1
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Jin KT, Yao JY, Ying XJ, Lin Y, Chen YF. Nanomedicine and Early Cancer Diagnosis: Molecular Imaging using Fluorescence Nanoparticles. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:2737-2761. [PMID: 32962614 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200922112640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Incorporating nanotechnology into fluorescent imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown promising potential for accurate diagnosis of cancer at an earlier stage than the conventional imaging modalities. Molecular imaging (MI) aims to quantitatively characterize, visualize, and measure the biological processes or living cells at molecular and genetic levels. MI modalities have been exploited in different applications including noninvasive determination and visualization of diseased tissues, cell trafficking visualization, early detection, treatment response monitoring, and in vivo visualization of living cells. High-affinity molecular probe and imaging modality to detect the probe are the two main requirements of MI. Recent advances in nanotechnology and allied modalities have facilitated the use of nanoparticles (NPs) as MI probes. Within the extensive group of NPs, fluorescent NPs play a prominent role in optical molecular imaging. The fluorescent NPs used in molecular and cellular imaging can be categorized into three main groups including quantum dots (QDs), upconversion, and dyedoped NPs. Fluorescent NPs have great potential in targeted theranostics including cancer imaging, immunoassay- based cells, proteins and bacteria detections, imaging-guided surgery, and therapy. Fluorescent NPs have shown promising potentials for drug and gene delivery, detection of the chromosomal abnormalities, labeling of DNA, and visualizing DNA replication dynamics. Multifunctional NPs have been successfully used in a single theranostic modality integrating diagnosis and therapy. The unique characteristics of multifunctional NPs make them potential theranostic agents that can be utilized concurrently for diagnosis and therapy. This review provides the state of the art of the applications of nanotechnologies in early cancer diagnosis focusing on fluorescent NPs, their synthesis methods, and perspectives in clinical theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Tao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Jinhua Hosptial, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Yu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Ying
- Department of Colorectal Surgery Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, P.R China
| | - Yun-Fang Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
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2
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Metabolic pathway for the universal fluorescent recognition of tumor cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76108-76115. [PMID: 29100296 PMCID: PMC5652690 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantification of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood samples from cancer patients is a non-invasive approach to monitoring the status of the disease. Most of the methods proposed in the recent years are phenomenological and rely on the use of antibodies labelled with fluorophores, magnetic particles, or immobilized on surfaces to capture the CTCs. Herein, we designed and optimized a method that employs a glucose analogue labelled with a fluorophore which takes advantage of the different metabolic pathways of cancer cells to discern them from normal ones. Notably, we demonstrate that fluorescence signal in tumor cells can be greatly maximized by applying hyperoxia conditions without damaging the cells. These results are demonstrated by means of confocal fluorescence and flow-cytometry measurements in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) extracted after Ficoll of human blood samples and spiked with a known concentration of MCF-7 tumor cells.
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3
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Vafaei S, Tabaei SR, Biswas KH, Groves JT, Cho NJ. Dynamic Cellular Interactions with Extracellular Matrix Triggered by Biomechanical Tuning of Low-Rigidity, Supported Lipid Membranes. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28371558 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of cells in a tissue is regulated by chemical as well as physical signals arising from their microenvironment. While gel-based substrates have been widely used for mimicking a range of substrate rigidities, there is a need for the development of low rigidity substrates for mimicking the physical properties of soft tissues. In this study, the authors report the development of a supported lipid bilayer (SLB)-based low rigidity substrate for cell adhesion studies. SLBs are functionalized with either collagen I or fibronectin via covalent, amine coupling to a carboxyl group-modified lipid molecule. While the lipid molecules in the bilayer show long-range lateral mobility, the covalently functionalized extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are immobile on the bilayer surface. Specific adhesion of cells results in an enrichment of the protein on the bilayer and the appearance of a zone of depletion around the cells. Further, the lateral reorganization of the ECM proteins is controlled by altering the fluidity of lipid molecules in the substrate. Thus, the experimental platform developed in this study can be utilized for addressing basic questions related to cell adhesion on low rigidity substrates as well as biomedical applications requiring adhesion of cells to low rigidity substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Vafaei
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Drive 637553 Singapore Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore Singapore
| | - Seyed R. Tabaei
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Drive 637553 Singapore Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore Singapore
| | - Kabir H. Biswas
- Mechanobiology Institute; National University of Singapore; 117411 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jay T. Groves
- Mechanobiology Institute; National University of Singapore; 117411 Singapore Singapore
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Drive 637553 Singapore Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 62 Nanyang Drive 637459 Singapore Singapore
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4
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Pelaz B, Alexiou C, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Alves F, Andrews AM, Ashraf S, Balogh LP, Ballerini L, Bestetti A, Brendel C, Bosi S, Carril M, Chan WCW, Chen C, Chen X, Chen X, Cheng Z, Cui D, Du J, Dullin C, Escudero A, Feliu N, Gao M, George M, Gogotsi Y, Grünweller A, Gu Z, Halas NJ, Hampp N, Hartmann RK, Hersam MC, Hunziker P, Jian J, Jiang X, Jungebluth P, Kadhiresan P, Kataoka K, Khademhosseini A, Kopeček J, Kotov NA, Krug HF, Lee DS, Lehr CM, Leong KW, Liang XJ, Ling Lim M, Liz-Marzán LM, Ma X, Macchiarini P, Meng H, Möhwald H, Mulvaney P, Nel AE, Nie S, Nordlander P, Okano T, Oliveira J, Park TH, Penner RM, Prato M, Puntes V, Rotello VM, Samarakoon A, Schaak RE, Shen Y, Sjöqvist S, Skirtach AG, Soliman MG, Stevens MM, Sung HW, Tang BZ, Tietze R, Udugama BN, VanEpps JS, Weil T, Weiss PS, Willner I, Wu Y, Yang L, Yue Z, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Zhang XE, Zhao Y, Zhou X, Parak WJ. Diverse Applications of Nanomedicine. ACS NANO 2017; 11:2313-2381. [PMID: 28290206 PMCID: PMC5371978 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 767] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The design and use of materials in the nanoscale size range for addressing medical and health-related issues continues to receive increasing interest. Research in nanomedicine spans a multitude of areas, including drug delivery, vaccine development, antibacterial, diagnosis and imaging tools, wearable devices, implants, high-throughput screening platforms, etc. using biological, nonbiological, biomimetic, or hybrid materials. Many of these developments are starting to be translated into viable clinical products. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in nanomedicine and highlight the current challenges and upcoming opportunities for the field and translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pelaz
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- ENT-Department, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine
(SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ramon A. Alvarez-Puebla
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frauke Alves
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Diagnostic
and Interventional Radiology, University
Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen Germany
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne M. Andrews
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute
for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Division of NanoMedicine and Center
for the Environmental Impact of Nanotechnology, and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sumaira Ashraf
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lajos P. Balogh
- AA Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology Consultants, North Andover, Massachusetts 01845, United States
| | - Laura Ballerini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bestetti
- School of Chemistry & Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Cornelia Brendel
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Susanna Bosi
- Department of Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Monica Carril
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation
for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Warren C. W. Chan
- Institute of Biomaterials
and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key
Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of
China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological
University, Singapore 639798
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine,
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular
Imaging Program at Stanford and Bio-X Program, Canary Center at Stanford
for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument
Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electronical
Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhong Du
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Christian Dullin
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Diagnostic
and Interventional Radiology, University
Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Alberto Escudero
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla. CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Neus Feliu
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | | | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials
Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Arnold Grünweller
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610000 Chengdu, China
| | - Naomi J. Halas
- Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Rice
University, Houston, Texas 77005, United
States
| | - Norbert Hampp
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland K. Hartmann
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Mark C. Hersam
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry,
and Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Patrick Hunziker
- University Hospital, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- CLINAM,
European Foundation for Clinical Nanomedicine, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ji Jian
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Center for
Bionanoengineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key
Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of
China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Philipp Jungebluth
- Thoraxklinik Heidelberg, Universitätsklinikum
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pranav Kadhiresan
- Institute of Biomaterials
and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | | | | | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Kotov
- Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019, United States
| | - Harald F. Krug
- EMPA, Federal Institute for Materials
Science and Technology, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical
Sciences and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- HIPS - Helmhotz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key
Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of
China, Beijing 100190, China
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Mei Ling Lim
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luis M. Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation
for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Ciber-BBN, 20014 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Laboratory of Controllable Nanopharmaceuticals, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Paolo Macchiarini
- Laboratory of Bioengineering Regenerative Medicine (BioReM), Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Huan Meng
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute
for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Division of NanoMedicine and Center
for the Environmental Impact of Nanotechnology, and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Helmuth Möhwald
- Department of Interfaces, Max-Planck
Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Paul Mulvaney
- School of Chemistry & Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andre E. Nel
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute
for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Division of NanoMedicine and Center
for the Environmental Impact of Nanotechnology, and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Shuming Nie
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Rice
University, Houston, Texas 77005, United
States
| | - Teruo Okano
- Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | | | - Tai Hyun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical
Sciences and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Reginald M. Penner
- Department of Chemistry, University of
California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation
for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Victor Puntes
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron University Hospital
Institute of Research, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Amila Samarakoon
- Institute of Biomaterials
and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Raymond E. Schaak
- Department of Chemistry, The
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Youqing Shen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Center for
Bionanoengineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, China
| | - Sebastian Sjöqvist
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andre G. Skirtach
- Department of Interfaces, Max-Planck
Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Ghent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mahmoud G. Soliman
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials,
Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hsing-Wen Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan,
ROC 300
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rainer Tietze
- ENT-Department, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine
(SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship for Nanomedicine, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Buddhisha N. Udugama
- Institute of Biomaterials
and Biomedical Engineering, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - J. Scott VanEpps
- Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019, United States
| | - Tanja Weil
- Institut für
Organische Chemie, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry and Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute
for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Division of NanoMedicine and Center
for the Environmental Impact of Nanotechnology, and Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Itamar Willner
- Institute of Chemistry, The Center for
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Yuzhou Wu
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | | | - Zhao Yue
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Qian Zhang
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules,
CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key
Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of
China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wolfgang J. Parak
- Fachbereich Physik, Fachbereich Medizin, Fachbereich Pharmazie, and Department of Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
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5
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Three-dimensional cage-like microscaffolds for cell invasion studies. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10531. [PMID: 26013699 PMCID: PMC4650598 DOI: 10.1038/srep10531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell motility is one of the major events involved in metastatic process. Tumor cells that disseminate from a primary tumor can migrate into the vascular system and, being carried by the bloodstream, transmigrate across the endothelium, giving rise to a new tumor site. However, during the invasive process, tumor cells must pass through the extracellular matrix, whose structural and mechanical properties define the parameters of the migration process. Here, we propose 3D-complex cage-like microstructures, realized by two-photon (TP) direct laser writing (DLW), to analyze cell migration through pores significantly smaller than the cell nucleus. We found that the ability to traverse differently sized pores depends on the metastatic potential and on the invasiveness of the cell lines, allowing to establish a pore-area threshold value able to discriminate between non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic human breast cells.
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6
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Surface functionalization of quantum dots for biological applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 215:28-45. [PMID: 25467038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots are a group of inorganic nanomaterials exhibiting exceptional optical and electronic properties which impart distinct advantages over traditional fluorescent organic dyes in terms of tunable broad excitation and narrow emission spectra, signal brightness, high quantum yield and photo-stability. Aqueous solubility and surface functionalization are the most common problems for QDs employed in biological research. This review addresses the recent research progress made to improve aqueous solubility, functionalization of biomolecules to QD surface and the poorly understood chemistry involved in the steps of bio-functionalization of such nanoparticles.
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7
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Liu C, Kim K, Fan DL. Location deterministic biosensing from quantum-dot-nanowire assemblies. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2014; 105:083123. [PMID: 25316926 PMCID: PMC4187253 DOI: 10.1063/1.4893878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) with high fluorescent brightness, stability, and tunable sizes, have received considerable interest for imaging, sensing, and delivery of biomolecules. In this research, we demonstrate location deterministic biochemical detection from arrays of QD-nanowire hybrid assemblies. QDs with diameters less than 10 nm are manipulated and precisely positioned on the tips of the assembled Gold (Au) nanowires. The manipulation mechanisms are quantitatively understood as the synergetic effects of dielectrophoretic (DEP) and alternating current electroosmosis (ACEO) due to AC electric fields. The QD-nanowire hybrid sensors operate uniquely by concentrating bioanalytes to QDs on the tips of nanowires before detection, offering much enhanced efficiency and sensitivity, in addition to the position-predictable rationality. This research could result in advances in QD-based biomedical detection and inspires an innovative approach for fabricating various QD-based nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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8
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Assembly, characterization, and delivery of quantum dot labeled biotinylated lipid particles. Methods Mol Biol 2014. [PMID: 25103804 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1280-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles composed of mixtures of PEGylated-lipids; cationic and neutral lipids prepared by detergent dialysis can encapsulate biological active molecules and show considerable potential as systemic therapeutic agents. Addition of biotinylated lipids to this formulation allows surface modification of these particles with a suitable ligand or probe conjugated to streptavidin for specific cell targeting. Monitoring long circulating particles and cellular uptake requires stable and bright fluorescent probes. Quantum dots (QDs) constitute a relatively new class of fluorescent probes that overcome the limitations of organic fluorophores in biological imaging applications. Here, a protocol for the encapsulation of QD655 (red) in biotinylated lipid particles (BLPs) prepared by a detergent dialysis technique is presented followed by characterization of the loaded liposomal vehicles. Then, a protocol for BLPs surface modification via biotin-streptavidin linkage with preformed complexes of ligand-QD525 (green) for specific cell targeting of the nanoparticle is detailed. Conditions for cell binding and uptake of two colors QD labeled BLPs as well as basic microscopic settings for confocal live cell imaging are described.
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9
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Ebrecht R, Don Paul C, Wouters FS. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy in the medical sciences. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:293-305. [PMID: 24390249 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The steady improvement in the imaging of cellular processes in living tissue over the last 10-15 years through the use of various fluorophores including organic dyes, fluorescent proteins and quantum dots, has made observing biological events common practice. Advances in imaging and recording technology have made it possible to exploit a fluorophore's fluorescence lifetime. The fluorescence lifetime is an intrinsic parameter that is unique for each fluorophore, and that is highly sensitive to its immediate environment and/or the photophysical coupling to other fluorophores by the phenomenon Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The fluorescence lifetime has become an important tool in the construction of optical bioassays for various cellular activities and reactions. The measurement of the fluorescence lifetime is possible in two formats; time domain or frequency domain, each with their own advantages. Fluorescence lifetime imaging applications have now progressed to a state where, besides their utility in cell biological research, they can be employed as clinical diagnostic tools. This review highlights the multitude of fluorophores, techniques and clinical applications that make use of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM).
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Affiliation(s)
- René Ebrecht
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medicine Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Ambrosone A, Marchesano V, Mazzarella V, Tortiglione C. Nanotoxicology using the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis: from developmental toxicity to genotoxicology. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:508-20. [PMID: 23641943 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.802386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Concomitant with the fast-growing advances in the synthesis and engineering of colloidal nanocrystals, an urgent evaluation of their toxicity on human beings and environment is strongly encouraged by public health organisations. Despite the in vitro approaches employed for toxicological screening of hazardous compounds, the use of simple and cost-effective living organisms may enormously contribute to solve unanswered questions related to embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of nanomaterials. Here, the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) is presented as a novel model organism to profile bio/non-bio interactions and to show a comprehensive toxicological analysis performed on embryos, larvae and adults treated with fluorescent cadmium-based nanocrystals. Spanning from in vivo biodistribution to molecular investigations, different behaviours and effects depending on the composition and surface coatings are showed. Rod-shaped cadmium selenide/cadmium sulfide (CdSe/CdS) nanocrystals resulted in excellent imaging probes to track N. vectensis development with negligible adverse effects, while spherical CdTe nanocrystals severely impaired embryogenesis, resulting in aberrant phenotypes and deregulation of developmental genes, which raise severe worries for a safe use of this type of nanoparticles for human purposes and environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ambrosone
- Istituto di Cibernetica "E.Caianiello", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Pozzuoli , Italy
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11
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Palankar R, Medvedev N, Rong A, Delcea M. Fabrication of quantum dot microarrays using electron beam lithography for applications in analyte sensing and cellular dynamics. ACS NANO 2013; 7:4617-28. [PMID: 23597071 DOI: 10.1021/nn401424y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dot (QD) based micro-/nanopatterned arrays are of broad interest in applications ranging from electronics, photonics, to sensor devices for biomedical purposes. Here, we report on a rapid, physico-chemically mild approach to generate high fidelity micropattern arrays of prefunctionalized water-soluble quantum dots using electron beam lithography. We show that such patterns retain their fluorescence and bioaffinity upon electron beam lithography and, based on the streptavidin-biotin interaction, allow for detection of proteins, colloidal gold nanoparticles and magnetic microparticles. Furthermore, we demonstrate the applicability of QD based microarray patterns differing in their shape (circles, squares, grid-like), size (from 1 to 10 μm) and pitch distance to study the adhesion, spreading and migration of human blood derived neutrophils. Using live cell confocal fluorescence microscopy, we show that pattern geometry and pitch distance influence the adhesion, spreading and migratory behavior of neutrophils. Research reported in this work paves the way for producing QD microarrays with multiplexed functionalities relevant for applications in analyte sensing and cellular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Palankar
- Nanostructure Group, ZIK HIKE - Center for Innovation Competence , Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany.
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12
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Abstract
Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field originating from the interaction of several different disciplines, such as engineering, physics, biology and chemistry. New materials and devices effectively interact with the body at molecular level, yielding a brand new range of highly selective and targeted applications designed to maximize the therapeutic efficiency while reducing the side effects. Liposomes, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes and superparamagnetic nanoparticles are among the most assessed nanotechnologies. Meanwhile, other futuristic platforms are paving the way toward a new scientific paradigm, able to deeply change the research path in the medical science. The growth of nanotechnology, driven by the dramatic advances in science and technology, clearly creates new opportunities for the development of the medical science and disease treatment in human health care. Despite the concerns and the on-going studies about their safety, nanotechnology clearly emerges as holding the promise of delivering one of the greatest breakthroughs in the history of medical science.
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13
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Anderson CM, Taylor IR, Tibbetts MF, Philpott J, Hu Y, Tanski JM. Hetero-multinuclear ruthenium(III)/platinum(II) complexes that potentially exhibit both antimetastatic and antineoplastic properties. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:12917-24. [PMID: 23150984 DOI: 10.1021/ic301981s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hetero-multinuclear, platinum/ruthenium species were synthesized and tested for their effect on the motility of A549 (nonsmall cell lung) and MDA-MB-231 (breast) cancer cells and for their ability to inhibit DNA mobility using gel electrophoresis. It was found that the Ru(2)Pt trinuclear species [Na(2)]{[Ru(III)Cl(4)(DMSO-S)(-μ-pyz)](2)Pt(II)Cl(2)}, AH197, was much more efficient at inhibiting cell motility than [C(3)N(2)H(5)][Ru(III)Cl(4)(DMSO-S)(C(3)N(2)H(4))], NAMI-A, while the dinuclear RuPt species [K][Ru(III)Cl(4)(DMSO-S)(-μ-pyz)Pt(II)(DMSO-S)Cl(2)], IT127, was slightly better than NAMI-A. However, the dinuclear species retarded the electrophoretic mobility of DNA greater than both the trinuclear complex and cisplatin. The metal complexes and their respective BSA protein/metal adducts were studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The spectra led to the conclusion that BSA donor atoms have substituted for the chloride ligands and perhaps the DMSO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Rd, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States.
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14
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Delehanty JB, Susumu K, Manthe RL, Algar WR, Medintz IL. Active cellular sensing with quantum dots: Transitioning from research tool to reality; a review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 750:63-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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15
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Dave SR, White CC, Gao X, Kavanagh TJ. Luminescent quantum dots for molecular toxicology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 745:117-37. [PMID: 22437816 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3055-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in nanotechnology have made available a host of new approaches for the improved quantitative detection of biomarkers due to the enhanced sensitivity of nanoparticle-based assays. The majority of molecular toxicology studies revolve around sensitive measurement of cell-death (apoptosis) and cell-health biomarkers present in living cells or formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. In this regard, semi-conductor quantum dots (QDs) which exhibit high brightness, photo-stability and degree of multiplexing, are predicted to have a significant impact on research in molecular toxicology. Due to these superior photophysical properties of QDs as compared to traditional fluorophores and the unsurpassed versatility of QDs as enabling components for new assays, these nanoparticles promise to facilitate new discoveries in molecular toxicology. Indeed, multiplexed QD-based assays have been incorporated into cell imaging, flow cytometry and other homogenized sample-based assays for detecting multiple biomarkers including those associated with cell injury and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivang R Dave
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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16
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Shao L, Gao Y, Yan F. Semiconductor quantum dots for biomedicial applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2011; 11:11736-51. [PMID: 22247690 PMCID: PMC3252007 DOI: 10.3390/s111211736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are nanometre-scale crystals, which have unique photophysical properties, such as size-dependent optical properties, high fluorescence quantum yields, and excellent stability against photobleaching. These properties enable QDs as the promising optical labels for the biological applications, such as multiplexed analysis of immunocomplexes or DNA hybridization processes, cell sorting and tracing, in vivo imaging and diagnostics in biomedicine. Meanwhile, QDs can be used as labels for the electrochemical detection of DNA or proteins. This article reviews the synthesis and toxicity of QDs and their optical and electrochemical bioanalytical applications. Especially the application of QDs in biomedicine such as delivering, cell targeting and imaging for cancer research, and in vivo photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Shao
- Jiangsu Affiliated Cancer Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Prevention and Cure, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (L.S.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yanfang Gao
- Jiangsu Affiliated Cancer Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Prevention and Cure, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (L.S.); (Y.G.)
| | - Feng Yan
- Jiangsu Affiliated Cancer Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Prevention and Cure, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (L.S.); (Y.G.)
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17
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Inorganic-organic hybrid nanomaterials for therapeutic and diagnostic imaging applications. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:3888-927. [PMID: 21747714 PMCID: PMC3131598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12063888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology offers outstanding potential for future biomedical applications. In particular, due to their unique characteristics, hybrid nanomaterials have recently been investigated as promising platforms for imaging and therapeutic applications. This class of nanoparticles can not only retain valuable features of both inorganic and organic moieties, but also provides the ability to systematically modify the properties of the hybrid material through the combination of functional elements. Moreover, the conjugation of targeting moieties on the surface of these nanomaterials gives them specific targeted imaging and therapeutic properties. In this review, we summarize the recent reports in the synthesis of hybrid nanomaterials and their applications in biomedical areas. Their applications as imaging and therapeutic agents in vivo will be highlighted.
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18
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Rizvi SB, Ghaderi S, Keshtgar M, Seifalian AM. Semiconductor quantum dots as fluorescent probes for in vitro and in vivo bio-molecular and cellular imaging. NANO REVIEWS 2010; 1:NANO-1-5161. [PMID: 22110865 PMCID: PMC3215221 DOI: 10.3402/nano.v1i0.5161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, biological imaging has seen many advances, allowing scientists to unfold many of the mysteries surrounding biological processes. The ideal imaging resolution would be in nanometres, as most biological processes occur at this scale. Nanotechnology has made this possible with functionalised nanoparticles that can bind to specific targets and trace processes at the cellular and molecular level. Quantum dots (QDs) or semiconductor nanocrystals are luminescent particles that have the potential to be the next generation fluorophores. This paper is an overview of the basics of QDs and their role as fluorescent probes for various biological imaging applications. Their potential clinical applications and the limitations that need to be overcome have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwat B Rizvi
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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19
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Getting across the plasma membrane and beyond: intracellular uses of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2007:68963. [PMID: 18273411 PMCID: PMC2217606 DOI: 10.1155/2007/68963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) are increasingly being used as photoluminescen markers in biological imaging. Their brightness, large Stokes shift, and high photostability compared to organic fluorophores permit the exploration of biological phenomena at the single-molecule scale with superior temporal resolution and spatial precision. NCs have predominantly been used as extracellular markers for tagging and tracking membrane proteins. Successful internalization and intracellular labelling with NCs have been demonstrated for both fixed immunolabelled and live cells. However, the precise localization and subcellular compartment labelled are less clear. Generally, live cell studies are limited by the requirement of fairly invasive protocols for loading NCs and the relatively large size of NCs compared to the cellular machinery, along with the subsequent sequestration of NCs in endosomal/lysosomal compartments. For long-period observation the potential cytotoxicity of cytoplasmically loaded NCs must be evaluated. This review focuses on the challenges of intracellular uses of NCs.
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20
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Kaittanis C, Santra S, Perez JM. Emerging nanotechnology-based strategies for the identification of microbial pathogenesis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:408-23. [PMID: 19914316 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are still a major healthcare problem. From food intoxication and contaminated water, to hospital-acquired diseases and pandemics, infectious agents cause disease throughout the world. Despite advancements in pathogens' identification, some of the gold-standard diagnostic methods have limitations, including laborious sample preparation, bulky instrumentation and slow data readout. In addition, new field-deployable diagnostic modalities are urgently needed in first responder and point-of-care applications. Apart from compact, these sensors must be sensitive, specific, robust and fast, in order to facilitate detection of the pathogen even in remote rural areas. Considering these characteristics, researchers have utilized innovative approaches by employing the unique properties of nanomaterials in order to achieve detection of infectious agents, even in complex media like blood. From gold nanoparticles and their plasmonic shifts to iron oxide nanoparticles and changes in magnetic properties, detection of pathogens, toxins, antigens and nucleic acids has been achieved with impressive detection thresholds. Additionally, as bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, nanotechnology has achieved the rapid determination of bacterial drug susceptibility and resistance using novel methods, such as amperometry and magnetic relaxation. Overall, these promising results hint to the adoption of nanotechnology-based diagnostics for the diagnosis of infectious diseases in diverse settings throughout the globe, preventing epidemics and safeguarding human and economic wellness.
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21
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Bioconjugated quantum dots as fluorescent probes for bioanalytical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:229-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Kim YG, Moon S, Kuritzkes DR, Demirci U. Quantum dot-based HIV capture and imaging in a microfluidic channel. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 25:253-8. [PMID: 19665685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Globally, over 33.2 million people who mostly live in developing countries with limited access to the appropriate medical care suffer from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We developed an on-chip HIV capture and imaging method using quantum dots (Qdots) from fingerprick volume (10 microl) of unprocessed HIV-infected patient whole blood in anti-gp120 antibody-immobilized microfluidic chip. Two-color Qdots (Qdot525 and Qdot655 streptavidin conjugates) were used to identify the captured HIV by simultaneous labeling the envelope gp120 glycoprotein and its high-mannose glycans. This dual-stain imaging technique using Qdots provides a new and effective tool for accurate identification of HIV particles from patient whole blood without any pre-processing. This on-chip HIV capture and imaging platform creates new avenues for point-of-care diagnostics and monitoring applications of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Gon Kim
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine Laboratory, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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23
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Delivering quantum dots into cells: strategies, progress and remaining issues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:1091-105. [PMID: 18836855 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) in biological sensing and labeling continues to grow with each year. Current and projected applications include use as fluorescent labels for cellular labeling, intracellular sensors, deep-tissue and tumor imaging agents, sensitizers for photodynamic therapy, and more recently interest has been sparked in using them as vectors for studying nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. Many of these applications will ultimately require the QDs to undergo targeted intracellular delivery, not only to specific cells, but also to a variety of subcellular compartments and organelles. It is apparent that this issue will be critical in determining the efficacy of using QDs, and indeed a variety of other nanoparticles, for these types of applications. In this review, we provide an overview of the current methods for delivering QDs into cells. Methods that are covered include facilitated techniques such as those that utilize specific peptide sequences or polymer delivery reagents and active methods such as electroporation and microinjection. We critically examine the benefits and liabilities of each strategy and illustrate them with selected examples from the literature. Several important related issues such as QD size and surface coating, methods for QD biofunctionalization, cellular physiology and toxicity are also discussed. Finally, we conclude by providing a perspective of how this field can be expected to develop in the future.
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Ingle TM, Alexander R, Bouldin J, Buchanan RA. Absorption of semiconductor nanocrystals by the aquatic invertebrate Ceriodaphnia dubia. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2008; 81:249-52. [PMID: 18626563 PMCID: PMC3101272 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-008-9481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
When incubated with nanomolar concentrations of fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals in moderately hard water the fluorescence of living Ceriodaphnia dubia increased. Average pixel intensity of exposed animals was greater than that of unexposed animals and increased in a dose and exposure time-dependent-manner. Internal structures were clearly visible in exposed and unexposed animals but fluorescence was most intense in the region of the abdominal appendages of exposed animals. Since these nanoparticles contain significant quantities of the toxic metals cadmium and selenium, their accumulation from aquatic environments by this standard test organism has significant implications about their potential environmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Ingle
- Molecular Biosciences, Arkansas State University, PO Box 599, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
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25
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Hild WA, Breunig M, Goepferich A. Quantum dots – Nano-sized probes for the exploration of cellular and intracellular targeting. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 68:153-68. [PMID: 17869074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles emerged as promising tool in drug targeting, since, after appropriate modification, they are able to deliver their payload to specific sites, like tissues, cells, or even certain cellular organelles. In this context, the delivery of nanoparticles from the circulation into the target cells represents a crucial step. Here, model drug delivery systems such as quantum dots are ideal candidates to elucidate this process in more detail, since they provide outstanding features like a small and uniform size, unique optical properties for most sensitive detection and modifiable surfaces. Recent progress in the surface chemistry of quantum dots expanded their use in biological applications, reduced their cytotoxicity and rendered quantum dots a powerful tool for the investigation of distinct cellular processes, like uptake, receptor trafficking and intracellular delivery. In this review, we will not only describe the ideal attributes of QDs for biological applications and imaging but also their distinct specific and non-specific pathways into the cells as well as their intracellular fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Hild
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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26
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Sperling RA, Rivera Gil P, Zhang F, Zanella M, Parak WJ. Biological applications of gold nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2008; 37:1896-908. [DOI: 10.1039/b712170a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1408] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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27
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Xing Y, Smith AM, Agrawal A, Ruan G, Nie S. Molecular profiling of single cancer cells and clinical tissue specimens with semiconductor quantum dots. Int J Nanomedicine 2007; 1:473-81. [PMID: 17722280 PMCID: PMC2676641 DOI: 10.2147/nano.2006.1.4.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are a new class of fluorescent labels with broad applications in biomedical imaging, disease diagnostics, and molecular and cell biology. In comparison with organic dyes and fluorescent proteins, quantum dots have unique optical and electronic properties such as size-tunable light emission, improved signal brightness, resistance against photobleaching, and simultaneous excitation of multiple fluorescence colors. Recent advances have led to multifunctional nanoparticle probes that are highly bright and stable under complex in vitro and in vivo conditions. New designs involve encapsulating luminescent QDs with amphiphilic block copolymers, and linking the polymer coating to tumor-targeting ligands and drug-delivery functionalities. These improved QDs have opened new possibilities for real-time imaging and tracking of molecular targets in living cells, for multiplexed analysis of biomolecular markers in clinical tissue specimens, and for ultrasensitive imaging of malignant tumors in living animal models. In this article, we briefly discuss recent developments in bioaffinity QD probes and their applications in molecular profiling of individual cancer cells and clinical tissue specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shuming Nie
- Correspondence: Shuming Nie, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, 1639 Pierce Drive, Suite 2001, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Tel +1 404 712 8595, Fax +1 404 727 9873, Email
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28
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Cai W, Hsu AR, Li ZB, Chen X. Are quantum dots ready for in vivo imaging in human subjects? NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2007; 2:265-281. [PMID: 21394238 PMCID: PMC3050636 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-007-9061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has the potential to profoundly transform the nature of cancer diagnosis and cancer patient management in the future. Over the past decade, quantum dots (QDs) have become one of the fastest growing areas of research in nanotechnology. QDs are fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles suitable for multiplexed in vitro and in vivo imaging. Numerous studies on QDs have resulted in major advancements in QD surface modification, coating, biocompatibility, sensitivity, multiplexing, targeting specificity, as well as important findings regarding toxicity and applicability. For in vitro applications, QDs can be used in place of traditional organic fluorescent dyes in virtually any system, outperforming organic dyes in the majority of cases. In vivo targeted tumor imaging with biocompatible QDs has recently become possible in mouse models. With new advances in QD technology such as bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, synthesis of smaller size non-Cd based QDs, improved surface coating and conjugation, and multifunctional probes for multimodality imaging, it is likely that human applications of QDs will soon be possible in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Cai
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, P095, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA
| | - Andrew R Hsu
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, P095, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA
| | - Zi-Bo Li
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, P095, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- The Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, P095, Stanford, CA, 94305-5484, USA
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29
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Bannai H, Lévi S, Schweizer C, Dahan M, Triller A. Imaging the lateral diffusion of membrane molecules with quantum dots. Nat Protoc 2007; 1:2628-34. [PMID: 17406518 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This protocol describes a sensitive approach to tracking the motion of membrane molecules such as lipids and proteins with molecular resolution in live cells. This technique makes use of fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals, quantum dots (QDs), as a probe to detect membrane molecules of interest. The photostability and brightness of QDs allow them to be tracked at a single particle level for longer periods than previous fluorophores, such as fluorescent proteins and organic dyes. QDs are bound to the extracellular part of the object to be followed, and their movements can be recorded with a fluorescence microscope equipped with a spectral lamp and a sensitive cooled charge-coupled device camera. The experimental procedure described for neurons below takes about 45 min. This technique is applicable to various cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Bannai
- INSERM U789, Biologie Cellulaire de la Synapse N&P, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris, 46, Rue d'Ulm 75005 Paris, France
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Fu A, Gu W, Boussert B, Koski K, Gerion D, Manna L, Le Gros M, Larabell C, Alivisatos AP. Semiconductor quantum rods as single molecule fluorescent biological labels. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:179-82. [PMID: 17212460 PMCID: PMC3984543 DOI: 10.1021/nl0626434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the development of rod-shaped semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum rods) as fluorescent biological labels. Water-soluble biocompatible quantum rods have been prepared by surface silanization and applied for nonspecific cell tracking as well as specific cellular targeting. Quantum rods are brighter single molecule probes as compared to quantum dots. They have many potential applications as biological labels in situations where their properties offer advantages over quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Weiwei Gu
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Franscisco, CA 94143
| | - Benjamin Boussert
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Kristie Koski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Daniele Gerion
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Liberato Manna
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Mark Le Gros
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Carolyn Larabell
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Franscisco, CA 94143
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - A. Paul Alivisatos
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
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31
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Gao X, Dave SR. Quantum dots for cancer molecular imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 620:57-73. [PMID: 18217335 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-76713-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs), tiny light-emitting particles on the nanometer scale, are emerging as a new class of fluorescent probes for biomolecular and cellular imaging. In comparison with organic dyes and fluorescent proteins, quantum dots have unique optical and electronic properties such as size-tunable light emission, improved signal brightness, resistance against photobleaching, and simultaneous excitation of multiple fluorescence colors. These properties are most promising for improving the sensitivity of molecular imaging and quantitative cellular analysis by 1-2 orders of magnitude. Recent advances have led to multifunctional nanoparticle probes that are highly bright and stable under complex in-vivo conditions. A new structural design involves encapsulating luminescent QDs with amphiphilic block copolymers, and linking the polymer coating to tumor-targeting ligands and drug-delivery functionalities. Polymer-encapsulated QDs are essentially nontoxic to cells and small animals, but their long-term in-vivo toxicity and degradation need more careful studies. Nonetheless, bioconjugated QDs have raised new possibilities for ultrasensitive and multiplexed imaging of molecular targets in living cells and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5061, USA.
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32
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Chen H, Titushkin I, Stroscio M, Cho M. Altered membrane dynamics of quantum dot-conjugated integrins during osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow derived progenitor cells. Biophys J 2006; 92:1399-408. [PMID: 17114225 PMCID: PMC1783865 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.094896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Functionalized quantum dots offer several advantages for tracking the motion of individual molecules on the cell surface, including selective binding, precise optical identification of cell surface molecules, and detailed examination of the molecular motion without photobleaching. We have used quantum dots conjugated with integrin antibodies and performed studies to quantitatively demonstrate changes in the integrin dynamics during osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow derived progenitor cells (BMPCs). Consistent with the unusually strong BMPC adhesion previously observed, integrins on the surface of undifferentiated BMPC were found in clusters and the lateral diffusion was slow (e.g., approximately 10(-11) cm2/s). At times as early as those after a 3-day incubation in the osteogenic differentiation media, the integrin diffusion coefficients increased by an order of magnitude, and the integrin dynamics became indistinguishable from that measured on the surface of terminally differentiated human osteoblasts. Furthermore, microfilaments in BMPCs consisted of atypically thick bundles of stress fibers that were responsible for restricting the integrin lateral mobility. Studies using laser optical tweezers showed that, unlike fully differentiated osteoblasts, the BMPC cytoskeleton is weakly associated with its cell membrane. Based on these findings, it appears likely that the altered integrin dynamics is correlated with BMPC differentiation and that the integrin lateral mobility is restricted by direct links to microfilaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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33
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Funnell WRJ, Maysinger D. Three-dimensional reconstruction of cell nuclei, internalized quantum dots and sites of lipid peroxidation. J Nanobiotechnology 2006; 4:10. [PMID: 17054792 PMCID: PMC1635722 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to develop and illustrate three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of nuclei and intracellular lipid peroxidation in cells exposed to oxidative stress induced by quantum dots. Programmed cell death is characterized by multiple biochemical and morphological changes in different organelles, including nuclei, mitochondria and lysosomes. It is the dynamics of the spatio-temporal changes in the signalling and morphological adaptations which will ultimately determine the 'shape' and fate of the cell. RESULTS We present new approaches to the 3-D reconstruction of organelle morphology and biochemical changes in confocal live-cell images. We demonstrate the 3-D shapes of nuclei, the 3-D intracellular distributions of QDs and the accompanying lipid-membrane peroxidation, and provide methods for quantification. CONCLUSION This study provides an approach to 3-D organelle and nanoparticle visualization in the context of cell death; however, this approach is also applicable more generally to investigating changes in organelle morphology in response to therapeutic interventions, stressful stimuli and internalized nanoparticles. Moreover, the approach provides quantitative data for such changes, which will help us to better integrate compartmentalization of subcellular events and to link morphological and biochemical changes with physiological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Robert J Funnell
- Departments of BioMedical Engineering and Otolaryngology, McGill University, 3775 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montréal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
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34
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Le Gac S, Vermes I, van den Berg A. Quantum dots based probes conjugated to annexin V for photostable apoptosis detection and imaging. NANO LETTERS 2006; 6:1863-9. [PMID: 16967992 DOI: 10.1021/nl060694v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (Qdots) are nanoparticles exhibiting fluorescent properties that can be used for cell staining. We present here the development of quantum dots conjugated to Annexin V for specific targeting of apoptotic cells, for both apoptosis detection and staining of apoptotic "living" cells. For that purpose, Qdots Streptavidin Conjugates are coupled to biotinylated Annexin V, a 35-kDa protein which specifically recognizes and binds to phosphatidylserine (PS) moieties present on the outer membrane of apoptotic cells and not on healthy or necrotic cells. By using Annexin V, our Qdots probes are made specific for apoptotic cells. Staining of apoptotic cells was checked using fluorescence and confocal microscopy techniques and nonfixed cells. It is shown here that Qdots are insensitive to bleaching after prolonged exposure as opposed to organic dyes. This makes Qdots excellent candidates to continuously follow fast changes occurring at the membrane of apoptotic cells and facilitates time-lapse imaging as they alleviate any bleaching issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Le Gac
- BIOS the Lab-on-a-Chip group, MESA Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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35
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Smith AM, Dave S, Nie S, True L, Gao X. Multicolor quantum dots for molecular diagnostics of cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2006; 6:231-44. [PMID: 16512782 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.6.2.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the pursuit of sensitive and quantitative methods to detect and diagnose cancer, nanotechnology has been identified as a field of great promise. Semiconductor quantum dots are nanoparticles with intense, stable fluorescence, and could enable the detection of tens to hundreds of cancer biomarkers in blood assays, on cancer tissue biopsies, or as contrast agents for medical imaging. With the emergence of gene and protein profiling and microarray technology, high-throughput screening of biomarkers has generated databases of genomic and expression data for certain cancer types, and has identified new cancer-specific markers. Quantum dots have the potential to expand this in vitro analysis, and extend it to cellular, tissue and whole-body multiplexed cancer biomarker imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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36
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Santra S, Dutta D, Walter GA, Moudgil BM. Fluorescent nanoparticle probes for cancer imaging. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2006; 4:593-602. [PMID: 16292879 DOI: 10.1177/153303460500400603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical imaging technique has strong potential for sensitive cancer diagnosis, particularly at the early stage of cancer development. This is a sensitive, non-invasive, non-ionizing (clinically safe) and relatively inexpensive technique. Cancer imaging with optical technique however greatly relies upon the use of sensitive and stable optical probes. Unlike the traditional organic fluorescent probes, fluorescent nanoparticle probes such as dye-doped nanoparticles and quantum dots (Qdots) are bright and photostable. Fluorescent nanoparticle probes are shown to be very effective for sensitive cancer imaging with greater success in the cellular level. However, cancer imaging in an in vivo setup has been recently realized. There are several challenges in developing fluorescent nanoparticle probes for in vivo cancer imaging applications. In this review, we will discuss various aspects of nanoparticle design, synthesis, surface functionalization for bioconjugation and cancer cell targeting. A brief overview of in vivo cancer imaging with Qdots will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swadeshmukul Santra
- Nanoscience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Center, University of Central Florida, Research Pavilion, Orlando, 32826, USA.
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37
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Schor SL, Ellis IR, Harada K, Motegi K, Anderson ARA, Chaplain MAJ, Keatch RP, Schor AM. A novel “sandwich” assay for quantifying chemo-regulated cell migration within 3-dimensional matrices: Wound healing cytokines exhibit distinct motogenic activities compared to the transmembrane assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 63:287-300. [PMID: 16528704 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix profoundly affects cellular response to soluble motogens. In view of this critical aspect of matrix functionality, we have developed a novel assay to quantify chemo-regulated cell migration within biologically relevant 3-dimensional matrices. In this "sandwich" assay, target cells are plated at the interface between an upper and lower matrix compartment, either in the presence of an isotropic (uniform) or anisotropic (gradient) spatial distribution of test motogen. Cell migration in response to the different conditions is ascertained by quantifying their subsequent disposition within the upper and lower matrix compartments. The objective of this study has been to compare the motogenic activities of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AB) and transforming growth factor-beta isoforms (TGF-beta1, -beta2 and -beta3) in the sandwich assay and the commonly employed transmembrane assay. As previously reported, dermal fibroblasts exhibited a motogenic response to isotropic and anisotropic distributions of all tested cytokines in the transmembrane assay. In contrast, only PDGF-AB and TGF-beta3 were active in the sandwich assay, each eliciting directionally unbiased (symmetrical) migration into the upper and lower type I collagen matrices in response to an isotropic cytokine distribution and a directionally biased response to an anisotropic distribution. TGF-beta1 and -beta2 were completely devoid of motogenic activity. These results are consistent with the reported differential bioactivities of PDGF and TGF-beta3 compared to TGF-beta1 and -beta2 in animal models of wound healing and suggest that the sandwich assay provides a means of obtaining physiologically relevant data regarding chemo-regulated cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Schor
- Regenerative Medicine Group, Unit of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Dental School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland.
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38
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Fu A, Gu W, Larabell C, Alivisatos AP. Semiconductor nanocrystals for biological imaging. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2005; 15:568-75. [PMID: 16150591 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Conventional organic fluorophores suffer from poor photo stability, narrow absorption spectra and broad emission spectra. Semiconductor nanocrystals, however, are highly photo-stable with broad absorption spectra and narrow size-tunable emission spectra. Recent advances in the synthesis of these materials have resulted in the generation of bright, sensitive, extremely photo-stable and biocompatible semiconductor fluorophores. Commercial availability facilitates their application in a variety of unprecedented biological experiments, including multiplexed cellular imaging, long-term in vitro and in vivo labeling, deep tissue structure mapping and single particle investigation of dynamic cellular processes. Semiconductor nanocrystals are one of the first examples of nanotechnology enabling a new class of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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39
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Abstract
Robust and bright light emitters, semiconductor nanocrystals [quantum dots (QDs)] have been adopted as a new class of fluorescent labels. Six years after the first experiments of their uses in biological applications, there have been dramatic improvements in understanding surface chemistry, biocompatibility, and targeting specificity. Many studies have shown the great potential of using quantum dots as new probes in vitro and in vivo. This review summarizes the recent advances of quantum dot usage at the cellular level, including immunolabeling, cell tracking, in situ hybridization, FRET, in vivo imaging, and other related technologies. Limitations and potential future uses of quantum dot probes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paul Alivisatos
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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40
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Gu W, Pellegrino T, Parak WJ, Boudreau R, Le Gros MA, Gerion D, Alivisatos AP, Larabell CA. Quantum Dot-Based Cell Motility Assay. Sci Signal 2005; 2005:pl5. [PMID: 15985641 DOI: 10.1126/stke.2902005pl5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Because of their favorable physical and photochemical properties, colloidal CdSe/ZnS-semiconductor nanocrystals (commonly known as quantum dots) have enormous potential for use in biological imaging. In this report, we present an assay that uses quantum dots as markers to quantify cell motility. Cells that are seeded onto a homogeneous layer of quantum dots engulf and absorb the nanocrystals and, as a consequence, leave behind a fluorescence-free trail. By subsequently determining the ratio of cell area to fluorescence-free track area, we show that it is possible to differentiate between invasive and noninvasive cancer cells. Because this assay uses simple fluorescence detection, requires no significant data processing, and can be used in live-cell studies, it has the potential to be a powerful new tool for discriminating between invasive and noninvasive cancer cell lines or for studying cell signaling events involved in migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Gu
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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41
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Medintz IL, Uyeda HT, Goldman ER, Mattoussi H. Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing. NATURE MATERIALS 2005; 4:435-46. [PMID: 15928695 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3763] [Impact Index Per Article: 198.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the fastest moving and most exciting interfaces of nanotechnology is the use of quantum dots (QDs) in biology. The unique optical properties of QDs make them appealing as in vivo and in vitro fluorophores in a variety of biological investigations, in which traditional fluorescent labels based on organic molecules fall short of providing long-term stability and simultaneous detection of multiple signals. The ability to make QDs water soluble and target them to specific biomolecules has led to promising applications in cellular labelling, deep-tissue imaging, assay labelling and as efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer donors. Despite recent progress, much work still needs to be done to achieve reproducible and robust surface functionalization and develop flexible bioconjugation techniques. In this review, we look at current methods for preparing QD bioconjugates as well as presenting an overview of applications. The potential of QDs in biology has just begun to be realized and new avenues will arise as our ability to manipulate these materials improves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals, known as quantum dots (QDs), have several unique optical and chemical features. These features make them desirable fluorescent tags for cell and developmental biological applications that require long-term, multi-target and highly sensitive imaging. The improved synthesis of water-stable QDs, the development of approaches to label cells efficiently with QDs, and improvements in conjugating QDs to specific biomolecules have triggered the recent explosion in their use in biological imaging. Although there have been many successes in using QDs for biological applications, limitations remain that must be overcome before these powerful tools can be used routinely by biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti K Jaiswal
- The Rockefeller University, Box 304, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 1002, USA
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43
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Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots are semiconductor nanocrystals well dispersed in a solvent. The optical properties of quantum dots, in particular the wavelength of their fluorescence, depend strongly on their size. Because of their reduced tendency to photobleach, colloidal quantum dots are interesting fluorescence probes for all types of labelling studies. In this review we will give an overview on how quantum dots have been used so far in cell biology. In particular we will discuss the biologically relevant properties of quantum dots and focus on four topics: labelling of cellular structures and receptors with quantum dots, incorporation of quantum dots by living cells, tracking the path and the fate of individual cells using quantum dot labels, and quantum dots as contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang J Parak
- Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 München, Germany
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44
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Michalet X, Pinaud FF, Bentolila LA, Tsay JM, Doose S, Li JJ, Sundaresan G, Wu AM, Gambhir SS, Weiss S. Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. Science 2005; 307:538-44. [PMID: 15681376 PMCID: PMC1201471 DOI: 10.1126/science.1104274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4779] [Impact Index Per Article: 251.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Research on fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals (also known as quantum dots or qdots) has evolved over the past two decades from electronic materials science to biological applications. We review current approaches to the synthesis, solubilization, and functionalization of qdots and their applications to cell and animal biology. Recent examples of their experimental use include the observation of diffusion of individual glycine receptors in living neurons and the identification of lymph nodes in live animals by near-infrared emission during surgery. The new generations of qdots have far-reaching potential for the study of intracellular processes at the single-molecule level, high-resolution cellular imaging, long-term in vivo observation of cell trafficking, tumor targeting, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Michalet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - F. F. Pinaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - L. A. Bentolila
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - J. M. Tsay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S. Doose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - J. J. Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - G. Sundaresan
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
| | - A. M. Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
| | - S. S. Gambhir
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
- Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 700 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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45
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Eccles SA, Box C, Court W. Cell migration/invasion assays and their application in cancer drug discovery. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2005; 11:391-421. [PMID: 16216785 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(05)11013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Invasive capacity is the single most important trait that distinguishes benign from malignant lesions. Tumour cells, during intravasation and extravasation of blood and lymphatic channels and when establishing colonies at secondary sites, must move through tissue boundaries that normal adult cells (other than, for example activated leukocytes) do not cross. Similar mechanisms are also utilised by activated endothelial cells during the generation of new blood vessels that enable the sustained growth and dissemination of tumours. It is now increasingly recognised that these processes--cell motility and invasion--might provide a rich source of novel targets for cancer therapy and that appropriate inhibitors may restrain both metastasis and neoangiogenesis. This new paradigm demands screening assays that can rapidly and quantitatively measure cell movement and the ability to traverse physiological barriers. We also need to consider whether simple reductionist in vitro approaches can reliably model the complexity of in vivo tumour invasion/neoangiogenesis. There are both opportunities and challenges ahead in developing a balanced portfolio of assays that will be able to evaluate accurately and finally deliver novel anti-invasive agents with therapeutic potential for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A Eccles
- Tumour Biology and Metastasis, Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, McElwain Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, Cotswold Road, Belmont, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK.
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46
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Michalet X, Pinaud FF, Bentolila LA, Tsay JM, Doose S, Li JJ, Iyer G, Weiss S. Peptide-coated semiconductor nanocrystals for biomedical applications. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2005; 5704:10.1117/12.589498. [PMID: 29176922 PMCID: PMC5701801 DOI: 10.1117/12.589498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new functionalization approach for semiconductor nanocrystals based on a single-step exchange of surface ligands with custom-designed peptides. This peptide-coating technique yield small, monodisperse and very stable water-soluble NCs that remain bright and photostable. We have used this approach on several types of core and core-shell NCs in the visible and near-infrared spectrum range and used fluorescence correlation spectroscopy for rapid assessment of the colloidal and photophysical properties of the resulting particles. This peptide coating strategy has several advantages: it yields probes that are immediately biocompatible; it is amenable to improvements of the different properties (solubilization, functionalization, etc) via rational design, parallel synthesis, or molecular evolution; it permits the combination of several functions on individual NCs. These functionalized NCs have been used for diverse biomedical applications. Two are discussed here: single-particle tracking of membrane receptor in live cells and combined fluorescence and PET imaging of targeted delivery in live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Michalet
- Dpt of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - F F Pinaud
- Dpt of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - L A Bentolila
- Dpt of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - J M Tsay
- Dpt of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - S Doose
- Applied Laserphysics & Laserspectroscopy, University of Bielefeld 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - J J Li
- Dpt of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - G Iyer
- Dpt of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - S Weiss
- Dpt of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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47
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Pellegrino T, Kudera S, Liedl T, Muñoz Javier A, Manna L, Parak WJ. On the development of colloidal nanoparticles towards multifunctional structures and their possible use for biological applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2005; 1:48-63. [PMID: 17193348 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200400071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this Review, we describe the synthesis of high-quality colloidal nanoparticles in organic solvents, the mechanisms by which they can be transferred into aqueous solution, and some of their applications in biology. In particular, we will place emphasis on the creation of multifunctional nanoparticles or nanoparticle assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pellegrino
- Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
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