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Rosner M, Horer S, Feichtinger M, Hengstschläger M. Multipotent fetal stem cells in reproductive biology research. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:157. [PMID: 37287077 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the limited accessibility of the in vivo situation, the scarcity of the human tissue, legal constraints, and ethical considerations, the underlying molecular mechanisms of disorders, such as preeclampsia, the pathological consequences of fetomaternal microchimerism, or infertility, are still not fully understood. And although substantial progress has already been made, the therapeutic strategies for reproductive system diseases are still facing limitations. In the recent years, it became more and more evident that stem cells are powerful tools for basic research in human reproduction and stem cell-based approaches moved into the center of endeavors to establish new clinical concepts. Multipotent fetal stem cells derived from the amniotic fluid, amniotic membrane, chorion leave, Wharton´s jelly, or placenta came to the fore because they are easy to acquire, are not associated with ethical concerns or covered by strict legal restrictions, and can be banked for autologous utilization later in life. Compared to adult stem cells, they exhibit a significantly higher differentiation potential and are much easier to propagate in vitro. Compared to pluripotent stem cells, they harbor less mutations, are not tumorigenic, and exhibit low immunogenicity. Studies on multipotent fetal stem cells can be invaluable to gain knowledge on the development of dysfunctional fetal cell types, to characterize the fetal stem cells migrating into the body of a pregnant woman in the context of fetomaternal microchimerism, and to obtain a more comprehensive picture of germ cell development in the course of in vitro differentiation experiments. The in vivo transplantation of fetal stem cells or their paracrine factors can mediate therapeutic effects in preeclampsia and can restore reproductive organ functions. Together with the use of fetal stem cell-derived gametes, such strategies could once help individuals, who do not develop functional gametes, to conceive genetically related children. Although there is still a long way to go, these developments regarding the usage of multipotent fetal stem cells in the clinic should continuously be accompanied by a wide and detailed ethical discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Rosner
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Horer
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Du X, Lai S, Zhao W, Xu X, Xu W, Zeng T, Tian Y, Lu L. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed the liver heterogeneity between egg-laying duck and ceased-laying duck. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:857. [PMID: 36577943 PMCID: PMC9798604 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-09089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the late phase of production, ducks untimely cease laying, leading to a lower feed conversion. Liver plays a vital role in the synthesis and transport of yolk materials during egg formation in birds. However, the molecular mechanism of liver in ceased-laying duck is far from clear, higher resolution and deeper analysis is needed. Sing-cell RNA-sequencing of 10 × Genomics platform can help to map the liver single cell gene expression atlas of Shaoxing duck and provide new insights into the liver between egg-laying and ceased-laying ducks. RESULTS About 20,000 single cells were profiled and 22 clusters were identified. All the clusters were identified as 6 cell types. The dominant cell type is hepatocyte, accounted for about 60% of all the cells. Of note, the heterogeneity of cells between egg-laying duck and ceased-laying duck mainly occurred in hepatocytes. Cells of cluster 3 and 12 were the unique hepatocyte states of egg-laying ducks, while cells of cluster 0 and 15 were the unique hepatocyte states of ceased-laying ducks. The expression mode of yolk precursor transporters, lipid metabolizing enzymes and fibrinogens were different in hepatocytes between egg-laying duck and ceased-laying duck. APOV1, VTG2, VTG1, APOB, RBP, VTDB and SCD might be activated in egg-laying ducks, while APOA1, APOA4, APOC3, FGB and FGG might be activated in ceased-laying ducks. CONCLUSIONS Our study further proofs that APOV1 and APOB play key roles in egg production, rather than APOA1 and APOA4. It is also the first to detect a correlation between the higher expression of APOC3, FGB, FGG and ceased-laying in duck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Du
- grid.410744.20000 0000 9883 3553State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 Zhejiang China ,grid.443483.c0000 0000 9152 7385College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shujing Lai
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqiu Zhao
- grid.410744.20000 0000 9883 3553Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaoqin Xu
- grid.411527.40000 0004 0610 111XInstitute of Ecology, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002 Sichuan China
| | - Wenwu Xu
- grid.410744.20000 0000 9883 3553State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 Zhejiang China
| | - Tao Zeng
- grid.410744.20000 0000 9883 3553State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 Zhejiang China
| | - Yong Tian
- grid.410744.20000 0000 9883 3553State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 Zhejiang China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- grid.410744.20000 0000 9883 3553State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 Zhejiang China
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3
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Kobayashi T, Takeba Y, Ohta Y, Ootaki M, Kida K, Watanabe M, Iiri T, Matsumoto N. Prenatal glucocorticoid administration accelerates the maturation of fetal rat hepatocytes. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5831-5842. [PMID: 35304682 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07358-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal glucocorticoid (GC) is clinically administered to pregnant women who are at risk of preterm birth for the maturation of cardiopulmonary function. Preterm and low-birth-weight infants often experience liver dysfunction after birth because their livers are immature. However, the effects of prenatal GC administration on the liver remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of prenatal GC administration on the maturation of liver hepatocytes in preterm rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Dexamethasone (DEX) was administered to pregnant Wistar rats on gestational days 17 and 19 before cesarean section. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to determine the mRNA levels of albumin, hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 alpha (HNF4α), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), thymus cell antigen 1 (Thy-1), cyclin B, and Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) in the liver samples. Immunohistochemical staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to examine protein production. The hepatocytes enlarged because of growth and prenatal DEX administration. Albumin, HNF4α, and HGF levels increased secondary to growth and prenatal DEX administration. The levels of the cell cycle markers cyclin B and CDK1 gradually decreased during growth and with DEX administration. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that prenatal GC administration leads to hepatocyte maturation via expression of HNF4α and HGF in preterm fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yuko Takeba
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan.
| | - Yuki Ohta
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Masanori Ootaki
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kida
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Minoru Watanabe
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Taroh Iiri
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
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4
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Ko S, Russell JO, Molina LM, Monga SP. Liver Progenitors and Adult Cell Plasticity in Hepatic Injury and Repair: Knowns and Unknowns. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 15:23-50. [PMID: 31399003 PMCID: PMC7212705 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a complex organ performing numerous vital physiological functions. For that reason, it possesses immense regenerative potential. The capacity for repair is largely attributable to the ability of its differentiated epithelial cells, hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells, to proliferate after injury. However, in cases of extreme acute injury or prolonged chronic insult, the liver may fail to regenerate or do so suboptimally. This often results in life-threatening end-stage liver disease for which liver transplantation is the only effective treatment. In many forms of liver injury, bipotent liver progenitor cells are theorized to be activated as an additional tier of liver repair. However, the existence, origin, fate, activation, and contribution to regeneration of liver progenitor cells is hotly debated, especially since hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells themselves may serve as facultative stem cells for one another during severe liver injury. Here, we discuss the evidence both supporting and refuting the existence of liver progenitor cells in a variety of experimental models. We also debate the validity of developing therapies harnessing the capabilities of these cells as potential treatments for patients with severe and chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Ko
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA;
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Jacquelyn O Russell
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA;
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Laura M Molina
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA;
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA;
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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5
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Chinnici CM, Pietrosi G, Iannolo G, Amico G, Cuscino N, Pagano V, Conaldi PG. Mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from human fetal liver release soluble factors with a potential role in liver tissue repair. Differentiation 2018; 105:14-26. [PMID: 30553176 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We isolated a population of proliferating cells from cultured human fetal hepatocytes of 16-22 weeks gestational age. The cells shared a similar phenotype to that of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) according to the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT), including plastic adherence, antigen expression profile, and in vitro multilineage differentiation potential. Fetal liver (FL)-MSCs expressed the albumin gene, and harbored a subpopulation of CK18+ cells (20-40%), which defined their hepatic origin. However, when subjected to in vitro hepatic differentiation, FL-MSCs did not acquire significant liver functions. Quantitative analysis of conditioned medium (CM) collected from cultured cells revealed the presence of growth factors and chemokines with potential liver regenerative properties, the most relevant of which (concentration ≥3000 pg/ml) were SDF-1 alpha, IL-6, MCP-1, IL-8, MIP-1 beta, VEGF-A, Gro-alpha, and HGF. Culturing of FL-MSCs as spheroids significantly enhanced the secretion of HGF and bFGF (approximately 5-fold) compared with culture monolayers. Moreover, CM assessed in vitro induced capillary-like organization and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and fibroblasts as target cells. Interestingly, exosomes isolated from CM induced similar cellular responses in vitro with high efficiency and in a dose-dependent manner. FL-MSCs underwent several in vitro subcultivations, and did not stimulate allogenic T-cell proliferation thus suggesting a low immunogenicity. Furthermore, 5-year cryopreservation did not affect cell viability (approximately 90% of viable post-thawed FL-MSCs). These observations support the feasibility of a cell bank establishment for allogenic transplantation. We concluded that FL-MSCs or they secreted factors may be a valid alternative to hepatocyte transplantation in liver cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Maria Chinnici
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Italy; Department of Research, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giada Pietrosi
- Hepatology Unit, Department for the Treatment and Study of Abdominal Diseases and Abdominal Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Giandomenico Amico
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Italy; Department of Research, IRCCS-ISMETT, Palermo, Italy
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6
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Goldman O, Cohen I, Gouon-Evans V. Functional Blood Progenitor Markers in Developing Human Liver Progenitors. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 7:158-66. [PMID: 27509132 PMCID: PMC4983080 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early fetal liver, hematopoietic progenitors expand and mature together with hepatoblasts, the liver progenitors of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Previous analyses of human fetal livers indicated that both progenitors support each other's lineage maturation and curiously share some cell surface markers including CD34 and CD133. Using the human embryonic stem cell (hESC) system, we demonstrate that virtually all hESC-derived hepatoblast-like cells (Hep cells) transition through a progenitor stage expressing CD34 and CD133 as well as GATA2, an additional hematopoietic marker that has not previously been associated with human hepatoblast development. Dynamic expression patterns for CD34, CD133, and GATA2 in hepatoblasts were validated in human fetal livers collected from the first and second trimesters of gestation. Knockdown experiments demonstrate that each gene also functions to regulate hepatic fate mostly in a cell-autonomous fashion, revealing unprecedented roles of fetal hematopoietic progenitor markers in human liver progenitors. Co-expression of hematopoietic markers CD34, CD133, and GATA2 in hESC-Hep cells Function of CD34, CD133, and GATA2 in hepatic specification of hESC-Hep cells Co-expression of CD34, CD133, and GATA2 in hepatoblasts from human fetal livers
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Goldman
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Idan Cohen
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Valerie Gouon-Evans
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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7
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Effect of Adenoviral Transduction of Hepatic Stellate Cells with Adv5-optHGF-RFP on their Phenotype. BIONANOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-016-0378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Alternative Cell Sources to Adult Hepatocytes for Hepatic Cell Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1506:17-42. [PMID: 27830543 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6506-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Adult hepatocyte transplantation is limited by scarce availability of suitable donor liver tissue for hepatocyte isolation. New cell-based therapies are being developed to supplement whole-organ liver transplantation, to reduce the waiting-list mortality rate, and to obtain more sustained and significant metabolic correction. Fetal livers and unsuitable neonatal livers for organ transplantation have been proposed as potential useful sources of hepatic cells for cell therapy. However, the major challenge is to use alternative cell sources for transplantation that can be derived from reproducible methods. Different types of stem cells with hepatic differentiation potential are eligible for generating large numbers of functional hepatocytes for liver cell therapy to treat degenerative disorders, inborn hepatic metabolic diseases, and organ failure. Clinical trials are designed to fully establish the safety profile of such therapies and to define target patient groups and standardized protocols.
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9
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Raju R, Chau D, Cho DS, Park Y, Verfaillie CM, Hu WS. Cell Expansion During Directed Differentiation of Stem Cells Toward the Hepatic Lineage. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 26:274-284. [PMID: 27806669 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells toward the hepatocyte lineage can potentially provide an unlimited source of functional hepatocytes for transplantation and extracorporeal bioartificial liver applications. It is anticipated that the quantities of cells needed for these applications will be in the order of 109-1010 cells, because of the size of the liver. An ideal differentiation protocol would be to enable directed differentiation to the hepatocyte lineage with simultaneous cell expansion. We introduced a cell expansion stage after the commitment of human embryonic stem cells to the endodermal lineage, to allow for at least an eightfold increase in cell number, with continuation of cell maturation toward the hepatocyte lineage. The progressive changes in the transcriptome were measured by expression array, and the expression dynamics of certain lineage markers was measured by mass cytometry during the differentiation and expansion process. The findings revealed that while cells were expanding they were also capable of progressing in their differentiation toward the hepatocyte lineage. In addition, our transcriptome, protein and functional studies, including albumin secretion, drug-induced CYP450 expression and urea production, all indicated that the hepatocyte-like cells obtained with or without cell expansion are very similar. This method of simultaneous cell expansion and hepatocyte differentiation should facilitate obtaining large quantities of cells for liver cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravali Raju
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota.,2 Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David Chau
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota.,2 Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota.,3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dong Seong Cho
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota.,2 Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Yonsil Park
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota.,2 Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Catherine M Verfaillie
- 4 Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven , KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota.,2 Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Bissig KD, Paust S, Barzi M. Liver is liver and blood is blood, and finally the twain have met. J Hepatol 2016; 65:245-8. [PMID: 27221221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Dimiter Bissig
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Silke Paust
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mercedes Barzi
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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11
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Multiple roles of CD90 in cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11611-11622. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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12
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Improved Survival and Initiation of Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Hepatocyte-Like Cells upon Culture in William's E Medium followed by Hepatocyte Differentiation Inducer Treatment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153435. [PMID: 27073925 PMCID: PMC4830564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte differentiation inducer (HDI) lacks both glucose and arginine, but is supplemented with galactose and ornithine, and is added together with other reagents such as apoptosis inhibitor and oncostatin M. Although human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells initiate hepatocyte differentiation, most die within 7 days. In this study, we investigated both HDI and conventional media for their potential to improve cell survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS 201B7 iPS cells were cultured in conventional media. This consisted of three cycles of 5-day culture in William's E (WE) medium, followed by a 2-day culture in HDI. RESULTS Expression levels of α-feto protein (AFP) were higher in cells cultured in WE and in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium/Nutrient F-12 Ham (DF12). 201B7 cells expressed the highest AFP and albumin (ALB) when cultured in HDI for 2 days following 7-day culture in WE. After three cycles of 5-day culture in WE followed by 2 days in HDI, 201B7 cells expressed AFP and ALB 54 ± 2.3 (average ± standard deviation) and 73 ± 15.1 times higher, respectively, than those cultured in ReproFF (feeder-free condition). CONCLUSION 201B7 cells survived culture in WE for 7 days followed HDI for 2 days. After three cycles of culture under these conditions, hepatocyte differentiation was enhanced, as evidenced by increased AFP and ALB expression.
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Minuk GY, Baruch Y. Hepatitis B viral infection of hepatic progenitor cells. Resolving unresolved questions? Med Hypotheses 2016; 91:24-27. [PMID: 27142136 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated data to date do not entirely explain the; propensity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) to cause chronic infections in newborns; failure of antiviral agents to resolve infections or precise mechanism whereby HBV causes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Based on the increased numbers of hepatic stem/progenitor cells (HPCs) present within the neonatal liver, the refractoriness of these cells to the effects of interferons and xenobiotics and their ability to undergo malignant transformation, we hypothesize that HBV infection of HPCs could explain these and perhaps other clinical features of chronic HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Y Minuk
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Y Baruch
- Liver Unit, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Gruppuso PA, Sanders JA. Regulation of liver development: implications for liver biology across the lifespan. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:R115-25. [PMID: 26887388 PMCID: PMC4882189 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver serves a spectrum of essential metabolic and synthetic functions that are required for the transition from fetal to postnatal life. Processes essential to the attainment of adequate liver mass and function during fetal life include cell lineage specification early in development, enzymic and other functional modes of differentiation throughout gestation, and ongoing cell proliferation to achieve adequate liver mass. Available data in laboratory rodents indicate that the signaling networks governing these processes in the fetus differ from those that can sustain liver function and mass in the adult. More specifically, fetal hepatocytes may develop independent of key mitogenic signaling pathways, including those involving the Erk mitogen-activated protein kinases MAPK1/3 and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). In addition, the fetal liver is subject to environmental influences that, through epigenetic mechanisms, can have sustained effects on function and, by extension, contribute to the developmental origin of adult metabolic disease. Finally, the mitogen-independent phenotype of rat fetal hepatocytes in late gestation makes these cells suitable for cell-based therapy of liver injury. In the aggregate, studies on the mechanisms governing fetal liver development have implications not only for the perinatal metabolic transition but also for the prevention and treatment of liver disorders throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Gruppuso
- Division of Pediatric EndocrinologyRhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Department of Molecular BiologyCell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jennifer A Sanders
- Division of Pediatric EndocrinologyRhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineBrown University, Providence, RI, USA
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15
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Giebel NL, Shadley JD, McCarver DG, Dorko K, Gramignoli R, Strom SC, Yan K, Simpson PM, Hines RN. Role of Chromatin Structural Changes in Regulating Human CYP3A Ontogeny. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1027-37. [PMID: 26921389 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.069344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Variability in drug-metabolizing enzyme developmental trajectories contributes to interindividual differences in susceptibility to chemical toxicity and adverse drug reactions, particularly in the first years of life. Factors linked to these interindividual differences are largely unknown, but molecular mechanisms regulating ontogeny are likely involved. To evaluate chromatin structure dynamics as a likely contributing mechanism, age-dependent changes in modified and variant histone occupancy were evaluated within known CYP3A4 and 3A7 regulatory domains. Chromatin immunoprecipitation using fetal or postnatal human hepatocyte chromatin pools followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction DNA amplification was used to determine relative chromatin occupancy by modified and variant histones. Chromatin structure representing a poised transcriptional state (bivalent chromatin), indicated by the occupancy by modified histones associated with both active and repressed transcription, was observed for CYP3A4 and most 3A7 regulatory regions in both postnatal and fetal livers. However, the CYP3A4 regulatory regions had significantly greater occupancy by modified histones associated with repressed transcription in the fetal liver. Conversely, some modified histones associated with active transcription exhibited greater occupancy in the postnatal liver. CYP3A7 regulatory regions also had significantly greater occupancy by modified histones associated with repressed transcription in the fetus. The observed occupancy by modified histones is consistent with chromatin structural dynamics contributing to CYP3A4 ontogeny, although the data are less conclusive regarding CYP3A7. Interpretation of the latter data may be confounded by cell-type heterogeneity in the fetal liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Giebel
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital and Health Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (N.L.G., J.D.S., D.G.M., K.Y., P.M.S., R.N.H.); and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.D., R.G., S.C.S.)
| | - Jeffrey D Shadley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital and Health Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (N.L.G., J.D.S., D.G.M., K.Y., P.M.S., R.N.H.); and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.D., R.G., S.C.S.)
| | - D Gail McCarver
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital and Health Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (N.L.G., J.D.S., D.G.M., K.Y., P.M.S., R.N.H.); and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.D., R.G., S.C.S.)
| | - Kenneth Dorko
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital and Health Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (N.L.G., J.D.S., D.G.M., K.Y., P.M.S., R.N.H.); and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.D., R.G., S.C.S.)
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital and Health Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (N.L.G., J.D.S., D.G.M., K.Y., P.M.S., R.N.H.); and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.D., R.G., S.C.S.)
| | - Stephen C Strom
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital and Health Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (N.L.G., J.D.S., D.G.M., K.Y., P.M.S., R.N.H.); and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.D., R.G., S.C.S.)
| | - Ke Yan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital and Health Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (N.L.G., J.D.S., D.G.M., K.Y., P.M.S., R.N.H.); and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.D., R.G., S.C.S.)
| | - Pippa M Simpson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital and Health Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (N.L.G., J.D.S., D.G.M., K.Y., P.M.S., R.N.H.); and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.D., R.G., S.C.S.)
| | - Ronald N Hines
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, and Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital and Health Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (N.L.G., J.D.S., D.G.M., K.Y., P.M.S., R.N.H.); and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.D., R.G., S.C.S.)
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16
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Abstract
The liver is a central regulator of metabolism, and liver failure thus constitutes a major health burden. Understanding how this complex organ develops during embryogenesis will yield insights into how liver regeneration can be promoted and how functional liver replacement tissue can be engineered. Recent studies of animal models have identified key signaling pathways and complex tissue interactions that progressively generate liver progenitor cells, differentiated lineages and functional tissues. In addition, progress in understanding how these cells interact, and how transcriptional and signaling programs precisely coordinate liver development, has begun to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this complexity. Here, we review the lineage relationships, signaling pathways and transcriptional programs that orchestrate hepatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Gordillo
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Valerie Gouon-Evans
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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17
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Tsuruya K, Chikada H, Ida K, Anzai K, Kagawa T, Inagaki Y, Mine T, Kamiya A. A Paracrine Mechanism Accelerating Expansion of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatic Progenitor-Like Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1691-702. [PMID: 25808356 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stem/progenitor cells in liver development have a high proliferative potential and the ability to differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. In this study, we focused on the cell surface molecules of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived hepatic progenitor-like cells (HPCs) and analyzed how these molecules modulate expansion of these cells. Human iPS cells were differentiated into immature hepatic lineage cells by cytokines. In addition to hepatic progenitor markers (CD13 and CD133), the cells were coimmunostained for various cell surface markers (116 types). The cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and in vitro colony formation culture with feeder cells. Twenty types of cell surface molecules were highly expressed in CD13(+)CD133(+) cells derived from human iPS cells. Of these molecules, CD221 (insulin-like growth factor receptor), which was expressed in CD13(+)CD133(+) cells, was quickly downregulated after in vitro expansion. The proliferative ability was suppressed by a neutralizing antibody and specific inhibitor of CD221. Overexpression of CD221 increased colony-forming ability. We also found that inhibition of CD340 (erbB2) and CD266 (fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14) signals suppressed proliferation. In addition, both insulin-like growth factor (a ligand of CD221) and tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (a ligand of CD266) were provided by feeder cells in our culture system. This study revealed the expression profiles of cell surface molecules in human iPS cell-derived HPCs and that the paracrine interactions between HPCs and other cells through specific receptors are important for proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Tsuruya
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan .,2 Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Hiromi Chikada
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Kinuyo Ida
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Kazuya Anzai
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan .,2 Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Tatehiro Kagawa
- 2 Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- 3 Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mine
- 2 Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
| | - Akihide Kamiya
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University , Isehara, Japan
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18
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Pekor C, Gerlach JC, Nettleship I, Schmelzer E. Induction of Hepatic and Endothelial Differentiation by Perfusion in a Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Model of Human Fetal Liver. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:705-15. [PMID: 25559936 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of functional engineered tissue constructs depends on high cell densities and appropriate vascularization. In this study we implemented a four-compartment three-dimensional perfusion bioreactor culture model for studying the effects of medium perfusion on endothelial, hepatic, and hematopoietic cell populations of primary human fetal liver in an in vivo-like environment. Human fetal liver cells were cultured in bioreactors configured to provide either perfusion or diffusion conditions. Metabolic activities of the cultures were monitored daily by measuring glucose consumption and lactate production. Cell viability during culture was analyzed by lactate dehydrogenase activity. Hepatic functionality was determined by the release of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in culture medium samples. After 4 days of culture, cells were analyzed for the expression of a variety of endothelial, hepatic, and hematopoietic genes, as well as the surface marker expression of CD31 and CD34 in flow cytometry. We found that medium perfusion increased the gene expression of endothelial markers such as CD31, von Willebrand factor (vWF), CD140b, CD309, and CD144 while decreasing the gene expression of the erythrocyte-surface marker CD235a. Hepatic differentiation was promoted under perfusion conditions as demonstrated by lower AFP and higher albumin secretion compared with cultures not exposed to medium perfusion. Additionally, cultures exposed to medium perfusion gave higher rates of glucose consumption and lactate production, indicating increased metabolic activity. In conclusion, high-density bioreactors configured to provide constant medium perfusion significantly induced hepatic and endothelial cell differentiation and provided improved conditions for the culture of human fetal liver cells compared with cultures without perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pekor
- 1 Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jörg C Gerlach
- 1 Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian Nettleship
- 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eva Schmelzer
- 1 Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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19
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Goldman O, Han S, Sourisseau M, Sourrisseau M, Dziedzic N, Hamou W, Corneo B, D'Souza S, Sato T, Kotton DN, Bissig KD, Kalir T, Jacobs A, Evans T, Evans MJ, Gouon-Evans V. KDR identifies a conserved human and murine hepatic progenitor and instructs early liver development. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 12:748-60. [PMID: 23746980 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the fetal hepatic niche is essential for optimizing the generation of functional hepatocyte-like cells (hepatic cells) from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Here, we show that KDR (VEGFR2/FLK-1), previously assumed to be mostly restricted to mesodermal lineages, marks a hESC-derived hepatic progenitor. hESC-derived endoderm cells do not express KDR but, when cultured in media supporting hepatic differentiation, generate KDR+ hepatic progenitors and KDR- hepatic cells. KDR+ progenitors require active KDR signaling both to instruct their own differentiation into hepatic cells and to non-cell-autonomously support the functional maturation of cocultured KDR- hepatic cells. Analysis of human fetal livers suggests that similar progenitors are present in human livers. Lineage tracing in mice provides in vivo evidence of a KDR+ hepatic progenitor for fetal hepatoblasts, adult hepatocytes, and adult cholangiocytes. Altogether, our findings reveal that KDR is a conserved marker for endoderm-derived hepatic progenitors and a functional receptor instructing early liver development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Goldman
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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20
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Joshi M, Oltean M, Patil PB, Hallberg D, Kleman M, Holgersson J, Olausson M, Sumitran-Holgersson S. Chemokine-mediated robust augmentation of liver engraftment: a novel approach. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 4:21-30. [PMID: 25473087 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective repopulation of the liver is essential for successful clinical hepatocyte transplantation. The objective was to improve repopulation of the liver with human hepatocytes using chemokines. We used flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry assays to identify commonly expressed chemokine receptors on human fetal and adult hepatocytes. The migratory capacity of the cells to various chemokines was tested. For in vivo studies, we used a nude mouse model of partial hepatectomy followed by intraparenchymal injections of chemokine ligands at various concentrations. Human fetal liver cells transformed with human telomerase reverse transcriptase were used for intrasplenic cell transplantation. Repopulation and functionality were assessed 4 weeks after transplantation. The receptor CXCR3 was commonly expressed on both fetal and adult hepatocytes. Both cell types migrated efficiently toward corresponding CXC chemokine ligands 9, 10, and 11. In vivo, animals injected with recombinant chemokines showed the highest cell engraftment compared with controls (p<.05). The engrafted cells expressed several human hepatic markers such as cytokeratin 8 and 18 and albumin as well as transferrin, UGT1A1, hepatocyte nuclear factor (1α, 1β, and 4α), cytochrome CYP3A1, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (α and β), and human albumin compared with controls. No inflammatory cells were detected in the livers at 4 weeks after transplantation. The improved repopulation of transplanted cells is likely a function of the chemokines to mediate cell homing and retention in the injured liver and might be an attractive strategy to augment repopulation of transplanted hepatocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghnad Joshi
- Laboratory for Transplantation Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; The Transplant Institute, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; NovaHep AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mihai Oltean
- Laboratory for Transplantation Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; The Transplant Institute, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; NovaHep AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pradeep B Patil
- Laboratory for Transplantation Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; The Transplant Institute, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; NovaHep AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Hallberg
- Laboratory for Transplantation Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; The Transplant Institute, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; NovaHep AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marika Kleman
- Laboratory for Transplantation Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; The Transplant Institute, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; NovaHep AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Holgersson
- Laboratory for Transplantation Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; The Transplant Institute, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; NovaHep AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Olausson
- Laboratory for Transplantation Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; The Transplant Institute, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; NovaHep AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suchitra Sumitran-Holgersson
- Laboratory for Transplantation Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; The Transplant Institute, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; NovaHep AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Dighe N, Khoury M, Mattar C, Chong M, Choolani M, Chen J, Antoniou MN, Chan JKY. Long-term reproducible expression in human fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells with a UCOE-based lentiviral vector. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104805. [PMID: 25118036 PMCID: PMC4130605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic Stem Cell (HSC) targeted gene transfer is an attractive treatment option for a number of hematopoietic disorders caused by single gene defects. However, extensive methylation of promoter sequences results in silencing of therapeutic gene expression. The choice of an appropriate promoter is therefore crucial for reproducible, stable and long-term transgene expression in clinical gene therapy. Recent studies suggest efficient and stable expression of transgenes from the ubiquitous chromatin opening element (UCOE) derived from the human HNRPA2B1-CBX3 locus can be achieved in murine HSC. Here, we compared the use of HNRPA2B1-CBX3 UCOE (A2UCOE)-mediated transgene regulation to two other frequently used promoters namely EF1α and PGK in human fetal liver-derived HSC (hflHSC). Efficient transduction of hflHSC with a lentiviral vector containing an HNRPA2B1-CBX3 UCOE-eGFP (A2UCOE-eGFP) cassette was achieved at higher levels than that obtained with umbilical cord blood derived HSC (3.1x; p<0.001). While hflHSC were readily transduced with all three test vectors (A2UCOE-eGFP, PGK-eGFP and EF1α-eGFP), only the A2-UCOE construct demonstrated sustained transgene expression in vitro over 24 days (p<0.001). In contrast, within 10 days in culture a rapid decline in transgene expression in both PGK-eGFP and EF1α-eGFP transduced hflHSC was seen. Subsequently, injection of transduced cells into immunodeficient mice (NOD/SCID/Il2rg-/-) demonstrated sustained eGFP expression for the A2UCOE-eGFP group up to 10 months post transplantation whereas PGK-eGFP and EF1α-eGFP transduced hflHSC showed a 5.1 and 22.2 fold reduction respectively over the same time period. We conclude that the A2UCOE allows a more efficient and stable expression in hflHSC to be achieved than either the PGK or EF1α promoters and at lower vector copy number per cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraja Dighe
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Citra Mattar
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark Chong
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael N. Antoniou
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London School of Medicine, Guys Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jerry K. Y. Chan
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer and Stem Cell Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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22
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Patil PB, Begum S, Joshi M, Kleman MI, Olausson M, Sumitran-Holgersson S. Phenotypic and in vivo functional characterization of immortalized human fetal liver cells. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:705-14. [PMID: 24730442 PMCID: PMC4059185 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2013.830328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the establishment and characterization of immortalized human fetal liver progenitor cells by expression of the Simian virus 40 large T (SV40 LT) antigen. Well-characterized cells at various passages were transplanted into nude mice with acute liver injury and tested for functional capacity. The SV40LT antigen-immortalized fetal liver cells showed a morphology similar to primary cells. Cultured cells demonstrated stable phenotypic expression in various passages, of hepatic markers such as albumin, CK 8, CK18, transcription factors HNF-4α and HNF-1α and CYP3A/7. The cells did not stain for any of the tested cancer-associated markers. Albumin, HNF-4α and CYP3A7 expression was confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Flow cytometry showed expression of some progenitor cell markers. In vivo study showed that the cells expressed both fetal and differentiated hepatocytes markers. Our study suggests new approaches to expand hepatic progenitor cells, analyze their fate in animal models aiming at cell therapy of hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep B. Patil
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Correspondence: Professor, Suchitra Sumitran-Holgersson, Laboratory of Transplantation Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Science Park, Medicinaregatan 8A, S-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden. +46 0 31 3432100.
| | - Setara Begum
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Correspondence: Professor, Suchitra Sumitran-Holgersson, Laboratory of Transplantation Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Science Park, Medicinaregatan 8A, S-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden. +46 0 31 3432100.
| | - Meghnad Joshi
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Olausson
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Suchitra Sumitran-Holgersson
- Laboratory of Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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23
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Doddapaneni R, Chawla YK, Das A, Kalra JK, Ghosh S, Chakraborti A. Overexpression of microRNA-122 enhances in vitro hepatic differentiation of fetal liver-derived stem/progenitor cells. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1575-83. [PMID: 23334867 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a versatile class of tiny non-coding RNAs involved in regulation of various biological processes. miRNA-122 (miR-122) is specifically and abundantly expressed in human liver. However, the role of miR-122 in differentiation of fetal liver stem/progenitor cells into hepatocytes remains unclear. In this study, dual positive CD34+/CD117+ expressing human fetal liver stem/progenitor cells was enriched by magnetic cell sorting and cultured in vitro. The level of miR-122 was found to be increased at specific time intervals. Interestingly, during the differentiation process of hepatocyte-like cells, the increase in expression of miR-122 was positively correlated with expression of hepatocyte-specific genes. The status of differentiation process was improved by transfection of miR-122 into enriched stem/progenitor cells. The expression level of hepatic-specific genes as well as liver-enriched transcription factors (LETFs) was significantly increased by overexpression of miR-122 in fetal liver stem/progenitor cells. Thus, the study delineated the role of hepato-specific miR-122 in differentiation of fetal liver stem/progenitor cells into hepatocyte-like cells which could be used as a therapeutic target molecule to generate abundant hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Doddapaneni
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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24
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1062] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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An in vitro expansion system for generation of human iPS cell-derived hepatic progenitor-like cells exhibiting a bipotent differentiation potential. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67541. [PMID: 23935837 PMCID: PMC3723819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblasts, hepatic stem/progenitor cells in liver development, have a high proliferative potential and the ability to differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. In regenerative medicine and drug screening for the treatment of severe liver diseases, human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived mature functional hepatocytes are considered to be a potentially good cell source. However, induction of proliferation of these cells is difficult ex vivo. To circumvent this problem, we generated hepatic progenitor-like cells from human iPS cells using serial cytokine treatments in vitro. Highly proliferative hepatic progenitor-like cells were purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting using antibodies against CD13 and CD133 that are known cell surface markers of hepatic stem/progenitor cells in fetal and adult mouse livers. When the purified CD13highCD133+ cells were cultured at a low density with feeder cells in the presence of suitable growth factors and signaling inhibitors (ALK inhibitor A-83-01 and ROCK inhibitor Y-27632), individual cells gave rise to relatively large colonies. These colonies consisted of two types of cells expressing hepatocytic marker genes (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α and α-fetoprotein) and a cholangiocytic marker gene (cytokeratin 7), and continued to proliferate over long periods of time. In a spheroid formation assay, these cells were found to express genes required for mature liver function, such as cytochrome P450 enzymes, and secrete albumin. When these cells were cultured in a suitable extracellular matrix gel, they eventually formed a cholangiocytic cyst-like structure with epithelial polarity, suggesting that human iPS cell-derived hepatic progenitor-like cells have a bipotent differentiation ability. Collectively these data indicate that this novel procedure using an in vitro expansion system is useful for not only liver regeneration but also for the determination of molecular mechanisms that regulate liver development.
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Chang JS, Tsai CR, Chen LT. Medical risk factors associated with cholangiocarcinoma in Taiwan: a population-based case-control study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69981. [PMID: 23894567 PMCID: PMC3718690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma, including intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, is a rare but highly lethal cancer. Despite effort in finding the risk factors of cholangiocarcinoma, the causes of most cholangiocarcinoma remain unknown. This study utilized a population-based case-control design using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan to assess the medical conditions associated with cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS 5,157 incident cases of cholangiocarcinoma diagnosed during 2004 to 2008 and 20,628 controls matched to the cases on sex, age, and time of diagnosis (reference date for the controls) were identified from the NHIRD. Medical risk factors were ascertained from the NHIRD for each individual. Conditional logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association between cholangiocarcinoma and each medical risk factor. RESULTS The results showed that factors associated with an increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma included cholangitis, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, cirrhosis of liver, alcoholic liver disease, chronic non-alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and peptic ulcer. In addition, sex and age differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the association between cholangiocarcinoma and several less established risk factors, including diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and peptic ulcer (proxy for the presence of Helicobacter Pylori). Future studies should focus on finding additional environmental and genetic causes of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JC); (LC)
| | - Chia-Rung Tsai
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JC); (LC)
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Joshi M, B Patil P, He Z, Holgersson J, Olausson M, Sumitran-Holgersson S. Fetal liver-derived mesenchymal stromal cells augment engraftment of transplanted hepatocytes. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:657-69. [PMID: 22424216 PMCID: PMC3411318 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.663526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS One important problem commonly encountered after hepatocyte transplantation is the low numbers of transplanted cells found in the graft. If hepatocyte transplantation is to be a viable therapeutic approach, significant liver parenchyma repopulation is required. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) produce high levels of various growth factors, cytokines and metalloproteinases, and have immunomodulatory effects. We therefore hypothesized that co-transplantation of MSC with human fetal hepatocytes (hFH) could augment in vivo expansion after transplantation. We investigated the ability of human fetal liver MSC (hFLMSC) to augment expansion of phenotypically and functionally well-characterized hFH. METHODS Two million hFH (passage 6) were either transplanted alone or together (1:1 ratio) with green fluorescence protein-expressing hFLMSC into the spleen of C57BL/6 nude mice with retrorsine-induced liver injury. RESULTS After 4 weeks, engraftment of cells was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization using a human-specific DNA probe. Significantly higher numbers of cells expressing human cytokeratin (CK)8, CK18, CK19, Cysteine-rich MNNG HOS Transforming gene (c-Met), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human nuclear antigen, mitochondrial antigen, hepatocyte-specific antigen and albumin (ALB) were present in the livers of recipient animals co-transplanted with hFLMSC compared with those without. Furthermore, expression of human hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-4α and HNF-1β, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A7 mRNA was demonstrated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in these animals. In addition, significantly increased amounts of human ALB were detected. Importantly, hFLMSC did not transdifferentiate into hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our study reports the use of a novel strategy for enhanced liver repopulation and thereby advances this experimental procedure closer to clinical liver cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghnad Joshi
- Department of Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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28
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Gridelli B, Vizzini G, Pietrosi G, Luca A, Spada M, Gruttadauria S, Cintorino D, Amico G, Chinnici C, Miki T, Schmelzer E, Conaldi PG, Triolo F, Gerlach JC. Efficient human fetal liver cell isolation protocol based on vascular perfusion for liver cell-based therapy and case report on cell transplantation. Liver Transpl 2012; 18:226-37. [PMID: 22034152 DOI: 10.1002/lt.22322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although hepatic cell transplantation (CT) holds the promise of bridging patients with end-stage chronic liver failure to whole liver transplantation, suitable cell populations are under debate. In addition to hepatic cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are being considered as alternative cell sources for initial clinical cell work. Fetal liver (FL) tissue contains potential progenitors for all these cell lineages. Based on the collagenase incubation of tissue fragments, traditional isolation techniques yield only a fraction of the number of available cells. We report a 5-step method in which a portal vein in situ perfusion technique is used for tissue from the late second trimester. This method results in the high viabilities known for adult liver vascular perfusion, addresses the low cell yields of conventional digestion methods, and reduces the exposure of the tissue to collagenase 4-fold. We used donated tissue from gestational weeks 18 to 22, which yielded 1.8 ± 0.7 × 10(9) cells with an average viability of 78%. Because HSC transplantation and MSC transplantation are of interest for the treatment of hepatic failure, we phenotypically confirmed that in addition to hepatic progenitors, the resulting cell preparation contained cells expressing typical MSC and HSC markers. The percentage of FL cells expressing proliferation markers was 45 times greater than the percentage of adult hepatocytes expressing these markers and was comparable to the percentage of immortalized HepG2 liver hepatocellular carcinoma cells; this indicated the strong proliferative capacity of fetal cells. We report a case of human FL CT with the described liver cell population for clinical end-stage chronic liver failure. The patient's Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score improved from 15 to 10 within the first 18 months of observation. In conclusion, this human FL cell isolation protocol may be of interest for further clinical translation work on the development of liver cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gridelli
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
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Chistiakov DA, Chistiakov PA. Strategies to produce hepatocytes and hepatocyte-like cells from pluripotent stem cells. Hepatol Res 2012; 42:111-9. [PMID: 21988469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2011.00896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a potent source for unlimited production of hepatocytes and hepatocyte-like cells that may replace primary human hepatocytes in a variety of fields including liver cell therapy, liver tissue engineering, manufacturing bioartificial liver, modeling inherited and chronic liver diseases, drug screening and toxicity testing. Human ESCs are able to spontaneously form embryoid bodies, which then spontaneously differentiate to various tissue-specific cell lineages containing a total of 10-30% albumin-producing hepatocytes and hepatocyte-like cells. Enrichment of embryoid bodies with the definitive endoderm, from which hepatocytes arise, yields increasing the final ratio of hepatocyte population up by 50-65%. Current strategies of the directed differentiation of human ESCs (and iPSCs) to hepatocytes that reproduce liver embryogenesis by sequential stimulation of culturing ESCs with tissue-specific growth factors result in achieving the differentiation rate up to 60-80%. In the future, directed differentiation of human ESCs and iPSCs to hepatocytes should be further optimized towards generating homogeneous cultures of hepatocytes in order to avoid expensive procedures of separation and isolation of hepatocytes and hepatocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Bionanotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University Department of Molecular Diagnostics, National Research Center GosNIIgenetika, Moscow, Russia
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Yu YL, Shi BM, Surgery DOHBP, University SPHATS, 250021 J, Province S, China. Progress in research of molecular markers for hepatic oval cells You-Lin Yu, Bao-Ming Shi. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:3610-3615. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i35.3610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stem cells have the capacity of self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation and can produce progeny cells that have the same phenotypes and genotype as parental cells. The cells originate from the foregut endoderm and exist in the form of hepatic cells in embryonic liver, and small oval cells (OCs) with a large nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and special cell markers in the adult liver. Hepatic stem cells are normally in the dormant state and divide at a very slow rate. The cells begin to be activated to proliferate quickly and transit from quiescent phase to proliferative phase when the liver is resected by operation or injured by drugs. In recent years, numerous studies have confirmed that hepatic OCs are hepatic stem cells that have the bipotential capability of differentiation into mature hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells when hepatocyte proliferation is inhibited and liver regeneration compromised. The research of the role of hepatic OCs in the management of acute and chronic liver dysfunction, advanced cirrhosis, other liver diseases, and diabetes caused by pancreatic lesions has attracted wide attention. Great efforts have been made to find and isolate hepatic OCs. This review discusses the progress in research of molecular markers for hepatic OCs.
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Pourcher G, Mazurier C, King YY, Giarratana MC, Kobari L, Boehm D, Douay L, Lapillonne H. Human fetal liver: an in vitro model of erythropoiesis. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:405429. [PMID: 21961016 PMCID: PMC3179878 DOI: 10.4061/2011/405429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously described the large-scale production of RBCs from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) of diverse sources. Our present efforts are focused to produce RBCs thanks to an unlimited source of stem cells. Human embryonic stem (ES) cells or induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) are the natural candidates. Even if the proof of RBCs production from these sources has been done, their amplification ability is to date not sufficient for a transfusion application. In this work, our protocol of RBC production was applied to HSC isolated from fetal liver (FL) as an intermediate source between embryonic and adult stem cells. We studied the erythroid potential of FL-derived CD34(+) cells. In this in vitro model, maturation that is enucleation reaches a lower level compared to adult sources as observed for embryonic or iP, but, interestingly, they (i) displayed a dramatic in vitro expansion (100-fold more when compared to CB CD34(+)) and (ii) 100% cloning efficiency in hematopoietic progenitor assays after 3 days of erythroid induction, as compared to 10-15% cloning efficiency for adult CD34(+) cells. This work supports the idea that FL remains a model of study and is not a candidate for ex vivo RBCS production for blood transfusion as a direct source of stem cells but could be helpful to understand and enhance proliferation abilities for primitive cells such as ES cells or iPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Pourcher
- Prolifération et Différenciation des Cellules Souches: Application à la Thérapie Cellulaire Hématopoïétique, INSERM, UMR_S938, CDR Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
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Liu WH, Tao KS, You N, Liu ZC, Zhang HT, Dou KF. Differences in the properties and mirna expression profiles between side populations from hepatic cancer cells and normal liver cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23311. [PMID: 21826246 PMCID: PMC3149655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Because hepatic cancer stem cells (HCSCs) are believed to derive from the conversion of hepatic normal stem cells (HNSCs), the identification of the differences that distinguish HCSCs from HNSCs is important. METHODS The HCC model was established in F344 rats by DEN induction. Using FACS analysis, side population cells from HCC (SP-HCCs) were isolated from the epithelial-like cells of HCC tissues, and the side population cells from normal liver (SP-NLCs) were isolated from syngeneic normal liver cells. The expression of stem cell markers was detected in both freshly isolated and amplified subpopulations. After induction with HGF, the differentiation of each subpopulation was analyzed by detection of early and late liver markers. In vivo, the biological characteristics of SP-HCCs and SP-NLCs were analyzed by repairing injured livers or forming tumors in nude mice. In addition, the expression of miRNAs was examined in both populations by miRNA array and QRT-PCR. RESULTS SP-NLCs and SP-HCCs were 4.30±0.011% and 2.100±0.010% of the whole population, respectively. Both SP-NLCs and SP-HCCs displayed greater expression of stem cell markers (CD133 and EpCAM) than NSP-NLCs and NSP-HCCs, respectively (P<0.01), both after fresh isolation and amplification. Upon HGF induction, SP-NLCs generated many ALB positive cells and few CK-7 positive cells, but NSP-NLCs could generate only ALB positive cells. In contrast, SP-HCCs gave rise to only AFP positive cells. As few as 5 × 10⁵ SP-NLCs were capable of repairing liver injury, while the same number of NSP-NLCs could not repair the liver. Furthermore, only 1 × 10⁴ SP-HCCs were necessary to initiate a tumor, while NSP-HCCs could not form a tumor. Compared to SP-NLCs, 68 up-regulated and 10 down-regulated miRNAs were present in SP-HCCs (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Based on the decisive roles of some miRNAs in the genesis of HCSCs, miRNAs may contribute to the different characteristics that distinguish SP-HCCs from SP-NLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-hui Liu
- PLA Center of General Surgery, General Hospital of Chengdu Army Region, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kai-shan Tao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Nan You
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zheng-cai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hong-tao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ke-feng Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- * E-mail:
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The instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction characterized in hepatocyte transplantation. Transplantation 2011; 91:632-8. [PMID: 21289595 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31820ae459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte transplantation (HcTx) has proven to be a safe procedure, although the functional results have been unsatisfactory, probably due to insufficient engraftment or a loss of transplanted mass or function. In this study, we investigate whether hepatocytes in contact with blood induce an inflammatory reaction leading to, similar to what happens in clinical islet transplantation, an instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) resulting in an early loss of transplanted cells. METHODS By using an experimental model that mimics the portal vein blood flow, we could study different parameters reflecting the effects on the innate immunity elicited by hepatocytes in contact with ABO-matched human blood. RESULTS We report that all aspects of the IBMIR such as platelet and granulocyte consumption, coagulation, and complement activation were demonstrated. Addition of various specific inhibitors of coagulation allowed us to clearly delineate the various stages of the hepatocyte-triggered IBMIR and show that the reaction was triggered by tissue factor. Analysis of a case of clinical HcTx showed that hepatocyte-induced IBMIR also occurs in vivo. Both the inflammatory and the coagulation aspects were controlled by low-molecular-weight dextran sulfate. CONCLUSION Isolated hepatocytes in contact with blood induce the IBMIR in vitro, and there are indications that these events are also relevant in vivo. According to these findings, HcTx would benefit from controlling a wider range of signals from the innate immune system.
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Bilardo CM, Timmerman E, De Medina PGR, Clur SA. Low-resistance hepatic artery flow in first-trimester fetuses: an ominous sign. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2011; 37:438-443. [PMID: 20922779 DOI: 10.1002/uog.7766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low-resistance hepatic artery (HA) flow has been reported in severely growth-restricted fetuses. The same finding has been incidentally observed in first-trimester fetuses with enlarged nuchal translucency (NT). The aim of this study was to investigate HA flow in first-trimester fetuses. METHODS Crown-rump length (CRL), NT, ductus venosus (DV) pulsatility index for veins (PIV) and HA pulsatility index (PI) were measured prospectively in fetuses at increased risk on first-trimester assessment for aneuploidy and in a control group of low-risk fetuses. Outcome of pregnancy was known in all cases. Independent sample t-test was used for intergroup comparison. RESULTS NT, DV-PIV and HA-PI were measured prospectively in 59 fetuses. Thirty-four had an enlarged NT and underwent karyotyping, which was abnormal in 16 cases (trisomy 21, n = 12; trisomy 18, n = 3; 47,XXY, n = 1). Two pregnancies were terminated in view of fetal anomalies. In three other infants an abnormality was confirmed after birth (Noonan syndrome, unspecified genetic syndrome and cardiac defect). The remaining 13 fetuses with enlarged NT and the 25 with normal NT had an uneventful pregnancy outcome. HA-PI was significantly and inversely correlated with NT and DV-PIV. Mean HA-PI was significantly lower in fetuses with adverse outcome (chromosomal anomalies 1.60; chromosomally normal fetuses with adverse outcome 1.66) than in controls (2.03). CONCLUSIONS Low-resistance HA flow can be observed in first-trimester fetuses and, based on its association with adverse outcome, it can be regarded as an ominous sign.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Bilardo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Crema A, Ledda M, De Carlo F, Fioretti D, Rinaldi M, Marchese R, Sanchez M, Giuliani M, Arena V, Durrbach A, Brunetti E, Haas C, Ponzetto A, Lisi A, Carloni G. Cord blood CD133 cells define an OV6-positive population that can be differentiated in vitro into engraftable bipotent hepatic progenitors. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:2009-21. [PMID: 21291316 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy represents the most promising alternative strategy for end-stage liver diseases and hepatic progenitors are the best candidates. We have identified a reservoir of immature hepatic precursors within human cord blood, which can derive engraftable bipotent progenitors. We isolated a stem cell subset CD133+/CD34+/OV6(low) expressing a surface-marker profile consistent with that of fetal liver cells. Upon induction of hepatic commitment by a medium containing cytokines and factors involved in vivo oval-cell activation, a heterogeneous cell population displaying characteristics of functional oval-cell-like bipotent hepatic progenitors was obtained. The cells expressed markers of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes and were highly enriched in OV6, c-Met, c-Kit, and Thy-1. They also displayed liver functional activity as glycogen storage, urea production, albumin secretion, and inducible CyP2B6 activity. When injected into liver-damaged severe-combined immunodeficient mice, induced bipotent hepatic progenitors appropriately engrafted livers of recipient animals, where they formed clusters of human-derived cells expressing human leucocyte antigen-class I, Hep-Par1, and OV6 antigens. Human-specific albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, and cytokeratin 19 were also expressed. In transplanted animals, AST serum levels showed a significative reduction with regard to controls. This human model for in vitro progenitor-cell activation may provide a powerful tool for elucidating the pathways and synergies that regulate this complex process and can represent a valuable source, exploitable for liver cell-based therapies and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Crema
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy.
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Bateman AC, Hübscher SG. Cytokeratin expression as an aid to diagnosis in medical liver biopsies. Histopathology 2011; 56:415-25. [PMID: 20459548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The study of cytokeratin expression has provided a valuable insight into the biliary microanatomy of the liver in health and disease. The canals of Hering are a putative site of origin for progenitor cells, which may repopulate the liver after cellular damage and loss. Normal bile ducts and the bile ductular reaction that occurs in many chronic liver diseases - especially chronic biliary tract disease - express cytokeratin (CK) 7 and CK19. Therefore, both ductopenia and the process of bile ductular reaction can be highlighted with immunohistochemistry for these cytokeratins. Furthermore, CK7 is usually expressed in an increasingly widespread manner by hepatocytes as chronic cholestatic liver disease progresses. For these reasons, CK immunohistochemistry is a very useful adjunct to morphological assessment and histochemical stains for copper retention when a diagnosis of chronic biliary disease is being considered. This review describes the anatomical theory behind the use of CK immunohistochemistry for the assessment of bile duct number and distribution in the liver and provides practical advice for the application of this technique in the diagnostic setting of common medical liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Bateman
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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Abdulrazzak H, Moschidou D, Jones G, Guillot PV. Biological characteristics of stem cells from foetal, cord blood and extraembryonic tissues. J R Soc Interface 2010; 7 Suppl 6:S689-706. [PMID: 20739312 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0347.focus] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foetal stem cells (FSCs) can be isolated during gestation from many different tissues such as blood, liver and bone marrow as well as from a variety of extraembryonic tissues such as amniotic fluid and placenta. Strong evidence suggests that these cells differ on many biological aspects such as growth kinetics, morphology, immunophenotype, differentiation potential and engraftment capacity in vivo. Despite these differences, FSCs appear to be more primitive and have greater multi-potentiality than their adult counterparts. For example, foetal blood haemopoietic stem cells proliferate more rapidly than those found in cord blood or adult bone marrow. These features have led to FSCs being investigated for pre- and post-natal cell therapy and regenerative medicine applications. The cells have been used in pre-clinical studies to treat a wide range of diseases such as skeletal dysplasia, diaphragmatic hernia and respiratory failure, white matter damage, renal pathologies as well as cancers. Their intermediate state between adult and embryonic stem cells also makes them an ideal candidate for reprogramming to the pluripotent status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Abdulrazzak
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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Portal venous endothelium in developing human liver contains haematopoietic and epithelial progenitor cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1637-47. [PMID: 20211168 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Future treatments for chronic liver disease are likely to involve manipulation of liver progenitor cells (LPCs). In the human, data characterising the regenerative response is limited and the origin of adult LPCs is unknown. However, these remain critical factors in the design of cell-based liver therapies. The developing human liver provides an ideal model to study cell lineage derivation from progenitors and to understand how foetal haematopoiesis and liver development might explain the nature of the adult LPC population. In 1st trimester human liver, portal venous endothelium (PVE) expressed adult LPC markers and markers of haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) shared with haemogenic endothelium found in the embryonic dorsal aorta. Sorted PVE cells were able to generate hepatoblast-like cells co-expressing CK18 and CK19 in addition to Dlk/pref-1, E-cadherin, albumin and fibrinogen in vitro. Furthermore, PVE cells could initiate haematopoiesis. These data suggest that PVE shares phenotypical and functional similarities both with adult LPCs and embryonic haemogenic endothelium. This indicates that a temporal relationship might exist between progenitor cells in foetal liver development and adult liver regeneration, which may involve progeny of PVE.
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Zuba-Surma EK, Kucia M, Rui L, Shin DM, Wojakowski W, Ratajczak J, Ratajczak MZ. Fetal liver very small embryonic/epiblast like stem cells follow developmental migratory pathway of hematopoietic stem cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1176:205-18. [PMID: 19796249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fetal liver (FL) has been described as a source of both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic stem cells. Recently we have purified from murine adult bone marrow (BM) a population of CXCR4(+)Oct-4(+)SSEA-1(+)Sca-1(+)Lin(-)CD45(-) very small embryonic/epiblast-like stem cells (VSELs). By employing several complementary imaging and molecular strategies, we report in this study that VSELs, like hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), are highly enriched in murine FL during the second trimester of gestation. Subsequently, at the beginning of the third trimester of gestation their number decreases, which corresponds to the time when HSCs egress FL and follow the stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1) gradient in order to colonize developing BM. Thus, our data support the hypothesis that VSELs are a mobile pool of primitive stem cells that respond to similar chemotactic gradients as HSCs and follow their developmental migratory route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa K Zuba-Surma
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Establishment of a human neonatal hepatocyte cell line. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2009; 45:535-42. [PMID: 19565302 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes are routinely used to generate and identify drug metabolites and hepatic toxicity. Primary cultures of human hepatocytes are the model cell of choice for most of these pharmacological and toxicological studies. However, major problems are encountered with primary liver cell cultures: the dwindling availability of viable livers, hepatocytes having a limited life span, the loss of liver-specific functions in culture, and the donor to donor variability. These limitations have created a significant need for an in vitro hepatocyte system, which has both the potential for use in toxicological and pharmaceutical studies as well as clinical applications. Ectopic expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is one of the major strategies used to develop immortalized cells. Immortalization of primary cells using hTERT allows retention of the original cellular characteristics and functions and avoids some of the genetic and phenotypic instabilities associated with using known oncogenes. In the present study, we developed a cell line from human neonatal hepatocytes by transduction with a recombinant retrovirus expressing the hTERT gene. Induction of stable expression of hTERT in the neonatal cells led to immortalization of these cells. The cell line was cultured continuously for more than 25 passages, equivalent to >25 population doublings, whereas the parental cells senesced within five passages. Analysis of telomerase activity as measured by telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay indicated elevated levels of telomerase activity in immortalized cells compared to the parental cells. These immortalized human hepatocytes cells maintained a normal diploid karyotype as well as the gene expression profile similar to that of human normal neonatal hepatocytes. The data suggest that these immortalized cells preserved some of the biological characteristics of hepatic progenitor cells and might be useful as an in vitro model for pharmacological and toxicity studies.
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High levels of E4-PHA-reactive oligosaccharides: potential as marker for cells with characteristics of hepatic progenitor cells. Glycoconj J 2009; 26:1213-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-009-9240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Singh AK, Pancholi N, Patel J, Litbarg NO, Gudehithlu KP, Sethupathi P, Kraus M, Dunea G, Arruda JAL. Omentum facilitates liver regeneration. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:1057-64. [PMID: 19266597 PMCID: PMC2655194 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the mechanism of liver regeneration induced by fusing the omentum to a small traumatic injury created in the liver. We studied three groups of rats. In one group the rats were omentectomized; in another group the omentum was left in situ and was not activated, and in the third group the omentum was activated by polydextran particles.
METHODS: We pre-activated the omentum by injecting polydextran particles and then made a small wedge wound in the rat liver to allow the omentum to fuse to the wound. We monitored the regeneration of the liver by determining the ratio of liver weight/body weight, by histological evaluation (including immune staining for cytokeratin-19, an oval cell marker), and by testing for developmental gene activation using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
RESULTS: There was no liver regeneration in the omentectomized rats, nor was there significant regeneration when the omentum was not activated, even though in this instance the omentum had fused with the liver. In contrast, the liver in the rats with the activated omentum expanded to a size 50% greater than the original, and there was histologically an interlying tissue between the wounded liver and the activated omentum in which bile ducts, containing cytokeratin-19 positive oval cells, extended from the wound edge. In this interlying tissue, oval cells were abundant and appeared to proliferate to form new liver tissue. In rats pre-treated with drugs that inhibited hepatocyte growth, liver proliferation was ongoing, indicating that regeneration of the liver was the result of oval cell expansion.
CONCLUSION: Activated omentum facilitates liver regeneration following injury by a mechanism that depends largely on oval cell proliferation.
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Sumitran-Holgersson S, Nowak G, Thowfeequ S, Begum S, Joshi M, Jaksch M, Kjaeldgaard A, Jorns C, Ericzon BG, Tosh D. Generation of Hepatocyte-Like Cells from in Vitro Transdifferentiated Human Fetal Pancreas. Cell Transplant 2009; 18:183-93. [DOI: 10.3727/096368909788341333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the appearance of hepatic foci in the pancreas has been described in animal experiments and in human pathology, evidence for the conversion of human pancreatic cells to liver cells is still lacking. We therefore investigated the developmental plasticity between human embryonic pancreatic cells and liver cells. Cells were isolated and expanded from 7–8-week-old human fetal pancreata (HFP) and were characterized for the absence and presence of pancreatic and hepatic markers. In vitro expanded HFP were treated with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and dexamethasone (DX) to induce a liver phenotye in the cells. These treated cells in various passages were further studied for their capacity to be functional in hepatic parenchyma following retrorsine-induced injury in nude C57 black mice. Amylase- and EPCAM-positive-enriched cells isolated from HFP and treated with FGF2 and DX lost expression of pancreatic markers and gained a liver phenotype. Hepatic differentiation was based on the expression (both at the mRNA and protein level) of liver markers albumin and cytokeratin 19. When transplanted in vivo into nude mice treated with retrorsine, both cell types successfully engrafted and functionally differentiated into hepatic cells expressing human albumin, glycogen, dipeptidyl peptidase, and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase. These data indicate that human fetal pancreatic cells have a capacity to alter their gene expression profile in response to exogenous treatment with FGF2 and DX. It may be possible to generate an unlimited supply of hepatocytes in vitro for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Sumitran-Holgersson
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Greg Nowak
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shifaan Thowfeequ
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Setara Begum
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meghnad Joshi
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Jaksch
- The Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anders Kjaeldgaard
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Jorns
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo-Göran Ericzon
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Tosh
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Zhang L, Theise N, Chua M, Reid LM. The stem cell niche of human livers: symmetry between development and regeneration. Hepatology 2008; 48:1598-607. [PMID: 18972441 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human livers contain two pluripotent progenitors: hepatic stem cells and hepatoblasts. The hepatic stem cells uniquely express the combination of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), cytokeratin (CK) 19, albumin +/-, and are negative for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). They are precursors to hepatoblasts, which differ from hepatic stem cells in size, morphology, and in expressing the combination of EpCAM, intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), CK19, albumin++, and AFP++. The hepatic stem cells are located in vivo in stem cell niches: the ductal plates in fetal and neonatal livers and canals of Hering in pediatric and adult livers. The hepatoblasts are contiguous to the niches, decline in numbers with age, wax and wane in numbers with injury responses, and are proposed to be the liver's transit-amplifying cells. In adult livers, intermediates between hepatic stem cells and hepatoblasts and between hepatoblasts and adult parenchyma are observed. Amplification of one or both pluripotent cell subpopulations can occur in diseases; for example, hepatic stem cell amplification occurs in mild forms of liver failure, and hepatoblast amplification occurs in forms of cirrhosis. Liver is, therefore, similar to other tissues in that regenerative processes in postnatal tissues parallel those occurring in development and involve populations of stem cells and progenitor cells that can be identified by anatomic, antigenic, and biochemical profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Rao MS, Khan AA, Parveen N, Habeeb MA, Habibullah CM, Pande G. Characterization of hepatic progenitors from human fetal liver during second trimester. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:5730-7. [PMID: 18837092 PMCID: PMC2748210 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.5730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To enrich hepatic progenitors using epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) as a marker from human fetal liver and investigate the expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and their markers associated with hepatic progenitor cells.
METHODS: EpCAM +ve cells were isolated using magnetic cell sorting (MACS) from human fetuses (n = 10) at 15-25 wk gestation. Expression of markers for hepatic progenitors such as albumin, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), CD29 (integrin β1), CD49f (integrin α6) and CD90 (Thy 1) was studied by using flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR; HLA class I (A, B, C) and class II (DR) expression was studied by flow cytometry only.
RESULTS: FACS analysis indicated that EpCAM +ve cells were positive for CD29, CD49f, CD90, CD34, HLA class I, albumin and AFP but negative for HLA class II (DR) and CD45. RT PCR showed that EpCAM +ve cells expressed liver epithelial markers (CK18), biliary specific marker (CK19) and hepatic markers (albumin, AFP). On immunocytochemical staining, EpCAM +ve cells were shown positive signals for CK18 and albumin.
CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that these EpCAM +ve cells can be used as hepatic progenitors for cell transplantation with a minimum risk of alloreactivity and these cells may serve as a potential source for enrichment of hepatic progenitor.
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Colletti EJ, Airey JA, Liu W, Simmons PJ, Zanjani ED, Porada CD, Almeida-Porada G. Generation of tissue-specific cells from MSC does not require fusion or donor-to-host mitochondrial/membrane transfer. Stem Cell Res 2008; 2:125-38. [PMID: 19383418 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) hold great promise for cellular replacement therapies. Despite their contributing to phenotypically distinct cells in multiple tissues, controversy remains regarding whether the phenotype switch results from a true differentiation process. Here, we studied the events occurring during the first 120 h after human MSC transplantation into a large animal model. We demonstrate that MSC, shortly after engrafting different tissues, undergo proliferation and rapidly initiate the differentiative process, changing their phenotype into tissue-specific cells. Thus, the final level of tissue-specific cell contribution is not determined solely by the initial level of engraftment of the MSC within that organ, but rather by the proliferative capability of the ensuing tissue-specific cells into which the MSC rapidly differentiate. Furthermore, we show that true differentiation, and not cell fusion or transfer of mitochondria or membrane-derived vesicles between transplanted and resident cells, is the primary mechanism contributing to the change of phenotype of MSC upon transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Colletti
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, University of Nevada at Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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47
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Higashino A, Kageyama T. Development-dependent expression of calreticulin in the brain and other tissues of the Japanese monkey, Macaca fuscata. J Med Primatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2008.00291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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48
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Wang P, Zhang H, Li W, Zhao Y, An W. Promoter-defined isolation and identification of hepatic progenitor cells from the human fetal liver. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:375-85. [PMID: 18478249 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hepatoblasts, which are considered one type of hepatic progenitor cell, reside in the fetal liver. To selectively identify these cells, we transfected primary cultured human fetal liver cells (FLCs) with a pGL3 vector bearing the gene for the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) under the control of the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) promoter expressed in hepatoblasts. The FLCs were then sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) on the basis of AFP promoter-driven EGFP expression. The EGFP-positive cells expressed AFP, albumin, and cytokeratin 19, and could be expanded in vitro. Thus, the AFP promoter-EGFP reporter system is highly useful for identification and isolation of hepatic progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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49
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Significance of CD90+ cancer stem cells in human liver cancer. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:153-66. [PMID: 18242515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 897] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2007] [Revised: 11/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized cancer stem cells (CSCs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, tumor specimens, and blood samples. The CD90+ cells, but not the CD90(-) cells, from HCC cell lines displayed tumorigenic capacity. All the tumor specimens and 91.6% of blood samples from liver cancer patients bore the CD45(-)CD90+ population, which could generate tumor nodules in immunodeficient mice. The CD90+CD44+ cells demonstrated a more aggressive phenotype than the CD90+CD44(-) counterpart and formed metastatic lesions in the lung of immunodeficient mice. CD44 blockade prevented the formation of local and metastatic tumor nodules by the CD90+ cells. Differential gene expression profiles were identified in the CD45(-)CD90+ and CD45(-)CD90(-) cells isolated from tissue and blood samples from liver cancer patients and controls.
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50
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Ebbing C, Rasmussen S, Godfrey KM, Hanson MA, Kiserud T. Hepatic artery hemodynamics suggest operation of a buffer response in the human fetus. Reprod Sci 2008; 15:166-78. [PMID: 18276952 DOI: 10.1177/1933719107310307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
After birth, the hepatic artery buffer response helps to maintain liver perfusion. Here, the authors establish a Doppler technique to measure fetal hepatic artery flow velocity and test the hypothesis that the buffer response also operates prenatally. Women with low-risk pregnancies were recruited to a longitudinal study (N = 161). Measurement techniques and reference ranges for hepatic artery velocities and pulsatility index (PI) were established. Ductus venosus peak velocity (V(DVps)) represented the portocaval pressure gradient, and umbilical venous flow (Q(UV)) represented portal flow. Reference ranges were established for the more accessible left hepatic artery branch. Hepatic artery PI was lower in fetuses with V(DVps) <10th centile (P < .05) and in those with Q(UV) <10th centile ( P < .0001). Conversely, hepatic artery PI was higher in those with Q(UV) >90th centile (P < .0001). The authors establish a method for measuring fetal hepatic arterial blood velocity, provide reference ranges, and show that the hepatic artery buffer response operates prenatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Ebbing
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway.
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