1
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Escolar G, Diaz-Ricart M, McCullough J. Impact of different pathogen reduction technologies on the biochemistry, function, and clinical effectiveness of platelet concentrates: An updated view during a pandemic. Transfusion 2021; 62:227-246. [PMID: 34870335 PMCID: PMC9300014 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Standard platelet concentrates (PCs) stored at 22°C have a limited shelf life of 5 days. Because of the storage temperature, bacterial contamination of PCs can result in life‐threatening infections in transfused patients. The potential of blood components to cause infections through contaminating pathogens or transmitting blood‐borne diseases has always been a concern. The current safety practice to prevent pathogen transmission through blood transfusion starts with a stringent screening of donors and regulated testing of blood samples to ensure that known infections cannot reach transfusion products. Pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs), initially implemented to ensure the safety of plasma products, have been adapted to treat platelet products. In addition to reducing bacterial contamination, PRT applied to PCs can extend their shelf life up to 7 days, alleviating the impact of their shortage, while providing an additional safety layer against emerging blood‐borne infectious diseases. While a deleterious action of PRTs in quantitative and qualitative aspects of plasma is accepted, the impact of PRTs on the quality, function, and clinical efficacy of PCs has been under constant examination. The potential of PRTs to prevent the possibility of new emerging diseases to reach cellular blood components has been considered more hypothetical than real. In 2019, a coronavirus‐related disease (COVID‐19) became a pandemic. This episode should help when reconsidering the possibility of future blood transmissible threats. The following text intends to evaluate the impact of different PRTs on the quality, function, and clinical effectiveness of platelets within the perspective of a developing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gines Escolar
- Department of Hematopathology, Centre Diagnostic Biomedic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maribel Diaz-Ricart
- Department of Hematopathology, Centre Diagnostic Biomedic, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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The Role of Glutamine in the Prevention of Ultraviolet-C-Induced Platelet Activation. Biochem Res Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8853696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives. The primary function of platelets is to prevent bleeding. The use of UV-C light in the treatment of platelets has become a valuable method for preserving the efficacy of platelet concentrates in blood banks. However, its deleterious effect remains, such as the activation of platelets, thus causing the platelets to lose their physiological function. In this study, we intended to demonstrate the impact of UV-C on platelets and how the use of glutamine could mitigate the loss of physiological function of the platelets caused by UV-C. Materials and Methods. This study was conducted using mouse platelets. We assessed calcium signaling using Fura-2 AM incubation and dense granule secretion of the platelets using luminescence assay by measuring ATP. At the molecular level, the activation of integrin using PAC-1 antibody was analyzed. Phosphorylation of immune-precipitated cPLA2 was assessed using a specific antibody. All the experiments were carried out with or without glutamine in the presence of UV-C. Positive and negative controls were used in all experiments to validate the findings. Results. We have demonstrated that physiological and biochemical damage arises as a result of the exposure of platelet concentrate to UV-C and that the use of glutamine could alleviate this damage. Various experiments, thrombus formation, integrin activation, and phosphorylation of cPLA2 were preserved using 50 mM of glutamine in the presence of UV-C, which reduces 50% of platelet viability. Conclusions. Our study demonstrates that the storage of platelet concentrates under the UV-C activates their physiological process and renders them to the thrombus formation, hence decreasing their viability. The presence of a moderate amount of glutamine can alleviate the toxic effect of UV-C, and platelet concentrates could be kept viable for a long time.
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3
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New strategies for the control of infectious and parasitic diseases in blood donors: the impact of pathogen inactivation methods. EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2020-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Around 70 infectious agents are possible threats for blood safety.
The risk for blood recipients is increasing because of new emergent agents like West Nile, Zika and Chikungunya viruses, or parasites such as Plasmodium and Trypanosoma cruzi in non-endemic regions, for instance.
Screening programmes of the donors are more and more implemented in several Countries, but these cannot prevent completely infections, especially when they are caused by new agents.
Pathogen inactivation (PI) methods might overcome the limits of the screening and different technologies have been set up in the last years.
This review aims to describe the most widely used methods focusing on their efficacy as well as on the preservation integrity of blood components.
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4
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Leitner GC, Ho M, Tolios A, Hopfinger G, Rabitsch W, Wohlfarth P. The assessment of platelet function by thromboelastometry as a point-of-care test to guide Intercept-treated platelet support in hemato-oncological patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients. Transfusion 2020; 60:1391-1399. [PMID: 32319678 PMCID: PMC7497158 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogen inactivation (PI) techniques for platelet concentrates (PCs) are one of the latest innovations to improve blood safety and reduce the risk of transfusion‐transmitted infections (TTIs). An impaired function and in vivo recovery of platelets as well as an increased PC demand are concerns regarding these techniques. The intent of this study was to evaluate the hemostatic effect of PCs treated with the Intercept™ System by thromboelastometry (TEM) and to assess the clinical validity of its results in comparison to post‐transfusion increase (PTI) and corrected count increment (CCI). STUDY‐DESIGN AND METHODS This prospective‐observational study included 47 patients (m:f = 25:22; median age: 54 years [21‐70]) of our Bone Marrow Transplantation unit with hemato‐oncological malignancies transfused with Intercept™‐treated PCs. Serial TEM measurements were performed just before and 1 hour after PC transfusion and were analyzed for their correlation with PTI and CCI as well as for clinical variables. RESULTS The majority of our patients had received a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) (n = 41; 87%). In median 9 (1‐50) PCs were transfused. Serial TEM, PTI, and CCI measurements were available for 150 transfusion episodes. The median platelet dose transfused was 2.65 × 1011/unit (1.8‐6). The median CCI was 9.250 (0‐28.000). We observed a significant improvement in TEM parameters (p < 0.05) after transfusion of PI PCs, which did not mandatory correlate with the 1‐hour PTI and CCI. CONCLUSION Serial TEM measurements indicate the hemostatic effect of Intercept™‐treated PCs. The 1‐hour PTI and CCI may not appropriately reflect the in vivo function of platelets after PI PC transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda C Leitner
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Ho
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tolios
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Hopfinger
- Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Rabitsch
- Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Wohlfarth
- Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Diallo I, Benmoussa A, Laugier J, Osman A, Hitzler WE, Provost P. Platelet Pathogen Reduction Technologies Alter the MicroRNA Profile of Platelet-Derived Microparticles. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:31. [PMID: 32266291 PMCID: PMC7096552 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in donor screening and increasing efforts to avoid contamination and the spread of pathogens in clinical platelet concentrates (PCs), the risks of transfusion-transmitted infections remain important. Relying on an ultraviolet photo activation system, pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs), such as Intercept and Mirasol, utilize amotosalen, and riboflavin (vitamin B2), respectively, to mediate inactivation of pathogen nucleic acids. Although they are expected to increase the safety and prolong the shelf life of clinical PCs, these PRTs might affect the quality and function of platelets, as recently reported. Upon activation, platelets release microparticles (MPs), which are involved in intercellular communications and regulation of gene expression, thereby mediating critical cellular functions. Here, we have used small RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to document the effect of PRT treatment on the microRNA profiles of platelets and derived MPs. PRT treatment did not affect the microRNA profile of platelets. However, we observed a specific loading of certain microRNAs into platelet MPs, which was impaired by treatment with Intercept or its Additive solution (SSP+). Whereas, Intercept had an impact on the microRNA profile of platelet-derived MPs, Mirasol did not impact the microRNA profile of platelets and derived MPs, compared to non-treated control. Considering that platelet MPs are able to transfer their microRNA content to recipient cells, and that this content may exert biological activities, those findings suggest that PRT treatment of clinical PCs may modify the bioactivity of the platelets and MPs to be transfused and argue for further investigations into PRT-induced changes in clinical PC content and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idrissa Diallo
- Research Center of the CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Abderrahim Benmoussa
- Research Center of the CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Laugier
- Research Center of the CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Abdimajid Osman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Walter E Hitzler
- Transfusion Center, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick Provost
- Research Center of the CHU de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
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6
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Lu M, Dai T, Hu S, Zhang Q, Bhayana B, Wang L, Wu MX. Antimicrobial blue light for decontamination of platelets during storage. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960021. [PMID: 31407467 PMCID: PMC7083650 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Platelet (PLT) storage is currently limited to 5 days in clinics in the United States, in part, due to an increasing risk for microbial contamination over time. In light of well-documented antimicrobial activity of blue light (405-470 nm), we investigated potentials to decontaminate microbes during PLT storage by antimicrobial blue light (aBL). We found that PLTs produced no detectable levels of porphyrins or their derivatives, the chromophores that specifically absorb blue light, in marked contrast to microbes that generated porphyrins abundantly. The difference formed a basis with which aBL selectively inactivated contaminated microbes prior to and during the storage, without incurring any harm to PLTs. In accordance with this, when contamination with representative microbes was simulated in PLT concentrates supplemented with 65% of PLT additive solution in a standard storage bag, all "contaminated" microbes tested were completely inactivated after exposure of the bag to 405 nm aBL at 75 J/cm2 only once. While killing microbes efficiently, this dose of aBL irradiation exerted no adverse effects on the viability, activation or aggregation of PLTs ex vivo and could be used repeatedly during PLT storage. PLT survival in vivo was also unaltered by aBL irradiation after infusion of aBL-irradiated mouse PLTs into mice. The study provides proof-of-concept evidence for a potential of aBL to decontaminate PLTs during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - TianHong Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - SiSi Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brijesh Bhayana
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mei X. Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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7
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Rebulla P. The long and winding road to pathogen reduction of platelets, red blood cells and whole blood. Br J Haematol 2019; 186:655-667. [PMID: 31304588 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs) have been developed to further reduce the current very low risks of acquiring transfusion-transmitted infections and promptly respond to emerging infectious threats. An entire portfolio of PRTs suitable for all blood components is not available, but the field is steadily progressing. While PRTs for plasma have been used for many years, PRTs for platelets, red blood cells (RBC) and whole blood (WB) were developed more slowly, due to difficulties in preserving cell functions during storage. Two commercial platelet PRTs use ultra violet (UV) A and UVB light in the presence of amotosalen or riboflavin to inactivate pathogens' nucleic acids, while a third experimental PRT uses UVC light only. Two PRTs for WB and RBC have been tested in experimental clinical trials with storage limited to 21 or 35 days, due to unacceptably high RBC storage lesion beyond these time limits. This review summarizes pre-clinical investigations and selected outcomes from clinical trials using the above PRTs. Further studies are warranted to decrease cell storage lesions after PRT treatment and to test PRTs in different medical and surgical conditions. Affordability remains a major administrative obstacle to PRT use, particularly so in geographical regions with higher risks of transfusion-transmissible infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Rebulla
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haematology, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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8
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Abe H, Endo K, Shiba M, Satake M. Correlation between platelet thrombus formation on collagen-coated beads and platelet aggregation induced by ADP. Transfus Apher Sci 2019; 59:102560. [PMID: 31204292 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thrombus-forming ability is a critical in vitro parameter to assess platelets (PLTs), but flow-based methods using collagen-coated materials generally require multistep, proficiency, and advanced analysis. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Commercially available collagen-coated bead columns were examined to assess thrombus-forming ability of PLTs. The retention rate as an index of thrombus formation was calculated using the PLT count before and after column passage. Thrombi were imaged by anti-CD41 using a fluorescent microscope. PLT aggregation was measured by light-transmitting aggregometry. RESULTS The retention rate was low when apheresis-collected PLT concentrates (PCs) were suspended in plasma either with or without Ca2+. Reconstitution of PCs with red blood cells (RBCs) increased the retention rate with good reproducibility on repeated-measurements, and therefore, PLT samples were reconstructed with RBCs in subsequent experiments. The retention rate of PCs varied widely in a product-dependent manner, and was correlated with the aggregation rate induced by ADP, but not that by collagen. Using platelet-rich-plasma, antagonists of P2Y1 or P2Y12 receptors for ADP reduced both the retention and aggregation of PLTs. Acetylsalicylic acid reduced retention, although it had no effect on ADP-induced aggregation. Prostaglandin E1 significantly inhibited both retention and aggregation. These anti-PLT reagents resulted in reduced or no thrombus formation on the beads. CONCLUSION The collagen-coated bead column was useful to readily examine the thrombus-forming ability of PLTs. Variance of the PLT retention rate was correlated with responsiveness to ADP. Results from anti-PLT reagents revealed that thrombus formation on collagen-coated beads was similar to in vivo thrombus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Abe
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kimika Endo
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shiba
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Satake
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Wagner SJ, Getz TM. Is a platelet suntan the answer? Transfusion 2019; 59:1163-1165. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.15196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd M. Getz
- Transfusion Innovation; American Red Cross; Rockville MD
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10
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Waters L, Padula MP, Marks DC, Johnson L. Cryopreservation of UVC pathogen-inactivated platelets. Transfusion 2019; 59:2093-2102. [PMID: 30790288 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extending the platelet (PLT) shelf life and enhancing product safety may be achieved by combining cryopreservation and pathogen inactivation (PI). Although studied individually, limited investigations into combining these treatments has been performed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PI treating PLTs before cryopreservation on in vitro PLT quality and function. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS ABO-matched buffy coat-derived PLTs in PLT additive solution (SSP+; Macopharma) were pooled and split to form matched pairs (n = 8). One unit remained untreated and the other was treated with the THERAFLEX UV-Platelets System (UVC; Macopharma). For cryopreservation, 5% to 6% dimethyl sulfoxide was added to the PLTs, and they were frozen at -80°C. After being thawed, untreated cryopreserved PLTs (CPPs) and UVC-treated CPPs (UVC-CPPs) were resuspended in plasma. In vitro quality was assessed immediately after thawing and after 24 hours of room temperature storage. RESULTS UVC-CPPs had lower in vitro recovery compared to CPPs. By flow cytometry, PLTs demonstrated a similar abundance of GPIX (CD42a), GPIIb (CD41a), and GPIbα (CD42b-HIP1), while the activation of GPIIb/IIIa (PAC-1) was increased in UVC-CPPs compared to CPPs. UVC-CPPs demonstrated greater phosphatidylserine exposure (annexin V) and microparticle shedding but similar P-selectin (CD62P) abundance compared to CPPs. UVC-CPPs displayed similar functionality to CPPs when assessed using aggregometry, thromboelastography, and thrombin generation. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the feasibility of cryopreserving UVC-PI-treated PLT products. UVC-PI treatment may increase the susceptibility of PLTs to damage caused during cryopreservation, but this is more pronounced during postthaw storage at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Waters
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Life Sciences and Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- School of Life Sciences and Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Denese C Marks
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lacey Johnson
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Johnson L, Cameron M, Waters L, Padula MP, Marks DC. The impact of refrigerated storage of UVC pathogen inactivated platelet concentrates on in vitro
platelet quality parameters. Vox Sang 2018; 114:47-56. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lacey Johnson
- Research and Development; Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Mathew Cameron
- Research and Development; Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Life Sciences and Proteomics Core Facility; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Lauren Waters
- Research and Development; Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Life Sciences and Proteomics Core Facility; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Matthew P. Padula
- School of Life Sciences and Proteomics Core Facility; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Denese C. Marks
- Research and Development; Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Sydney NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
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12
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Levy JH, Neal MD, Herman JH. Bacterial contamination of platelets for transfusion: strategies for prevention. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2018; 22:271. [PMID: 30367640 PMCID: PMC6204059 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Platelet transfusions carry greater risks of infection, sepsis, and death than any other blood product, owing primarily to bacterial contamination. Many patients may be at particular risk, including critically ill patients in the intensive care unit. This narrative review provides an overview of the problem and an update on strategies for the prevention, detection, and reduction/inactivation of bacterial contaminants in platelets. Bacterial contamination and septic transfusion reactions are major sources of morbidity and mortality. Between 1:1000 and 1:2500 platelet units are bacterially contaminated. The skin bacterial microflora is a primary source of contamination, and enteric contaminants are rare but may be clinically devastating, while platelet storage conditions can support bacterial growth. Donor selection, blood diversion, and hemovigilance are effective but have limitations. Biofilm-producing species can adhere to biological and non-biological surfaces and evade detection. Primary bacterial culture testing of apheresis platelets is in routine use in the US. Pathogen reduction/inactivation technologies compatible with platelets use ultraviolet light-based mechanisms to target nucleic acids of contaminating bacteria and other pathogens. These methods have demonstrated safety and efficacy and represent a proactive approach for inactivating contaminants before transfusion to prevent transfusion-transmitted infections. One system, which combines ultraviolet A and amotosalen for broad-spectrum pathogen inactivation, is approved in both the US and Europe. Current US Food and Drug Administration recommendations advocate enhanced bacterial testing or pathogen reduction/inactivation strategies (or both) to further improve platelet safety. Risks of bacterial contamination of platelets and transfusion-transmitted infections have been significantly mitigated, but not eliminated, by improvements in prevention and detection strategies. Regulatory-approved technologies for pathogen reduction/inactivation have further enhanced the safety of platelet transfusions. Ongoing development of these technologies holds great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold H Levy
- Duke University Hospital, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Matthew D Neal
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jay H Herman
- Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 111 S. 11th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
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13
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Fryk JJ, Marks DC, Hobson-Peters J, Watterson D, Hall RA, Young PR, Reichenberg S, Tolksdorf F, Sumian C, Gravemann U, Seltsam A, Faddy HM. Reduction of Zika virus infectivity in platelet concentrates after treatment with ultraviolet C light and in plasma after treatment with methylene blue and visible light. Transfusion 2017; 57:2677-2682. [PMID: 28718518 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a potential threat to transfusion safety worldwide. Pathogen inactivation is one approach to manage this risk. In this study, the efficacy of the THERAFLEX UV-Platelets system and THERAFLEX MB-Plasma system to inactivate ZIKV in platelet concentrates (PCs) and plasma was investigated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS PCs spiked with ZIKV were treated with the THERAFLEX UV-Platelets system at 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 J/cm2 UVC. Plasma spiked with ZIKV was treated with the THERAFLEX MB-Plasma system at 20, 40, 60, and 120 J/cm2 light at 630 nm with at least 0.8 µmol/L methylene blue (MB). Samples were taken before the first and after each illumination dose and tested for residual virus. For each system the level of viral reduction was determined. RESULTS Treatment of PCs with THERAFLEX UV-Platelets system resulted in a mean of 5 log reduction in ZIKV infectivity at the standard UVC dose (0.20 J/cm2 ), with dose dependency observed with increasing UVC dose. For plasma treated with MB and visible light, ZIKV infectivity was reduced by a mean of at least 5.68 log, with residual viral infectivity reaching the detection limit of the assay at 40 J/cm2 (one-third the standard dose). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that the THERAFLEX UV-Platelets system and THERAFLEX MB-Plasma system can reduce ZIKV infectivity in PCs and pooled plasma to the detection limit of the assays used. These findings suggest both systems have the capacity to be an effective option to manage potential ZIKV transfusion transmission risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Fryk
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service
| | - Denese C Marks
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul R Young
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Ute Gravemann
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB, Springe, Germany
| | - Axel Seltsam
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB, Springe, Germany
| | - Helen M Faddy
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Magron A, Laugier J, Provost P, Boilard E. Pathogen reduction technologies: The pros and cons for platelet transfusion. Platelets 2017; 29:2-8. [PMID: 28523956 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1306046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The transfusion of platelets is essential for diverse pathological conditions associated with thrombocytopenia or platelet disorders. To maintain optimal platelet quality and functions, platelets are stored as platelet concentrates (PCs) at room temperature under continuous agitation-conditions that are permissive for microbial proliferation. In order to reduce these contaminants, pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs) were developed by the pharmaceutical industry and subsequently implemented by blood banks. PRTs rely on chemically induced cross-linking and inactivation of nucleic acids. These technologies were initially introduced for the treatment of plasma and, more recently, for PCs given the absence of a nucleus in platelets. Several studies verified the effectiveness of PRTs to inactivate a broad array of bacteria, viruses, and parasites. However, the safety of PRT-treated platelets has been questioned in other studies, which focused on the impact of PRTs on platelet quality and functions. In this article, we review the literature regarding PRTs, and present the advantages and disadvantages related to their application in platelet transfusion medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Magron
- a Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec , Faculté de Médecine de l'Université Laval, Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie , Québec , QC , Canada
| | - Jonathan Laugier
- a Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec , Faculté de Médecine de l'Université Laval, Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie , Québec , QC , Canada
| | - Patrick Provost
- a Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec , Faculté de Médecine de l'Université Laval, Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie , Québec , QC , Canada
| | - Eric Boilard
- a Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec , Faculté de Médecine de l'Université Laval, Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie , Québec , QC , Canada
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Abe H, Shiba M, Niibe Y, Tadokoro K, Satake M. Pulsed xenon flash treatment inactivates bacteria in apheresis platelet concentrates while preserving in vitro quality and functionality. Transfusion 2017; 57:989-996. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Abe
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society
| | - Masayuki Shiba
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society
| | | | - Kenji Tadokoro
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society
| | - Masahiro Satake
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society
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Schmidt AE, Refaai MA, Blumberg N. Past, present and forecast of transfusion medicine: What has changed and what is expected to change? Presse Med 2016; 45:e253-72. [PMID: 27474234 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood transfusion is the second most used medical procedures in health care systems worldwide. Over the last few decades, significant changes have been evolved in transfusion medicine practices. These changes were mainly needed to increase safety, efficacy, and availability of blood products as well as reduce recipients' unnecessary exposure to allogeneic blood. Blood products collection, processing, and storage as well as transfusion practices throughout all patient populations were the main stream of these changes. Health care systems across the world have adopted some or most of these changes to reduce transfusion risks, to improve overall patients' outcome, and to reduce health care costs. In this article, we are going to present and discuss some of these recent modifications and their impact on patients' safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Schmidt
- University of Rochester medical center, department of pathology and laboratory medicine, 14642 Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Majed A Refaai
- University of Rochester medical center, department of pathology and laboratory medicine, 14642 Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Neil Blumberg
- University of Rochester medical center, department of pathology and laboratory medicine, 14642 Rochester, NY, USA.
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Abe H, Shiba M, Niibe Y, Tadokoro K, Satake M. Reduction of bacteria and human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 infectivity of platelet suspension in plasma using xenon flash-pulse light in a bench-scale trial. Transfusion 2016; 56:2256-66. [PMID: 27282889 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current pathogen reduction systems for platelet concentrates (PCs) require addition of chemical compounds and/or reduction of plasma content in PCs. We have investigated a new method using xenon (Xe) flash-pulse light without additional compounds or plasma replacement. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS An aliquot of apheresis platelets (PLTs) in plasma inoculated with bacteria or human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1) was irradiated with Xe flash-pulse light (Xe flash phototreatment). Bacterial growth was monitored up to 6 days of storage, whereas HIV-1 infectivity was assayed just after treatment. Pairs of Xe flash-phototreated and untreated PCs were examined for PLT lesion during the storage period. RESULTS Under the current conditions, a low titer (1.8 colony-forming units [CFUs]/mL) of Staphylococcus aureus did not proliferate during the 6-day storage period, but grew in some cases at high-titer (24.0 CFUs/mL) inoculation. HIV-1 infectivity was reduced by 1.8 log. PLT recovery of the treated PCs was lower than untreated ones. An increase of mean PLT volume and glucose consumption, together with a decrease of hypotonic shock response and pH, were enhanced by the treatment. CD62P- and PAC-1-positive PLTs increased after the treatment, indicating the induction of PLT activation. Among biologic response modifiers, soluble CD40 ligand was significantly increased in the treated PCs on Day 6. CONCLUSIONS Xe flash phototreatment could prevent bacterial proliferation and reduce HIV-1 infectivity in 100% plasma PCs without any additional compounds, but enhanced PLT storage lesions. Further improvement is required to increase the potency of pathogen inactivation with reducing PLT damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Abe
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Shiba
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Tadokoro
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Satake
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
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van der Meer PF, Gravemann U, de Korte D, Sumian C, Tolksdorf F, Müller TH, Seltsam A. Effect of increased agitation speed on pathogen inactivation efficacy andin vitroquality in UVC-treated platelet concentrates. Vox Sang 2016; 111:127-34. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. F. van der Meer
- Department of Product and Process Development; Sanquin Blood Bank; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - U. Gravemann
- Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB; Institute Springe; Springe Germany
| | - D. de Korte
- Department of Product and Process Development; Sanquin Blood Bank; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Blood Cell Research; Sanquin Research; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | | | - T. H. Müller
- Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB; Institute Springe; Springe Germany
| | - A. Seltsam
- Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB; Institute Springe; Springe Germany
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19
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Sandgren P, Berlin G, Tynngård N. Treatment of platelet concentrates with ultraviolet C light for pathogen reduction increases cytokine accumulation. Transfusion 2016; 56:1377-83. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Per Sandgren
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gösta Berlin
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Nahreen Tynngård
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
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20
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Faddy HM, Fryk JJ, Prow NA, Watterson D, Young PR, Hall RA, Tolksdorf F, Sumian C, Gravemann U, Seltsam A, Marks DC. Inactivation of dengue, chikungunya, and Ross River viruses in platelet concentrates after treatment with ultraviolet C light. Transfusion 2016; 56:1548-55. [PMID: 26926832 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arboviruses, including dengue (DENV 1-4), chikungunya (CHIKV), and Ross River (RRV), are emerging viruses that are a risk for transfusion safety globally. An approach for managing this risk is pathogen inactivation, such as the THERAFLEX UV-Platelets system. We investigated the ability of this system to inactivate the above mentioned arboviruses. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS DENV 1-4, CHIKV, or RRV were spiked into buffy coat (BC)-derived platelet (PLT) concentrates in additive solution and treated with the THERAFLEX UV-Platelets system at the following doses: 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 J/cm(2) (standard dose). Pre- and posttreatment samples were taken for each dose, and the level of viral infectivity was determined. RESULTS At the standard ultraviolet C (UVC) dose (0.2 J/cm(2) ), viral inactivation of at least 4.43, 6.34, and 5.13 log or more, was observed for DENV 1-4, CHIKV, and RRV, respectively. A dose dependency in viral inactivation was observed with increasing UVC doses. CONCLUSIONS Our study has shown that DENV, CHIKV, and RRV, spiked into BC-derived PLT concentrates, were inactivated by the THERAFLEX UV-Platelets system to the limit of detection of our assay, suggesting that this system could contribute to the safety of PLT concentrates with respect to these emerging arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Faddy
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jesse J Fryk
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service
| | - Natalie A Prow
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland
| | - Paul R Young
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland
| | | | | | - Ute Gravemann
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB, Springe, Germany
| | - Axel Seltsam
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB, Springe, Germany
| | - Denese C Marks
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service
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Johnson L, Hyland R, Tan S, Tolksdorf F, Sumian C, Seltsam A, Marks D. In vitro Quality of Platelets with Low Plasma Carryover Treated with Ultraviolet C Light for Pathogen Inactivation. Transfus Med Hemother 2015; 43:190-7. [PMID: 27403091 DOI: 10.1159/000441830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The THERAFLEX UV-Platelets system uses shortwave ultraviolet C light (UVC, 254 nm) to inactivate pathogens in platelet components. Plasma carryover influences pathogen inactivation and platelet quality following treatment. The plasma carryover in the standard platelets produced by our institution are below the intended specification (<30%). METHODS A pool and split study was carried out comparing untreated and UVC-treated platelets with <30% plasma carryover (n = 10 pairs). This data was compared to components that met specifications (>30% plasma). The platelets were tested over storage for in vitro quality. RESULTS Platelet metabolism was accelerated following UVC treatment, as demonstrated by increased glucose consumption and lactate production. UVC treatment caused increased externalization of phosphatidylserine on platelets and microparticles, activation of the GPIIb/IIIa receptor (PAC-1 binding), and reduced hypotonic shock response. Platelet function, as measured with thrombelastogram, was not affected by UVC treatment. Components with <30% plasma were similar to those meeting specification with the exception of enhanced glycolytic metabolism. CONCLUSION This in vitro analysis demonstrates that treatment of platelets with <30% plasma carryover with the THERAFLEX UV-Platelets system affects some aspects of platelet metabolism and activation, although in vitro platelet function was not negatively impacted. This study also provides evidence that the treatment specifications of plasma carryover could be extended to below 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey Johnson
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan Hyland
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shereen Tan
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Axel Seltsam
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB, Springe, Germany
| | - Denese Marks
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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22
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Johnson L, Schubert P, Tan S, Devine DV, Marks DC. Extended storage and glucose exhaustion are associated with apoptotic changes in platelets stored in additive solution. Transfusion 2015; 56:360-8. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lacey Johnson
- Research and Development; Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Sydney Australia
- Centre for Innovation; Canadian Blood Services; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Centre for Blood Research; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Peter Schubert
- Centre for Innovation; Canadian Blood Services; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Centre for Blood Research; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Shereen Tan
- Research and Development; Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Sydney Australia
| | - Dana V. Devine
- Centre for Innovation; Canadian Blood Services; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Centre for Blood Research; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Denese C. Marks
- Research and Development; Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Sydney Australia
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23
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Van Aelst B, Devloo R, Vandekerckhove P, Compernolle V, Feys HB. Ultraviolet C light pathogen inactivation treatment of platelet concentrates preserves integrin activation but affects thrombus formation kinetics on collagen in vitro. Transfusion 2015; 55:2404-14. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Britt Van Aelst
- Transfusion Research CenterBelgian Red Cross‐FlandersGhent Belgium
| | - Rosalie Devloo
- Transfusion Research CenterBelgian Red Cross‐FlandersGhent Belgium
| | - Philippe Vandekerckhove
- Blood Service of the Belgian Red Cross‐FlandersMechelen Belgium
- Department of Public Health and Primary CareCatholic University of LeuvenLeuven Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of GhentGhent Belgium
| | - Veerle Compernolle
- Transfusion Research CenterBelgian Red Cross‐FlandersGhent Belgium
- Blood Service of the Belgian Red Cross‐FlandersMechelen Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of GhentGhent Belgium
| | - Hendrik B. Feys
- Transfusion Research CenterBelgian Red Cross‐FlandersGhent Belgium
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24
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Sandgren P, Rönnmark J, Axelsson J. In vitro affinity reduction of biologic response modifiers from production buffy coat platelets exposed to recombinant protein receptors. Transfusion 2015; 55:1919-26. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Per Sandgren
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine
| | - Jenny Rönnmark
- JJK Medical Development AB/South End Advisory AB; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jonas Axelsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet
- JJK Medical Development AB/South End Advisory AB; Stockholm Sweden
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25
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Thiele T, Pohler P, Kohlmann T, Sümnig A, Aurich K, Selleng K, Westphal A, Bakchoul T, Petersmann A, Müller TH, Greinacher A, Seltsam A. Tolerance of platelet concentrates treated with UVC-light only for pathogen reduction--a phase I clinical trial. Vox Sang 2015; 109:44-51. [PMID: 25754418 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The THERAFLEX UV-Platelets pathogen reduction system for platelet concentrates (PCs) operates with ultraviolet C light (UVC; 254 nm) only without addition of photosensitizers. This phase I study evaluated safety and tolerability of autologous UVC-irradiated PCs in healthy volunteers. METHODS Eleven volunteers underwent two single (series 1 and 2) and one double apheresis (series 3). PCs were treated with UVC, stored for 48 h and retransfused in a dose-escalation scheme: 12·5, 25% and 50% of a PC (series 1); one complete PC (series 2); two PCs (series 3). Platelet counts, fibrinogen, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, D-dimer, standard haematology, temperature, heart rate, blood pressure and clinical chemistry parameters were measured. One- and 24-h corrected count increments were determined in series 2 and 3. Platelet-specific antibodies were assessed before and at the end of the study. RESULTS Neither adverse reactions related to transfusions nor antibodies against UVC-treated platelets were observed. Corrected count increments did not differ between series 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS Repeated transfusions of autologous UVC-treated PCs were well tolerated and did not induce antibody responses in all volunteers studied. EudraCT No. 2010-023404-26.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thiele
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - P Pohler
- DRK Blutspendedienst NSTOB, Institut Springe, Springe, Germany
| | - T Kohlmann
- Institut für Community Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Sümnig
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - K Aurich
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - K Selleng
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Westphal
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Bakchoul
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Petersmann
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Labormedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - T H Müller
- DRK Blutspendedienst NSTOB, Institut Springe, Springe, Germany
| | - A Greinacher
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Seltsam
- DRK Blutspendedienst NSTOB, Institut Springe, Springe, Germany
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26
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Tynngård N, Trinks M, Berlin G. In vitro function of platelets treated with ultraviolet C light for pathogen inactivation: a comparative study with nonirradiated and gamma-irradiated platelets. Transfusion 2014; 55:1169-77. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nahreen Tynngård
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Marie Trinks
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
| | - Gösta Berlin
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Linköping University; Linköping Sweden
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27
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Kaiser-Guignard J, Canellini G, Lion N, Abonnenc M, Osselaer JC, Tissot JD. The clinical and biological impact of new pathogen inactivation technologies on platelet concentrates. Blood Rev 2014; 28:235-41. [PMID: 25192602 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since 1990, several techniques have been developed to photochemically inactivate pathogens in platelet concentrates, potentially leading to safer transfusion therapy. The three most common methods are amotosalen/UVA (INTERCEPT Blood System), riboflavin/UVA-UVB (MIRASOL PRT), and UVC (Theraflex-UV). We review the biology of pathogen inactivation methods, present their efficacy in reducing pathogens, discuss their impact on the functional aspects of treated platelets, and review clinical studies showing the clinical efficiency of the pathogen inactivation methods and their possible toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgia Canellini
- Service régional vaudois de transfusion, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Niels Lion
- Service régional vaudois de transfusion, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Mélanie Abonnenc
- Service régional vaudois de transfusion, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Claude Osselaer
- Service régional vaudois de transfusion, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Daniel Tissot
- Service régional vaudois de transfusion, Route de la Corniche 2, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- D. C. Marks
- Research and Development; Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - H. M. Faddy
- Research and Development; Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - L. Johnson
- Research and Development; Australian Red Cross Blood Service; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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29
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In vitro and in vivo characterization of ultraviolet light C-irradiated human platelets in a 2 event mouse model of transfusion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79869. [PMID: 24224014 PMCID: PMC3815158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UV-based pathogen reduction technologies have been developed in recent years to inactivate pathogens and contaminating leukocytes in platelet transfusion products in order to prevent transfusion-transmitted infections and alloimmunization. UVC-based technology differs from UVA or UVB-based technologies in that it uses a specific wavelength at 254 nm without the addition of any photosensitizers. Previously, it was reported that UVC irradiation induces platelet aggregation and activation. To understand if UVC-induced changes of platelet quality correlate with potential adverse events when these platelets are transfused into animals, we used a 2-event SCID mouse model in which the predisposing event was LPS treatment and the second event was infusion of UVC-irradiated platelets. We analyzed lung platelet accumulation, protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as an indication of lung injury, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) release in mice received UVC-irradiated or untreated control platelets. Our results showed UVC-irradiated platelets accumulated in lungs of the mice in a dose-dependent manner. High-doses of UVC-irradiated platelets were sequestered in the lungs to a similar level as we previously reported for UVB-irradiated platelets. Unlike UVB-platelets, UVC-platelets did not lead to lung injury or induce MIP-2 release. This could potentially be explained by our observation that although UVC treatment activated platelet surface αIIbβ3, it failed to activate platelet cells. It also suggests lung platelet accumulation and subsequent lung damage are due to different and separate mechanisms which require further investigation.
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30
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Prowse CV, de Korte D, Hess JR, van der Meer PF. Commercially available blood storage containers. Vox Sang 2013; 106:1-13. [PMID: 24102543 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plastic blood bags improve the safety and effectiveness of blood component separation and storage. Progress towards optimal storage systems is driven by medical, scientific, business and environmental concerns and is limited by available materials, consumer acceptance and manufacturing and regulatory concerns. Blood bag manufacturers were invited to submit lists of the bags they manufacture. The lists were combined and sorted by planned use. The lists were analysed by experts to assess the degree to which the products attend to scientific problems. Specific issues addressed included the use of di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) as plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) blood bags, the size, material and thickness of platelet bags, and the fracture resistance of plasma bags. Alternatives to DEHP for red blood cell (RBC) storage exist, but are mostly in a developmental stage. Plastic bags (DEHP-free, PVC-free) for platelet storage with better gas diffusion capabilities are widely available. Alternatives for plasma storage with better fracture resistance at low temperatures exist. Most RBC products are stored in DEHP-plasticized PVC as no fully satisfactory alternative exists that ensures adequate storage with low haemolysis. A variety of alternative platelet storage systems are available, but their significance - other than improved oxygen transport - is poorly understood. The necessity to remove DEHP from blood bags still needs to be determined.
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31
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Bashir S, Cookson P, Wiltshire M, Hawkins L, Sonoda L, Thomas S, Seltsam A, Tolksdorf F, Williamson LM, Cardigan R. Pathogen inactivation of platelets using ultraviolet C light: effect on in vitro function and recovery and survival of platelets. Transfusion 2012; 53:990-1000. [PMID: 22905813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the effect of treating platelets (PLTs) using ultraviolet (UV)C light without the addition of any photosensitizing chemicals on PLT function in vitro and PLT recovery and survival in an autologous radiolabeled volunteer study. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS For in vitro studies, pooled or single buffy coat-derived PLT concentrates (PCs) were pooled and split to obtain identical PCs that were either treated with UVC or untreated (n = 6 each) and stored for 7 days. PLT recovery and survival were determined in a two-arm parallel autologous study in healthy volunteers performed according to BEST guidelines. UVC-treated or untreated PCs (n = 6 each) were stored for 5 days and were compared to fresh PLTs from the same donor. RESULTS There were no significant differences on Day 7 of storage between paired UVC-treated and control PC units for pH, adenosine triphosphate, lactate dehydrogenase, CD62P, CD63, PLT microparticles, and JC-1 binding, but annexin V binding, lactate accumulation, and expression of CD41/61 were significantly higher in treated units (p < 0.05). Compared with control units, the recovery and survival of UVC-treated PC were reduced after 5 days of storage (p < 0.05) and when expressed as a percentage of fresh values, survival was reduced by 20% (p = 0.005) and recovery by 17% (p = 0.088). CONCLUSION UVC-treated PLTs stored for 5 days showed marginal changes in PLT metabolism and activation in vitro and were associated with a degree of reduction in recovery and survival similar to other pathogen inactivation systems that are licensed and in use.
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Characteristics of the THERAFLEX UV-Platelets pathogen inactivation system – An update. Transfus Apher Sci 2012; 46:221-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pohler P, Lehmann J, Veneruso V, Tomm J, von Bergen M, Lambrecht B, Kohn B, Weingart C, Müller TH, Seltsam A. Evaluation of the tolerability and immunogenicity of ultraviolet C-irradiated autologous platelets in a dog model. Transfusion 2012; 52:2414-26. [PMID: 22404822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The THERAFLEX ultraviolet (UV) platelets (PLTs) pathogen reduction system for PLT concentrates (PCs) operates using ultraviolet C (UVC) light at a wavelength of 254 nm. UVC treatment can potentially alter proteins, which may affect drug tolerance in humans and influence the immunogenicity of blood products. This preclinical study in beagle dogs was designed to evaluate the safety pharmacology of UVC-irradiated PCs after intravenous administration and to determine whether they are capable of eliciting humoral responses to PLTs and plasma proteins. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Six beagle dogs each were transfused once every other week for 10 weeks with UVC-irradiated or nonirradiated PCs. All PCs were autologous canine single-donor products prepared from whole blood. Safety pharmacology variables were regularly assessed. The impact of UVC irradiation on PLT and plasma proteomes was analyzed by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Serum samples were tested for UVC-induced antibodies by Western blot and flow cytometry. RESULTS Dogs transfused with UVC-irradiated PCs showed no signs of local or systemic intolerance. Few but significant changes in PLT protein integrity were observed after UVC irradiation. Even after repeated administration of UVC-irradiated PCs, no antibodies against UVC-exposed plasma or PLT proteins were detected. CONCLUSIONS Repeated transfusions of autologous UVC-treated PCs were well tolerated in all dogs studied. UVC irradiation did not cause significant plasma or PLT protein modifications capable of inducing specific antibody responses in the dogs. High-resolution proteomics combined with antibody analysis introduces a comprehensive and sensitive method for screening of protein modifications and antibodies specific for pathogen reduction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Pohler
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB, Institute Springe, Springe, Germany
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Reid S, Johnson L, Woodland N, Marks DC. Pathogen reduction treatment of buffy coat platelet concentrates in additive solution induces proapoptotic signaling. Transfusion 2012; 52:2094-103. [PMID: 22320126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogen reduction technology (PRT) can potentially reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections. However, PRT treatment of platelet (PLT) concentrates also results in reduced PLT quality and increased markers of apoptosis during storage. The aim of this study was to investigate changes to the expression and activation of proteins involved in apoptosis signaling. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Samples from riboflavin and ultraviolet light PRT-treated and untreated (control) buffy coat-derived PCs in 70% SSP+ and 30% plasma were taken on Days 1, 5, and 7 of storage. Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, expression of Bcl-2 family proteins, cytochrome c release, and cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-3 substrates were analyzed using flow cytometry and Western blotting. RESULTS Compared to untreated controls, markers of apoptosis signaling were increased after PRT and subsequent storage. PS exposure on the PLT outer membrane was significantly higher after PRT on Days 5 and 7 of storage (p < 0.05). Expression of proapoptotic Bak and Bax was higher after PRT and subsequent storage. Cytochrome c release and caspase-3 cleavage were also greater and occurred earlier in the PRT-treated PLTs. The cleavage of caspase-3 substrates gelsolin and ROCK I were also increased after PRT, compared to untreated controls. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated an increase in proapoptotic signaling during PLT storage, which was exacerbated by PRT. Many of these differences emerged outside the current 5-day storage period. These changes may not currently influence PLT transfusion quality, but will need to be carefully evaluated when considering extending PLT storage beyond 5 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Reid
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, and the School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Sandgren P, Stjepanovic A. High-yield Platelet units revealed immediate pH decline and delayed mitochondrial dysfunction during storage in 100% plasma as compared with storage in SSP+. Vox Sang 2012; 103:55-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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