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Schmidt JM, Whitehouse TS, Neupane S, Miranda Rezende S, Sial A, Gariepy TD. Parasitoid Communities in the Variable Agricultural Environments of Blueberry Production in the Southeastern United States. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1480-1488. [PMID: 34260688 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In blueberry crops, there are multiple pest species, and some of those can be suppressed by natural enemies including parasitoid wasps and predators. Parasitoid wasps occur within the environment often tracking pest species for food resources to complete their lifecycle. These small wasps are also sensitive to agricultural environments including agrichemicals, habitat availability, and climate. We investigated how the structure of parasitoid communities varied between organic and conventional blueberry systems, and how the communities of these parasitoids varied within field spatial scales (forested border vs edge vs interior). With the lower intensity of agricultural interventions occurring in organic systems and forested borders, we predicted more stable parasitoid numbers that would be insulated from predicted climate variability. In our study, parasitoids were observed in low abundance in each cropping system, with community structure dependent on both management practice and field position. Unmanaged blueberry fields and forested field borders contained more parasitoid families, and in conventional systems, we saw fewer families present in the field interior as compared to field borders. In this first study to characterize Southern parasitoid communities in blueberry production systems, we observed over 50 genera of parasitoids, with a few dominant families (Braconidae and Ichneumonidae) that would contribute to biological control in blueberry systems. Overall, we captured few parasitoids, which indicates a potential vulnerability in biological control, and the need for further research using other sampling techniques to better understand these parasitoid communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Schmidt
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Tyler S Whitehouse
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
- University of Tennessee Extension, Anderson County, SC, USA
| | - Subin Neupane
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Ashfaq Sial
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Tara D Gariepy
- Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Center, London, Ontario, Canada
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Teder T, Kaasik A, Taits K, Tammaru T. Why do males emerge before females? Sexual size dimorphism drives sexual bimaturism in insects. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2461-2475. [PMID: 34128582 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conspecific females and males often follow different development trajectories which leads to sex differences in age at maturity (sexual bimaturism, SBM). Whether SBM is typically selected for per se (direct selection hypothesis) or merely represents a side-effect of other sex-related adaptations (indirect selection hypothesis) is, however, still an open question. Substantial interspecific variation in the direction and degree of SBM, both in invertebrates and vertebrates, calls for multi-species studies to understand the relative importance of its evolutionary drivers. Here we use two complementary approaches to evaluate the evolutionary basis of SBM in insects. For this purpose, we assembled an extensive literature-derived data set of sex-specific development times and body sizes for a taxonomically and ecologically wide range of species. We use these data in a meta-analytic framework to evaluate support for the direct and indirect selection hypotheses. Our results confirm that protandry - males emerging as adults before females - is the prevailing form of SBM in insects. Nevertheless, protandry is not as ubiquitous as often presumed: females emerged before males (= protogyny) in about 36% of the 192 species for which we had data. Moreover, in a considerable proportion of species, the sex difference in the timing of adult emergence was negligible. In search for the evolutionary basis of SBM, we found stronger support for the hypothesis that explains SBM by indirect selection. First, across species, the direction and degree of SBM appeared to be positively associated with the direction and degree of sexual size dimorphism (SSD). This is consistent with the view that SBM is a correlative by-product of evolution towards sexually dimorphic body sizes. Second, within protandrous species, the degree of protandry typically increased with plastic increase in development time, with females prolonging their development more than males in unfavourable conditions. This pattern is in conflict with the direct selection hypothesis, which predicts the degree of protandry to be insensitive to the quality of the juvenile environment. These converging lines of evidence support the idea that, in insects, SBM is generally a by-product of SSD rather than a result of selection on the two sexes to mature at different times. It appears plausible that selective pressures on maturation time per se generally cannot compete with viability- and fecundity-mediated selection on insect body sizes. Nevertheless, exceptions certainly exist: there are undeniable cases of SBM where this trait has evolved in response to direct selection. In such cases, either the advantage of sex difference in maturation time must have been particularly large, or fitness effects of body size have been unusually weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiit Teder
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, EE-51003, Estonia.,Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 - Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Ants Kaasik
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, EE-51003, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Taits
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, EE-51003, Estonia
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, EE-51003, Estonia
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Frayssinet M, Audiot P, Cusumano A, Pichon A, Malm LE, Jouan V, Vabre M, Malavieille S, Delalande M, Vargas-Osuna E, Bourguet D, Volkoff AN. Western European Populations of the Ichneumonid Wasp Hyposoter didymator Belong to a Single Taxon. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Hiroyoshi S, Harvey JA, Nakamatsu Y, Nemoto H, Mitsuhashi J, Mitsunaga T, Tanaka T. Potential Host Range of the Larval Endoparasitoid Cotesia vestalis ( =plutellae) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 9:1179543317715623. [PMID: 35241962 PMCID: PMC8848047 DOI: 10.1177/1179543317715623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many parasitoid wasps are highly specialized in nature, attacking only one or a few species of hosts. Host range is often determined by a range of biological and ecological characteristics of the host including diet, growth potential, immunity, and phylogeny. The solitary koinobiont endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia vestalis, mainly parasitizes diamondback moth (DBM) larvae in the field, although it has been reported that to possess a relatively wide lepidopteran host range. To better understand the biology of C vestalis as a potential biological control of hosts other than the DBM, it is necessary to determine suitability for potential hosts. In this study, the potential host range of the wasp and its developmental capacity in each host larva were examined under laboratory conditions using 27 lepidopteran species from 10 families. The wasp was able to parasitize 15 of the 27 species successfully. Some host species were not able to exclude C vestalis via their internal physiological defenses. When parasitization was unsuccessful, most hosts killed the parasitoid at the egg stage or early first-instar stage using encapsulation, but some host species disturbed the development of the parasitoid at various stages. No phylogenetic relationships were found among suitable and unsuitable hosts, revealing that host range in some endoparasitoids is not constrained by relatedness among hosts based on immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hisashi Nemoto
- Saitama Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Takayuki Mitsunaga
- Central Region of Agricultural Research Center, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Tanaka
- Nagoya University in Royal University of Agriculture, Cambodia Satellite Campus, Cambodia
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Novel multitrophic interactions among an exotic, generalist herbivore, its host plants and resident enemies in California. Oecologia 2016; 182:1117-1128. [PMID: 27651227 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
What happens when an exotic herbivore invades and encounters novel host plants and enemies? Here, we investigate the impacts of host plant quality and plant architecture on an exotic generalist herbivore, Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and its interactions with resident parasitoids in California. Using artificial diet and five plant species, we found significant effects of diet on the fitness of E. postvittana under laboratory conditions. In the field, based on a common garden experiment with host plants of nine species, we found that larval parasitism varied among plant species by a factor of 2.1 with a higher risk of parasitism on shorter than taller plants. Parasitism of egg masses varied by a factor of 4.7 among plant species with a higher risk of parasitism on taller than shorter plants. In the laboratory, the foraging time of a resident egg parasitoid on excised leaves varied among plant species, but did not correspond to observed egg parasitism rates on these same plants in the field. On leaves of Plantago lanceolata, the probability of egg parasitism decreased with trichome density. Overall, there was a significant effect of host plant on the intrinsic rate of increase of E. postvittana and on the extent of parasitism by resident parasitoids, but no correlation existed between these two effects. The recent decline of E. postvittana in California may be due to the low quality of some host plants and to the many resident enemies that readily attack it, perhaps due to its phylogenetic relatedness to resident tortricids.
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Hamerlinck G, Lemoine NP, Hood GR, Abbott KC, Forbes AA. Meek mothers with powerful daughters: effects of novel host environments and small trait differences on parasitoid competition. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hamerlinck
- Dept of Biology, 430 Biology Building; Univ. of Iowa; Iowa City IA 52242 USA
| | - Nathan P. Lemoine
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Florida International University; Miami FL 33199 USA
- Dept of Biology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Glen R. Hood
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Univ. of Notre Dame; South Bend IN 46556 USA
| | - Karen C. Abbott
- Dept of Biology; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH 44106 USA
| | - Andrew A. Forbes
- Dept of Biology, 430 Biology Building; Univ. of Iowa; Iowa City IA 52242 USA
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Kutcherov D. Temperature-dependent development in Chrysomela vigintipunctata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a stenothermal early-season breeder. J Therm Biol 2015; 53:9-14. [PMID: 26590450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chrysomela vigintipunctata (Scopoli) is a univoltine leaf beetle commonly encountered on willows across the Palearctic forest zone. The preimaginal development in this species takes place during a short time period, from May to June, because larvae are unable to consume mature leaves of the host plant. Therefore, the diet quality imposes a time constraint, and it was expected that the temperature dependence of development in C. vigintipunctata should be adaptively adjusted to the shortness and cool conditions of the favorable season. It was experimentally determined that this leaf beetle was stenothermal at the larval stage, required 275.5 degree-days above the threshold of 9.0°C for total development from oviposition to adult emergence, and attained greater body mass at lower temperatures. However, in all of these aspects, the thermal ecology of C. vigintipunctata was similar to that of two related multivoltine species, C. populi and C. scripta. The interspecific similarity of thermal reaction norms for development rate and body size suggests that these reaction norms in C. vigintipunctata were unlikely to have been shaped by selection favoring faster development or growth early in the season. The results are discussed in terms of the "ecological fitting" concept, which states that a species may be successful in exploiting novel environments while retaining ecophysiological traits evolved elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kutcherov
- Department of Entomology, St. Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
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Nyman T, Leppänen SA, Várkonyi G, Shaw MR, Koivisto R, Barstad TE, Vikberg V, Roininen H. Determinants of parasitoid communities of willow-galling sawflies: habitat overrides physiology, host plant and space. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:5059-74. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Nyman
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
- Institute for Systematic Botany; University of Zurich; Zollikerstrasse 107 Zurich CH-8008 Switzerland
| | - Sanna A. Leppänen
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
| | - Gergely Várkonyi
- Finnish Environment Institute; Friendship Park Research Centre; Lentiirantie 342 B Kuhmo FI-88900 Finland
| | - Mark R. Shaw
- National Museums of Scotland; Chambers Street Edinburgh EH1 1JF UK
| | - Reijo Koivisto
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
| | | | - Veli Vikberg
- Liinalammintie 11 as. 6; Turenki FI-14200 Finland
| | - Heikki Roininen
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
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Malcicka M, Agosta SJ, Harvey JA. Multi level ecological fitting: indirect life cycles are not a barrier to host switching and invasion. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3210-8. [PMID: 25778909 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many invasive species are able to escape from coevolved enemies and thus enjoy a competitive advantage over native species. However, during the invasion phase, non-native species must overcome many ecological and/or physiological hurdles before they become established and spread in their new habitats. This may explain why most introduced species either fail to establish or remain as rare interstitials in their new ranges. Studies focusing on invasive species have been based on plants or animals where establishment requires the possession of preadapted traits from their native ranges that enables them to establish and spread in their new habitats. The possession of preadapted traits that facilitate the exploitation of novel resources or to colonize novel habitats is known as 'ecological fitting'. Some species have evolved traits and life histories that reflect highly intimate associations with very specific types of habitats or niches. For these species, their phenological windows are narrow, and thus the ability to colonize non-native habitats requires that a number of conditions need to be met in accordance with their more specialized life histories. Some of the strongest examples of more complex ecological fitting involve invasive parasites that require different animal hosts to complete their life cycles. For instance, the giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, is a major parasite of several species of ungulates in North America. The species exhibits a life cycle whereby newly hatched larvae must find suitable intermediate hosts (freshwater snails) and mature larvae, definitive hosts (ungulates). Intermediate and definitive host ranges of F. magna in its native range are low in number, yet this parasite has been successfully introduced into Europe where it has become a parasite of native European snails and deer. We discuss how the ability of these parasites to overcome multiple ecophysiological barriers represents an excellent example of 'multiple-level ecological fitting'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriama Malcicka
- Section Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Salvatore J Agosta
- Center for Environmental Studies and Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 23284, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Section Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6700 EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Malcicka M. Life history and biology of Fascioloides magna (Trematoda) and its native and exotic hosts. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:1381-97. [PMID: 25897378 PMCID: PMC4395168 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-parasite interactions are model systems in a wide range of ecological and evolutionary fields and may be utilized for testing numerous theories and hypotheses in terms of both applied and fundamental research. For instance, they are important in terms of studying coevolutionary arms races, species invasions, and in economic terms the health of livestock and humans. Here, I present a comprehensive description of the life history, biogeography, and biology of the giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, and both its intermediate and definitive hosts. F. magna is native to North America where it uses several species of freshwater snails (Lymnaeidae) as intermediate hosts and four main species of ungulates as definitive hosts. The fluke has also been introduced into parts of Europe where it is now established in two lymnaeid snail species and three ungulate species. This study gives a comprehensive description of different developmental stages of the fluke in its two host classes, as well as detailed notes on historical and present distributions of F. magna in North America and Europe as well as in its snail and deer hosts (with range maps provided). Aberrant and dead-end hosts are also discussed in detail, and descriptive phylogenies are provided for all of the organisms. I briefly discuss how F. magna represents a model example of multiple-level ecological fitting, a phenomenon not yet described in the empirical literature. Lastly, I explore possible future scenarios for fluke invasion in Europe, where it is currently expanding its range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriama Malcicka
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Animal Ecology, VU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081HV, The Netherlands
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Local adaptation and ecological fitting in host use of the Drosophila parasitoid Leptopilina japonica. Ecol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-015-1244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Reciprocal interactions between native and introduced populations of common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, and the specialist aphid, Aphis nerii. Basic Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Murray EA, Carmichael AE, Heraty JM. Ancient host shifts followed by host conservatism in a group of ant parasitoids. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20130495. [PMID: 23554396 PMCID: PMC3619522 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While ant colonies serve as host to a diverse array of myrmecophiles, few parasitoids are able to exploit this vast resource. A notable exception is the wasp family Eucharitidae, which is the only family of insects known to exclusively parasitize ants. Worldwide, approximately 700 Eucharitidae species attack five subfamilies across the ant phylogeny. Our goal is to uncover the pattern of eucharitid diversification, including timing of key evolutionary events, biogeographic patterns and potential cophylogeny with ant hosts. We present the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Eucharitidae to date, including 44 of the 53 genera and fossil-calibrated estimates of divergence dates. Eucharitidae arose approximately 50 Ma after their hosts, during the time when the major ant lineages were already established and diversifying. We incorporate host association data to test for congruence between eucharitid and ant phylogenies and find that their evolutionary histories are more similar than expected at random. After a series of initial host shifts, clades within Eucharitidae maintained their host affinity. Even after multiple dispersal events to the New World and extensive speciation within biogeographic regions, eucharitids remain parasitic on the same ant subfamilies as their Old World relatives, suggesting host conservatism despite access to a diverse novel ant fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Murray
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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