablate the teeth on these jaws. We then experimentally assessed the effects of ablation of the genital jaws on mating duration, ejaculate weight, male fertilization success and female fecundity, using a double-mating experimental design. We predicted that copulatory wounding in females should be positively related to male fertilization success; however, we found no significant correlation between genital tract scarring in females and male fertilization success. Male fertilization success was, however, positively related to the amount of ejaculate transferred by males and negatively related to female ejaculate dumping. Ablation of male genital jaws did not affect male relative fertilization success but resulted in a reduction in female egg production. Our results suggest that postmating sexual selection in males indeed favors these genital jaws, not primarily through an elevated relative success in sperm competition but by increasing female egg production. Summary: A toothed jaw-like structure on the male genitalia of the seed beetle Callosobruchus subinnotatus increases female egg production after mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel M Van Haren
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Evolutionsbiologiskt Centrum EBC, Norbyvägen 18 D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Uppsala University, Sweden .,Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vondellaan 55, 2332 AA Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Liljestrand Rönn
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Evolutionsbiologiskt Centrum EBC, Norbyvägen 18 D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Menno Schilthuizen
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vondellaan 55, 2332 AA Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Göran Arnqvist
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Evolutionsbiologiskt Centrum EBC, Norbyvägen 18 D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Okayama K, Katsuki M, Sumida Y, Okada K. Costs and benefits of symbiosis between a bean beetle and Wolbachia. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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5
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Filippov AE, Matsumura Y, Kovalev AE, Gorb SN. Stiffness gradient of the beetle penis facilitates propulsion in the spiraled female spermathecal duct. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27608. [PMID: 27334674 PMCID: PMC4918010 DOI: 10.1038/srep27608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that sexual selection is the main driving force of substantial diversity of genitalia found in animals. However, how it facilitates the diversity is still largely unknown, because genital morpho/physical features and motions/functional morphology of the structures in sexual intercourse are not linked for the vast majority of organisms. Here we showed the presence of material gradient and numerically studied an effect of stiffness gradient of the beetle penis during its propulsion through the female duct. We found that stiffness gradient on the penis essentially affects its propulsion. Microscopic investigation suggests the possibility that the tip of the hyper-elongated penis is softer than the rest of it, and our numerical model confirms that this type of distribution of stiffness gradient aids in faster propulsion than other types. This result indicates that previously ignored physical properties of genital materials are of crucial importance in evolutionary studies of genitalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Filippov
- Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.,Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering, National Academy of Science, 340114, Donetsk, Ukraine
| | - Yoko Matsumura
- Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.,Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan
| | - Alexander E Kovalev
- Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute of the Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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Booksmythe I, Head ML, Keogh JS, Jennions MD. Fitness consequences of artificial selection on relative male genital size. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11597. [PMID: 27188478 PMCID: PMC4873965 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Male genitalia often show remarkable differences among related species in size, shape and complexity. Across poeciliid fishes, the elongated fin (gonopodium) that males use to inseminate females ranges from 18 to 53% of body length. Relative genital size therefore varies greatly among species. In contrast, there is often tight within-species allometric scaling, which suggests strong selection against genital-body size combinations that deviate from a species' natural line of allometry. We tested this constraint by artificially selecting on the allometric intercept, creating lines of males with relatively longer or shorter gonopodia than occur naturally for a given body size in mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki. We show that relative genital length is heritable and diverged 7.6-8.9% between our up-selected and down-selected lines, with correlated changes in body shape. However, deviation from the natural line of allometry does not affect male success in assays of attractiveness, swimming performance and, crucially, reproductive success (paternity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Booksmythe
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 116, Daley Road, Acton, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions Research, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Megan L Head
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 116, Daley Road, Acton, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - J Scott Keogh
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 116, Daley Road, Acton, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Michael D Jennions
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Building 116, Daley Road, Acton, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Rudoy A, Ribera I. The macroevolution of size and complexity in insect male genitalia. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1882. [PMID: 27114865 PMCID: PMC4841225 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of insect male genitalia has received much attention, but there is still a lack of data on the macroevolutionary origin of its extraordinary variation. We used a calibrated molecular phylogeny of 71 of the 150 known species of the beetle genus Limnebius to study the evolution of the size and complexity of the male genitalia in its two subgenera, Bilimneus, with small species with simple genitalia, and Limnebius s.str., with a much larger variation in size and complexity. We reconstructed ancestral values of complexity (perimeter and fractal dimension of the aedeagus) and genital and body size with Bayesian methods. Complexity evolved more in agreement with a Brownian model, although with evidence of weak directional selection to a decrease or increase in complexity in the two subgenera respectively, as measured with an excess of branches with negative or positive change. On the contrary, aedeagus size, the variable with the highest rates of evolution, had a lower phylogenetic signal, without significant differences between the two subgenera in the average change of the individual branches of the tree. Aedeagus size also had a lower correlation with time and no evidence of directional selection. Rather than to directional selection, it thus seems that the higher diversity of the male genitalia in Limnebius s.str. is mostly due to the larger variance of the phenotypic change in the individual branches of the tree for all measured variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Rudoy
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Ignacio Ribera
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra) , Barcelona , Spain
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8
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Filippov A, Kovalev A, Matsumura Y, Gorb SN. Male penile propulsion into spiraled spermathecal ducts of female chrysomelid beetles: A numerical simulation approach. J Theor Biol 2015; 384:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Harano T. Receptive females mitigate costs of sexual conflict. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:320-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Harano
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems; School of Advanced Sciences; The Graduate University for Advanced Studies; Hayama Japan
- Laboratory of Ecological Science; Department of Biology; Faculty of Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
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10
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Kyogoku D, Sota T. Does heterospecific seminal fluid reduce fecundity in interspecific copulation between seed beetles? JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 72:54-60. [PMID: 25497118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive interference through mating between related species can cause fitness reduction and affect population dynamics of the interacting species. In experimental matings between two seed beetles, Callosobruchus chinensis and Callosobruchus maculatus, C. maculatus females, but not C. chinensis females, suffer from significant loss of fecundity when conspecific mating is followed by heterospecific mating. We hypothesized that male traits associated with sexual conflict, which are often harmful to females, pleiotropically affect fitness of heterospecific females through interspecific mating. We examined the effect of ejaculate of C. chinensis males on C. maculatus females as the cause of the fecundity loss in C. maculatus females due to interspecific copulation. We found that frequent interspecific copulation occurred between C. maculatus females and C. chinensis males, but not between C. chinensis females and C. maculatus males, resulting in frequent interspecific ejaculate transfer from C. chinensis males to C. maculatus females. However, injection of the extract from C. chinensis male reproductive organs into C. maculatus females did not significantly affect C. maculatus fecundity compared with saline injection, indicating that the effect of the heterospecific ejaculate transfer on fecundity is negligible. We suggest that other harmful male traits such as genital spines of C. chinensis males are mainly responsible for the fecundity reduction in C. maculatus females that have experienced interspecific mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kyogoku
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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12
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Differences in sexual behavior of two distant populations of the funnel-web wolf spider Aglaoctenus lagotis. J ETHOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-013-0365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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