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Zhu W, Zhou Y, Guo L, Feng S. Biological function of sialic acid and sialylation in human health and disease. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:415. [PMID: 39349440 PMCID: PMC11442784 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are predominantly found at the terminal ends of glycoproteins and glycolipids and play key roles in cellular communication and function. The process of sialylation, a form of post-translational modification, involves the covalent attachment of sialic acid to the terminal residues of oligosaccharides and glycoproteins. This modification not only provides a layer of electrostatic repulsion to cells but also serves as a receptor for various biological signaling pathways. Sialylation is involved in several pathophysiological processes. Given its multifaceted involvement in cellular functions, sialylation presents a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention. Current studies are exploring agents that target sialic acid residues on sialoglycans or the sialylation process. These efforts are particularly focused on the fields of cancer therapy, stroke treatment, antiviral strategies, and therapies for central nervous system disorders. In this review, we aimed to summarize the biological functions of sialic acid and the process of sialylation, explore their roles in various pathophysiological contexts, and discuss their potential applications in the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengen Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linjuan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China.
| | - Shenghui Feng
- Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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2
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Bose P, Jaiswal MK, Singh SK, Singh RK, Tiwari VK. Growing impact of sialic acid-containing glycans in future drug discovery. Carbohydr Res 2023; 527:108804. [PMID: 37031650 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
In nature, almost all cells are covered with a complex array of glycan chain namely sialic acids or nuraminic acids, a negatively charged nine carbon sugars which is considered for their great therapeutic importance since long back. Owing to its presence at the terminal end of lipid bilayer (commonly known as terminal sugars), the well-defined sialosides or sialoconjugates have served pivotal role on the cell surfaces and thus, the sialic acid-containing glycans can modulate and mediate a number of imperative cellular interactions. Understanding of the sialo-protein interaction and their roles in vertebrates in regard of normal physiology, pathological variance, and evolution has indeed a noteworthy journey in medicine. In this tutorial review, we present a concise overview about the structure, linkages in chemical diversity, biological significance followed by chemical and enzymatic modification/synthesis of sialic acid containing glycans. A more focus is attempted about the recent advances, opportunity, and more over growing impact of sialosides and sialoconjugates in future drug discovery and development.
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3
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Mohan S, Thompson JR, Pinto BM, Bennet AJ. Versatile synthetic route to carbocyclic N-Acetylneuraminic acid and its derivatives. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Santos-López G, Borraz-Argüello MT, Márquez-Domínguez L, Flores-Alonso JC, Ramírez-Mendoza H, Priem B, Fort S, Vallejo-Ruiz V, Reyes-Leyva J, Herrera-Camacho I. Neuraminidase activity of blue eye disease porcine rubulavirus: Specificity, affinity and inhibition studies. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:218-224. [PMID: 28502901 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine rubulavirus (PorPV), also known as La Piedad Michoacan Virus (LPMV) causes encephalitis and reproductive failure in newborn and adult pigs, respectively. The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein is the most exposed and antigenic of the virus proteins. HN plays central roles in PorPV infection; i.e., it recognizes sialic acid-containing cell receptors that mediate virus attachment and penetration; in addition, its neuraminidase (sialic acid releasing) activity has been proposed as a virulence factor. This work describes the purification and characterization of PorPV HN protein (isolate PAC1). The specificity of neuraminidase is restricted to sialyl(α2,3)lactose (3SL). HN showed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with fetuin as substrate (km=0.029μM, Vmax=522.8nmolmin-1mg-1). When 3SL was used as substrate, typical cooperative kinetics were found (S50=0.15μM, Vmax=154.3nmolmin-1mg-1). The influenza inhibitor zanamivir inhibited the PorPV neuraminidase with IC50 of 0.24μM. PorPV neuraminidase was activated by Ca2+ and inhibited by nucleoside triphosphates with the level of inhibition depending on phosphorylation level. The present results open possibilities to study the role of neuraminidase in the pathogenicity of PorPV infection and its potential inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Santos-López
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec, Puebla, Mexico.
| | - María T Borraz-Argüello
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Biotecnología Universidad Politécnica de Puebla, Calpan, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Luis Márquez-Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Flores-Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Humberto Ramírez-Mendoza
- Departamento de producción Animal Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Bernard Priem
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Fort
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Verónica Vallejo-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Metepec, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Irma Herrera-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.
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5
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Site-specific glycosylation of the Newcastle disease virus haemagglutinin-neuraminidase. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:181-197. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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McCombs JE, Diaz JP, Luebke KJ, Kohler JJ. Glycan specificity of neuraminidases determined in microarray format. Carbohydr Res 2016; 428:31-40. [PMID: 27131125 PMCID: PMC4885666 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuraminidases hydrolytically remove sialic acids from glycoconjugates. Neuraminidases are produced by both humans and their pathogens, and function in normal physiology and in pathological events. Identification of neuraminidase substrates is needed to reveal their mechanism of action, but high-throughput methods to determine glycan specificity of neuraminidases are limited. Here we use two glycan labeling reactions to monitor neuraminidase activity toward glycan substrates. While both periodate oxidation and aniline-catalyzed oxime ligation (PAL) and galactose oxidase and aniline-catalyzed oxime ligation (GAL) can be used to monitor neuraminidase activity toward glycans in microtiter plates, only GAL accurately measured neuraminidase activity toward glycans displayed on a commercial glass slide microarray. Using GAL, we confirm known linkage specificities of three pneumococcal neuraminidases and obtain new information about underlying glycan specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E McCombs
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jason P Diaz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kevin J Luebke
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jennifer J Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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7
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Alymova IV, Portner A, Mishin VP, McCullers JA, Freiden P, Taylor GL. Receptor-binding specificity of the human parainfluenza virus type 1 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein. Glycobiology 2011; 22:174-80. [PMID: 21846691 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein is utilized by human parainfluenza viruses for binding to the host cell. By the use of glycan array assays, we demonstrate that, in addition to the first catalytic-binding site, the HN of human parainfluenza virus type 1 has a second site for binding covered by N-linked glycan. Our data suggest that attachment of the first site to sialic acid (SA)-linked receptors triggers exposure of the second site. We found that both sites bind to α2-3-linked SAs with a preference for a sialyl-Lewis(x) motif. Binding to α2-3-linked SAs with a sulfated sialyl-Lewis motif as well as to α2-8-linked SAs was unique for the second binding site. Neither site recognizes α2-6-linked oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Alymova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Sialic acids are a family of nine-carbon acidic sugars found at the nonreducing terminus of many glycoconjugates. Sialidases can remove these sugar units selectively from cell surfaces, membranes, or purified glycoconjugates. In this unit, sialidase digestion of purified glycoproteins is described as is treatment of intact cells. The physical properties of the four most useful sialidases are discussed along with their relative activities against sialic acids with different modifications and in different linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Powell
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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10
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Abstract
Sialic acid, the acylated derivatives of 9-carbon sugar neuraminic acid, present as terminal component of oligosaccharide chains of many glycoproteins and glycolipids, has been recognized to be involved in the regulation of a great variety of biological phenomena. Studies have shown that serum sialic acid predicts both coronary heart disease and stroke mortality and reflects the existence or activity of an atherosclerotic process. Most of the studies have shown an elevation in serum sialic acid concentration in coronary heart disease and a positive correlation between the raised serum sialic acid and the severity of the coronary lesions is observed. However, a few contradictory reports are also available. Racial differences in serum sialic acid have also been reported and correlated with international differences in the prevalence of atherosclerosis. Reduced sialic acid content of platelets, erythrocytes and lipoproteins may play important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Elucidation of the mechanism of alternation in sialic acid concentration may throw more light on its potential clinical utility. Hence more studies are needed to designates sialic acid as a cardiovascular risk factor/marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Nigam
- Department of Cardiology, King George's Medical University, 226 003 Lucknow
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11
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Rawlinson WD, Waliuzzaman ZM, Fennell M, Appleman JR, Shimasaki CD, Carter IW. New point of care test is highly specific but less sensitive for influenza virus A and B in children and adults. J Med Virol 2004; 74:127-31. [PMID: 15258978 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The importance of rapid diagnosis of influenza has increased with the availability of neuraminidase inhibitors, which need to be commenced within 48 hr of symptom onset. Furthermore, the recent development of influenza-like clinical syndromes with novel aetiologies (severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS) has increased the need for rapid and accurate near-patient diagnosis. A new, modified point of care (POC) diagnostic test (ZstatFlu) was assessed on 469 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) and 260 nose/throat swabs (TS) taken from children and adults. The test was specific (77-98%) for all specimen types for influenza virus A and B, depending upon incubation conditions. However, it was less sensitive, detecting 65-77% of specimens confirmed as positive on culture, direct immunofluorescence or PCR testing. A positive test is useful, for both directing initiation of therapy in the clinician's office, and making a positive diagnosis of influenza in patients with influenza-like clinical syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Rawlinson
- Virology Division, Department of Microbiology, SEALS, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, and School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, Australia.
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12
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Abstract
Sialic acids are a family of nine-carbon acidic monosaccharides that occur naturally at the end of sugar chains attached to the surfaces of cells and soluble proteins. In the human body, the highest concentration of sialic acid (as N-acetylneuraminic acid) occurs in the brain where it participates as an integral part of ganglioside structure in synaptogenesis and neural transmission. Human milk also contains a high concentration of sialic acid attached to the terminal end of free oligosaccharides, but its metabolic fate and biological role are currently unknown. An important question is whether the sialic acid in human milk is a conditional nutrient and confers developmental advantages on breast-fed infants compared to those fed infant formula. In this review, we critically discuss the current state of knowledge of the biology and role of sialic acid in human milk and nervous tissue, and the link between sialic acid, breastfeeding and learning behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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13
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Bauer SH, Månsson M, Hood DW, Richards JC, Moxon ER, Schweda EK. A rapid and sensitive procedure for determination of 5-N-acetyl neuraminic acid in lipopolysaccharides of Haemophilus influenzae: a survey of 24 non-typeable H. influenzae strains. Carbohydr Res 2001; 335:251-60. [PMID: 11595219 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In view of the importance of 5-N-acetyl neuraminic acid in bacterial pathogenesis, a sensitive, reproducible and reliable method for the determination of 5-N-acetyl neuraminic acid levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is described and applied to 24 different non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) strains. The method involves analysis by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) of terminal 5-N-acetyl neuraminic acid residues released by neuraminidase treatment of O-deacylated LPS. The procedure is relatively fast and the instrumental effort is moderate. The results of the procedure were compared with data obtained by 1H NMR and electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The analysis of LPS from 24 NTHi strains showed that 5-N-acetyl neuraminic acid was found to be a common constituent of LPS in NTHi. Only one strain (NTHi 432) did not show any sialylation. Molar ratios (LPS/5-N-acetyl neuraminic acid) ranged between 5/1 and 500/1. Several strains in which no 5-N-acetyl neuraminic acid could be determined by other methods including 1H NMR and ESI-MS were shown to contain 5-N-acetyl neuraminic acid by this HPAEC-PAD procedure. The method was applied to determine levels of terminal 5-N-acetyl neuraminic acid in LPS from NTHi strains grown under different conditions and mutant strains containing inactive LPS biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Bauer
- Clinical Research Centre, Karolinska Institutet and University College of South Stockholm, NOVUM, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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14
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Powell LD, Varki AP, Freeze HH. Release of Saccharides from Glycoconjugates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; Chapter 8:Unit 8.15. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im0815s09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajit P. Varki
- La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation La Jolla California
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Burg M, Müthing J. Characterization of cytosolic sialidase from Chinese hamster ovary cells: part I: cloning and expression of soluble sialidase in Escherichia coli. Carbohydr Res 2001; 330:335-46. [PMID: 11270812 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)00294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cytosolic sialidase was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into the pGEX-2T plasmid vector encoding for glutathione S-transferase (GST). Screening revealed transformed Escherichia coli clones with the constructed plasmid encoding the CHO cell sialidase sequence. After isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction, SDS-PAGE of the total protein extracts revealed a new protein of about 70 kDa, correlating with the molecular weight of a fusion protein composed of the GST (26 kDa) and the cloned cytosolic CHO cell sialidase (43 kDa). A soluble fusion protein was purified from sonified E. coli homogenates by one-step affinity chromatography on Glutathione Sepharose 4B, which showed sialidase activity towards 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (MUF-Neu5Ac) substrate. Induction of cells with 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mM IPTG revealed highest total protein amounts after induction with 1.0 mM IPTG, but highest specific activity for affinity chromatography purified eluates from cultures induced with 0.1 mM IPTG. Therefore, large scale production was performed by inducing cells during exponential growth in a 25 L bioreactor for 3 h with 0.1 mM IPTG after chilling the cell suspension to 25 degrees C. The amount of 26.46 mg of 40-fold purified GST-sialidase with a specific activity of 0.999 U/mg protein was obtained from crude protein extracts by one-step affinity chromatography. 2-Deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac2en) and Neu5Ac were competitive inhibitors for the sialidase, the former being the more effective one using MUF-Neu5Ac as the substrate. The cytosolic sialidase is capable of desialylating a wide spectrum of different types of gangliosides using a thin-layer chromatography overlay kinetic assay without detergents. This is the subject of the accompanying paper (Müthing, J.; Burg, M. Carbohydr. Res. 2001, 330, 347-356).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Burg
- Faculty of Technology, Institute of Cell Culture Technology, University of Bielefeld, Germany
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16
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Abstract
Sialic acid has long been considered to be the sole receptor for influenza virus. The viral hemagglutinin (HA) is known to bind cell surface sialic acid, and sialic acids on viral glyco-proteins are cleaved by the viral neuraminidase (NA) to promote efficient release of progeny virus particles. However, NWS-Mvi, a mutant virus completely lacking NA, grows well in MDCK cells continuously treated with exogenous neuraminidase (sialidase). Exogenous sialidase quantitatively releases all sialic acids from purified glycoproteins and glycolipids of MDCK cells and efficiently removes surface sialic acid from intact cells. Binding of NWS-Mvi and parent influenza viruses to MDCK cells is indistinguishable, and is only partially reduced by sialidase treatment of the cells. Both mutant and wild-type viruses enter enzymatically desialylated cells and initiate transcription. The ability of influenza A reassortant viruses to infect desialylated cells is shared by recent H3N2 clinical isolates, suggesting that this may be a general property of influenza A viruses. We propose that influenza virus infection can result from sialic acid-independent receptors, either directly or in a multistage process. When sialic acid is present, it may act to enhance virus binding to the cell surface to increase interaction with secondary receptors to mediate entry. Understanding virus entry will be critical to further efforts in infection control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Stray
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA
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17
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Huang Y, Mechref Y, Novotny MV. N-linked oligosaccharide structures in the diamine oxidase from porcine kidney. Carbohydr Res 2000; 323:111-25. [PMID: 10782293 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Structures of the N-linked glycans released from porcine kidney diamine oxidase (DAO) were characterized utilizing various analytical techniques, including matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF-MS), high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE), and high-pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). The oligosaccharide sequences present in DAO were conclusively determined using specific exoglycosidases in conjunction with MALDI/TOF-MS. The structures found in the glycoprotein are primarily linear, di-, or tribranched fucosylated complex type. MS analysis of the esterified N-glycan pool derived from DAO indicated the presence of several di- and trisialylated structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA
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Chuenkova M, Pereira M, Taylor G. trans-sialidase of Trypanosoma cruzi: location of galactose-binding site(s). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 262:549-56. [PMID: 10462512 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi expresses a trans-sialidase on its surface, which catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from mammalian host glycans to its own surface glycoproteins. It has been proposed that the enzyme consists of three domains prior to a long C-terminal repeating sequence that is not required for enzyme activity. The first of these domains shares significant sequence identity with bacterial sialidases which catalyse the hydrolysis of sialic acid. Here we report the sequence of the N-terminal domains of the TS19y trans-sialidase gene, which was expressed in bacteria with the same specific activity as natural enzyme of T. cruzi. Various deletion mutants of TS19y, without the C-terminal tandem repeat, have been cloned and expressed and their trans-sialidase and sialidase activities measured. These experiments show that all three N-terminal domains are required for full trans-sialidase activity, though only the first is necessary for sialidase activity. Some transferase activity is observed, however, even with the shortest construct comprising the first N-terminal domain. Deletion mutants to probe the role of the N-terminal residues of the first domain suggest that the first 33 residues are also required for trans-sialidase activity, but not for sialidase activity. Molecular modelling of the first N-terminal domain of TS19y based on our structures of bacterial sialidases and site-directed mutations suggests the location of a galactose-binding site within this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chuenkova
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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19
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Abstract
Sialic acid (SA), N-acetylated derivatives of neuraminic acid, play a central role in the biomedical functioning of humans. The normal range of total sialic acid (TSA) level in serum/plasma is 1.58-2.22 mmol L-1, the free form of SA only constituting 0.5-3 mumol L-1 and the lipid-associated (LSA) forms 10-50 mumol L-1. Notably, considerably higher amounts of free SA are found in urine than in serum/plasma (approximately 50% of the total SA). In inherited SA storage diseases such as Salla's disease, SA levels are elevated many times over, and their determination during clinical investigation is well established. Furthermore, a number of reports describe elevated SA levels in various other diseases, tentatively suggesting broader clinical utility for SA markers. Increased SA concentrations have been reported during inflammatory processes, probably resulting from increased levels of richly sialylated acute-phase glycoproteins. A connection between increased SA levels and elevated stroke and cardiovascular mortality risk has also been reported. In addition, SA levels are slightly increased in cancer, positively correlating with the degree of metastasis, as well as in alcohol abuse, diabetes, chronic renal failure and chronic glomerulonephritis. Several different mechanisms are assumed to underlie the elevated SA concentrations in these disorders. The apparent non-specificity of SA to a given disease limits the potential clinical usefulness of SA determination. In addition, some non-pathological factors, such as aging, pregnancy and smoking, may cause changes in SA concentrations. The absolute increases in SA levels are also rather small (save those in inherited SA storage disorders); this further limits the clinical potential of SA as a marker. Tentatively, SA markers might serve as adjuncts, when combined with other markers, in disease screening, disease progression follow-up, and in the monitoring of treatment response. To become clinically useful, however, the existing SA determination assays need to be considerably refined to reduce interferences, to be specific for certain SA forms, and to be more easy to use.
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Sato K, Hanagata G, Kiso M, Hasegawa A, Suzuki Y. Specificity of the N1 and N2 sialidase subtypes of human influenza A virus for natural and synthetic gangliosides. Glycobiology 1998; 8:527-32. [PMID: 9592119 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/8.6.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialyl-linkage specificity of sialidases of the human influenza A virus strains, A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) and A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) were studied using natural and synthetic gangliosides. The sialidase of the A/Aichi/2/68 strain hydrolyzed the terminal Neu5Acalpha2-3Gal sequence but not the Neu5Acalpha2-3 linkage on the inner Gal of GM1a, which is a ganglioside that has the gangliotetraose chain (Galbeta1-3GalNAcbeta1-4-(Neu5Acalpha2-3)Galbeta1++ +-4Glcbeta1-Cer). The sialidase hydrolyzed the Neu5Ac on the inner Gal of GM2, which had a shorter gangliotriose chain. GM4, which had the shortest chain (Neu5Acalpha2-3Galbeta1-Cer) of the gangliosides, had a lower substrate specificity. The N1 and N2 sialidase subtypes of the human influenza A virus had no significant variation in their substrate specificity for the gangliosides. Analysis of 11 synthetic gangliosides, which contained various ceramide or sialic acid moieties, demonstrated that A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) sialidase recognized the ceramide and sialic acid moiety and the length and structure of the sialyl sugar chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nagoya 462, Japan
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21
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Colacino JM, Chirgadze NY, Garman E, Murti KG, Loncharich RJ, Baxter AJ, Staschke KA, Laver WG. A single sequence change destabilizes the influenza virus neuraminidase tetramer. Virology 1997; 236:66-75. [PMID: 9299618 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A single change (E119G) in the influenza A virus N9 neuraminidase (NA) results in resistance of the enzyme to the NA inhibitor 4-Guanidino-Neu5Ac2en (4-GuDANA). This change causes a salt link between Glu119, which sits in a pocket in the bottom of the active site of the enzyme, and the 4-guanidinium moiety of the inhibitor to be lost. NA "heads" of the resistant enzyme produced only a few small crystals under conditions in which the wild-type enzyme readily formed large crystals. These small crystals were of sufficient quality to yield X-ray crystallographic data which confirmed the E119G change and demonstrated the presence of electron density representing either a strong structural-water molecule or an anionic species in place of the glutamate carboxylate. NA heads of the resistant enzyme also have greatly reduced NA activity per milligram of total protein. We have now found that the mutant NA heads consist predominantly of monomers with a few dimers and tetramers, as determined by electron microscopic analysis of the protein. The low level of enzymatic activity as well as the small number of crystals obtained were probably from the few tetramers remaining intact in the preparation. The purified wild-type and 4-GuDANA-resistant enzymes were treated with the homobifunctional NHS-ester cross linker, DTSSP. SDS-PAGE analysis of the treated enzymes clearly revealed cross-linked dimers of the wild-type enzyme. In contrast, only a small proportion of the 4-GuDANA-resistant neuraminidase was cross-linked. An examination of the known X-ray crystallographic structure of the wild-type NA reveals a salt bridge between Glu119 and Arg156 of the same monomer. Arg156 is a conserved amino acid that is situated at the interface between monomers, and a salt link between this amino acid and Glu119 may contribute to the stability of enzyme tetramers. It is suggested that the E119G alteration in the 4-GuDANA-resistant NA leads to the abrogation of this interaction and thus to the instability of the NA tetramers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Colacino
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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Abstract
The determination of the 3-dimensional structure of the influenza virus neuraminidase in 1983 has served as a platform for understanding interactions between antibodies and protein antigens, for investigating antigenic variation in influenza viruses, and for devising new inhibitors of the enzyme. That work is reviewed here, together with more recent developments that have resulted in one of the inhibitors entering clinical trials as an anti-influenza virus drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Colman
- Biomolecular Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Corfield AP, Corfield CD, Veh RW, Wagner SA, Clamp JR, Schauer R. Characterization of the major and minor mucus glycoproteins from bovine submandibular gland. Glycoconj J 1991; 8:330-9. [PMID: 1841675 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two mucins were isolated from bovine submandibular glands and termed major and minor on a quantitative basis. The major mucin representing over 80% of the total glycoprotein fraction contained 37% of its dry weight as protein in contrast to 62% for the minor mucin. Differences in the amino acid composition reflected the higher proportion of typically non-glycosylated peptide in the minor mucin. The molar ratio of N-acetylgalactosamine to serine plus threonine was 0.82 in major and 0.65 in minor mucins, indicating a lower degree of substitution of potential glycosylation sites in the minor mucin. Differences in the carbohydrate composition were found largely related to the sialic acids, with higher relative amounts of N-glycoloylneuraminic acid in the minor mucin. In addition, the proportion of di-O-acetylated sialic acids was higher in the major mucin. The rate of sialidase action on the two mucins could be correlated with the content of N-glycoloylneuraminic acid in each glycoprotein. There was no difference in the type of oligosaccharide found in each mucin and the differences in relative proportions reflected the monosaccharide composition for the two mucins. Gel filtration on Sepharose CL 2B showed a lower molecular weight distribution for the minor in contrast to the major mucin which was partially excluded. Density gradient centrifugation reflected this variation. SDS-PAGE demonstrated a regular banding pattern for the major mucin with a lowest subunit size of 1.8 x 10(5) Da and aggregates in excess of 10(6) Da, while the minor mucin ranged from 3.0 x 10(5) to 10(6) Da. The chemical composition of the isolated mucins was compared with previous histochemical analysis of mucin distribution in bovine submandibular glands and indicates a possible cellular location for each mucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Corfield
- Department of Medicine, Bristol Royal Infirmary, UK
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24
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Knibbs RN, Goldstein IJ, Ratcliffe RM, Shibuya N. Characterization of the carbohydrate binding specificity of the leukoagglutinating lectin from Maackia amurensis. Comparison with other sialic acid-specific lectins. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52405-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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25
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Hedbys L, Johansson E, Mosbach K, Larsson PO, Gunnarsson A, Svensson S, Lönn H. Synthesis of Gal beta 1-3GlcNAc and Gal beta 1-3GlcNAc beta-SEt by an enzymatic method comprising the sequential use of beta-galactosidases from bovine testes and Escherichia coli. Glycoconj J 1989; 6:161-8. [PMID: 2535481 DOI: 10.1007/bf01050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gal beta 1-3GlcNAc (1) and Gal beta 1-3GlcNAc beta-SEt (2) were synthesized on a 100 mg scale by the transgalactosylation reaction of bovine testes beta-galactosidase with lactose as donor and N-acetylglucosamine and GlcNAc beta-SEt as acceptors. In both cases the product mixtures contained unwanted isomers and were treated with beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli which has a different specificity, under conditions favouring hydrolysis, yielding besides the desired products, monosaccharides and traces of trisaccharides. The products were purified to greater than 95% by gel filtration, with a final yield of 12% of 1 and 17% of 2, based on added acceptor. In a separate experiment Gal beta 1-6GlcNAc beta-SEt (3) was synthesized by the transglycosylation reaction using beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli. No other isomers were detected. Compound 3 was purified by HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hedbys
- Department of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, University of Lund, Sweden
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26
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Abstract
Sialate 9(4)-O-acetylesterases (EC 3.1.1.53) have been isolated from equine liver, bovine brain and influenza C virus. In this latter case, the esterase represents the receptor-destroying enzyme of the virus. The kinetic properties of these enzymes were determined with Neu5,9Ac2 and in part with 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate and Neu5,9Ac2-lactose. The Km values vary between 0.13 and 24 mM and the Vmax values from 0.55 to 11 U/mg of protein. The pH optima are in the range of 7.4-8.5, the molecular masses at 56,500 and 88,000 Da. In addition to a fast hydrolysis found for aromatic acetates, such as 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate or 4-nitrophenyl acetate, N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid is de-O-acetylated at the highest relative rate. Other substituents at the 9-position, such as lactoyl residues, or acetyl groups at other positions within the side chain are not hydrolyzed. Neu4,5Ac2, however, is a substrate for all 3 enzymes. The hydrolysis rates of this ester function, which renders sialic acids resistant to the action of sialidases, vary from 3 to 100% relative to Neu5,9Ac2. Whereas Neu5,9Ac2-lactose is hydrolyzed by the bovine and viral esterases, other O-acetylated sialic acids in glycoconjugates are only attacked by the enzyme from influenza C virus and not by that from bovine brain. The esterase from horse liver also releases 4-O-acetyl groups from equine submandibular gland mucin. By incubation with appropriate substrates and inhibition studies, carboxylesterase, amidase and choline esterase activities were excluded, as well as the cleavage of other acyls, e.g., butyryl groups. Thus, the enzymes investigated belong to the acetylesterases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, F.R.G
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27
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Gross HJ, Brossmer R. Asialo-?1-acid glycoprotein resialylated with 9-amino-5-N-acetyl-d-neuraminic acid is resistant towards bacterial, viral and mammalian sialidases. Glycoconj J 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01049916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Reuter G, Schauer R, Prioli R, Pereira MEA. Isolation and properties of a sialidase fromTrypanosoma rangeli. Glycoconj J 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01048367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Slepushkin VA, Bukrinskaya AG, Prokazova NV, Zhigis LS, Reshetov PD, Shaposhnikova JI, Bergelson LD. Action of influenza virus neuraminidase on gangliosides. Haemagglutinin inhibits viral neuraminidase. FEBS Lett 1985; 182:273-7. [PMID: 3979549 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The action of partly purified neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A virus, a mixture of detergent solubilized NA and haemagglutinin (HA) and of intact virions on gangliosides GT1b, GD1a, GD1b, GM1 was studied. The viral NA transformed GT1b mainly into GD1b with formation of only minor amounts of GM1. HA was found to inhibit the hydrolysis activity of viral NA. At the same time viral NA transformed GD1a quantitatively into GM1 which was not hydrolyzed by the enzyme. These results suggest that the function of NA is to transfer the 'primary' receptor (such as GT1b) into the proper carbohydrate sequence (GD1b-like) which is proposed to serve as the minimal structure required for influenza virus reception.
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Parkkinen J, Finne J. Isolation and characterization of novel phosphate-containing sialyloligosaccharides from normal human urine. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 140:427-31. [PMID: 6714239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Three phosphate-containing sialyloligosaccharides were isolated from normal human urine using charcoal adsorption, gel-filtration chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and paper chromatography. Studies including gas-liquid chromatography of monosaccharide and disaccharide derivatives, methylation analysis, phosphate determination, ion-exchange chromatography and glycosidase and phosphatase treatments indicated the following three structures for the compounds isolated: NeuAc(alpha 2-6)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(alpha)-P; NeuAc(alpha 2-3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(alpha)-P; NeuAc(alpha 2-3)Gal(beta 1-3)GalNAc(alpha)-P. These sialyloligosaccharide 1-phosphates represent a novel class of oligosaccharides. Their oligosaccharide chains are identical with the common sialyloligosaccharide end groups of glycoproteins and glycolipids. The excretion of these compounds in normal human urine may indicate the existence of a novel, as yet unrevealed pathway in the metabolism of complex carbohydrates.
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33
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Cabezas JA, Reglero A, Hannoun C. A fluorometric procedure for measuring the neuraminidase activity: its application to the determination of this activity in influenza and parainfluenza viruses. Anal Biochem 1983; 131:121-6. [PMID: 6311045 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A fluorometric procedure for quantitating the amount of N-acetylneuraminic acid enzymatically released by the neuraminidase activity from N-acetylneuraminyl-lactose (sialyl-lactose) has been developed. The liberated lactose is hydrolyzed with beta-galactosidase, and the released galactose is oxidized with galactose dehydrogenase and NAD+; finally, the NADH produced is measured by fluorometry (excitation at 340 nm and analysis of emitted light at 465 nm). The fluorometric assay is about 10-fold more sensitive than the spectrophotometric procedure that measures NADH at 340 nm. It readily measures amounts as little as 2 nmol of sialic acid, and does not require the use of radioactive isotopes. Interferences due to sucrose or other substances, which cause errors in some cases with the use of the periodate-thiobarbiturate method for neuraminidase activity determination, are avoided. The procedure reported here provides a sensitive, rapid, and relatively simple method (feasible with commercialized reagents) for measuring the neuraminidase activity not only in purified samples from different sources but also directly in biological materials such as viruses. The technique has been tested with some viruses recently isolated belonging to Orthomyxoviridae or Paramyxoviridae families, known to be rich in neuraminidase. Reciprocally, this method can also be employed for determining the sialic acid concentration in acylneuraminyl-lactose-containing compounds when using purified neuraminidase for hydrolysis.
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Corfield AP, Higa H, Paulson JC, Schauer R. The specificity of viral and bacterial sialidases for alpha(2-3)- and alpha(2-6)-linked sialic acids in glycoproteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 744:121-6. [PMID: 6301560 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(83)90080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The anomeric specificity of six sialidases (Vibrio cholerae, Arthrobacter ureafaciens, Clostridium perfringens, Newcastle disease virus, fowl plague virus and influenza A2 virus sialidases) was assessed with sialylated antifreeze glycoprotein, ovine submandibular gland glycoprotein and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, resialylated specifically in alpha(2-3) or alpha(2-6) linkage with N-acetylneuraminic acid or N-glycolylneuraminic acid using highly purified sialyltransferases. The rate of release of sialic acid from these substrates was found to correlate well with the specificity observed earlier with the same sialidases using small oligosaccharide substrates, i.e., alpha(2-3) glycosidic linkages are hydrolyzed faster than alpha(2-6) linkages, with the exception of the enzyme from A. ureafaciens. Sialidase activity was higher with N-acetylneuraminic acid when compared with N-glycolylneuraminic acid. The studies also showed that the core oligosaccharide and protein structure in glycoproteins may influence the rate of release for different glycosidic linkages.
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Van Halbeek H, Vliegenthart JF, Winterwerp H, Blanken WM, Van den Eijnden DH. alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity in calf thymus. A high-resolution 1H-NMR study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 110:124-31. [PMID: 6404250 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In calf thymus an alpha-D-galactosyltransferase activity has been detected that transfers galactosyl residues from UDP-galactose to suitable acceptors having galactose at the non-reducing terminus. For example, incubation of UDP-[14C]galactose and Gal beta(1 leads to 4) GlcNAc (N-acetyllactosamine) in the presence of a calf thymus cell-free suspension containing this galactosyltransferase activity resulted in the enzymic synthesis of a 14C-labelled trisaccharide. 500-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopic analysis revealed the structure of the trisaccharide to be: Gal alpha (1 leads to 3) Gal beta (1 leads to 4) GlcNAc. This study illustrates the suitability of the 1H-NMR method for the analysis of enzymic conversions of carbohydrate chains.
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