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Francisco A, Goler AMY, Navarro CDC, Onder A, Yildiz M, Kendir Demirkol Y, Karademir Yilmaz B, Seven Menevse T, Güran T, Castilho RF. Lack of NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase activity in patients with primary adrenal insufficiency due to NNT variants. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:130-138. [PMID: 38261461 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic variants in the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase gene (NNT) are a rare cause of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI), as well as functional impairment of the gonads. OBJECTIVE Despite the description of different homozygous and compound heterozygous NNT variants in PAI patients, the extent to which the function and expression of the mature protein are compromised remains to be clarified. DESIGN The activity and expression of mitochondrial NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (NNT) were analyzed in blood samples obtained from patients diagnosed with PAI due to genetically confirmed variants of the NNT gene (n = 5), heterozygous carriers as their parents (n = 8), and healthy controls (n = 26). METHODS NNT activity was assessed by a reverse reaction assay standardized for digitonin-permeabilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The enzymatic assay was validated in PBMC samples from a mouse model of NNT absence. Additionally, the PBMC samples were evaluated for NNT expression by western blotting and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and for mitochondrial oxygen consumption. RESULTS NNT activity was undetectable (<4% of that of healthy controls) in PBMC samples from patients, independent of the pathogenic genetic variant. In patients' parents, NNT activity was approximately half that of the healthy controls. Mature NNT protein expression was lower in patients than in the control groups, while mRNA levels varied widely among genotypes. Moreover, pathogenic NNT variants did not impair mitochondrial bioenergetic function in PBMCs. CONCLUSIONS The manifestation of PAI in NNT-mutated patients is associated with a complete lack of NNT activity. Evaluation of NNT activity can be useful to characterize disease-causing NNT variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Francisco
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | - Ayse Mine Yilmaz Goler
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | | | - Asan Onder
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medeniyet University Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | - Melek Yildiz
- Pediatric Genetic Diseases, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34764, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Kendir Demirkol
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Umraniye Research and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34764, Turkey
| | - Betul Karademir Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | - Tuba Seven Menevse
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | - Tülay Güran
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
| | - Roger Frigério Castilho
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-888, Brazil
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Rentz T, Dorighello GG, dos Santos RR, Barreto LM, Freitas IN, Lazaro CM, Razolli DS, Cazita PM, Oliveira HCF. CETP Expression in Bone-Marrow-Derived Cells Reduces the Inflammatory Features of Atherosclerosis in Hypercholesterolemic Mice. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1556. [PMID: 37892238 PMCID: PMC10605246 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CETP activity reduces plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations, a correlate of an increased risk of atherosclerotic events. However, our recent findings suggest that CETP expression in macrophages promotes an intracellular antioxidant state, reduces free cholesterol accumulation and phagocytosis, and attenuates pro-inflammatory gene expression. To determine whether CETP expression in macrophages affects atherosclerosis development, we transplanted bone marrow from transgenic mice expressing simian CETP or non-expressing littermates into hypercholesterolemic LDL-receptor-deficient mice. The CETP expression did not change the lipid-stained lesion areas but decreased the macrophage content (CD68), neutrophil accumulation (LY6G), and TNF-α aorta content of young male transplanted mice and decreased LY6G, TNF-α, iNOS, and nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in aged female transplanted mice. These findings suggest that CETP expression in bone-marrow-derived cells reduces the inflammatory features of atherosclerosis. These novel mechanistic observations may help to explain the failure of CETP inhibitors in reducing atherosclerotic events in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Rentz
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Gabriel G. Dorighello
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Renata R. dos Santos
- Division of Radiotherapy, Medical School Hospital, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil;
| | - Lohanna M. Barreto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Israelle N. Freitas
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Carolina M. Lazaro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Daniela S. Razolli
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-864, SP, Brazil;
| | - Patricia M. Cazita
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM10), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil;
| | - Helena C. F. Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-864, SP, Brazil;
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Abstract
Significance: Proton-translocating NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase, also known as nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT), catalyzes a reversible reaction coupling the protonmotive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane and hydride (H-, a proton plus two electrons) transfer between the mitochondrial pools of NAD(H) and NADP(H). The forward NNT reaction is a source of NADPH in the mitochondrial matrix, fueling antioxidant and biosynthetic pathways with reductive potential. Despite the greater emphasis given to the net forward reaction, the reverse NNT reaction that oxidizes NADPH also occurs in physiological and pathological conditions. Recent Advances: NNT (dys)function has been linked to various metabolic pathways and disease phenotypes. Most of these findings have been based on spontaneous loss-of-function Nnt mutations found in the C57BL/6J mouse strain (NntC57BL/6J mutation) and disease-causing Nnt mutations in humans. The present review focuses on recent advances based on the mouse NntC57BL/6J mutation. Critical Issues: Most studies associating NNT function with disease phenotypes have been based on comparisons between different strains of inbred mice (with or without the NntC57BL/6J mutation), which creates uncertainties over the actual contribution of NNT in the context of other potential genetic modifiers. Future Directions: Future research might contribute to understanding the role of NNT in pathological conditions and elucidate how NNT regulates physiological signaling through its forward and reverse reactions. The importance of NNT in redox balance and tumor cell proliferation makes it a potential target of new therapeutic strategies for oxidative-stress-mediated diseases and cancer. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 864-884.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Francisco
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tiago Rezende Figueira
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Roger Frigério Castilho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Rawle DJ, Le TT, Dumenil T, Bishop C, Yan K, Nakayama E, Bird PI, Suhrbier A. Widespread discrepancy in Nnt genotypes and genetic backgrounds complicates granzyme A and other knockout mouse studies. eLife 2022; 11:e70207. [PMID: 35119362 PMCID: PMC8816380 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Granzyme A (GZMA) is a serine protease secreted by cytotoxic lymphocytes, with Gzma-/- mouse studies having informed our understanding of GZMA's physiological function. We show herein that Gzma-/- mice have a mixed C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N genetic background and retain the full-length nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) gene, whereas Nnt is truncated in C57BL/6J mice. Chikungunya viral arthritis was substantially ameliorated in Gzma-/- mice; however, the presence of Nnt and the C57BL/6N background, rather than loss of GZMA expression, was responsible for this phenotype. A new CRISPR active site mutant C57BL/6J GzmaS211A mouse provided the first insights into GZMA's bioactivity free of background issues, with circulating proteolytically active GZMA promoting immune-stimulating and pro-inflammatory signatures. Remarkably, k-mer mining of the Sequence Read Archive illustrated that ≈27% of Run Accessions and ≈38% of BioProjects listing C57BL/6J as the mouse strain had Nnt sequencing reads inconsistent with a C57BL/6J genetic background. Nnt and C57BL/6N background issues have clearly complicated our understanding of GZMA and may similarly have influenced studies across a broad range of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rawle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Thuy T Le
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Troy Dumenil
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Cameron Bishop
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Kexin Yan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Eri Nakayama
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious DiseasesTokyoJapan
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneAustralia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, GVN Center of ExcellenceBrisbaneAustralia
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Allouche J, Rachmin I, Adhikari K, Pardo LM, Lee JH, McConnell AM, Kato S, Fan S, Kawakami A, Suita Y, Wakamatsu K, Igras V, Zhang J, Navarro PP, Lugo CM, Noonan HR, Christie KA, Itin K, Mujahid N, Lo JA, Won CH, Evans CL, Weng QY, Wang H, Osseiran S, Lovas A, Németh I, Cozzio A, Navarini AA, Hsiao JJ, Nguyen N, Kemény LV, Iliopoulos O, Berking C, Ruzicka T, Gonzalez-José R, Bortolini MC, Canizales-Quinteros S, Acuna-Alonso V, Gallo C, Poletti G, Bedoya G, Rothhammer F, Ito S, Schiaffino MV, Chao LH, Kleinstiver BP, Tishkoff S, Zon LI, Nijsten T, Ruiz-Linares A, Fisher DE, Roider E. NNT mediates redox-dependent pigmentation via a UVB- and MITF-independent mechanism. Cell 2021; 184:4268-4283.e20. [PMID: 34233163 PMCID: PMC8349839 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light and incompletely understood genetic and epigenetic variations determine skin color. Here we describe an UV- and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF)-independent mechanism of skin pigmentation. Targeting the mitochondrial redox-regulating enzyme nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) resulted in cellular redox changes that affect tyrosinase degradation. These changes regulate melanosome maturation and, consequently, eumelanin levels and pigmentation. Topical application of small-molecule inhibitors yielded skin darkening in human skin, and mice with decreased NNT function displayed increased pigmentation. Additionally, genetic modification of NNT in zebrafish alters melanocytic pigmentation. Analysis of four diverse human cohorts revealed significant associations of skin color, tanning, and sun protection use with various single-nucleotide polymorphisms within NNT. NNT levels were independent of UVB irradiation and redox modulation. Individuals with postinflammatory hyperpigmentation or lentigines displayed decreased skin NNT levels, suggesting an NNT-driven, redox-dependent pigmentation mechanism that can be targeted with NNT-modifying topical drugs for medical and cosmetic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Allouche
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Inbal Rachmin
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kaustubh Adhikari
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Luba M Pardo
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 03722 Seoul, Korea
| | - Alicia M McConnell
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shinichiro Kato
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Immunology, Center for 5D Cell Dynamics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shaohua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Akinori Kawakami
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Yusuke Suita
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Vivien Igras
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jianming Zhang
- National Research Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Paula P Navarro
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Camila Makhlouta Lugo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haley R Noonan
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathleen A Christie
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kaspar Itin
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nisma Mujahid
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; University of Utah, Department of Dermatology, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Chong Hyun Won
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, 05505 Seoul, Korea
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Qing Yu Weng
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Hequn Wang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sam Osseiran
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Alyssa Lovas
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - István Németh
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Antonio Cozzio
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexander A Navarini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer J Hsiao
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nhu Nguyen
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lajos V Kemény
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Othon Iliopoulos
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruzicka
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Rolando Gonzalez-José
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas-Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn U912OACD, Argentina
| | - Maria-Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- Genética Molecular (GENMOL), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 5001000, Colombia
| | - Francisco Rothhammer
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000009, Chile; Programa de Genetica Humana, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 1027, Chile
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Maria Vittoria Schiaffino
- Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Luke H Chao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin P Kleinstiver
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah Tishkoff
- Departments of Genetics and Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; UMR 7268, CNRS-EFS-ADES, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille 13005, France
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Elisabeth Roider
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Favia M, Atlante A. Cellular Redox State Acts as Switch to Determine the Direction of NNT-Catalyzed Reaction in Cystic Fibrosis Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:967. [PMID: 33478087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The redox states of NAD and NADP are linked to each other in the mitochondria thanks to the enzyme nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) which, by utilizing the mitochondrial membrane potential (mΔΨ), catalyzes the transfer of redox potential between these two coenzymes, reducing one at the expense of the oxidation of the other. In order to define NNT reaction direction in CF cells, NNT activity under different redox states of cell has been investigated. Using spectrophotometric and western blotting techniques, the presence, abundance and activity level of NNT were determined. In parallel, the levels of NADPH and NADH as well as of mitochondrial and cellular ROS were also quantified. CF cells showed a 70% increase in protein expression compared to the Wt sample; however, regarding NNT activity, it was surprisingly lower in CF cells than healthy cells (about 30%). The cellular redox state, together with the low mΔΨ, pushes to drive NNT reverse reaction, at the expense of its antioxidant potential, thus consuming NADPH to support NADH production. At the same time, the reduced NNT activity prevents the NADH, produced by the reaction, from causing an explosion of ROS by the damaged respiratory chain, in accordance with the reduced level of mitochondrial ROS in NNT-loss cells. This new information on cellular bioenergetics represents an important building block for further understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for cellular dysfunction in cystic fibrosis.
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Smith CD, Schmidt CA, Lin CT, Fisher-Wellman KH, Neufer PD. Flux through mitochondrial redox circuits linked to nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase generates counterbalance changes in energy expenditure. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16207-16216. [PMID: 32747443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Compensatory changes in energy expenditure occur in response to positive and negative energy balance, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Under low energy demand, the mitochondrial electron transport system is particularly sensitive to added energy supply (i.e. reductive stress), which exponentially increases the rate of H2O2 (JH2O2) production. H2O2 is reduced to H2O by electrons supplied by NADPH. NADP+ is reduced back to NADPH by activation of mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT). The coupling of reductive stress-induced JH2O2 production to NNT-linked redox buffering circuits provides a potential means of integrating energy balance with energy expenditure. To test this hypothesis, energy supply was manipulated by varying flux rate through β-oxidation in muscle mitochondria minus/plus pharmacological or genetic inhibition of redox buffering circuits. Here we show during both non-ADP- and low-ADP-stimulated respiration that accelerating flux through β-oxidation generates a corresponding increase in mitochondrial JH2O2 production, that the majority (∼70-80%) of H2O2 produced is reduced to H2O by electrons drawn from redox buffering circuits supplied by NADPH, and that the rate of electron flux through redox buffering circuits is directly linked to changes in oxygen consumption mediated by NNT. These findings provide evidence that redox reactions within β-oxidation and the electron transport system serve as a barometer of substrate flux relative to demand, continuously adjusting JH2O2 production and, in turn, the rate at which energy is expended via NNT-mediated proton conductance. This variable flux through redox circuits provides a potential compensatory mechanism for fine-tuning energy expenditure to energy balance in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody D Smith
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA; Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cameron A Schmidt
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA; Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chien-Te Lin
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA; Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA; Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA; Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
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Francisco A, Engel DF, Figueira TR, Rogério F, de Bem AF, Castilho RF. Mitochondrial NAD(P) + Transhydrogenase is Unevenly Distributed in Different Brain Regions, and its Loss Causes Depressive-like Behavior and Motor Dysfunction in Mice. Neuroscience 2020; 440:210-229. [PMID: 32497756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (NNT) links redox states of the mitochondrial NAD(H) and NADP(H) via a reaction coupled to proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane. NNT is believed to be ubiquitously present in mammalian cells, but its expression may vary substantially in different tissues. The present study investigated the tissue distribution and possible roles of NNT in the mouse brain. The pons exhibited high NNT expression/activity, and immunohistochemistry revealed intense NNT labeling in neurons from brainstem nuclei. In some of these regions, neuronal NNT labeling was strongly colocalized with enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and nitric oxide (NO), which directly or indirectly require NADPH. Behavioral tests were performed in mice lacking NNT activity (Nnt-/-, mice carrying the mutated NntC57BL/6J allele from the C57BL/6J strain) and the Nnt+/+ controls. Our data demonstrated that aged Nnt-/- mice (18-20 months old), but not adult mice (3-4 months old), showed an increased immobility time in the tail suspension test that was reversed by fluoxetine treatment, providing evidence of depressive-like behavior in these mice. Aged Nnt-/- mice also exhibited behavioral changes and impaired locomotor activity in the open field and rotarod tests. Despite the colocalization between NNT and NO synthase, the S-nitrosation and cGMP levels were independent of the Nnt genotype. Taken together, our results indicated that NNT is unevenly distributed throughout the brain and associated with 5-THergic and NOergic neurons. The lack of NNT led to alterations in brain functions related to mood and motor behavior/performance in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Francisco
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daiane F Engel
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago R Figueira
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Rogério
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andreza F de Bem
- Department of Physiological Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Roger F Castilho
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Duan Z, Song Y, Zou X, Liu S, Zhang W, Liu L. Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase acts as a new prognosis biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2020; 13:972-978. [PMID: 32509068 PMCID: PMC7270652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Lipid metabolism is essential for cancer development. Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) is abnormally expressed in multiple cancers; however, its role in HCC is unclear. We assessed the NNT expression level in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets and found that the expression level of NNT was lower in HCC patients than non-cancer control subjects in the public databases. Survival analysis was conducted according to high and low NNT expression. Low NNT expression was significantly associated with a poor prognosis. For confirmation, the gene and protein expression of NNT in cancer and adjacent non-cancer tissues from HCC patients at our institute cohort indicated the lower expression level of NNT in cancer compared to adjacent non-cancer tissues using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively. Bioinformatics was used to analyze the underlying mechanisms and establish the protein-protein interaction network of NNT. It showed that NNT is associated with functions of bile acid and fatty acid metabolism and their related genes. To conclude, our results supported that NNT expression is downregulated in HCC, and can serve as a novel prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijiao Duan
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yang Song
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuejing Zou
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Li Liu
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, China
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10
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Nesci S, Trombetti F, Pagliarani A. Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase as a Sensor of Mitochondrial Biology. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 30:1-3. [PMID: 31753532 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) transfers hydride from NADH to NADP+ coupled to H+ translocation across the inner mitochondrial membrane. In a recent study, Kampjut and Sazanov reveal that the bifunctional NNT mechanism rules the NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H interconversion ratio, which in turn regulates antioxidant defense and sirtuin actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Trombetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pagliarani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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11
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McCambridge G, Agrawal M, Keady A, Kern PA, Hasturk H, Nikolajczyk BS, Bharath LP. Saturated Fatty Acid Activates T Cell Inflammation Through a Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase (NNT)-Dependent Mechanism. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9020079. [PMID: 30823587 PMCID: PMC6406569 DOI: 10.3390/biom9020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating fatty acids (FAs) increase with obesity and can drive mitochondrial damage and inflammation. Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) is a mitochondrial protein that positively regulates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), a key mediator of energy transduction and redox homeostasis. The role that NNT-regulated bioenergetics play in the inflammatory response of immune cells in obesity is untested. Our objective was to determine how free fatty acids (FFAs) regulate inflammation through impacts on mitochondria and redox homeostasis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs from lean subjects were activated with a T cell-specific stimulus in the presence or absence of generally pro-inflammatory palmitate and/or non-inflammatory oleate. Palmitate decreased immune cell expression of NNT, NADPH, and anti-oxidant glutathione, but increased reactive oxygen and proinflammatory Th17 cytokines. Oleate had no effect on these outcomes. Genetic inhibition of NNT recapitulated the effects of palmitate. PBMCs from obese (BMI >30) compared to lean subjects had lower NNT and glutathione expression, and higher Th17 cytokine expression, none of which were changed by exogenous palmitate. Our data identify NNT as a palmitate-regulated rheostat of redox balance that regulates immune cell function in obesity and suggest that dietary or therapeutic strategies aimed at increasing NNT expression may restore redox balance to ameliorate obesity-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace McCambridge
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA.
| | - Madhur Agrawal
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Alanna Keady
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA.
| | - Philip A Kern
- Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | | | - Barbara S Nikolajczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - Leena P Bharath
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, North Andover, MA 01845, USA.
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12
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Morales-Hernández A, Martinat A, Chabot A, Kang G, McKinney-Freeman S. Elevated Oxidative Stress Impairs Hematopoietic Progenitor Function in C57BL/6 Substrains. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:334-347. [PMID: 30017822 PMCID: PMC6093083 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
C57BL/6N (N) and C57BL/6J (J) mice possess key genetic differences, including a deletion in the Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) gene that results in a non-functional protein in J mice. NNT regulates mitochondrial oxidative stress. Although elevated oxidative stress can compromise hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) function, it is unknown whether N- and J-HSPCs are functionally equivalent. Here, we report that J-HSPCs display compromised short-term hematopoietic repopulating activity relative to N-HSPCs that is defined by a delay in lymphoid reconstitution and impaired function of specific multi-potent progenitor populations post transplant. J-HSPCs also displayed elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) relative to N-HSPCs post transplant and upregulate ROS levels more in response to hematopoietic stress. Nnt knockdown in N-HSPCs recapitulated J-HSPCs’ short-term repopulating defect, indicating that NNT loss contributes to this defect. In summary, C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J HSPCs are not functionally equivalent, which should be considered when determining the substrain most appropriate for investigations of HSPC biology. C57BL/6J-HSPCs display a repopulating disadvantage relative to C57BL/6N-HSPCs C57BL/6J-HSPCs display greater oxidative stress post transplant than C57BL/6N-HSPCs Nnt loss contributes to the functional differences between C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J-HSPCs MPP3 and MPP4 are the HSPCs populations responsible for the repopulating differences
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Martinat
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ashley Chabot
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Guolian Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Busanello ENB, Figueira TR, Marques AC, Navarro CDC, Oliveira HCF, Vercesi AE. Facilitation of Ca 2+ -induced opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore either by nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase deficiency or statins treatment. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:742-746. [PMID: 29424467 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial redox imbalance and high Ca2+ uptake induce the opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP) that leads to disruption of energy-linked mitochondrial functions and triggers cell death in many disease states. In this review, we discuss the major results from our studies investigating the consequences of NAD(P)-transhydrogenase (NNT) deficiency, and of statins treatment for mitochondrial functions and susceptibility to Ca2+ -induced PTP. We highlight the aggravation of high fat diet-induced fatty liver disease in the context of NNT deficiency and the role of antioxidants in the prevention of statins toxicity to mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela N B Busanello
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, UNICAMP, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350 CEP 13083-877, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Tiago R Figueira
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, UNICAMP, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350 CEP 13083-877, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana C Marques
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, UNICAMP, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350 CEP 13083-877, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Claudia D C Navarro
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, UNICAMP, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350 CEP 13083-877, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Helena C F Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, UNICAMP, SP, Brasil
| | - Anibal E Vercesi
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Patologia Clínica, UNICAMP, Rua Cinco de Junho, 350 CEP 13083-877, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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14
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Meimaridou E, Goldsworthy M, Chortis V, Fragouli E, Foster PA, Arlt W, Cox R, Metherell LA. NNT is a key regulator of adrenal redox homeostasis and steroidogenesis in male mice. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:13-28. [PMID: 29046340 PMCID: PMC5744559 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase, NNT, is a ubiquitous protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane with a key role in mitochondrial redox balance. NNT produces high concentrations of NADPH for detoxification of reactive oxygen species by glutathione and thioredoxin pathways. In humans, NNT dysfunction leads to an adrenal-specific disorder, glucocorticoid deficiency. Certain substrains of C57BL/6 mice contain a spontaneously occurring inactivating Nnt mutation and display glucocorticoid deficiency along with glucose intolerance and reduced insulin secretion. To understand the underlying mechanism(s) behind the glucocorticoid deficiency, we performed comprehensive RNA-seq on adrenals from wild-type (C57BL/6N), mutant (C57BL/6J) and BAC transgenic mice overexpressing Nnt (C57BL/6JBAC). The following results were obtained. Our data suggest that Nnt deletion (or overexpression) reduces adrenal steroidogenic output by decreasing the expression of crucial, mitochondrial antioxidant (Prdx3 and Txnrd2) and steroidogenic (Cyp11a1) enzymes. Pathway analysis also revealed upregulation of heat shock protein machinery and haemoglobins possibly in response to the oxidative stress initiated by NNT ablation. In conclusion, using transcriptomic profiling in adrenals from three mouse models, we showed that disturbances in adrenal redox homeostasis are mediated not only by under expression of NNT but also by its overexpression. Further, we demonstrated that both under expression or overexpression of NNT reduced corticosterone output implying a central role for it in the control of steroidogenesis. This is likely due to a reduction in the expression of a key steroidogenic enzyme, Cyp11a1, which mirrored the reduction in corticosterone output.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Meimaridou
- Centre for EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - M Goldsworthy
- MRC Harwell InstituteGenetics of Type 2 Diabetes, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - V Chortis
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - E Fragouli
- Centre for EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - P A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - W Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Cox
- MRC Harwell InstituteGenetics of Type 2 Diabetes, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - L A Metherell
- Centre for EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
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Fujisawa Y, Napoli E, Wong S, Song G, Yamaguchi R, Matsui T, Nagasaki K, Ogata T, Giulivi C. Impact of a novel homozygous mutation in nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase on mitochondrial DNA integrity in a case of familial glucocorticoid deficiency. BBA Clin 2015; 3:70-78. [PMID: 26309815 PMCID: PMC4545511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial Glucocorticoid Deficiency (FGD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by isolated glucocorticoid deficiency. Recently, mutations in the gene encoding for the mitochondrial nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) have been identified as a causative gene for FGD; however, no NNT activities have been reported in FGD patients carrying NNT mutations. METHODS Clinical, biochemical and molecular analyses of lymphocytes from FDG homozygous and heterozygous carriers for the F215S NNT mutation. RESULTS In this study, we described an FGD-affected Japanese patient carrying a novel NNT homozygous mutation (c.644T>C; F215S) with a significant loss-of-function (NNT activity = 31% of healthy controls) in peripheral blood cells' mitochondria. The NNT activities of the parents, heterozygous for the mutation, were 61% of controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that (i) mitochondrial biogenesis (citrate synthase activity) and/or mtDNA replication (mtDNA copy number) were affected at ≤60% NNT activity because these parameters were affected in individuals carrying either one or both mutated alleles; and (ii) other outcomes (mtDNA deletions, protein tyrosine nitration, OXPHOS capacity) were affected at ≤30% NNT activity as also observed in murine cerebellar mitochondria from C57BL/6J (NNT-/-) vs. C57BL/6JN (NNT+/+) substrains. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE By studying a family affected with a novel point mutation in the NNT gene, a gene-dose response was found for various mitochondrial outcomes providing for novel insights into the role of NNT in the maintenance of mtDNA integrity beyond that described for preventing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Fujisawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sarah Wong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gyu Song
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rie Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Matsui
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagaoka Chuo General Hospital, Nagaoka 940-8653, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagasaki
- Division of Pediatrics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8122, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA ; Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M. I. N. D.) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95616
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Creation of lethal and synthetic lethal mutations in an experimental organism is a cornerstone of genetic dissection of gene function, and is related to the concept of an essential gene. Common inbred mouse strains carry background mutations, which can act as genetic modifiers, interfering with the assignment of gene essentiality. The inbred strain C57BL/6J, commonly known as "Black Six", stands out, as it carries a spontaneous homozygous deletion in the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) gene [GenBank: AH009385.2], resulting in impairment of steroidogenic mitochondria of the adrenal gland, and a multitude of indirect modifier effects, coming from alteration of glucocorticoid-regulated processes. Over time, the popular strain has been used, by means of gene targeting technology, to assign "essential" and "redundant" qualifiers to numerous genes, thus creating an internally consistent "parallel universe" of knowledge. It is unrealistic to suggest phasing-out of this strain, given the scope of shared resources built around it, however, continuing on the road of "strain-unawareness" will result in profound waste of effort, particularly where translational research is concerned. The review analyzes the historical roots of this phenomenon and proposes that building of "parallel universes" should be urgently made visible to a critical reader by obligatory use of unambiguous and persistent tags in publications and databases, such as hypertext links, pointing to a vendor's strain description web page, or to a digital object identifier (d.o.i.) of the original publication, so that any research done exclusively in C57BL/6J, could be easily identified. REVIEWERS This article was reviewed by Dr. Neil Smalheiser and Dr. Miguel Andrade-Navarro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kraev
- Charles H, Best Institute, Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada.
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17
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Liang Y, Harris FL, Jones DP, Brown LAS. Alcohol induces mitochondrial redox imbalance in alveolar macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1427-1434. [PMID: 24140864 PMCID: PMC3870467 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse suppresses the immune responses of alveolar macrophages (AMs) and increases the risk of a respiratory infection via chronic oxidative stress and depletion of critical antioxidants within alveolar cells and the alveolar lining fluid. Although alcohol-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress has been demonstrated, the oxidation of the mitochondrial thioredoxin redox circuit in response to alcohol has not been examined. In vitro ethanol exposure of a mouse AM cell line and AMs from ethanol-fed mice demonstrated NADPH depletion concomitant with oxidation of mitochondrial glutathione and oxidation of the thioredoxin redox circuit system including thioredoxin 2 (Trx2) and thioredoxin 2 reductase (Trx2R). Mitochondrial peroxiredoxins (Prdx's), which are critical for the reduction of the thioredoxin circuit, were irreversibly hyperoxidized to an inactive form. Ethanol also decreased the mRNAs for Trx2, Trx2R, Prdx3, and Prdx5 plus the mitochondrial thiol-disulfide proteins glutaredoxin 2, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase 2. Thus, the mitochondrial thioredoxin circuit was highly oxidized by ethanol, thereby compromising the mitochondrial antioxidant capacity and ability to detoxify mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Oxidation of the mitochondrial thioredoxin redox circuit would further compromise the transient oxidation of thiol groups within specific proteins, the basis of redox signaling, and the processes by which cells respond to oxidants. Impaired mitochondria can then jeopardize cellular function of AMs, such as phagocytosis, which may explain the increased risk of respiratory infection in subjects with an alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Developmental Lung Biology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Frank L Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Developmental Lung Biology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lou Ann S Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Center for Developmental Lung Biology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Almodovar AJO, Luther RJ, Stonebrook CL, Wood PA. Genomic structure and genetic drift in C57BL/6 congenic metabolic mutant mice. Mol Genet Metab 2013; 110:396-400. [PMID: 23867526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We used a genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) approach to characterize the genomic structures of four representative C57BL/6 (B6) congenic mutant mouse lines to include the A) long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (Acadl), B) melanocortin 3 receptor (Mc3r), C) endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Nos3), and D) a replacement of mouse apolipoprotein E (Apoe) by human apolipoprotein E-2 (APOE2). We wanted to evaluate the size and flanking genes of the 129 strain origin mutant allele intervals on the B6 background. Additionally, we wanted to evaluate genetic drift among not only the four mutant lines and their respective B6 origin substrains, but also the drift between two commonly used B6 lines obtained from Jackson Laboratory and Taconic. Overall, we found a range of 129 origin interval sizes in the congenic mutant lines analyzed that ranged from a ~2.8 kb human sequence for APOE2 embedded in a 129S6 interval to the largest being a ~16 Mb fragment containing the targeted Nos3 (eNos) gene. Given the range of 129 strain interval sizes, we found 129 strain flanking genes via annotation in genome data bases ranging from one gene both upstream and downstream of the APOE2 allele to seven genes-upstream and five genes-downstream at the Nos3 locus. Furthermore, we found fourteen SNP differences between the Jackson Laboratory and Taconic B6 mice. These genetic differences were associated with marked adiposity differences between the two B6 substrains. This study demonstrates both the fidelity and the caveats of using congenic gene targeted mouse models and recognizing the importance of selecting the appropriately matched wild-type control mouse line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin J O Almodovar
- Metabolic Signaling and Disease Program, Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827 USA
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Ronchi JA, Figueira TR, Ravagnani FG, Oliveira HCF, Vercesi AE, Castilho RF. A spontaneous mutation in the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase gene of C57BL/6J mice results in mitochondrial redox abnormalities. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:446-56. [PMID: 23747984 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NADPH is the reducing agent for mitochondrial H2O2 detoxification systems. Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT), an integral protein located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, contributes to an elevated mitochondrial NADPH/NADP(+) ratio. This enzyme catalyzes the reduction of NADP(+) at the expense of NADH oxidation and H(+) reentry to the mitochondrial matrix. A spontaneous Nnt mutation in C57BL/6J (B6J-Nnt(MUT)) mice arose nearly 3 decades ago but was only discovered in 2005. Here, we characterize the consequences of the Nnt mutation on the mitochondrial redox functions of B6J-Nnt(MUT) mice. Liver mitochondria were isolated both from an Nnt wild-type C57BL/6 substrain (B6JUnib-Nnt(W)) and from B6J-Nnt(MUT) mice. The functional evaluation of respiring mitochondria revealed major redox alterations in B6J-Nnt(MUT) mice, including an absence of transhydrogenation between NAD and NADP, higher rates of H2O2 release, the spontaneous oxidation of NADPH, the poor ability to metabolize organic peroxide, and a higher susceptibility to undergo Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial permeability transition. In addition, the mitochondria of B6J-Nnt(MUT) mice exhibited increased oxidized/reduced glutathione ratios as compared to B6JUnib-Nnt(W) mice. Nonetheless, the maximal activity of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, which is a coexisting source of mitochondrial NADPH, was similar between both groups. Altogether, our data suggest that NNT functions as a high-capacity source of mitochondrial NADPH and that its functional loss due to the Nnt mutation results in mitochondrial redox abnormalities, most notably a poor ability to sustain NADP and glutathione in their reduced states. In light of these alterations, the potential drawbacks of using B6J-Nnt(MUT) mice in biomedical research should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A Ronchi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
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