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The IGF-II-Insulin Receptor Isoform-A Autocrine Signal in Cancer: Actionable Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020366. [PMID: 32033443 PMCID: PMC7072655 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor overexpression is a common event in human cancer. Its overexpression is associated with a relative increase in the expression of its isoform A (IRA), a shorter variant lacking 11 aa in the extracellular domain, conferring high affinity for the binding of IGF-II along with added intracellular signaling specificity for this ligand. Since IGF-II is secreted by the vast majority of malignant solid cancers, where it establishes autocrine stimuli, the co-expression of IGF-II and IRA in cancer provides specific advantages such as apoptosis escape, growth, and proliferation to those cancers bearing such a co-expression pattern. However, little is known about the exact role of this autocrine ligand–receptor system in sustaining cancer malignant features such as angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. The recent finding that the overexpression of angiogenic receptor kinase EphB4 along with VEGF-A is tightly dependent on the IGF-II/IRA autocrine system independently of IGFIR provided new perspectives for all malignant IGF2omas (those aggressive solid cancers secreting IGF-II). The present review provides an updated view of the IGF system in cancer, focusing on the biology of the autocrine IGF-II/IRA ligand–receptor axis and supporting its underscored role as a malignant-switch checkpoint target.
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Piera-Velazquez S, Jimenez SA. Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition: Role in Physiology and in the Pathogenesis of Human Diseases. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1281-1324. [PMID: 30864875 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that endothelial cells are capable of undergoing endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a newly recognized type of cellular transdifferentiation. EndMT is a complex biological process in which endothelial cells adopt a mesenchymal phenotype displaying typical mesenchymal cell morphology and functions, including the acquisition of cellular motility and contractile properties. Endothelial cells undergoing EndMT lose the expression of endothelial cell-specific proteins such as CD31/platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule, von Willebrand factor, and vascular-endothelial cadherin and initiate the expression of mesenchymal cell-specific genes and the production of their encoded proteins including α-smooth muscle actin, extra domain A fibronectin, N-cadherin, vimentin, fibroblast specific protein-1, also known as S100A4 protein, and fibrillar type I and type III collagens. Transforming growth factor-β1 is considered the main EndMT inducer. However, EndMT involves numerous molecular and signaling pathways that are triggered and modulated by multiple and often redundant mechanisms depending on the specific cellular context and on the physiological or pathological status of the cells. EndMT participates in highly important embryonic development processes, as well as in the pathogenesis of numerous genetically determined and acquired human diseases including malignant, vascular, inflammatory, and fibrotic disorders. Despite intensive investigation, many aspects of EndMT remain to be elucidated. The identification of molecules and regulatory pathways involved in EndMT and the discovery of specific EndMT inhibitors should provide novel therapeutic approaches for various human disorders mediated by EndMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sergio A Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Goncharov NV, Nadeev AD, Jenkins RO, Avdonin PV. Markers and Biomarkers of Endothelium: When Something Is Rotten in the State. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9759735. [PMID: 29333215 PMCID: PMC5733214 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9759735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium is a community of endothelial cells (ECs), which line the blood and lymphatic vessels, thus forming an interface between the tissues and the blood or lympha. This strategic position of endothelium infers its indispensable functional role in controlling vasoregulation, haemostasis, and inflammation. The state of endothelium is simultaneously the cause and effect of many diseases, and this is coupled with modifications of endothelial phenotype represented by markers and with biochemical profile of blood represented by biomarkers. In this paper, we briefly review data on the functional role of endothelium, give definitions of endothelial markers and biomarkers, touch on the methodological approaches for revealing biomarkers, present an implicit role of endothelium in some toxicological mechanistic studies, and survey the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in modulation of endothelial status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V. Goncharov
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander D. Nadeev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Cell Biophysics RAS, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Richard O. Jenkins
- School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
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Endothelial Hey2 deletion reduces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and mitigates radiation proctitis in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4933. [PMID: 28694461 PMCID: PMC5503994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study evaluated the role of Hey2 transcription factor in radiation-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) and its impact on radiation-induced tissue damage in mice. Phenotypic modifications of irradiated, Hey2 siRNA- and Hey2 vector plasmid-transfected human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) resembling EndoMT were monitored by qPCR, immunocytochemistry and western blots. Subsequently, in mice, a Cre-LoxP strategy for inactivation of Hey2 specifically in the endothelium was used to study the biological consequences. Total body irradiation and radiation proctitis were monitored to investigate the impact of conditional Hey2 deletion on intestinal stem cells and microvascular compartment radiosensitivity, EndoMT and rectal damage severity. We found that EndoMT occurs in irradiated HUVECs with concomitant Hey2 mRNA and protein increase. While Hey2 silencing has no effect on radiation-induced EndoMT in vitro, Hey2 overexpression is sufficient to induce phenotypic conversion of endothelial cells. In mice, the conditional deletion of Hey2 reduces EndoMT frequency and the severity of rectal tissue damage. Our data indicate that the reduction in mucosal damage occurs through decline in stem/clonogenic epithelial cell loss mediated by microvascular protection. EndoMT is involved in radiation proctitis and this study demonstrates that a strategy based on the reduction of EndoMT mitigates intestinal tissue damage.
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Rossi FW, Napolitano F, Pesapane A, Mascolo M, Staibano S, Matucci-Cerinic M, Guiducci S, Ragno P, di Spigna G, Postiglione L, Marone G, Montuori N, de Paulis A. Upregulation of the N-Formyl Peptide Receptors in Scleroderma Fibroblasts Fosters the Switch to Myofibroblasts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5161-73. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Voelkel NF, Mizuno S, Bogaard HJ. The role of hypoxia in pulmonary vascular diseases: a perspective. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 304:L457-65. [PMID: 23377344 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00335.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
From the discovery of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, responses to hypoxia have been considered as representative for the many alterations in lung vessels that occur in several chronic lung diseases, including pulmonary hypertension, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. An essential part of preclinical research to explain the pathobiology of these diseases has been centered on the exposure of small and large animals to hypoxia. This review aims to summarize pivotal results of clinical and preclinical research on hypoxia, which still have important implications for researchers today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert F Voelkel
- Victoria Johnson Laboratory for Lung Research, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Siegel DH, Shieh JTC, Kwon EK, Baselga E, Blei F, Cordisco M, Dobyns WB, Duffy KJ, Garzon MC, Gibbs DL, Grimmer JF, Hayflick SJ, Krol AL, Kwok PY, Lorier R, Matter A, McWeeney S, Metry D, Mitchell S, Pope E, Santoro JL, Stevenson DA, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Wilmot B, Worthey EA, Frieden IJ, Drolet BA, Broeckel U. Copy number variation analysis in 98 individuals with PHACE syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:677-684. [PMID: 23096700 PMCID: PMC3971866 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PHACE syndrome is the association of large segmental facial hemangiomas and congenital anomalies, such as posterior fossa malformations, cerebral arterial anomalies, coarctation of the aorta, eye anomalies, and sternal defects. To date, the reported cases of PHACE syndrome have been sporadic, suggesting that PHACE may have a complex pathogenesis. We report here genomic copy number variation (CNV) analysis of 98 individuals with PHACE syndrome as a first step in deciphering a potential genetic basis of PHACE syndrome. A total of 3,772 CNVs (2,507 duplications and 1,265 deletions) were detected in 98 individuals with PHACE syndrome. CNVs were then eliminated if they failed to meet established criteria for quality, spanned centromeres, or did not contain genes. CNVs were defined as "rare" if not documented in the database of genomic variants. Ten rare CNVs were discovered (size range: 134-406 kb), located at 1q32.1, 1q43, 3q26.32-3q26.33, 3p11.1, 7q33, 10q24.32, 12q24.13, 17q11.2, 18p11.31, and Xq28. There were no rare CNV events that occurred in more than one subject. Therefore, further study is needed to determine the significance of these CNVs in the pathogenesis of PHACE syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn H Siegel
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
| | - Joseph T C Shieh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eun-Kyung Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eulalia Baselga
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francine Blei
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Vascular Birthmark Institute of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria Cordisco
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de Pediatria JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - William B Dobyns
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelly J Duffy
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Maria C Garzon
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Columbia University, Columbia, New York, USA
| | - David L Gibbs
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Johannes F Grimmer
- Departments of Surgery and Otolaryngology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Susan J Hayflick
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Pediatrics, and Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Alfons L Krol
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rachel Lorier
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrea Matter
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shannon McWeeney
- Department of Biostatistics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Denise Metry
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sheri Mitchell
- ARUP Clinical & Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Elena Pope
- Departments of Pediatrics and Dermatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Santoro
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David A Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Beth Wilmot
- Department of Biostatistics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Worthey
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ilona J Frieden
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Beth A Drolet
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ulrich Broeckel
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Carrillo LM, Arciniegas E, Rojas H, Ramírez R. Immunolocalization of endocan during the endothelial-mesenchymal transition process. Eur J Histochem 2012; 55:e13. [PMID: 22201190 PMCID: PMC3284149 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2011.e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocan is a dermatan sulfate proteoglycan (DSPG) that has been observed in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of small and large vessels in lung, kidney, liver, colon, ovary and brain tumors. This DSPG has been implicated in the regulation of cellular activities such as adhesion, migration, and proliferation. Given the important roles played by endocan in such processes, we sought to determine whether this DSPG is present in the chicken embryo aortic wall in embryonic days 12 and 14, when intimal thickening and endothelial transformation are notorious. Immunolabeling of serial paraffin cross-sections revealed endocan immunoreactivity at the endothelium and some mesenchymal cells constituting the intimal thickening but not in the cells arranged in lamellar layers. We also investigated whether endocan was present in monolayers of primary embryonic aortic endothelial cells attached to fibronectin when they were deprived of serum and stimulated with epidermal growth factor. Immunofluorescence determined that in the epidermal growth factor (EGF) condition where separating, detaching, and migrating cells were observed, endocan appeared organized in arrays typical of focal complexes in the leading edge of these cells. In serum-free medium condition in which the endothelial cells displayed a cobblestone appearance, endocan appeared mainly delineating the margin of many cells. This study demonstrates for the first time the presence of endocan during the aortic wall remodeling, and provides evidence that suggests a possible contribution of this DSPG in the endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Carrillo
- Servicio Autónomo Instituto de Biomedicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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Tang RH, Tan J, Deng ZH, Zhao SZ, Miao YB, Zhang WJ. Insulin-like growth factor-2 antisense oligonucleotides inhibits myopia by expression blocking of retinal insulin-like growth factor-2 in guinea pig. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 40:503-11. [PMID: 21902784 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2011.02683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the role of IGF-2 on the development of myopia, the dynamic expression of IGF-2 was investigated in the FD eyes' retina, and the effects of intravitreous injection with IGF-2 ASON was studied on the diopter and axial eye length of FD eyes. METHODS 64 guinea pigs were divided into 2 groups. In group A (n = 24), the right eyes were covered. On days 7, 14 and 21, the diopter, axial eye length and level of IGF-2 of both eyes were measured in every 8 guinea pigs. In group B (n = 40), the right eyes were covered. On day 1, the right eyes were received intravitreal injection with 40 µg IGF-2SON, 10 µg, 20 µg or 40 µg IGF-2 ASON. The diopter, axial eye length and level of IGF-2 were measured on day 14. RESULTS FD eyes showed myopic shift, axial length enlongation, and up-regulation in retinal IGF-2 from day 7 to day 21. The level of retinal IGF-2 in FD eyes was higher than that in non-FD eyes. Compare with FD eyes without injection, the myopia diopter of FD eyes decreased in received intravitreous injection with IGF-2 ASON, axial length shortened, and down-regulated with retinal IGF-2. With the increase dose of IGF-2 ASON, the change of myopic diopter, axial length, and level of retinal IGF-2 were showed more and more significant. CONCLUSIONS FD is effective to up-regulate the level of retinal IGF-2 expression in guinea pig. Intravitreous injection with IGF-2 ASON can inhibit the development of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-hong Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha Eye Center, Changsha, China
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Mouse 3T3 fibroblasts under the influence of fibroblasts isolated from stroma of human basal cell carcinoma acquire properties of multipotent stem cells. Biol Cell 2011; 103:233-48. [PMID: 21355851 DOI: 10.1042/bc20100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells can participate in the formation of a microenvironment stimulating the aggressive behaviour of cancer cells. Moreover, cells exhibiting pluripotent ESC (embryonic stem cell) markers (Nanog and Oct4) have been observed in many tumours. Here, we investigate the role of cancer-associated fibroblasts in the formation of stem cell supporting properties of tumour stroma. We test the influence of fibroblasts isolated from basal cell carcinoma on mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, focusing on the expression of stem cell markers and plasticity in vitro by means of microarrays, qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We demonstrate the biological activity of the cancer stromal fibroblasts by influencing the 3T3 fibroblasts to express markers such as Oct4, Nanog and Sox2 and to show differentiation potential similar to mesenchymal stem cells. The role of growth factors such as IGF2 (insulin-like growth factor 2), FGF7 (fibroblast growth factor 7), LEP (leptin), NGF (nerve growth factor) and TGFβ (transforming growth factor β), produced by the stromal fibroblasts, is established to participate in their bioactivity. Uninduced 3T3 do not express the stem cell markers and show minimal differentiation potential. CONCLUSIONS Our observations indicate the pro-stem cell activity of cancer-associated fibroblasts and underline the role of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in tumour biology.
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Strnad H, Lacina L, Kolár M, Cada Z, Vlcek C, Dvoránková B, Betka J, Plzák J, Chovanec M, Sáchová J, Valach J, Urbanová M, Smetana K. Head and neck squamous cancer stromal fibroblasts produce growth factors influencing phenotype of normal human keratinocytes. Histochem Cell Biol 2009; 133:201-11. [PMID: 19924430 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction between stromal fibroblasts and cancer cells influences the functional properties of tumor epithelium, including the tumor progression and spread. We compared fibroblasts prepared from stroma of squamous cell carcinoma and normal dermal fibroblasts concerning their biological activity toward normal keratinocytes assessed by immunocytochemistry and profiling of gene activation for growth factors/cytokines by microarray chip technology. IGF-2 and BMP-4 were determined as candidate factors responsible for tumor-associated fibroblast activity that influences normal epithelia. This effect was confirmed by addition of recombinant IGF-2 and BMP4, respectively, to the culture medium. This hypothesis was also verified by inhibition experiments where blocking antibodies were employed in the medium conditioned by cancer-associated fibroblast. Presence of these growth factors was also detected in tumor samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hynek Strnad
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Rieder F, Fiocchi C. Intestinal fibrosis in inflammatory bowel disease - Current knowledge and future perspectives. J Crohns Colitis 2008; 2:279-90. [PMID: 21172225 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication of IBD that can become seriously symptomatic and may require surgical intervention if stricture formation ensues. This review discusses existing and developing knowledge of intestinal fibrosis and its implications for therapy. METHODS Review of the literature, personal communications, unpublished observations. RESULTS Known mechanisms of intestinal fibrosis include fibroblast proliferation and migration, activation of stellate cells, and extraintestinal fibroblast recruitment. However, novel mechanisms are being uncovered, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, pericyte differentiation, and fibrocyte recruitment. Most of the traditional and novel mechanisms underlying intestinal fibrosis are associated to the presence of chronic inflammation, but is also possible that fibrosis develops independently of persistent immune activation in the gut. At the moment, the development of preventive, non-interventional, and more effective management of intestinal fibrosis is hampered by the lack of a greater knowledge of its basic pathophysiology and predisposing factors. CONCLUSIONS It is reasonable to expect that therapy of IBD-associated fibrosis will radically improve once the underlying mechanisms are better understood, and therapeutic modalities will emerge that prevent or reverse this complication of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA; Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA
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Generating New Blood Flow: Integrating Developmental Biology and Tissue Engineering. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2008; 18:312-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Arciniegas E, Carrillo LM, De Sanctis JB, Candelle D. Possible role of NFkappaB in the embryonic vascular remodeling and the endothelial mesenchymal transition process. Cell Adh Migr 2008; 2:17-29. [PMID: 19262121 DOI: 10.4161/cam.2.1.5789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The NFkappaB family of transcription factors, particularly the activated p50/p65 heterodimer, is expressed in vascular cells during intimal thickening formation when hemodynamic conditions are altered. Here, we report that p50, p65, IkappaBalpha and IKKalpha display different spatial and temporal patterns of expression and distribution during both chicken embryo aortic wall remodeling and intimal thickening development. Additionally, we show that both p50 and p65 were located in the nucleus of some mesenchymal cells expressing alpha-smooth muscle actin which are present in the spontaneous intimal thickening observed at embryonic days 12-14 of development. We also demonstrated that both NFkappaB subunits are present in monolayers of primary embryonic aortic endothelial cells attached to fibronectin and stimulated with complete medium. This study demonstrates for the first time the presence of activated NFkappaB during the remodeling of the embryonic aortic wall and the formation of intimal thickening, providing evidence that suggest a possible role for this transcription factor in the EndoMT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Arciniegas
- Facultad de Medicina, Servicio Autónomo Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Arciniegas E, Frid MG, Douglas IS, Stenmark KR. Perspectives on endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition: potential contribution to vascular remodeling in chronic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L1-8. [PMID: 17384082 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00378.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
All forms of pulmonary hypertension are characterized by structural changes in pulmonary arteries. Increased numbers of cells expressing α-smooth muscle (α-SM) actin is a nearly universal finding in the remodeled artery. Traditionally, it was assumed that resident smooth muscle cells were the exclusive source of these newly appearing α-SM actin-expressing cells. However, rapidly emerging experimental evidence suggests other, alternative cellular sources of these cells. One possibility is that endothelial cells can transition into mesenchymal cells expressing α-SM actin and that this process contributes to the accumulation of SM-like cells in vascular pathologies. We review the evidence that endothelial-mesenchymal transition is an important contributor to cardiac and vascular development as well as to pathophysiological vascular remodeling. Recent work has provided evidence for the role of transforming growth factor-β, Wnt, and Notch signaling in this process. The potential roles of matrix metalloproteinases and serine proteases are also discussed. Importantly, endothelial-mesenchymal transition may be reversible. Thus insights into the mechanisms controlling endothelial-mesenchymal transition are relevant to vascular remodeling and are important as we consider new therapies aimed at reversing pulmonary vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Arciniegas
- Laboratorio de Microscopia Electrónica, Servicio Autónomo Instituto de Biomedicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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