1
|
Eyre DR, Weis M, Rai J. Analyses of lysine aldehyde cross-linking in collagen reveal that the mature cross-link histidinohydroxylysinonorleucine is an artifact. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6578-6590. [PMID: 30733334 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-generated intermolecular cross-links are essential for the tensile strength of collagen fibrils. Two cross-linking pathways can be defined, one based on telopeptide lysine aldehydes and another on telopeptide hydroxylysine aldehydes. Since the 1970s it has been accepted that the mature cross-linking structures on the lysine aldehyde pathway, which dominates in skin and cornea, incorporate histidine residues. Here, using a range of MS-based methods, we re-examined this conclusion and found that telopeptide aldol dimerization is the primary mechanism for stable cross-link formation. The C-telopeptide aldol dimers formed labile addition products with glucosylgalactosyl hydroxylysine at α1(I)K87 in adjacent collagen molecules that resisted borohydride reduction and after acid hydrolysis produced histidinohydroxylysinonorleucine (HHL), but only from species with a histidine in their α1(I) C-telopeptide sequence. Peptide MS analyses and the lack of HHL formation in rat and mouse skin, species that lack an α1(I) C-telopeptide histidine, revealed that HHL is a laboratory artifact rather than a natural cross-linking structure. Our experimental results also establish that histidinohydroxymerodesmosine is produced by borohydride reduction of N-telopeptide allysine aldol dimers in aldimine intermolecular linkage to nonglycosylated α1(I) K930. Borohydride reduction of the aldimine promotes an accompanying base-catalyzed Michael addition of α1(I) H932 imidazole to the α,β-unsaturated aldol. These aldehydes are intramolecular at the N terminus but at the C terminus they can be both intramolecular and intermolecular according to present and earlier findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Eyre
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - MaryAnn Weis
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Jyoti Rai
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hudson DM, Joeng KS, Werther R, Rajagopal A, Weis M, Lee BH, Eyre DR. Post-translationally abnormal collagens of prolyl 3-hydroxylase-2 null mice offer a pathobiological mechanism for the high myopia linked to human LEPREL1 mutations. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8613-22. [PMID: 25645914 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.634915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia, the leading cause of visual impairment worldwide, results from an increase in the axial length of the eyeball. Mutations in LEPREL1, the gene encoding prolyl 3-hydroxylase-2 (P3H2), have recently been identified in individuals with recessively inherited nonsyndromic severe myopia. P3H2 is a member of a family of genes that includes three isoenzymes of prolyl 3-hydroxylase (P3H), P3H1, P3H2, and P3H3. Fundamentally, it is understood that P3H1 is responsible for converting proline to 3-hydroxyproline. This limited additional knowledge also suggests that each isoenzyme has evolved different collagen sequence-preferred substrate specificities. In this study, differences in prolyl 3-hydroxylation were screened in eye tissues from P3h2-null (P3h2(n/n)) and wild-type mice to seek tissue-specific effects due the lack of P3H2 activity on post-translational collagen chemistry that could explain myopia. The mice were viable and had no gross musculoskeletal phenotypes. Tissues from sclera and cornea (type I collagen) and lens capsule (type IV collagen) were dissected from mouse eyes, and multiple sites of prolyl 3-hydroxylation were identified by mass spectrometry. The level of prolyl 3-hydroxylation at multiple substrate sites from type I collagen chains was high in sclera, similar to tendon. Almost every known site of prolyl 3-hydroxylation in types I and IV collagen from P3h2(n/n) mouse eye tissues was significantly under-hydroxylated compared with their wild-type littermates. We conclude that altered collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylation is caused by loss of P3H2. We hypothesize that this leads to structural abnormalities in multiple eye tissues, but particularly sclera, causing progressive myopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Hudson
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 and
| | - Kyu Sang Joeng
- the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Rachel Werther
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 and
| | - Abbhirami Rajagopal
- the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - MaryAnn Weis
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 and
| | - Brendan H Lee
- the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - David R Eyre
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 and
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sricholpech M, Perdivara I, Yokoyama M, Nagaoka H, Terajima M, Tomer KB, Yamauchi M. Lysyl hydroxylase 3-mediated glucosylation in type I collagen: molecular loci and biological significance. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22998-3009. [PMID: 22573318 PMCID: PMC3391079 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.343954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, by employing the short hairpin RNA technology, we have generated MC3T3-E1 (MC)-derived clones stably suppressing lysyl hydroxylase 3 (LH3) (short hairpin (Sh) clones) and demonstrated the LH3 function as glucosyltransferase in type I collagen (Sricholpech, M., Perdivara, I., Nagaoka, H., Yokoyama, M., Tomer, K. B., and Yamauchi, M. (2011) Lysyl hydroxylase 3 glucosylates galactosylhydroxylysine residues in type I collagen in osteoblast culture. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 8846-8856). To further elucidate the biological significance of this modification, we characterized and compared type I collagen phenotypes produced by Sh clones and two control groups, MC and those transfected with empty vector. Mass spectrometric analysis identified five glycosylation sites in type I collagen (i.e. α1,2-87, α1,2-174, and α2-219. Of these, the predominant glycosylation site was α1-87, one of the major helical cross-linking sites. In Sh collagen, the abundance of glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine was significantly decreased at all of the five sites with a concomitant increase in galactosylhydroxylysine at four of these sites. The collagen cross-links were significantly diminished in Sh clones, and, for the major cross-link, dihydroxylysinonorleucine (DHLNL), glucosylgalactosyl-DHLNL was diminished with a concomitant increase in galactosyl-DHLNL. When subjected to in vitro incubation, in Sh clones, the rate of decrease in DHLNL was lower, whereas the rate of increase in its maturational cross-link, pyridinoline, was comparable with controls. Furthermore, in Sh clones, the mean diameters of collagen fibrils were significantly larger, and the onset of mineralized nodule formation was delayed when compared with those of controls. These results indicate that the LH3-mediated glucosylation occurs at the specific molecular loci in the type I collagen molecule and plays critical roles in controlling collagen cross-linking, fibrillogenesis, and mineralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marnisa Sricholpech
- North Carolina Oral Health Institute, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sricholpech M, Perdivara I, Nagaoka H, Yokoyama M, Tomer KB, Yamauchi M. Lysyl hydroxylase 3 glucosylates galactosylhydroxylysine residues in type I collagen in osteoblast culture. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8846-56. [PMID: 21220425 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.178509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl hydroxylase 3 (LH3), encoded by Plod3, is the multifunctional collagen-modifying enzyme possessing LH, hydroxylysine galactosyltransferase (GT), and galactosylhydroxylysine-glucosyltransferase (GGT) activities. Although an alteration in type I collagen glycosylation has been implicated in several osteogenic disorders, the role of LH3 in bone physiology has never been investigated. To elucidate the function of LH3 in bone type I collagen modifications, we used a short hairpin RNA technology in a mouse osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-E1; generated single cell-derived clones stably suppressing LH3 (short hairpin (Sh) clones); and characterized the phenotype. Plod3 expression and the LH3 protein levels in the Sh clones were significantly suppressed when compared with the controls, MC3T3-E1, and the clone transfected with an empty vector. In comparison with controls, type I collagen synthesized by Sh clones (Sh collagen) showed a significant decrease in the extent of glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine with a concomitant increase of galactosylhydroxylysine, whereas the total number of hydroxylysine residues was essentially unchanged. In an in vitro fibrillogenesis assay, Sh collagen showed accelerated fibrillogenesis compared with the controls. In addition, when recombinant LH3-V5/His protein was generated in 293 cells and subjected to GGT/GT activity assay, it showed GGT but not GT activity against denatured type I collagen. The results from this study clearly indicate that the major function of LH3 in osteoblasts is to glucosylate galactosylhydroxylysine residues in type I collagen and that an impairment of this LH3 function significantly affects type I collagen fibrillogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marnisa Sricholpech
- North Carolina Oral Health Institute, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Henkel W, Dreisewerd K. Cyanogen Bromide Peptides of the Fibrillar Collagens I, III, and V and Their Mass Spectrometric Characterization: Detection of Linear Peptides, Peptide Glycosylation, and Cross-Linking Peptides Involved in Formation of Homo- and Heterotypic Fibrils. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:4269-89. [DOI: 10.1021/pr070318r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Henkel
- Am Waldplatz 15, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Dreisewerd
- Am Waldplatz 15, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hanson DA, Eyre DR. Molecular site specificity of pyridinoline and pyrrole cross-links in type I collagen of human bone. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:26508-16. [PMID: 8900119 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.43.26508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared with soft tissue collagens, bone type I collagen displays a distinctive pattern of covalent cross-linking, with evidence of preferred sites of molecular interaction and a prominence of both immature, divalent cross-links and mature, trivalent cross-links in the adult tissue. In this study the site-specificity of the mature cross-links in human bone collagen was examined. Peptides containing fluorescent pyridinoline cross-links and Ehrlich's-reactive pyrrole cross-links were isolated from a bacterial collagenase digest of demineralized bone matrix. The digest was fractionated by molecular sieve chromatography, monitoring for peptide absorbance, pyridinoline fluorescence, pyrroles by Ehrlich's reagent, and immunoassay for cross-linked N-telopeptides. Individual cross-linked peptides were resolved by ion-exchange and reverse-phase HPLC. Structures were established by NH2-terminal microsequencing, cross-link analysis, electrospray mass spectrometry, and immunoassay. Two, about equally occupied, sites of pyridinoline cross-linking were identified, N-telopeptide to helix and C-telopeptide to helix. Pyrroles were alternative cross-linking products at the same sites, but concentrated (85%) at the N-telopeptide end. Only one combination of chains was cross-linked by pyridinolines at the C-telopeptide to helix site, [alpha1(I)C]2alpha1(I)helix. Several peptide combinations arose from the N-telopeptide to helix site, but the main source of pyridinolines was from the locus, alpha1(I)Nalpha2(I)Nalpha1(I)helix. Pyridinolines linking two alpha1(N) telopeptides were a minor component. Pyrroles were concentrated at the locus, alpha1(I)Nalpha2(I)Nalpha2(I)helix. The cross-link ratio of hydroxylysylpyridinoline to lysylpyridinoline differed between N-telopeptide and C-telopeptide sites, and between the individual interchain combinations. Cross-linked N-telopeptides accounted for two-thirds of the total lysylpyridinoline in bone. N-telopeptide pyridinoline fluorescence was quenched on chromatography, so that reliance on peptide fluorescence alone can underestimate the level of N-telopeptide pyridinoline cross-linking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Hanson
- University of Washington,Department of Orthopaedics, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chomarat N, Robert L, Seris J, Kern P. Comparative efficiency of pepsin and proctase for the preparation of bovine skin gelatin. Enzyme Microb Technol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(94)90032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- P F Davison
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Graham L, Mechanic GL. Simultaneous determination of the reducible and nonreducible cross-links of connective tissue. Analysis of mineralized and nonmineralized bone collagen. Biochemistry 1989; 28:7889-95. [PMID: 2514795 DOI: 10.1021/bi00445a051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Secondary amine cross-links occur in collagen and elastin from a number of tissue sources. Quantification of these cross-links by amino acid analysis is complicated by the problem of separating cross-links, which are often minor components, from the more common amino acids and also because relatively large amounts of a cross-link are required to determine a color factor. A specific radioactive labeling method has been developed and used to quantify cross-links in bone collagen. Primary amines such as lysine and hydroxylysine are first guanidinated with 3,5-dimethylpyrazole-1-carboxamidine nitrate (DMPC). Secondary amines, which are unreactive with DMPC, are then quantitatively cyanoethylated with [14C]acrylonitrile. This procedure can be used to detect any secondary amine cross-link, with higher sensitivity than ninhydrin analysis, in peptide form as well as in acid hydrolysates. It is applied here in conjunction with [3H]NaBH4 reduction to simultaneously quantify Schiff base cross-links and amounts of in vivo reduction of Schiff bases in mineralized versus nonmineralized bovine bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Graham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27514
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Henkel W, Glanville RW, Greifendorf D. Characterisation of a type-I collagen trimeric cross-linked peptide from calf aorta and its cross-linked structure. Detection of pyridinoline by time-of-flight secondary ion-mass spectroscopy and evidence for a new cross-link. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 165:427-36. [PMID: 3595596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb11456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A collagenous trimeric cross-linked peptide has been isolated from the insoluble matrix of calf aorta, using trypsin solubilisation, and purified by gel filtration, cation-exchange chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC. Molecular mass and amino acid composition indicated that the C-terminal, non-helical region of type I collagen in its dimer form, designated as [ColC(I)]2, is cross-linked to a tryptic peptide TN(I) from the N-terminal helical cross-link region of an adjacent type I molecule, forming the cross-linked peptide [ColC(I)]2 X TN(I). Amino acid sequence analysis of the peptide yielded a series of sequences corresponding to the cross-linking domains ColC(I) and TN(I) and furnished the first direct chemical evidence for the 4D staggered arrangement of type I molecules within native fibers. The trifunctional cross-linking amino acid pyridinoline was shown to occur in the peptide, confirming the peptides three-chain structure. Pyridinoline was isolated from the cross-linked peptide by preparative amino acid analysis and reversed-phase HPLC and identified by its ultraviolet absorption spectra, its fluorescence excitation and emission spectra and, for the first time, its time-of-flight secondary ion-mass spectrum. The high sensitivity of the latter method, exceeding that of fast-atom-bombardment mass spectroscopy by three orders of magnitude, allowed detection of pyridinoline in the picomole range. The occurrence of pyridinoline in non-stoichiometric amounts, the presence of hydroxylysine in hydrolysates of all cross-linked peptides and the finding that hydrolysates also contained an unidentified component indicated that there is at least one cross-link form that is different from pyridinoline and is hydrolysable.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yamauchi M, Katz EP, Mechanic GL. Intermolecular cross-linking and stereospecific molecular packing in type I collagen fibrils of the periodontal ligament. Biochemistry 1986; 25:4907-13. [PMID: 3768322 DOI: 10.1021/bi00365a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A trypsin digest of denatured NaB3H4-reduced native bovine periodontal ligament was prepared and fractionated by gel filtration and cellulose ion-exchange column chromatography. Prior to trypsin digestion, a complete acid hydrolysate was subjected to analyses for nonreducible stable and reducible intermolecular cross-links. Minute amounts of the former and significant amounts of the reduced cross-links dihydroxylysinonorleucine (1.1 mol/mol of collagen), hydroxylysinonorleucine (0.9 mol/mol of collagen), and histidinohydroxymerodesmosine (0.6 mol/mol of collagen) were found. The covalent intermolecular cross-linked two-chained peptides that were isolated were subjected to amino acid and sequence analyses. The structures for the different two-chained linked peptides were alpha 1CB4-5(76-90)[Hyl-87] X alpha 1CB6-(993-22c)[Lysald-16c], alpha 1CB4-5(76-90)[Hyl-87] X alpha 1CB6(993-22c)[Hylald-16c], alpha 2CB4(76-90)[Hyl-87] X alpha 1CB6(993-22c)[Lysald-16c], and alpha 2CB4(76-90)[Hyl-87] X alpha 1CB6(993-22c)[Hylald-16c]. The cross-link in each peptide was glycosylated. This is the first characterization by sequence analysis of a cross-link involving Hyl-87 in an alpha 2 chain in collagen. A stoichiometric conversion of residue 16c aldehyde to an intermolecular cross-link in each of the COOH-terminal nonhelical peptide regions of both alpha 1 chains in a molecule of type I collagen was found. The ratio of alpha 1 to alpha 2 intermolecularly cross-linked chains involved was 3.3:1, indicating a stereospecific three-dimensional molecular packing of type I collagen molecules in bovine periodontal ligament.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The cross-linked peptides in cyanogen bromide digests from rabbit and calf fibrils of type I collagen have been compared by gel filtration and electrophoresis. Fibrils were prepared in vitro from acid-soluble collagen, or tendons were used; both were reduced with borohydride to stabilize cross-linking adducts. The cross-linked peptides were isolated and hydrolyzed, and the reducible cross-links were analyzed. We propose that a prominent pattern of cross-linking involves in-register palisades of molecules overlapping by 27 nm and joined through the condensation of amino-terminal aldol adducts on the carboxy-terminal helical regions of overlapping molecules. Lateral association probably occurs through the carboxy-terminal aldehydes from two molecules forming tri- or quadrivalent adducts with residues in the overlapped molecule. This model favors the recently proposed quasi-hexagonal organization of molecules in fibrils in which rows of molecules occur in lateral register.
Collapse
|
14
|
Henkel W, Glanville RW. Covalent crosslinking between molecules of type I and type III collagen. The involvement of the N-terminal, nonhelical regions of the alpha 1 (I) and alpha 1 (III) chains in the formation of intermolecular crosslinks. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 122:205-13. [PMID: 6120835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb05868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
15
|
|
16
|
|
17
|
Scott PG. Application of a specific radio-immunoassay for the peptide alpha 1CB6 to quantitative studies on intermolecular cross-linking in bovine dentine collagen. Connect Tissue Res 1982; 10:217-28. [PMID: 6187517 DOI: 10.3109/03008208209034420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Antisera from rabbits immunized against bovine Type I collagen were used to develop a specific radio-immunoassay for the antigenic determinant located within the extra-helical carboxy-terminal sequence of the alpha 1 chain. This assay was applied to mixtures of cyanogen bromide peptides of bovine dentine collagen fractionated by (a) gel chromatography on agarose and (b) preparative gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate. The data confirm previous estimates that only about 25% of the total alpha 1CB6 (the cyanogen bromide peptide containing the antigenic determinant) could be isolated in a free uncross-linked state. Antigenically active cross-linked alpha 1CB6 was recovered in three fractions from preparative gel electrophoresis. Two of these (apparent Mr 21,000 and 48,000) contain alpha 1CB6 linked through its carboxy-terminal extra-helical sequence and appear to result from the same, now well-established, 4 D intermolecular relationship within the collagen fibrils. Considered together, these fractions were recovered in amounts which reflect the occurrence of cross-links in these locations at a frequency of close to one for each collagen molecule. About 30% of the total cross-linked alpha 1CB6 was recovered in high molecular weight material barely penetrating the electrophoresis gel. This may be a mixture of products of the further reaction of the initially-formed double-chain cross-linked peptides involving alpha 1CB6 and perhaps also of incompletely cleaved sequences of alpha 1 or alpha 2 chain linked to alpha 1CB6. The absence of a fraction corresponding to a dimer of alpha 1CB6, as reported for bovine corneal and scleral collagens, suggests tissue specificity in the location of intermolecular crosslinks.
Collapse
|
18
|
Kuboki Y, Tsuzaki M, Sasaki S, Liu CF, Mechanic GL. Location of the intermolecular cross-links in bovine dentin collagen, solubilization with trypsin and isolation of cross-link peptides containing dihydroxylysinonorleucine and pyridinoline. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 102:119-26. [PMID: 7306142 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
19
|
Crabbe J. Summary of an international workshop on diamine oxidase held at the Department of Biogenic Amines, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland, June 7-8, 1979. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1981; 11:3-8. [PMID: 6113745 DOI: 10.1007/bf01991445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
20
|
Kuboki Y, Takagi T, Shimokawa H, Oguchi H, Sasaki S, Mechanic GL. Location of an intermolecular crosslink in bovine bone collagen. Connect Tissue Res 1981; 9:107-14. [PMID: 6458447 DOI: 10.3109/03008208109160248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A peptide containing 59 amino acid residues with a stoichiometric amount of dihydroxylysinonorleucine (0.7 mole) and hydroxylysinonorleucine (0.2 mole) was isolated from reduced 3H labelled bovine bone collagen sequentially cleaved with CNBr and trypsin. Further cleavage of the isolated crosslinked peptide with periodate yielded a radioactive peptide of 45 residues and a non-radioactive peptide of 16 residues. From the characteristic amino acid composition of these peptides it was deduced that the peptide was derived from an intermolecularly crosslinked region between lysyl or hydroxylysl residues in the carboxy-terminal extension of alpha 1-CB6 (17C residue) and alpha 1-CB5 (87th residue). This finding supports the observation that the alpha 1-CB6 peak was prominent on carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography of the CNBr digest of bone collagen only after limited pepsin digestion, and is consistent with the results obtained from a smaller crosslinked peptide previously isolated from calf bone collagen.
Collapse
|
21
|
Scott PG. A major intermolecular cross-linking site in bovine dentine collagen involving the alpha 2 chain and stabilizing the 4D overlap. Biochemistry 1980; 19:6118-24. [PMID: 7470454 DOI: 10.1021/bi00567a026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 20% of the radioactivity incorporated into the dentine collagen of unerupted bovine molars after reduction with tritiated sodium borohydride was recovered in a cyanogen bromide peptide fraction of Mr 61 000 following chromatography on agarose A5m. After rechromatography on agarose A1.5m, this fraction was resolved into ten components by gel isoelectric focusing. Of these components, nine (the most acidic) were tritiated and contained the reduced cross-links dihydroxylysinonorleucine and hydroxylysinonorleucine. The amino acid compositions were consistent with the identification of each of these components as alpha 2CB3,5 linked to one or two small peptides. By limited Edman degradation, with and without prior digestion with pyroglutamate aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.8), these small peptides were identified as alpha 1CB0,1 and alpha 2CB1, occurring in a ratio of approximately 2:1. Specific cleavage with cathepsin D revealed that all the cross-link was associated with the C-terminal one-third of the alpha 2 chain, thus fixing the displacement of the participating molecules at 4D. The content of the known reducible cross-links present in these peptides, calculated from the specific activity of the reductant, was sufficient to account for only 10--20% of the cross-linking actually found, suggesting that stabilization is mainly through nonreducible cross-links of as yet undetermined structure. By quantitative analysis of homoserine content and semiquantitative amino-terminal analyses, it was determined that virtually all of the alpha 2 chain of bovine dentine collagen is cross-linked in this manner. One cross-link per molecule in this location could made a major contribution to the mechanical stability of the insoluble collagen fibrils in this tissue.
Collapse
|
22
|
Bailey AJ, Light ND, Atkins ED. Chemical cross-linking restrictions on models for the molecular organization of the collagen fibre. Nature 1980; 288:408-10. [PMID: 7432539 DOI: 10.1038/288408a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The nature of the precise packing of collagen molecules into a collagen fibril, producing the characteristic regular banding, is still debatable. The problem has been approached using electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques, and several models have been proposed, including hexagonal packing, an octafibril structure, a two-strand rope and a five-strand rope (for review, see ref. 1). For the past decade the pentafibrillar model, originally proposed by Smith, has been widely accepted as the fundamental building unit. This model, based on the quarter-stagger end-overlap hypothesis of Hodge and Petruska, was supported by the X-ray diffraction data of Miller and Wray. These X-ray data have now been reinterpreted by Hulmes and Miller in terms of a quasi-hexagonal packing of collagen molecules. We argue here that until other characteristic parameters are taken into account, in particular the chemical cross-linking evidence, the packing problem is still unresolved.
Collapse
|
23
|
Light ND, Bailey AJ. Polymeric C-terminal cross-linked material from type-I collagen. A modified method for purification, anomalous behaviour on gel filtration, molecular weight estimation, carbohydrate content and lipid content. Biochem J 1980; 189:111-24. [PMID: 7458897 PMCID: PMC1161923 DOI: 10.1042/bj1890111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric cross-linked C-terminal peptide material (poly-alpha 1CB6) from mature bovine tendon type-I collagen was prepared and purified by a modification of the method previously described [Light & Bailey (1980) Biochem. J. 185, 373-381]. Poly-alpha 1CB6 was shown to exhibit concentration-dependent aggregation effects on gel filtration due to interaction with a filtration medium. The material had an amino acid content that was very similar to a mixture of alpha 1CB6 and alpha 1CB5. The material was shown to be polydisperse with a mol.wt. range of 50 000-350 000, but chromatographic fractions were relatively homogeneous over this molecular weight range with respect to amino-acid composition. The heterogeneity of the material was not due to incomplete CNBr peptide cleavage, as poly-alpha 1CB6 did not contain detectable quantities of methionine. The material showed no discrete bands on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis but gave a constant blue stain throughout the molecular weight range described above. Lipid analysis showed that the partially purified material contained elevated levels of stearate when compared to the crude CNBr-digested starting material. This may indicate the specific association of a stearic-acid-rich lipid with the peptide material. On carbohydrate analysis poly-alpha 1CB6 was shown to contain only galactose and glucose at levels of 0.72 and 0.28% respectively. The carbohydrate and amino acid analyses indicated that (alpha 1CB6)2-(alpha 1CB5)1 may be the basic cross-linked structural unit of poly-alpha 1CB6)2-(alpha 1CB5)1 units, although the carbohydrate analysis indicated that the higher molecular weight oligomers may be enriched in alpha 1CB6.
Collapse
|
24
|
Elsden DF, Light ND, Bailey AJ. An investigation of pyridinoline, and putative collagen cross-link. Biochem J 1980; 185:531-4. [PMID: 6772152 PMCID: PMC1161383 DOI: 10.1042/bj1850531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A component, termed pyridinoline, has been reported to be derived from 'lysine aldehyde' (2,6-diaminohexanaldehyde) and designated as the stable cross-link of mature collagen. Commerically prepared collagen and freshly obtained mature bovine tendon collagen were both investigated with regard to their pyridinoline content. Both sources of material could be depleted of this component by mild washing procedures. Pepsin-solubilized collagen and peptides derived from CNBr cleavage of intact collagen did not contain the compound. Pure pyridinoline was isolated and shown to be hydrolysed by water, as previously reported, but neither hydroxylysine nor lysine could be ds not a cross-linking component of collagen.
Collapse
|
25
|
Light ND, Bailey AJ. The chemistry of the collagen cross-links. Purification and characterization of cross-linked polymeric peptide material from mature collagen containing unknown amino acids. Biochem J 1980; 185:373-81. [PMID: 6249253 PMCID: PMC1161363 DOI: 10.1042/bj1850373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A polymeric form of the alpha 1-chain C-terminal peptide alpha 1 CB6 (poly-alpha 1 CB6) was purified from CNBr digests of insoluble bovine tendon type-I-collagen by gel filtration and ion-exchage chromatography. The purified material had a molecular weight of 1.5 x 10(6)-5 x 10(6) on gel filtration and an amino acid content virtually identical with that of monomeric peptide alpha 1 CB6. The material could be adsorbed on affinity gels containing immobilized anti-(alpha 1 CB6-peptide non-helical region) antibodies and was an inhibitor of haemagglutination by the same antibodies of alpha 1 CB6-peptide-coated sheep erythrocytes. Periodate treatment of the material had no effect. Alkali hydrolysates were shown to contain two unknown amino acids, which were purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography in volatile buffers and are believed to be components of the mature cross-link of collagen.
Collapse
|
26
|
Nicholls AC, Bailey AJ. Identification of cyanogen bromide peptides involved in intermolecular cross-linking of bovine type III collagen. Biochem J 1980; 185:195-201. [PMID: 6769428 PMCID: PMC1161284 DOI: 10.1042/bj1850195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cyanogn bromide peptides derived from bovine type III collagen and containing reducible cross-links were isolated and identified. Two peptides, alpha 1 (III)CB7 and alpha 1 (III)CB9B, from within the helical portion of the molecule were shown to contain the 'amino donor' residues cross-linked to non-helical 'aldehyde donor' residues in the formation of cross-links. This information, in conjunction with previously published data for the order of the cyanogen bromide peptides [Fietzek, Allman, Rauterberg & Wachter (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 84-86], suggests that in type III collagen intermolecular cross-links are located in the end-overlap regions, so as to stabilize a quarter-stagger arrangement of molecules within the fibre in a similar manner to that proposed for type I and type II collagens.
Collapse
|
27
|
Helseth DL, Lechner JH, Veis A. Role of the amino-terminal extrahelical region of type I collagen in directing the 4D overlap in fibrillogenesis. Biopolymers 1979. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.1979.360181208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
28
|
Light ND. Bovine type I collagen: A study of cross-linking in various mature tissues. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 581:96-105. [PMID: 508799 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(79)90225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cyanogen bromide peptides from insoluble and pepsin solubilised type I collagen of bovine bone, dentine, meniscus, tendon, skin and cornea were compared by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In each case alpha 1CB6 was shown to be the only peptide of molecular weight greater than 10 000 involved in cross-linking. The major helical peptides alpha 1CB3, alpha 1CB8, alpha 1CB7 and alpha 2CB4 were not implicated in cross-linking in any tissue either by end overlap or helix-helix interaction. The C-terminal alpha 2 chain peptide alpha 2CB3,5, which contains a large helical region, was not involved in cross-linking to any large peptides, although a slight increase in molecular weight in all tissues examined did suggest a possible interaction(s) with a very small peptide of molecular weight 4--5000.
Collapse
|
29
|
Henkel W, Rauterberg J, Glanville RW. Isolation of crosslinked peptides from insoluble human leiomyoma. The involvement of the N-terminal, non-helical region of type III collagen in intermolecular crosslinking. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 96:249-56. [PMID: 456370 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb13035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
30
|
Kivirikko KI, Myllylä R. Collagen glycosyltransferases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE RESEARCH 1979; 8:23-72. [PMID: 389860 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-363708-6.50008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
31
|
|
32
|
|
33
|
|
34
|
Horáková M, Deyl Z. Chromatographic and electrophoretic behaviour of amino acids arising from post-translational reactions in proteins. J Chromatogr A 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)93923-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
35
|
Harding JJ. Isolation and partial identification of a crosslinked peptide from bovine corneal collagen. FEBS Lett 1978; 87:251-3. [PMID: 631341 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)80344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
36
|
Abstract
A search for derivatized amino acids in proteins has shown that the extent of posttranslational modification of proteins is quite substantial. While only 20 primary amino acids are specified in the genetic code and are involved as monomer building blocks in the assembly of the polypeptide chain, about 140 amino acids and amino acid derivatives have been identified as constituents of different proteins in different organisms. A brief consideration of the questions about where and when the derivatization reactions occur, how the specificity of the reactions is established, and how the posttranslational modifications can facilitate biological processes, reveal a need for more information on all these points. Answers to these questions should represent significant contributions to our understanding of biochemistry and cell biology.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The amount and type of borohydride-reducible crosslinks in collagen have been examined as a function of animal age. In a variety of bovine, canine and human tissues the level of redicible crosslinks decreases with time and the ratios of individual compounds change. There is both tissue and species specificity in the extent of these changes. A decrease in the level of reducible crosslinks correlates with the cessation of growth. Loss of reducible crosslinks does not imply a small total number of crosslinks since physical changes with age imply the opposite. We conclude that reducible crosslinks are converted to a stable nonreducible state and the persistence of low levels of reducible crosslinks may be indicative of a low level of turnover in the tissue. Changes in ratios of reducible crosslinks are of doubtful functioal significance and may simply reflect variation in post-translational modification of lysine residues.
Collapse
|