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Mendonça DA, Cadima-Couto I, Buga CC, Arnaut ZA, Schaberle FA, Arnaut LG, Castanho MARB, Cruz-Oliveira C. Repurposing anti-cancer porphyrin derivative drugs to target SARS-CoV-2 envelope. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116768. [PMID: 38795638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antiviral medicines to treat COVID-19 are still scarce. Porphyrins and porphyrin derivatives (PDs) usually present broad-spectrum antiviral activity with low risk of resistance development. In fact, some PDs are clinically approved to be used in anti-cancer photodynamic therapy and repurposing clinically approved PDs might be an alternative to treat COVID-19. Here, we characterize the ability of temoporfin, verteporfin, talaporfin and redaporfin to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 infectious particles. PDs light-dependent and -independent effect on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity were evaluated. PDs photoactivation successfully inactivated SARS-CoV-2 with very low concentrations and light dose. However, only temoporfin and verteporfin inactivated SARS-CoV-2 in the dark, being verteporfin the most effective. PDs treatment reduced viral load in infected Caco-2 cells, while not inducing cytotoxicity. Furthermore, light-independent treatment with temoporfin and verteporfin act on early stages of viral infection. Using lipid vehicles as membrane models, we characterized PDs interaction to the viral envelope. Verteporfin presented the lowest IC50 for viral inactivation and the highest partition coefficients (Kp) towards lipid bilayers. Curiously, although temoporfin and redaporfin presented similar Kps, redaporfin did not present light-independent antiviral activity, and only temoporfin and verteporfin caused lipid membrane disorder. In fact, redaporfin is located closer to the bilayer surface, while temoporfin and verteporfin are located closer to the centre. Our results suggest that viral envelope affinity, with penetration and destabilization of the lipid bilayer, seems critical to mediate PDs antiviral activity. Altogether, these findings open new avenues for the off-label application of temoporfin and verteporfin in the systemic treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo A Mendonça
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Iris Cadima-Couto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Carolina C Buga
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Zoe A Arnaut
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal; CQC-IMS, Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal
| | - Fabio A Schaberle
- CQC-IMS, Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal
| | - Luis G Arnaut
- CQC-IMS, Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-535, Portugal
| | - Miguel A R B Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal.
| | - Christine Cruz-Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal.
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Wang D, Kuzma ML, Tan X, He TC, Dong C, Liu Z, Yang J. Phototherapy and optical waveguides for the treatment of infection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114036. [PMID: 34740763 PMCID: PMC8665112 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With rapid emergence of multi-drug resistant microbes, it is imperative to seek alternative means for infection control. Optical waveguides are an auspicious delivery method for precise administration of phototherapy. Studies have shown that phototherapy is promising in fighting against a myriad of infectious pathogens (i.e. viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) including biofilm-forming species and drug-resistant strains while evading treatment resistance. When administered via optical waveguides, phototherapy can treat both superficial and deep-tissue infections while minimizing off-site effects that afflict conventional phototherapy and pharmacotherapy. Despite great therapeutic potential, exact mechanisms, materials, and fabrication designs to optimize this promising treatment option are underexplored. This review outlines principles and applications of phototherapy and optical waveguides for infection control. Research advances, challenges, and outlook regarding this delivery system are rigorously discussed in a hope to inspire future developments of optical waveguide-mediated phototherapy for the management of infection and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingbowen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michelle Laurel Kuzma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xinyu Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Academy of Orthopedics, Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510280, China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Cheng Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Conrado PCV, Sakita KM, Arita GS, Galinari CB, Gonçalves RS, Lopes LDG, Lonardoni MVC, Teixeira JJV, Bonfim-Mendonça PS, Kioshima ES. A systematic review of photodynamic therapy as an antiviral treatment: Potential guidance for dealing with SARS-CoV-2. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102221. [PMID: 33601001 PMCID: PMC7883714 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2, which causes the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), presents high rates of morbidity and mortality around the world. The search to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 is ongoing and urgent. This systematic review seeks to assess whether photodynamic therapy (PDT) could be effective in SARS-CoV-2 inactivation. METHODS The focus question was: Can photodynamic therapy be used as potential guidance for dealing with SARS-CoV-2?". A literature search, according to PRISMA statements, was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS, and Google Scholar. Studies published from January 2004 to June 2020 were analyzed. In vitro and in vivo studies were included that evaluated the effect of PDT mediated by several photosensitizers on RNA and DNA enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. RESULTS From 27 selected manuscripts, 26 publications used in vitro studies, 24 were exclusively in vitro, and two had in vitro/in vivo parts. Only one analyzed publication was exclusively in vivo. Meta-analysis studies were unfeasible due to heterogeneity of the data. The risk of bias was analyzed in all studies. CONCLUSION The in vitro and in vivo studies selected in this systematic review indicated that PDT is capable of photoinactivating enveloped and non-enveloped DNA and RNA viruses, suggesting that PDT can potentially photoinactivate SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pollyanna C V Conrado
- Department of Analysis Clinics and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Karina M Sakita
- Department of Analysis Clinics and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Glaucia S Arita
- Department of Analysis Clinics and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Camila B Galinari
- Department of Analysis Clinics and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana D G Lopes
- Department of Analysis Clinics and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Maria V C Lonardoni
- Department of Analysis Clinics and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Jorge J V Teixeira
- Department of Analysis Clinics and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Erika S Kioshima
- Department of Analysis Clinics and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil.
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Wiehe A, O'Brien JM, Senge MO. Trends and targets in antiviral phototherapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2565-2612. [PMID: 31397467 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-established treatment option in the treatment of certain cancerous and pre-cancerous lesions. Though best-known for its application in tumor therapy, historically the photodynamic effect was first demonstrated against bacteria at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, in light of spreading antibiotic resistance and the rise of new infections, this photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, is gaining considerable attention. This review focuses on the PDI of viruses as an alternative treatment in antiviral therapy, but also as a means of viral decontamination, covering mainly the literature of the last decade. The PDI of viruses shares the general action mechanism of photodynamic applications: the irradiation of a dye with light and the subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are the effective phototoxic agents damaging virus targets by reacting with viral nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Interestingly, a light-independent antiviral activity has also been found for some of these dyes. This review covers the compound classes employed in the PDI of viruses and their various areas of use. In the medical area, currently two fields stand out in which the PDI of viruses has found broader application: the purification of blood products and the treatment of human papilloma virus manifestations. However, the PDI of viruses has also found interest in such diverse areas as water and surface decontamination, and biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Wiehe
- biolitec research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Str. 15, 07745 Jena, Germany. and Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica M O'Brien
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Remichkova M, Mukova L, Nikolaeva-Glomb L, Nikolova N, Doumanova L, Mantareva V, Angelov I, Kussovski V, Galabov AS. Virus inactivation under the photodynamic effect of phthalocyanine zinc(II) complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 72:123-128. [PMID: 27845890 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2016-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Various metal phthalocyanines have been studied for their capacity for photodynamic effects on viruses. Two newly synthesized water-soluble phthalocyanine Zn(II) complexes with different charges, cationic methylpyridyloxy-substituted Zn(II)- phthalocyanine (ZnPcMe) and anionic sulfophenoxy-substituted Zn(II)-phthalocyanine (ZnPcS), were used for photoinactivation of two DNA-containing enveloped viruses (herpes simplex virus type 1 and vaccinia virus), two RNA-containing enveloped viruses (bovine viral diarrhea virus and Newcastle disease virus) and two nude viruses (the enterovirus Coxsackie B1, a RNA-containing virus, and human adenovirus 5, a DNA virus). These two differently charged phthalocyanine complexes showed an identical marked virucidal effect against herpes simplex virus type 1, which was one and the same at an irradiation lasting 5 or 20 min (Δlog=3.0 and 4.0, respectively). Towards vaccinia virus this effect was lower, Δlog=1.8 under the effect of ZnPcMe and 2.0 for ZnPcS. Bovine viral diarrhea virus manifested a moderate sensitivity to ZnPcMe (Δlog=1.8) and a pronounced one to ZnPcS at 5- and 20-min irradiation (Δlog=5.8 and 5.3, respectively). The complexes were unable to inactivate Newcastle disease virus, Coxsackievirus B1 and human adenovirus type 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Remichkova
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Luchia Mukova
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Nadya Nikolova
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lubka Doumanova
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vanya Mantareva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Angelov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Veselin Kussovski
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Angel S Galabov
- Department of Virology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str. 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria, Phone: +359-2-870-0108, Fax: +359-2-870-0109
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6
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Mechanisms of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Inactivation by Protoporphyrin IX, Zinc-Protoporphyrin IX, and Mesoporphyrin IX. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00053-17. [PMID: 28348154 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00053-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus resistance to antiviral therapies is an increasing concern that makes the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs urgent. Targeting of the viral envelope, a component shared by a large number of viruses, emerges as a promising strategy to overcome this problem. Natural and synthetic porphyrins are good candidates for antiviral development due to their relative hydrophobicity and pro-oxidant character. In the present work, we characterized the antiviral activities of protoprophyrin IX (PPIX), Zn-protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX), and mesoporphyrin IX (MPIX) against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and evaluated the mechanisms involved in this activity. Treatment of VSV with PPIX, ZnPPIX, and MPIX promoted dose-dependent virus inactivation, which was potentiated by porphyrin photoactivation. All three porphyrins inserted into lipid vesicles and disturbed the viral membrane organization. In addition, the porphyrins also affected viral proteins, inducing VSV glycoprotein cross-linking, which was enhanced by porphyrin photoactivation. Virus incubation with sodium azide and α-tocopherol partially protected VSV from inactivation by porphyrins, suggesting that singlet oxygen (1O2) was the main reactive oxygen species produced by photoactivation of these molecules. Furthermore, 1O2 was detected by 9,10-dimethylanthracene oxidation in photoactivated porphyrin samples, reinforcing this hypothesis. These results reveal the potential therapeutic application of PPIX, ZnPPIX, and MPIX as good models for broad antiviral drug design.
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Yin R, Dai T, Avci P, Jorge AES, de Melo WCMA, Vecchio D, Huang YY, Gupta A, Hamblin MR. Light based anti-infectives: ultraviolet C irradiation, photodynamic therapy, blue light, and beyond. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:731-62. [PMID: 24060701 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the worldwide increase in antibiotic resistance, researchers are investigating alternative anti-infective strategies to which it is supposed microorganisms will be unable to develop resistance. Prominent among these strategies, is a group of approaches which rely on light to deliver the killing blow. As is well known, ultraviolet light, particularly UVC (200-280 nm), is germicidal, but it has not been much developed as an anti-infective approach until recently, when it was realized that the possible adverse effects to host tissue were relatively minor compared to its high activity in killing pathogens. Photodynamic therapy is the combination of non-toxic photosensitizing dyes with harmless visible light that together produce abundant destructive reactive oxygen species (ROS). Certain cationic dyes or photosensitizers have good specificity for binding to microbial cells while sparing host mammalian cells and can be used for treating many localized infections, both superficial and even deep-seated by using fiber optic delivered light. Many microbial cells are highly sensitive to killing by blue light (400-470 nm) due to accumulation of naturally occurring photosensitizers such as porphyrins and flavins. Near infrared light has also been shown to have antimicrobial effects against certain species. Clinical applications of these technologies include skin, dental, wound, stomach, nasal, toenail and other infections which are amenable to effective light delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Mazzone G, Russo N, Sicilia E. Theoretical investigation of the absorption spectra and singlet-triplet energy gap of positively charged tetraphenylporphyrins as potential photodynamic therapy photosensitizers. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2012-0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DFT and TD-DFT calculations have been performed on a series of positively charged tetraphenylporphyrins with the aim to check whether these compounds can be used as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Absorption spectra and singlet-triplet energy gaps have been computed by using the BP86, PBE0, and ωB97XD exchange-correlation functionals. Polarizable continuum model (PCM) has been used to take into account solvent effects. A careful analysis has been made on the Q-band, localized in the near-red visible region of the spectrum, since it plays a fundamental role in the drug design of new photodynamic therapy photosensitizers. Our results show that all the examined molecules have an adsorption band that falls in the so-called therapeutic window and possess a singlet-triplet energy gap able to promote the excitation of molecular oxygen from its ground triplet to the excited singlet state. The use of the ωB97XD exchange correlation functional, which accounts for dispersion interactions, allows calculating excitation energy values close to the experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Mazzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, (CS) Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, (CS) Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, (CS) Italy
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Lluïsa Sagristá M, Postigo F, Africa De Madariaga M, Pintó RM, Caballero S, Bosch A, Asunción Vallés M, Mora M. Photodynamic inactivation of viruses by immobilized chlorin-containing liposomes. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609000759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The viral safety of blood derived products relies in properly chosen inactivation procedures. In this way, it has been reported that some photosensitizers are useful products for blood sterilization. The data presented here show the high incorporation efficiency of the chlorin 3-phorbinepropanol, 9,14-diethyl-4,8,13,18-tetramethyl-20-(3S-trans) (CHL) into anionic unilamellar liposomes, give a protocol for the steric immobilization of chlorin-containing liposomes in a chromatographic support and provide the studies of photodynamic inactivation of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) with chlorin-containing liposomes, free in solution and immobilized on Sephacryl S-1000 beads. The study demonstrates the successful inactivation of the enveloped virus BVDV by both preparations in culture medium and the resistance of the non-enveloped virus EMCV. The effectiveness of CHL-containing liposomes, in solution and immobilized in the chromatographic support, decreased when the culture media was replaced with human blood plasma. Moreover, the reduction factor of the virus titer after irradiation was smallest when immobilized liposomes were used. Nevertheless, the reduction factor for the virus titers of enveloped viruses after irradiation of human blood plasma samples with immobilized chlorin-containing liposomes increased with the reduction of the sample thickness. The more outstanding aspect of this paper is the design of a system useful for blood sterilization that can be easily removed after photodynamic treatment and, therefore, able to be applied in the manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Lluïsa Sagristá
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernado Postigo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Africa De Madariaga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Pintó
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Caballero
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Bosch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Asunción Vallés
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Mora
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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St Denis TG, Dai T, Izikson L, Astrakas C, Anderson RR, Hamblin MR, Tegos GP. All you need is light: antimicrobial photoinactivation as an evolving and emerging discovery strategy against infectious disease. Virulence 2011; 2:509-20. [PMID: 21971183 DOI: 10.4161/viru.2.6.17889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The story of prevention and control of infectious diseases remains open and a series of highly virulent pathogens are emerging both in and beyond the hospital setting. Antibiotics were an absolute success story for a previous era. The academic and industrial biomedical communities have now come together to formulate consensus beliefs regarding the pursuit of novel and effective alternative anti-infective countermeasures. Photodynamic therapy was established and remains a successful modality for malignancies but photodynamic inactivation has been transformed recently to an antimicrobial discovery and development platform. The concept of photodynamic inactivation is quite straightforward and requires microbial exposure to visible light energy, typically wavelengths in the visible region, that causes the excitation of photosensitizer molecules (either exogenous or endogenous), which results in the production of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species that react with intracellular components, and consequently produce cell inactivation. It is an area of increasing interest, as research is advancing i) to identify the photochemical and photophysical mechanisms involved in inactivation; ii) to develop potent and clinically compatible photosensitizer; iii) to understand how photoinactivation is affected by key microbial phenotypic elements (multidrug resistance and efflux, virulence and pathogenesis determinants, biofilms); iv) to explore novel delivery platforms inspired by current trends in pharmacology and nanotechnology; and v) to identify photoinactivation applications beyond the clinical setting such as environmental disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G St Denis
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Alves E, Costa L, Cunha A, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Almeida A. Bioluminescence and its application in the monitoring of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:1115-28. [PMID: 22038247 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Light output from bioluminescent microorganisms is a highly sensitive reporter of their metabolic activity and therefore can be used to monitor in real time the effects of antimicrobials. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is receiving considerable attention for its potentialities as a new antimicrobial treatment modality. This therapy combines oxygen, a nontoxic photoactive photosensitizer, and visible light to generate reactive oxygen species (singlet oxygen and free radicals) that efficiently destroy microorganisms. To monitor this photoinactivation process, faster methods are required instead of laborious conventional plating and overnight incubation procedures. The bioluminescence method is a very interesting approach to achieve this goal. This review covers recent developments on the use of microbial bioluminescence in aPDT in the clinical and environmental areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Alves
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
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12
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Costa L, Tomé JPC, Neves MGPMS, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS, Faustino MAF, Cunha Â, Gomes NCM, Almeida A. Evaluation of resistance development and viability recovery by a non-enveloped virus after repeated cycles of aPDT. Antiviral Res 2011; 91:278-82. [PMID: 21722673 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the emergence of drug resistant microorganisms is a public health concern. The antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has an efficient action against a wide range of microorganisms and can be viewed as an alternative approach for treating microbial infections. The aim of this study was to determine if a model target virus (T4-like bacteriophage), in the presence of the tricationic porphyrin 5,10,15-tris(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-20-(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin tri-iodide (Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF), can develop resistance to aPDT and recover its viability after photodynamic treatments. To assess the development of aPDT resistance after repeated treatments, a suspension of T4-like bacteriophage was irradiated with white light (40 Wm(-2)) for 120 min in the presence of 5.0 μM of Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF (99.99% of inactivation) and new phage suspensions were produced from the surviving phages, after each cycle of light exposure. The procedure was repeated ten times. To evaluate the recovery of viral viability after photoinactivation, a suspension of T4-like bacteriophage was irradiated with white light for 120 min in the presence of 5.0 μM of Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF on five consecutive days. In each day, an aliquot of the irradiated suspension was plated and the number of lysis plaques was counted after 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h of dark incubation at 37 °C. The profile of bacteriophage photoinactivation did not change after ten consecutive cycles and no recovery of viability was detected after five accumulated cycles of photodynamic treatment. The results suggest that aPDT represents a valuable and promising alternative therapy to treat viral infections, overcoming the problem of microbial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Costa
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Wainwright M, Baptista MS. The application of photosensitisers to tropical pathogens in the blood supply. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 8:240-8. [PMID: 21864797 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The onset of the HIV pandemic led both to significant alterations in blood collection and screening practice and to the development of more sophisticated methods of inactivation of infectious agents from the blood supply. Photodynamic (i.e. light activated) pathogen inactivation is one such method currently in limited use in various European states. The approach is based on the generation of a burst of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, resulting in the activation of several cell death mechanisms. However, its application to tropical pathogens is perhaps less appreciated, despite the fact that the efficacies of photoantimicrobial agents such as methylene blue were originally reported following screening against organisms such as Trypanosoma cruzi and viruses such as those responsible for dengue and yellow fever. Since the objective of pathogen inactivation is to remove both established and emerging infective agents, it is necessary for photoantimicrobial agents to be broad-spectrum in activity. While this is demonstrable in plasma and platelet fractions, the application to red blood cells is currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom. mark
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Jensen TJ, H. Vicente MG, Luguya R, Norton J, Fronczek FR, Smith KM. Effect of overall charge and charge distribution on cellular uptake, distribution and phototoxicity of cationic porphyrins in HEp2 cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2010; 100:100-11. [PMID: 20558079 PMCID: PMC3161426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Five cationic porphyrins bearing one to four -N(CH(3))(3)(+) groups linked to the p-phenyl positions of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) were synthesized in order to study the effect of overall charge and its distribution on the cellular uptake, phototoxicity and intracellular localization using human carcinoma HEp2 cells. The di-cationic porphyrins DADP-o and DADP-a accumulated the most within cells and preferentially localize within vesicular compartments and in mitochondria. Of these two only DADP-a was phototoxic to the cells (IC(50)=3 microM at 1 J/cm(2)). The mono-cationic porphyrin MAP was found to be the most phototoxic of the series, and it localized mainly in lipid membranes, including the plasma membrane, ER, mitochondria, and Golgi. Both the tri-cationic porphyrin TRAP and the tetra-cationic porphyrin TEAP localized subcellularly mainly in the mitochondria, but of the two only TEAP showed moderate phototoxicity (IC(50)=8 microM at 1 J/cm(2)). Our results suggest that MAP is the most promising PDT photosensitizer, and that both DADP-o and TRAP might find application as transport vehicles for therapeutics into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
| | - Raymond Luguya
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
| | - Jolanna Norton
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
| | - Frank R Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
| | - Kevin M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA, 70803, USA
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Yin H, Li Y, Zheng Y, Ye X, Li C, Zou Z, Zhao Y. Retraction: ANTI-HIV-1 Activities of Photodynamic Therapy Using Hematoporphyrin Monomethyl Ether. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Trannoy L, Roelen D, Koekkoek K, Brand A. Impact of Photodynamic Treatment with Meso-substituted Porphyrin on the Immunomodulatory Capacity of White Blood Cell-containing Red Blood Cell Products. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:223-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Goodrich RP, Murthy KK, Doane SK, Fitzpatrick CN, Morrow LS, Arndt PA, Reddy HL, Buytaert-Hoefen KA, Garratty G. Evaluation of potential immune response and in vivo survival of riboflavin-ultraviolet light-treated red blood cells in baboons. Transfusion 2009; 49:64-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Trannoy LL, van Hensbergen Y, Lagerberg JW, Brand A. Photodynamic treatment with mono-phenyl-tri-(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-porphyrin for pathogen inactivation in cord blood stem cell products. Transfusion 2008; 48:2629-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Webert KE, Cserti CM, Hannon J, Lin Y, Pavenski K, Pendergrast JM, Blajchman MA. Proceedings of a Consensus Conference: pathogen inactivation-making decisions about new technologies. Transfus Med Rev 2008; 22:1-34. [PMID: 18063190 PMCID: PMC7127103 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in reducing the risk of pathogen transmission to transfusion recipients. Nonetheless, there remains a continuing risk of transmission of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and prions to recipients. These include many of the viruses for which specific screening tests exist as well as pathogens for which testing is currently not being done, including various species of bacteria, babesiosis, variant Creutzfeld-Jacob disease, hepatitis A virus, human herpes virus 8, chikungunya virus, Chagas disease, and malaria. Pathogen inactivation (PI) technologies potentially provide an additional way to protect the blood supply from emerging agents and also provide additional protection against both known and as-yet-unidentified agents. However, the impact of PI on product quality and recipient safety remains to be determined. The purpose of this consensus conference was to bring together international experts in an effort to consider the following issues with respect to PI: implementation criteria; licensing requirements; blood service and clinical issues; risk management issues; cost-benefit impact; and research requirements. These proceedings are provided to make available to the transfusion medicine community the considerable amount of important information presented at this consensus conference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Webert
- Medical, Scientific, and Research Affairs, Canadian Blood Services, Hamilton, Edmonton and Toronto, Canada.
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Gil-Tomás J, Tubby S, Parkin IP, Narband N, Dekker L, Nair SP, Wilson M, Street C. Lethal photosensitisation of Staphylococcus aureus using a toluidine blue O–tiopronin–gold nanoparticle conjugate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b706615e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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