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Energy transfer between the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase and ATP synthase of Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21234. [PMID: 34707181 PMCID: PMC8551311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane bound nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (TH) catalyses the hydride transfer from NADH to NADP+. Under physiological conditions, this reaction is endergonic and must be energized by the pmf, coupled to transmembrane proton transport. Recent structures of transhydrogenase holoenzymes suggest new mechanistic details, how the long-distance coupling between hydride transfer in the peripheral nucleotide binding sites and the membrane-localized proton transfer occurs that now must be tested experimentally. Here, we provide protocols for the efficient expression and purification of the Escherichia coli transhydrogenase and its reconstitution into liposomes, alone or together with the Escherichia coli F1F0 ATP synthase. We show that E. coli transhydrogenase is a reversible enzyme that can also work as a NADPH-driven proton pump. In liposomes containing both enzymes, NADPH driven H+-transport by TH is sufficient to instantly fuel ATP synthesis, which adds TH to the pool of pmf generating enzymes. If the same liposomes are energized with ATP, NADPH production by TH is stimulated > sixfold both by a pH gradient or a membrane potential. The presented protocols and results reinforce the tight coupling between hydride transfer in the peripheral nucleotide binding sites and transmembrane proton transport and provide powerful tools to investigate their coupling mechanism.
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2
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Cheng H, Lin S, Muhammad F, Lin YW, Wei H. Rationally Modulate the Oxidase-like Activity of Nanoceria for Self-Regulated Bioassays. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanjun Cheng
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Shichao Lin
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Faheem Muhammad
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Ying-Wu Lin
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
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Ronchi JA, Figueira TR, Ravagnani FG, Oliveira HCF, Vercesi AE, Castilho RF. A spontaneous mutation in the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase gene of C57BL/6J mice results in mitochondrial redox abnormalities. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:446-56. [PMID: 23747984 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NADPH is the reducing agent for mitochondrial H2O2 detoxification systems. Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT), an integral protein located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, contributes to an elevated mitochondrial NADPH/NADP(+) ratio. This enzyme catalyzes the reduction of NADP(+) at the expense of NADH oxidation and H(+) reentry to the mitochondrial matrix. A spontaneous Nnt mutation in C57BL/6J (B6J-Nnt(MUT)) mice arose nearly 3 decades ago but was only discovered in 2005. Here, we characterize the consequences of the Nnt mutation on the mitochondrial redox functions of B6J-Nnt(MUT) mice. Liver mitochondria were isolated both from an Nnt wild-type C57BL/6 substrain (B6JUnib-Nnt(W)) and from B6J-Nnt(MUT) mice. The functional evaluation of respiring mitochondria revealed major redox alterations in B6J-Nnt(MUT) mice, including an absence of transhydrogenation between NAD and NADP, higher rates of H2O2 release, the spontaneous oxidation of NADPH, the poor ability to metabolize organic peroxide, and a higher susceptibility to undergo Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial permeability transition. In addition, the mitochondria of B6J-Nnt(MUT) mice exhibited increased oxidized/reduced glutathione ratios as compared to B6JUnib-Nnt(W) mice. Nonetheless, the maximal activity of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, which is a coexisting source of mitochondrial NADPH, was similar between both groups. Altogether, our data suggest that NNT functions as a high-capacity source of mitochondrial NADPH and that its functional loss due to the Nnt mutation results in mitochondrial redox abnormalities, most notably a poor ability to sustain NADP and glutathione in their reduced states. In light of these alterations, the potential drawbacks of using B6J-Nnt(MUT) mice in biomedical research should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A Ronchi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
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Vandock KP, Smith SL, Fioravanti CF. Midgut mitochondrial transhydrogenase in wandering stage larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 69:118-126. [PMID: 18839416 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Midgut mitochondria from fifth larval instar Manduca sexta exhibited a transhydrogenase that catalyzes the following reversible reaction: NADPH + NAD(+) <--> NADP(+) + NADH. The NADPH-forming transhydrogenation occurred as a nonenergy- and energy-linked activity. Energy for the latter was derived from the electron transport-dependent utilization of NADH or succinate, or from Mg++-dependent ATP hydrolysis by ATPase. The NADH-forming and all of the NADPH-forming reactions appeared optimal at pH 7.5, were stable to prolonged dialysis, and displayed thermal lability. N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) inhibited the NADPH --> NAD(+) and energy-linked NADH --> NADP(+) transhydrogenations, but not the nonenergy-linked NADH --> NADP(+) reaction. Oligomycin only inhibited the ATP-dependent energy-linked activity. The NADH-forming, nonenergy-linked NADPH-forming, and the energy-linked NADPH-forming activities were membrane-associated in M. sexta mitochondria. This is the first demonstration of the reversibility of the M. sexta mitochondrial transhydrogenase and, more importantly, the occurrence of nonenergy-linked and energy-linked NADH --> NADP(+) transhydrogenations. The potential relationship of the transhydrogenase to the mitochondrial, NADPH-utilizing ecdysone-20 monooxygenase of M. sexta is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt P Vandock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
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Proton-translocating transhydrogenase: an update of unsolved and controversial issues. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2008; 40:463-73. [PMID: 18972197 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-008-9170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Proton-translocating transhydrogenases, reducing NADP(+) by NADH through hydride transfer, are membrane proteins utilizing the electrochemical proton gradient for NADPH generation. The enzymes have important physiological roles in the maintenance of e.g. reduced glutathione, relevant for essentially all cell types. Following X-ray crystallography and structural resolution of the soluble substrate-binding domains, mechanistic aspects of the hydride transfer are beginning to be resolved. However, the structure of the intact enzyme is unknown. Key questions regarding the coupling mechanism, i.e., the mechanism of proton translocation, are addressed using the separately expressed substrate-binding domains. Important aspects are therefore which functions and properties of mainly the soluble NADP(H)-binding domain, but also the NAD(H)-binding domain, are relevant for proton translocation, how the soluble domains communicate with the membrane domain, and the mechanism of proton translocation through the membrane domain.
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Olausson T, Fjellström O, Meuller J, Rydström J. Molecular biology of nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase--a unique proton pump. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1231:1-19. [PMID: 7640288 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(95)00058-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Olausson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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Cotton NP, Lever TM, Nore BF, Jones MR, Jackson JB. The coupling between protonmotive force and the NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase in chromatophores from photosynthetic bacteria. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 182:593-603. [PMID: 2546762 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. The activity of NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase in chromatophores of Rhodobacter capsulatus relaxed from a high rate during illumination to a lower rate after darkening with a half-time of approximately 100 ms. 2. The dissipative ionic current flowing across the chromatophore membrane was increased in the presence of transhydrogenase substrates. This is attributed to proton current through the transhydrogenase enzyme. Subject to the assumption that transhydrogenase does not conduct in the absence of nucleotide substrates, the ratio of protons translocated across the membrane per hydride ion transferred was 0.4 +/- 0.5. Within the error and uncertainities in the calibration procedure, this ratio may be consistent with a stoichiometry of one but higher values seem unlikely. The ratio of hydride ion transferred in the transhydrogenase to electrons transferred through the cyclic electron transport system was approximately 0.2. 3. The Kappm values for the transhydrogenase substrates were determined for chromatophores in illuminated and darkened suspensions over a range of pH. These values are discussed in relation to the equivalent parameters reported for mitochondria transhydrogenase [Rydstrom, J. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 255, 9641-9646] and were used to calculate the concentrations of substrates which effectively saturate the enzyme. 4. At substrate concentrations which were in excess of 8 X Kappm the dependence of transhydrogenase rate on the value of the membrane potential (zero pH gradient) was determined at pH 6.3, 6.9, 7.6 and 9.0. The relation was similar at pH 6.9 and 7.6. At alkaline pH the apparent threshold in the relation became more prominent as it was shifted to slightly higher values of membrane potential. At acid pH a shift in the opposite direction diminished the apparent threshold and saturation at high membrane potential became more dominant. We use these data in an attempt to discriminate between two models of energy transduction: (a) the driving force exerted by the membrane potential is mediated by a pH gradient formed through the operation of a proton well in the transhydrogenase; (b) the membrane potential increases a rate constant for charge translocation through transhydrogenase by decreasing the effective height of the Eyring barrier for charge transfer across the membrane through the enzyme. The second model leads to a more simple description than the first of the pH dependence of transhydrogenase rate on membrane potential.4+ transhydrogenase activity in chromatopho
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Cotton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Birmingham, England
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Eytan G, Persson B, Ekebacke A, Rydström J. Energy-linked nicotinamide-nucleotide transhydrogenase. Characterization of reconstituted ATP-driven transhydrogenase from beef heart mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Eytan G, Eytan E, Rydström J. Energy-linked nicotinamide-nucleotide transhydrogenase. Light-driven transhydrogenase catalyzed by transhydrogenase from beef heart mitochondria reconstituted with bacteriorhodopsin. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Galante Y, Lee Y, Hatefi Y. Effect of pH on the mitochondrial energy-linked and non-energy-linked transhydrogenation reactions. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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O'Neal SG, Earle SR, Fisher RR. The effect of metal ions on mitochondrial pyridine dinucleotide transhydrogenase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 589:217-30. [PMID: 7356984 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(80)90039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bovine heart submitochondrial particle transhydrogenase is inhibited by cations in a concentration and pH-dependent manner, and non-energy-linked transhydrogenation is inhibited to a greater extent by metals than the energy-linked reaction. The inhibition of the enzyme by Mg2+ is competitive with the NADP substrate and non-competitive with the NAD substrate. Mg2+ stimulates inactivation of the enzyme by 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), and protects against thermal and proteolytic inactivation. This suggests that Mg2+ binding in the NADP site alters transhydrogenase to a more thermostable conformation, which is less susceptible to attack by trypsin and more reactive with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Other cation inhibitors mimic Mg2+ in these properties. The order of effectiveness of the inhibitors tested is La3+ greater than Mn2+ greater than Ca2+ congruent to Mg2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Na+ congruent to K+. This order is described by the Irving-Williams order for the stability of metal-ligand complexes, suggesting that carboxylates or amines may comprise the inhibitory cation binding site.
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Rydström J. Assay of nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenases in mammalian, bacterial, and reconstituted systems. Methods Enzymol 1979; 55:261-75. [PMID: 37401 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(79)55030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
The pH difference across the cell membrane of frog sartorius muscle cells was measured with the distribution of 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidine-dione (DMO) as the marker. Depolarization of the muscles to values at or below the contraction threshold caused by elevating external potassium up to approximately 20 mM resulted in an internal alkalinization. The change was smaller with superthreshold depolarization (20--30 mM [K+]). The alkalinization was blocked by agents that block calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (procaine and dantrolene sodium). Other agents that cause calcium release (caffeine, theophylline, and quinine) were found to give alkalinization when tested at concentrations just below the contracture threshold. Increased acidification of the extracellular medium was associated with the internal alkalinization. The data were interpreted as indicating the presence of a calcium-stimulated H+ and/or OH- ion transport system in the muscle membrane.
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Rydström J. Energy-linked nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 463:155-84. [PMID: 409434 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4173(77)90007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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O'Neal SG, Fisher RR. Studies on sulfhydryl group modification of mitochondrial pyridine dinucleotide transhydrogenase. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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HAROLD FRANKLINM. Membranes and Energy Transduction in Bacteria1 1Abbreviations: Δψ, membrane potential; ΔpH, pH gradient; Δp, proton-motive force. These are related by: Δp = Δψ - (23RT/F) ΔpH ≅ Δψ - 60 ΔpH. ANS, l-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate; DCCD, N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; CCCP, carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone; HOQNO, hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvic acid. EDTA, ATP, GTP, DNA, NAD(H), and NADP(H) have their usual meanings. CURRENT TOPICS IN BIOENERGETICS 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152506-4.50010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Blazyk JF, Lam D. Effects of substrate and inhibitor binding on thermal and proteolytic inactivation of rat liver transhydrogenase. Biochemistry 1976; 15:2843-8. [PMID: 7289 DOI: 10.1021/bi00658a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The thermostability and proteolytic inactivation of rat liver submitochondrial particle transhydrogenase was studied in the presence of pyridine dinucleotide substrates and a variety of divalent metal and nucleotide inhibitors. Relative to the unliganded enzyme, the NADPH-enzyme complex was more thermostable and showed a twofold greater rate of tryptic inactivation, while the NADP+-enzyme complex was more thermolabile and only slightly more susceptible to tryptic inactivation. Neither NAD+ nor NADH significantly affected thermostability or proteolysis. Similar effects of these ligands were observed for the non-energy-linked and energy-linked transhydrogenase reactions, indicating that both activities are catalyzed by the same enzyme. In thermal experiments, acetyl-CoA, 2'-AMP, and NMNH stabilized, palmitoyl-CoAlabilized, and dephospho-CoA, CoA, NMN+, and 5'-AMP had little effect on enzyme stability. Tryptic inactivation was inhibited by 2'-AMP and NMN+ but was not influenced by the other nucleotide inhibitors. Divalent metal ion inhibitors (Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Ba2+, and Sr2+) stabilized transhydrogenase against thermal inactivation and promoted tryptic inactivation.
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Ragan CI, Widger WR, King TE. Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase activity of soluble cardiac NADH dehydrogenase and particulate NADH-ubiquinone reductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 60:894-900. [PMID: 4154747 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(74)90399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rydström J, Hoek JB, Hundal T. Selective solubilization of nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase from the mitochondrial inner membrane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 60:448-55. [PMID: 4153661 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(74)90224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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