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Ou L, Przybilla MJ, Whitley CB. Metabolomics profiling reveals profound metabolic impairments in mice and patients with Sandhoff disease. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 126:151-156. [PMID: 30236619 PMCID: PMC6365207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sandhoff disease (SD) results from mutations in the HEXB gene, subsequent deficiency of N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase (Hex) and accumulation of GM2 gangliosides. SD leads to progressive neurodegeneration and early death. However, there is a lack of established SD biomarkers, while the pathogenesis etiology remains to be elucidated. To identify potential biomarkers and unveil the pathogenic mechanisms, metabolomics analysis with reverse phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) was conducted. A total of 177, 112 and 119 metabolites were found to be significantly dysregulated in mouse liver, mouse brain and human hippocampus samples, respectively (p < .05, ID score > 0.5). Principal component analysis (PCA) analysis of the metabolites showed clear separation of metabolomics profiles between normal and diseased individuals. Among these metabolites, dipeptides, amino acids and derivatives were elevated, indicating a robust protein catabolism. Through pathway enrichment analysis, we also found alterations in metabolites associated with neurotransmission, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulphate, key component of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) was significantly elevated, which was also confirmed by biochemical assays. Collectively, these results indicated major shifts of energy utilization and profound metabolic impairments, contributing to the pathogenesis mechanisms of SD. Global metabolomics profiling may provide an innovative tool for better understanding the disease mechanisms, and identifying potential diagnostic biomarkers for SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ou
- Gene Therapy Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Michael J Przybilla
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Chester B Whitley
- Gene Therapy Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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2
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Gray-Edwards HL, Brunson BL, Holland M, Hespel AM, Bradbury AM, McCurdy VJ, Beadlescomb PM, Randle AN, Salibi N, Denney TS, Beyers RJ, Johnson AK, Voyles ML, Montgomery RD, Wilson DU, Hudson JA, Cox NR, Baker HJ, Sena-Esteves M, Martin DR. Mucopolysaccharidosis-like phenotype in feline Sandhoff disease and partial correction after AAV gene therapy. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 116:80-7. [PMID: 25971245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sandhoff disease (SD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by a mutation in the enzyme β-N-acetylhexosaminidase. Children with infantile onset SD develop seizures, loss of motor tone and swallowing problems, eventually reaching a vegetative state with death typically by 4years of age. Other symptoms include vertebral gibbus and cardiac abnormalities strikingly similar to those of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Isolated fibroblasts from SD patients have impaired catabolism of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). To evaluate mucopolysaccharidosis-like features of the feline SD model, we utilized radiography, MRI, echocardiography, histopathology and GAG quantification of both central nervous system and peripheral tissues/fluids. The feline SD model exhibits cardiac valvular and structural abnormalities, skeletal changes and spinal cord compression that are consistent with accumulation of GAGs, but are much less prominent than the severe neurologic disease that defines the humane endpoint (4.5±0.5months). Sixteen weeks after intracranial AAV gene therapy, GAG storage was cleared in the SD cat cerebral cortex and liver, but not in the heart, lung, skeletal muscle, kidney, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, skin, or urine. GAG storage worsens with time and therefore may become a significant source of pathology in humans whose lives are substantially lengthened by gene therapy or other novel treatments for the primary, neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Gray-Edwards
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
| | - Brandon L Brunson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Merrilee Holland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Adrien-Maxence Hespel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Allison M Bradbury
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Victoria J McCurdy
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Patricia M Beadlescomb
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Ashley N Randle
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Nouha Salibi
- MR R&D Siemens Healthcare, Malvern, PA, USA; Auburn University MRI Research Center, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Thomas S Denney
- Auburn University MRI Research Center, Auburn, AL, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Aime K Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Meredith L Voyles
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Ronald D Montgomery
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Diane U Wilson
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Judith A Hudson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Nancy R Cox
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Henry J Baker
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Miguel Sena-Esteves
- Department of Neurology and Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Douglas R Martin
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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3
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Coutinho MF, Matos L, Alves S. From bedside to cell biology: A century of history on lysosomal dysfunction. Gene 2015; 555:50-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Elliott R, Li F, Dragomir I, Chua MMW, Gregory BD, Weiss SR. Analysis of the host transcriptome from demyelinating spinal cord of murine coronavirus-infected mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75346. [PMID: 24058676 PMCID: PMC3776850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection of the mouse central nervous system (CNS) with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) induces a demyelinating disease pathologically similar to multiple sclerosis and is therefore used as a model system. There is little information regarding the host factors that correlate with and contribute to MHV-induced demyelination. Here, we detail the genes and pathways associated with MHV-induced demyelinating disease in the spinal cord. High-throughput sequencing of the host transcriptome revealed that demyelination is accompanied by numerous transcriptional changes indicative of immune infiltration as well as changes in the cytokine milieu and lipid metabolism. We found evidence that a Th1-biased cytokine/chemokine response and eicosanoid-derived inflammation accompany persistent MHV infection and that antigen presentation is ongoing. Interestingly, increased expression of genes involved in lipid transport, processing, and catabolism, including some with known roles in neurodegenerative diseases, coincided with demyelination. Lastly, expression of several genes involved in osteoclast or bone-resident macrophage function, most notably TREM2 and DAP12, was upregulated in persistently infected mouse spinal cord. This study highlights the complexity of the host antiviral response, which accompany MHV-induced demyelination, and further supports previous findings that MHV-induced demyelination is immune-mediated. Interestingly, these data suggest a parallel between bone reabsorption by osteoclasts and myelin debris clearance by microglia in the bone and the CNS, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of using an RNA-seq approach to study the host CNS response to persistent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Elliott
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Dragomir
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ming Ming W. Chua
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susan R. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Desnick RJ, Schuchman EH. Enzyme replacement therapy for lysosomal diseases: lessons from 20 years of experience and remaining challenges. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2013; 13:307-35. [PMID: 22970722 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-090711-163739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In 1964, Christian de Duve first suggested that enzyme replacement might prove therapeutic for lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Early efforts identified the major obstacles, including the inability to produce large quantities of the normal enzymes, the lack of animal models for proof-of-concept studies, and the potentially harmful immune responses to the "foreign" normal enzymes. Subsequently, the identification of receptor-mediated targeting of lysosomal enzymes, the cloning and overexpression of human lysosomal genes, and the generation of murine models markedly facilitated the development of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). However, ERT did not become a reality until the early 1990s, when its safety and effectiveness were demonstrated for the treatment of type 1 Gaucher disease. Today, ERT is approved for six LSDs, and clinical trials with recombinant human enzymes are ongoing in several others. Here, we review the lessons learned from 20 years of experience, with an emphasis on the general principles for effective ERT and the remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Desnick
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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6
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Inherited metabolic disorders involving the eye: a clinico-biochemical perspective. Eye (Lond) 2009; 24:507-18. [PMID: 19798114 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2009.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism is challenging for most physicians. Improvements in medical technology and greater knowledge of the human genome are resulting in significant changes in the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs). Many known inborn errors of metabolism will be recognised earlier or treated differently because of these changes. It is important that physicians recognise the clinical signs of IMDs and know when to propose advanced laboratory testing or referral to a higher centre for better patient management. Ocular manifestations occur in various metabolic disorders. Although there is an extensive understanding of many inborn errors of metabolism at the biochemical, molecular, and metabolic levels, little is known about their pathogenesis. In particular, how systemic metabolic disease contributes to ocular defects remains to be elucidated in IMDs. The occurrence of eye abnormalities could be due to direct toxic mechanisms of abnormal metabolic products or accumulation of normal metabolites by errors of synthetic pathways or by deficient energy metabolism. A detailed ophthalmological assessment is essential. Definitive diagnosis and management of patients with IMDs is ideally carried out by a combination of specialists, including an ophthalmologist, paediatrician, biochemist, and medical geneticist. Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of IMDs have substantially improved the prognosis for many of these conditions.
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Abstract
✓ Most lysosomal storage disorders are characterized by progressive central nervous system impairment, with or without systemic involvement. Affected individuals have an array of symptoms related to brain dysfunction, the most devastating of which is neurodegeneration following a period of normal development. The blood–brain barrier has represented a significant impediment to developing therapeutic approaches to treat brain disease, but novel approaches—including enzyme replacement, small-molecule, gene, and cell-based therapies—have given children afflicted by these conditions and those who care for them hope for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Enns
- 1Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Stephen L. Huhn
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford; and
- 3StemCells, Inc., Palo Alto, California
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8
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Conzelmann E, Sandhoff K. Glycolipid and glycoprotein degradation. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 60:89-216. [PMID: 3310533 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123065.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Conzelmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany
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9
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Kresse H, Glössl J. Glycosaminoglycan degradation. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 60:217-311. [PMID: 3310531 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123065.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Kresse
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Münster, Federal Republic of Germany
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10
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Strawser LD, Touster O. The cellular processing of lysosomal enzymes and related proteins. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 87:169-210. [PMID: 6999583 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0030898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Although first suggested by de Duve in 1964, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for lysosomal storage diseases did not become a reality until the early 1990s when its safety and effectiveness were demonstrated in type 1 Gaucher disease. Today, ERT is a reality for Gaucher disease, Fabry disease and mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I), and clinical trials with recombinant human enzymes are ongoing in Pompe disease, MPS II and MPS VI, and are about to begin in Neimann-Pick B disease. In addition to ERT, enzyme enhancement therapy (EET) offers a novel therapeutic strategy to increase the residual function of mutant proteins. EET employs small molecules as 'pharmacological chaperones' to rescue misfolded and/or unstable mutant enzymes or proteins that have residual function. EET also offers the possibility of treating neurodegenerative lysosomal disorders since these small therapeutic molecules may cross the blood-brain barrier. The current status of ERT and the prospects for EET for lysosomal storage diseases are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Desnick
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Desnick RJ, Schuchman EH. Enzyme replacement and enhancement therapies: lessons from lysosomal disorders. Nat Rev Genet 2002; 3:954-66. [PMID: 12459725 DOI: 10.1038/nrg963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed remarkable advances in our ability to treat inherited metabolic disorders, especially the lysosomal storage diseases, a group of more than 40 disorders, each of which is caused by the deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme or protein. During the past few years, both enzyme replacement and enhancement therapies have been developed to treat these disorders. This review discusses the successes and shortcomings of these therapeutic strategies, and the contributions that they have made to treating lysosomal storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Desnick
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine at New York University, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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Liu J, Shikhman AR, Lotz MK, Wong CH. Hexosaminidase inhibitors as new drug candidates for the therapy of osteoarthritis. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2001; 8:701-11. [PMID: 11451670 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(01)00045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Articular cartilage from patients with osteoarthritis is characterized by a decreased concentration and reduced size of glycosaminoglycans. Degeneration of the cartilage matrix is a multifactorial process, which is due in part to accelerated glycosaminoglycan catabolism. Recently, we have demonstrated that hexosaminidase represents the dominant glycosaminoglycan-degrading glycosidase released by chondrocytes into the extracellular compartment and is the dominant glycosidase in synovial fluid from patients with osteoarthritis. Inhibition of hexosaminidase activity may represent a novel approach to the prevention of cartilage matrix glycosaminoglycan degradation and a potentially new strategy to treat osteoarthritis. RESULTS We have synthesized and investigated a series of iminocyclitols designed as transition-state analog inhibitors of human hexosaminidase, and demonstrated that the five-membered iminocyclitol 4 expresses the strongest inhibitory activity with K(i)=24 nM. Inhibition of hexosaminidase activity in human cultured articular chondrocytes and human chondrosarcoma cells with iminocyclitol 4 resulted in accumulation of hyaluronic acid and sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the cell-associated fraction. Similarly, incubation of human cartilage tissue with iminocyclitol 4 resulted in an accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the pericellular compartment. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of hexosaminidase activity represents a new strategy for preventing or even reversing cartilage degradation in patients with osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sango K, McDonald MP, Crawley JN, Mack ML, Tifft CJ, Skop E, Starr CM, Hoffmann A, Sandhoff K, Suzuki K, Proia RL. Mice lacking both subunits of lysosomal beta-hexosaminidase display gangliosidosis and mucopolysaccharidosis. Nat Genet 1996; 14:348-52. [PMID: 8896570 DOI: 10.1038/ng1196-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The GM2 gangliosidoses, Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases, are caused by mutations in the HEXA (alpha-subunit) and HEXB (beta-subunit) genes, respectively. Each gene encodes a subunit for the heterodimeric lysosomal enzyme, beta-hexosaminidase A (alpha beta), as well as for the homodimers beta-hexosaminidase B (beta beta) and S (alpha alpha). In this study, we have produced mice that have both Hexa and Hexb genes disrupted through interbreeding Tay-Sachs (Hexa-/-) and Sandhoff (Hexb-/-) disease model mice. Lacking both the alpha and beta-subunits these 'double knockout' mice displayed a total deficiency of all forms of lysosomal beta-hexosaminidase including the small amount of beta-hexosaminidase S present in the Sandhoff disease model mice. More surprisingly, these mice showed the phenotypic, pathologic and biochemical features of the mucopolysaccharidoses, lysosomal storage diseases caused by the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans. The mucopolysaccharidosis phenotype is not seen in the Tay-Sachs or Sandhoff disease model mice or in the corresponding human patients. This result demonstrates that glycosaminoglycans are crucial substrates for beta-hexosaminidase and that their lack of storage in Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases is due to functional redundancy in the beta-hexosaminidase enzyme system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sango
- Section on Biochemical Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1810, USA
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Abstract
Patients at any age who develop regression of learned skills, onset of dementia, loss of motor control and organ enlargement should be considered for lysosomal screening. Morphological and biochemical screening methods may reinforce the clinical suspicion, but they are not diagnostic. A widespread use of enzyme assays that appear to be related to the clinical problems is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ullrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Münster, Germany
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Lowry RB, Snyder FF, Wesenberg RL, Machin GA, Applegarth DA, Morgan K, Carter RJ, Toone JR, Holmes TM, Dewar RD. Morquio syndrome (MPS IVA) and hypophosphatasia in a Hutterite kindred. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1985; 22:463-75. [PMID: 3933344 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320220304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A patient is described who has Morquio syndrome (MPS IVA). He is a member of the Hutterite Brethren and genealogic analysis discloses a high inbreeding coefficient for the proband. The proband's sibship is segregating two autosomal recessive disorders, ie, MPS IVA and infantile hypophosphatasia. Two other families each have one or the other of these diseases but not both. The three families are distantly related.
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Yutaka T, Kato T, Midorikawa M, Doke M, Okada S, Yabuuchi H. Diagnosis of Tay-Sachs disease by estimation of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity using a radiolabeled hyaluronic acid-derived trisaccharide substrate. Clin Chim Acta 1984; 137:159-68. [PMID: 6231138 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(84)90176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have prepared a new radiolabeled substrate (N-[3H]acetylglucosamine-glucuronic acid-N-[3H]acetylglucosamine), from hyaluronic acid, for an assay of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity. Using this substrate, we found a striking deficiency of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity in cultured skin fibroblasts and in liver homogenates from patients with Tay-Sachs disease. DEAE-cellulose chromatography at pH 6.0 revealed that both isoenzymes A and B of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase from normal liver participated in the catabolism of hyaluronic acid. There were, however, major differences in substrate specificities between isoenzymes A and B. Our results indicate that this substrate should be useful for enzymatic diagnosis of Tay-Sachs disease.
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Abstract
We have prepared a new radiolabeled substrate, derived from chondroitin 6-sulfate oligosaccharide, for the assaying of chondroitin sulfate degradation by beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase. Using this substrate, we found a striking deficiency of beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity in the cultured skin fibroblasts of patients with Sandhoff disease and Tay-Sachs disease. DEAE-cellulose chromatography at pH 6.0 revealed that both isoenzymes A and B of beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidases from normal human liver participated in the catabolism of chondroitin 6-sulfate. However, there were major differences in substrate specificity between isoenzyme A and isoenzyme B.
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Yutaka T, Okada S, Kato T, Yabuuhi H. Degradation of keratan sulfate by beta-N-acetylhexosaminidases in GM2-gangliosidosis. Clin Genet 1982; 21:196-202. [PMID: 6212169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1982.tb00963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have prepared a new substrate from a keratan sulfate-derived-oligosaccharide (2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucosyl-(1--3)-[1-3H] Galactitol), which is necessary to measure beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity. This substrate was prepared from a cornea keratan sulfate by digestion with endo-beta-galactosidase, followed by isolation of disaccharide on gel filtration chromatography and chemical desulfation. Using this substrate, we found that a striking deficiency of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity was present in the skin fibroblasts of patients with Sandhoff disease but not in Tay-Sachs disease. Both beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase A & H contributed to the catabolism of keratan sulfate.
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Toma S, Coppa G, Donnelly PV, Ricci R, Di Ferrante N, Srivastava SK. Cleavage of the (1 goes to 3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl linkage present in keratan sulfate. The A and B isoenzymes of human liver hexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30). Carbohydr Res 1981; 96:271-90. [PMID: 6458358 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)81877-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The disaccharide 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 goes to 3)-D-[1-3H]-galactitol, prepared from keratan sulfate, was rapidly hydrolyzed by the A and B isoenzymes of normal human liver hexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30), and by the B isoenzyme prepared from the liver of a patient who had died of Tay-Sachs disease. The disaccharide substrate was also hydrolyzed by extracts of normal, cultured-skin fibroblasts, and fibroblasts of patients with Tay-Sachs disease, whereas it was not hydrolyzed by fibroblast extracts of patients with Sandhoff disease. Thus, effective degradation of keratan sulfate, secondary to a defect of the beta subunits present in the A and B isoenzymes of hexosaminidase, may contribute to the appearance of skeletal lesions in patients affected by Sandhoff disease.
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Kresse H, Cantz M, von Figura K, Glössl J, Paschke E. The mucopolysaccharidoses: biochemistry and clinical symptoms. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1981; 59:867-76. [PMID: 6456376 DOI: 10.1007/bf01721920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of genetic diseases which are characterized by an excessive intralysosomal accumulation of partially degraded mucopolysaccharides. This storage is caused by the inactivity of one of eleven enzymes that are required for the degradation of the different types of mucopolysaccharides. There is a rough correlation between phenotype and chemical nature of the storage material. Similar clinical pictures, however, may be caused by an inactivity of different enzymes. Conversely, different clinical expressions of the defect of a single enzyme may be attributed to allelic mutations. The recent development of specific assay procedures for the respective enzymes allows 1. an early genotype-specific diagnosis of affected patients, 2. prenatal diagnosis of the metabolic defect in families at risk, 3. to prognosticate the course of the disease at least in some instances, and 4. genetic counseling for members of affected families. At present, there is no specific therapy. Attempts of enzyme replacement therapy are still at an experimental stage.
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Ludolph T, Paschke E, Glössl J, Kresse H. Degradation of keratan sulphate by beta-N-acetylhexosaminidases A and B. Biochem J 1981; 193:811-8. [PMID: 6458277 PMCID: PMC1162671 DOI: 10.1042/bj1930811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Enzymic cleavage of beta-N-acetylglucosamine residues of keratan sulphate was studied in vitro by using substrate a [3H]glucosamine-labelled desulphated keratan sulphate with N-acetylglucosamine residues at the non-reducing end. Both lysosomal beta-N-acetylhexosaminidases A and B are proposed to participate in the degradation of keratan sulphate on the basis of the following observations. Homogenates of fibroblasts from patients with Sandhoff disease, but not those from patients with Tay--Sachs disease, were unable to release significant amounts of N-acetyl[3H]glucosamine. On isoelectric focusing of beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase from human liver the peaks of keratan sulphate-degrading activity coincided with the activity towards p-nitrophenyl beta-N-acetylglucosaminide. A monospecific antibody against the human enzyme reacted with both enzyme forms and precipitated the keratan sulphate-degrading activity. Both isoenzymes had the same apparent Km of 4mM, but the B form was approximately twice as active as the A form when compared with the activity towards a chromogenic substrate. Differences were noted in the pH--activity profiles of both isoenzymes. Thermal inactivation of isoenzyme B was less pronounced towards the polymeric substrate than towards the p-nitrophenyl derivative.
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25
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Characterization of cyclic AMP-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants lacking type I protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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26
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Desnick RJ, Grabowski GA. Advances in the treatment of inherited metabolic diseases. ADVANCES IN HUMAN GENETICS 1981; 11:281-369. [PMID: 6115548 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8303-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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27
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Hieber V, Distler J, Myerowitz R, Schmickel RD, Jourdian GW. Selective noncompetitive assimilation of bovine testicular beta-galactosidase and bovine liver beta-glucuronidase by generalized gangliosidosis fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 1980; 65:879-84. [PMID: 6766954 PMCID: PMC434475 DOI: 10.1172/jci109740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine liver beta-glucuronidase and testicular beta-galactosidase were assimilated by generalized gangliosidosis fibroblasts at respectively rates of 90 and 464 times the rate of assimilation of horseradish peroxidase. Assimilation of either of the two enzymes by the fibroblasts was saturable, suggesting the participation of receptor-mediated adsorptive endocytosis for internalization. The rate of assimilation of either enzyme was not affected by high levels of the other enzyme, suggesting that distinct receptors for each enzyme occur on the fibroblasts' cell surface. Furthermore, although assimilation of beta-galactosidase was inhibited by mannose, methyl mannosides, mannosyl alpha 1 leads to 2 mannose, and mannose-6-phosphate, these compounds did not detectably inhibit the assimilation of beta-glucuronidase. These results suggest that testicular beta-galactosidase was assimilated by the well-established phosphomannosyl recognition system. However, liver beta-glucuronidase was assimilated by a distinct, noncompeting, and as yet undefined, recognition system.
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Juliano RL, Moore MR, Callahan JW, Lowden JA. Lectin-mediated uptake of lysosomal hydrolases by genetically deficient human fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 1979; 120:63-72. [PMID: 108116 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(79)90536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Sphingolipidoses are caused by recessively inherited deficiencies of lysosomal hydrolases. The clinical backgrounds of and current biochemical and genetic approaches to the different forms and variants of gangliosidoses, trihexosylceramidosis (Fabry's disease), galactosylceramidosis (Krabbe's disease), sulfatidoses (metachromatic leukodystrophies), glucosylceramidosis (Gaucher's disease), sphingomyelinoses (Niemann-Pick disease) and ceramidosis (Farber's disease) are presented.
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Abstract
The gangliosidoses comprise an-ever increasing number of biochemically and phenotypically variant diseases. In most of them an autosomal recessive inherited deficiency of a lysosomal hydrolase results in the fatal accumulation of glucolipids (predominantly in the nervous tissue) and of oligosaccharides. The structure, substrate specificity, immunological properties of and genetic studies on the relevant glycosidases, ganglioside GM1 beta-galactosidase and beta-hexosaminidase isoenzymes, are reviewed in this paper. Contrary to general expectation, only a poor correlation is observed between the severity of the disease and residual activity of the defective enzyme when measured with synthetic or natural substrates in the presence of detergents. For the understanding of variant diseases and for their pre- and postnatal diagnosis, the necessity of studying the substrate specificity of normal and mutated enzymes under conditions similar to the in vivo situation, e.g., with natural substrates in the presence of appropriate activator proteins, is stressed. The possibility that detergents may have adverse affects on the substrate specificity of the enzymes is discussed for the beta-hexosaminidases. The significance of activator proteins for the proper interaction of lipid substrates and water-soluble hydrolases is illustrated by the fatal glycolipid storage resulting from an activator protein deficiency in the AB variant of GM2-gangliosidosis. Recent somatic complementation studies have revealed the existence of a presumably post-translational modification factor necessary for the expression of ganglioside GM1 beta-galactosidase activity. This factor is deficient in a group of variants of GM1-glangliosidosis. Among the possible reasons for the variability of enzyme activity levels in heterozygotes and patients, allelic mutations, formation of hybrid enzymes, and the existence of patients as compound heterozygotes are discussed. All these may result in the production of mutant enzymes with an altered specificity for a variety of natural substrates.
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31
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Turner BM, Turner VS, Hirschhorn K. Metabolic correction of fucosidosis fibroblasts by human alpha-L-fucosidase. J Cell Physiol 1979; 98:225-35. [PMID: 762198 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040980124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human alpha-L-fucosidase, purified from placenta, was taken up from the culture medium by skin fibroblasts from patients with fucosidosis (alpha-L-fucosidase deficiency). The rate of uptake was low (uptake coefficient = 6 X 10(-4) ml.mg-1.h-1). Intracellular alpha-L-fucosidase activity was directly proportional to enzyme in the medium up to an activity of at least 40 nmoles/min/ml. No evidence for saturation of specific cell-surface receptors was seen. However, uptake was reduced by 75% by 1 mM mannose-6-phosphate and by 50% by 1mM glucose-6-phosphate, suggesting that uptake may be mediated by a receptor recognising a phosphorylated sugar or an analagous compound. Enzyme taken up by the cells was most active in subcellular fractions enriched with lysosomes and had an isozyme pattern, by isoelectric focusing, identical to that of the original enzyme preparation. Fucosidosis fibroblasts were shown to accumulate low molecular-weight, fucose-containing compounds to a level several times greater than control cells. This stored material was eluted from Sephadex G-25 as an asymmetrical peak with an elution volume of approximately twice the void volume of the column. Addition of placental alpha-L-fucosidase to the culture medium of fucosidosis fibroblasts prevented excessive accumulation of fucose-containing material and accelerated the breakdown of material accumulated prior to enzyme uptake.
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32
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Juliano RL, Moore MR, Callahan JW, Lowden JA. Concanavalin A promotes the uptake of lysosomal hydrolases by human fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 513:285-91. [PMID: 102347 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(78)90180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human placental hexosaminidase B and beta-galactosidase are taken up very poorly by human fibroblasts in culture. However, if fibroblasts manifesting genetically determined deficiencies of these lysosomal hydrolases are first treated with concanavalin A, then enzyme uptake is markedly increased. Enzyme activity which becomes associated with concanavalin A-treated fibroblasts maintained at 4 degrees C can be greatly removed by treatment with haptene sugar, while enzyme activity which becomes associated with cells maintained at 37 degrees C is refractory to haptens treatment. These results are interpreted as an initial binding of enzyme to concanvalin A molecules located at the cell surface, followed by an active cellular process leading to internalization of the lectin-enzyme complexes.
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Bearpark TM, Stirling JL. A difference in the specificities of human liver N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidases A and B detected by their activities towards glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides. Biochem J 1978; 173:997-1000. [PMID: 708387 PMCID: PMC1185871 DOI: 10.1042/bj1730997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetyl-beta-hexosaminidases A and B differ in their activities towards oligosaccharides prepared from glycosaminoglycans. Trisaccharides from hyaluronic acid and desulphated chondroitin 4-sulphate were hydrolysed by N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase A, but not by N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase B.
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Glössl J, Kresse H. A sensitive procedure for the diagnosis of N-acetyl-galactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase deficiency in classical Morquio's disease. Clin Chim Acta 1978; 88:111-9. [PMID: 98244 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(78)90157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The trisaccharide 6-sulfo-N-acetylgalactosamine-glucuronic acid-6-sulfo-N-acetyl-[1-3H]galactosaminitol was used as a substrate for the determination of N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase activity. The amount of liberated sulfate was measured indirectly by separating monosulfated reaction products from the substrate on Dowex 1 X 2 microcolumns in a simple two step procedure. Fibroblast homogenates from patients with various genotypes, except classical Morquio's disease, released 410 +/- 90 pmol sulfate/h/mg cell protein. The enzyme exhibited a pH optimum of pH 4.8 and a KM of about 1 X 10(-4) mol/1. It was strongly inhibited by phosphate, sulfate and chloride ions. In three cell lines from patients with classical Morquio's disease a residual activity between 1 and 2% of the mean normal activity was found. All cell lines tested released sulfate from 6-sulfo-N-acetylglucosamine-glucuronic acid-[1-3H]-anhydromannitol. Cell extracts from cultured amniotic fluid cells exhibited a N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase activity between 120 and 320 pmol/h/mg protein. An enzyme activity of 370 +/- 100 pmol sulfate/h/mg protein was found in peripheral leucocytes from healthy donors. The determination of N-acetyl-galactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase activity in one family with an affected patient indicated that the enzyme deficiency is also expressed in leucocytes.
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35
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Bach G, Geiger B. Human placental N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase isozymes. Activity toward native hyaluronic acid. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 189:37-43. [PMID: 30399 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Vladutiu GD, Rattazzi MC. Cell disease: desialylation of beta-hexosaminidase and its effect on uptake by fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 539:31-6. [PMID: 623792 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(78)90118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pinocytosis by fibroblasts of beta-hexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) excreted by cultured skin fibroblasts from a patient with I-cell disease was not enhanced by neuraminidase treatment of the enzyme. The uptake of sialic acid-rich normal plasma beta-hexosaminidase was minimal and neuraminidase treatment did not appreciably enhance uptake. In contrast, sialic acid-rich normal seminal fluid beta-hexosaminidase was readily pinocytosed regardless of neuraminidase treatment. Thus the presence of sialic acid on beta-hexosaminidase does not influence uptake and a neuraminidase deficiency in I-cell disease may not be directly responsible for excessive extracellular enzyme.
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37
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Bearpark T, Bouquelet S, Fournet B, Montreuil J, Spik G, Stirling J, Strecker G. Activity of N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidases A and B from human liver towards various oligosaccharides and a glycopeptide core derived from glycoproteins. FEBS Lett 1977; 84:379-84. [PMID: 598516 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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38
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Differences in glycosaminoglycans synthesized by fibroblast-like cells from chick cornea, heart, and skin. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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39
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Cantz M, Gehler J. The mucopolysaccharidoses: inborn errors of glycosaminoglycan catabolism. Hum Genet 1976; 32:233-55. [PMID: 820626 DOI: 10.1007/bf00295816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mucopolysaccharidoses are genetic disorders of glycosaminoglycan metabolism. Patients with these diseases accumulate within the lysosomes of most tissues excessive amounts of dermatan and/or heparan sulfates, or of keratan sulfate. The clinical consequences of such glycosaminoglycan storage range from skeletal abnormalities to cardiovascular problems, and to motor and mental retardation. In all mucopolysaccharidoses, except Morquio disease, an excessive accumulation of sulfate-labeled glycosaminoglycans has been demonstrated in fibroblasts cultured from the patient's skin. It was subsequently shown that this was due to the deficiency of specific proteins which were named "corrective factors", because their addition to the culture medium effected a normalization of the impaired glycosaminoglycan catabolism in the respective mucopolysaccharidosis fibroblasts. The investigation of the function of the corrective factors, and other studies, led to the identification of the enzymatic defect in each of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Seven lysosomal enzyme deficiencies are now recognized among this group of disorders. A classification of the diseases, according to the mutant gene products, reveals that there is considerable phenotypic variation not only between diseases, but also within several disease types. With the availability of the appropriate enzyme assays, the previous difficulties in diagnosing these disorders have now been overcome. Methods are also available for the prenatal diagnosis, and the detection of heterozygous individuals, in most of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Although correction of the metabolic defect through enzyme replacement has been achieved in tissue culture, many problems remain to be solved before such therapy may become applicable in the patients themselves.
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40
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Reuser A, Halley D, de Wit E, Hoogeveen A, van der Kamp M, Mulder M, Galjaard H. Intercellular exchange of lysosomal enzymes: enzyme assays in single human fibroblasts after co-cultivation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 69:311-8. [PMID: 1063570 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(76)90523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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41
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Abstract
The mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of genetic diseases characterized by storage of incompletely degraded glycosaminoglycans. Such storage causes marked distortion of many tissues with consequent severe somatic changes and mental retardation. Storage of glycosaminoglycans results from markedly diminished activity of specific hydrolases requisite for the normal degradation of glycosaminoglycans. The specific enzymic defects have been identified in nine different diseases. In some cases evidence has been obtained indicating the existence of additional allelic diseases based on the same enzyme. The knowledge obtained from these studies has made prenatal diagnosis possible and has led to the possibility that therapy may be undertaken utilizing enzyme replacement.
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42
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Wolfe LS, Ng Kin Kin NM. Storage and excretion of oligosaccharides and glycopeptides in the gangliosidoses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1976; 68:15-29. [PMID: 820167 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7735-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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43
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Dorfman A, Arbogast B, Matalon R. The enzymic defects in Morquio and Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1976; 68:261-76. [PMID: 820169 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7735-1_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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