1
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Zhu L, Song L, Zheng C, Wang N, Xue C, Shen Z, Huang X. Intracellular nonenzymatic in situ growth of layered nanosheet DNA architectures based on palindrome-chained dumbbell probes for miRNA imaging. Talanta 2024; 277:126333. [PMID: 38850801 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) represents a class of important potential biomarkers, and their intracellular imaging is extremely useful for fundamental research and early diagnosis of human cancers. Hybridization chain reaction (HCR) has been shown to be effective in detecting miRNA in living cells. However, its practical applications are still hampered by inefficient reaction kinetics and poor biological stability under complex intracellular conditions. To address these issues, we report a palindrome-mediated multiple hybridization chain reaction (P-HCR) system to better visualize intracellular miRNAs. In the presence of the target miRNA, a layered nanosheet DNA architecture (LSDA) can be assembled in situ via the palindrome-mediated multiple HCR process. We demonstrate that the biological stability of this reaction system could be significantly improved by designing the probes to dumbbell-shaped structures and the distance of hairpins was effectively decreased due to palindrome-chained effect. Consequently, miRNA can be quantitatively identified even at extremely low concentrations of 4.7 pM. The P-HCR system can effectively differentiate the expression levels of miRNA in different tumor cells and normal cells, as demonstrated in live cell tests and the results were in agreement with the PCR, which is considered the gold standard. The new (P-HCR) system has the potential to revolutionize miRNA imaging in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingye Zhu
- Pulmonary Division, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China; Emergency and Critical Care Center, Intensive Care Unit, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lanlan Song
- Pulmonary Division, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- Pulmonary Division, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Pulmonary Division, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Chang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Zhifa Shen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Pulmonary Division, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Interdiscipline and Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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2
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Alam I, Boonkoom T, Pitakjakpipop H, Boonbanjong P, Loha K, Saeyang T, Vanichtanankul J, Japrung D. Single-Molecule Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Double-Stranded Polynucleotides Using Solid-State Nanopore with AI-Assisted Detection and Classification: Implications for Understanding Disease Severity. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:1017-1027. [PMID: 38194666 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
This study utilized solid-state nanopores, combined with artificial intelligence (AI), to analyze the double-stranded polynucleotides encoding angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, receptor-binding domain, and N protein, important parts of SARS-CoV-2 infection. By examining ionic current signals during DNA translocation, we revealed the dynamic interactions and structural characteristics of these nucleotide sequences and also quantified their abundance. Nanopores of sizes 3 and 10 nm were efficiently fabricated and characterized, ensuring an optimal experimental approach. Our results showed a clear relationship between DNA capture rates and concentration, proving our method's effectiveness. Notably, longer DNA sequences had higher capture rates, suggesting their importance for potential disease marker analysis. The 3 nm nanopore demonstrated superior performance in our DNA analysis. Using dwell time measurements and excluded currents, we were able to distinguish the longer DNA fragments, paving the way for a DNA length-based analysis. Overall, our research underscores the potential of nanopore technology, enhanced with AI, in analyzing COVID-19-related DNA and its implications for understanding disease severity. This provides insight into innovative diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrar Alam
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Thitikorn Boonkoom
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Harit Pitakjakpipop
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Poramin Boonbanjong
- Program in Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kawin Loha
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Thanaya Saeyang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jarunee Vanichtanankul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Deanpen Japrung
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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3
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Hawkins DEDP, Bayfield O, Fung HKH, Grba DN, Huet A, Conway J, Antson AA. Insights into a viral motor: the structure of the HK97 packaging termination assembly. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:7025-7035. [PMID: 37293963 PMCID: PMC10359639 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded DNA viruses utilise machinery, made of terminase proteins, to package viral DNA into the capsid. For cos bacteriophage, a defined signal, recognised by small terminase, flanks each genome unit. Here we present the first structural data for a cos virus DNA packaging motor, assembled from the bacteriophage HK97 terminase proteins, procapsids encompassing the portal protein, and DNA containing a cos site. The cryo-EM structure is consistent with the packaging termination state adopted after DNA cleavage, with DNA density within the large terminase assembly ending abruptly at the portal protein entrance. Retention of the large terminase complex after cleavage of the short DNA substrate suggests that motor dissociation from the capsid requires headful pressure, in common with pac viruses. Interestingly, the clip domain of the 12-subunit portal protein does not adhere to C12 symmetry, indicating asymmetry induced by binding of the large terminase/DNA. The motor assembly is also highly asymmetric, showing a ring of 5 large terminase monomers, tilted against the portal. Variable degrees of extension between N- and C-terminal domains of individual subunits suggest a mechanism of DNA translocation driven by inter-domain contraction and relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy E D P Hawkins
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Oliver W Bayfield
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Herman K H Fung
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel N Grba
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Alexis Huet
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - James F Conway
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Alfred A Antson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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4
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Street STG, Chrenek J, Harniman RL, Letwin K, Mantell JM, Borucu U, Willerth SM, Manners I. Length-Controlled Nanofiber Micelleplexes as Efficient Nucleic Acid Delivery Vehicles. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19799-19812. [PMID: 36260789 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Micelleplexes show great promise as effective polymeric delivery systems for nucleic acids. Although studies have shown that spherical micelleplexes can exhibit superior cellular transfection to polyplexes, to date there has been no report on the effects of micelleplex morphology on cellular transfection. In this work, we prepared precision, length-tunable poly(fluorenetrimethylenecarbonate)-b-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PFTMC16-b-PDMAEMA131) nanofiber micelleplexes and compared their properties and transfection activity to those of the equivalent nanosphere micelleplexes and polyplexes. We studied the DNA complexation process in detail via a range of techniques including cryo-transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and ζ-potential measurements, thereby examining how nanofiber micelleplexes form, as well the key differences that exist compared to nanosphere micelleplexes and polyplexes in terms of DNA loading and colloidal stability. The effects of particle morphology and nanofiber length on the transfection and cell viability of U-87 MG glioblastoma cells with a luciferase plasmid were explored, revealing that short nanofiber micelleplexes (length < ca. 100 nm) were the most effective delivery vehicle examined, outperforming nanosphere micelleplexes, polyplexes, and longer nanofiber micelleplexes as well as the Lipofectamine 2000 control. This study highlights the potential importance of 1D micelleplex morphologies for achieving optimal transfection activity and provides a fundamental platform for the future development of more effective polymeric nucleic acid delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T G Street
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.,Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Josie Chrenek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Keiran Letwin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Judith M Mantell
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
| | - Ufuk Borucu
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K.,GW4 Facility for High-Resolution Electron Cryo-Microscopy, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol BS8 1TQ, U.K
| | - Stephanie M Willerth
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ian Manners
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
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5
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Abstract
Graphene liquid-cell electron microscopy reveals intermediate states of self-assembly—in this example, DNA when single strands form double helices. Molecules are observed for up to minutes at a time without apparent beam damage when electron energy and electron dose are low. Simultaneous in situ single-molecule imaging of conformational adaptations and motion gives more comprehensive understanding of self-assembly successes, failures, and error-producing mechanisms, confirming some earlier predictions and also presenting surprises. Loop intermediates were observed to facilitate error correction. Hybridization events accompany enhanced translational mobility and mechanistically specific persistent rotation. The information obtained goes beyond that from other single-molecule methods. Traditional single-molecule methods do not report whole-molecule kinetic conformations, and their adaptive shape changes during the process of self-assembly. Here, using graphene liquid-cell electron microscopy with electrons of low energy at low dose, we show that this approach resolves the time dependence of conformational adaptations of macromolecules for times up to minutes, the resolution determined by motion blurring, with DNA as the test case. Single-stranded DNA molecules are observed in real time as they hybridize near the solid surface to form double-stranded helices; we contrast molecules the same length but differing in base-pair microstructure (random, blocky, and palindromic hairpin) whose key difference is that random sequences possess only one stable final state, but the others offer metastable intermediate structures. Hybridization is observed to couple with enhanced translational mobility and torsion-induced rotation of the molecule. Prevalent transient loops are observed in error-correction processes. Transient melting and other failed encounters are observed in the competitive binding of multiple single-stranded molecules. Among the intermediate states reported here, some were predicted but not observed previously, and the high incidence of looping and enhanced mobility come as surprises. The error-producing mechanisms, failed encounters, and transient intermediate states would not be easily resolved by traditional single-molecule methods. The methods generalize to visualize motions and interactions of other organic macromolecules.
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6
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Dorfman KD. The Statistical Segment Length of DNA: Opportunities for Biomechanical Modeling in Polymer Physics and Next-Generation Genomics. J Biomech Eng 2018; 140:2653367. [PMID: 28857114 PMCID: PMC5816256 DOI: 10.1115/1.4037790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of bright bisintercalating dyes for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the 1990s, most notably YOYO-1, revolutionized the field of polymer physics in the ensuing years. These dyes, in conjunction with modern molecular biology techniques, permit the facile observation of polymer dynamics via fluorescence microscopy and thus direct tests of different theories of polymer dynamics. At the same time, they have played a key role in advancing an emerging next-generation method known as genome mapping in nanochannels. The effect of intercalation on the bending energy of DNA as embodied by a change in its statistical segment length (or, alternatively, its persistence length) has been the subject of significant controversy. The precise value of the statistical segment length is critical for the proper interpretation of polymer physics experiments and controls the phenomena underlying the aforementioned genomics technology. In this perspective, we briefly review the model of DNA as a wormlike chain and a trio of methods (light scattering, optical or magnetic tweezers, and atomic force microscopy (AFM)) that have been used to determine the statistical segment length of DNA. We then outline the disagreement in the literature over the role of bisintercalation on the bending energy of DNA, and how a multiscale biomechanical approach could provide an important model for this scientifically and technologically relevant problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Dorfman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and
Materials Science,
University of Minnesota—Twin Cities,
421 Washington Ave SE,
Minneapolis, MN 55455
e-mail:
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7
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Fernandez-Castanon J, Bomboi F, Rovigatti L, Zanatta M, Paciaroni A, Comez L, Porcar L, Jafta CJ, Fadda GC, Bellini T, Sciortino F. Small-angle neutron scattering and molecular dynamics structural study of gelling DNA nanostars. J Chem Phys 2017; 145:084910. [PMID: 27586949 DOI: 10.1063/1.4961398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA oligomers with properly designed sequences self-assemble into well defined constructs. Here, we exploit this methodology to produce bulk quantities of tetravalent DNA nanostars (each one composed of 196 nucleotides) and to explore the structural signatures of their aggregation process. We report small-angle neutron scattering experiments focused on the evaluation of both the form factor and the temperature evolution of the scattered intensity at a nanostar concentration where the system forms a tetravalent equilibrium gel. We also perform molecular dynamics simulations of one isolated tetramer to evaluate the form factor numerically, without resorting to any approximate shape. The numerical form factor is found to be in very good agreement with the experimental one. Simulations predict an essentially temperature-independent form factor, offering the possibility to extract the effective structure factor and its evolution during the equilibrium gelation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Bomboi
- Sapienza-Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - L Rovigatti
- Rudolf Peierls C.T.P., University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - M Zanatta
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Perugia, Via Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Paciaroni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Perugia, Via Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - L Comez
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Perugia, Via Pascoli, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - L Porcar
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - C J Jafta
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - G C Fadda
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, LLB, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - T Bellini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - F Sciortino
- Sapienza-Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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8
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Mansfield ML, Tsortos A, Douglas JF. Persistent draining crossover in DNA and other semi-flexible polymers: Evidence from hydrodynamic models and extensive measurements on DNA solutions. J Chem Phys 2016; 143:124903. [PMID: 26429037 DOI: 10.1063/1.4930918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the scaling theory of polymer solutions has had many successes, this type of argument is deficient when applied to hydrodynamic solution properties. Since the foundation of polymer science, it has been appreciated that measurements of polymer size from diffusivity, sedimentation, and solution viscosity reflect a convolution of effects relating to polymer geometry and the strength of the hydrodynamic interactions within the polymer coil, i.e., "draining." Specifically, when polymers are expanded either by self-excluded volume interactions or inherent chain stiffness, the hydrodynamic interactions within the coil become weaker. This means there is no general relationship between static and hydrodynamic size measurements, e.g., the radius of gyration and the hydrodynamic radius. We study this problem by examining the hydrodynamic properties of duplex DNA in solution over a wide range of molecular masses both by hydrodynamic modeling using a numerical path-integration method and by comparing with extensive experimental observations. We also considered how excluded volume interactions influence the solution properties of DNA and confirm that excluded volume interactions are rather weak in duplex DNA in solution so that the simple worm-like chain model without excluded volume gives a good leading-order description of DNA for molar masses up to 10(7) or 10(8) g/mol or contour lengths between 5 μm and 50 μm. Since draining must also depend on the detailed chain monomer structure, future work aiming to characterize polymers in solution through hydrodynamic measurements will have to more carefully consider the relation between chain molecular structure and hydrodynamic solution properties. In particular, scaling theory is inadequate for quantitative polymer characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc L Mansfield
- Bingham Research Center, Utah State University, Vernal, Utah 84078, USA
| | - Achilleas Tsortos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jack F Douglas
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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9
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de Ghellinck A, Schaller H, Laux V, Haertlein M, Sferrazza M, Maréchal E, Wacklin H, Jouhet J, Fragneto G. Production and analysis of perdeuterated lipids from Pichia pastoris cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92999. [PMID: 24747350 PMCID: PMC3991571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Probing molecules using perdeuteration (i.e deuteration in which all hydrogen atoms are replaced by deuterium) is extremely useful in a wide range of biophysical techniques. In the case of lipids, the synthesis of the biologically relevant unsaturated perdeuterated lipids is challenging and not usually pursued. In this work, perdeuterated phospholipids and sterols from the yeast Pichia pastoris grown in deuterated medium are extracted and analyzed as derivatives by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry respectively. When yeast cells are grown in a deuterated environment, the phospholipid homeostasis is maintained but the fatty acid unsaturation level is modified while the ergosterol synthesis is not affected by the deuterated culture medium. Our results confirm that the production of well defined natural unsaturated perdeuterated lipids is possible and gives also new insights about the process of desaturase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis de Ghellinck
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France
- Service des polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hubert Schaller
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Michele Sferrazza
- Service des polymères, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de physiologie cellulaire et végétale, CNRS/CEA/Univ. Grenoble Alpes/INRA, Grenoble, France
| | - Hanna Wacklin
- European Spallation Source ESS AB, Lund, Sweden
- Chemistry Department, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de physiologie cellulaire et végétale, CNRS/CEA/Univ. Grenoble Alpes/INRA, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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10
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Tree DR, Muralidhar A, Doyle PS, Dorfman KD. Is DNA a Good Model Polymer? Macromolecules 2013; 46:10.1021/ma401507f. [PMID: 24347685 PMCID: PMC3859536 DOI: 10.1021/ma401507f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The details surrounding the cross-over from wormlike-specific to universal polymeric behavior has been the subject of debate and confusion even for the simple case of a dilute, unconfined wormlike chain. We have directly computed the polymer size, form factor, free energy and Kirkwood diffusivity for unconfined wormlike chains as a function of molecular weight, focusing on persistence lengths and effective widths that represent single-stranded and double-stranded DNA in a high ionic strength buffer. To do so, we use a chain-growth Monte Carlo algorithm, the Pruned-Enriched Rosenbluth Method (PERM), which allows us to estimate equilibrium and near-equilibrium dynamic properties of wormlike chains over an extremely large range of contour lengths. From our calculations, we find that very large DNA chains (≈ 1,000,000 base pairs depending on the choice of size metric) are required to reach flexible, swollen non-draining coils. Furthermore, our results indicate that the commonly used model polymer λ-DNA (48,500 base pairs) does not exhibit "ideal" scaling, but exists in the middle of the transition to long-chain behavior. We subsequently conclude that typical DNA used in experiments are too short to serve as an accurate model of long-chain, universal polymer behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R. Tree
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota
| | - Abhiram Muralidhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota
| | - Patrick S. Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Kevin D. Dorfman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota
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11
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Kurz V, Nelson EM, Shim J, Timp G. Direct visualization of single-molecule translocations through synthetic nanopores comparable in size to a molecule. ACS NANO 2013; 7:4057-69. [PMID: 23607372 DOI: 10.1021/nn400182s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A nanopore is the ultimate analytical tool. It can be used to detect DNA, RNA, oligonucleotides, and proteins with submolecular sensitivity. This extreme sensitivity is derived from the electric signal associated with the occlusion that develops during the translocation of the analyte across a membrane through a pore immersed in electrolyte. A larger occluded volume results in an improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio, and so the pore geometry should be made comparable to the size of the target molecule. However, the pore geometry also affects the electric field, the charge density, the electro-osmotic flow, the capture volume, and the response time. Seeking an optimal pore geometry, we tracked the molecular motion in three dimensions with high resolution, visualizing with confocal microscopy the fluorescence associated with DNA translocating through nanopores with diameters comparable to the double helix, while simultaneously measuring the pore current. Measurements reveal single molecules translocating across the membrane through the pore commensurate with the observation of a current blockade. To explain the motion of the molecule near the pore, finite-element simulations were employed that account for diffusion, electrophoresis, and the electro-osmotic flow. According to this analysis, detection using a nanopore comparable in diameter to the double helix represents a compromise between sensitivity, capture volume, the minimum detectable concentration, and response time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Kurz
- Departments of Electrical Engineering and Biological Science, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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12
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Dorfman KD, King SB, Olson DW, Thomas JDP, Tree DR. Beyond gel electrophoresis: microfluidic separations, fluorescence burst analysis, and DNA stretching. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2584-667. [PMID: 23140825 PMCID: PMC3595390 DOI: 10.1021/cr3002142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Dorfman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota — Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Phone: 1-612-624-5560. Fax: 1-612-626-7246
| | - Scott B. King
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota — Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Phone: 1-612-624-5560. Fax: 1-612-626-7246
| | - Daniel W. Olson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota — Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Phone: 1-612-624-5560. Fax: 1-612-626-7246
| | - Joel D. P. Thomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota — Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Phone: 1-612-624-5560. Fax: 1-612-626-7246
| | - Douglas R. Tree
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota — Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Phone: 1-612-624-5560. Fax: 1-612-626-7246
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13
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Mirsaidov U, Comer J, Dimitrov V, Aksimentiev A, Timp G. Slowing the translocation of double-stranded DNA using a nanopore smaller than the double helix. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:395501. [PMID: 20808032 PMCID: PMC3170403 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/39/395501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is now possible to slow and trap a single molecule of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), by stretching it using a nanopore, smaller in diameter than the double helix, in a solid-state membrane. By applying an electric force larger than the threshold for stretching, dsDNA can be impelled through the pore. Once a current blockade associated with a translocating molecule is detected, the electric field in the pore is switched in an interval less than the translocation time to a value below the threshold for stretching. According to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, this leaves the dsDNA stretched in the pore constriction with the base-pairs tilted, while the B-form canonical structure is preserved outside the pore. In this configuration, the translocation velocity is substantially reduced from 1 bp/10 ns to approximately 1 bp/2 ms in the extreme, potentially facilitating high fidelity reads for sequencing, precise sorting, and high resolution (force) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkur Mirsaidov
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Mirsaidov UM, Wang D, Timp W, Timp G. Molecular diagnostics for personal medicine using a nanopore. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 2:367-81. [PMID: 20564464 PMCID: PMC5523111 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanotechnology has created the ultimate analytical tool: a nanopore with single molecule sensitivity. This tool offers the intriguing possibility of high-throughput, low cost sequencing of DNA with the absolute minimum of material and preprocessing. The exquisite single molecule sensitivity obviates the need for costly and error-prone procedures like polymerase chain reaction amplification. Instead, nanopore sequencing relies on the electric signal that develops when a DNA molecule translocates through a pore in a membrane. If each base pair has a characteristic electrical signature, then ostensibly a pore could be used to analyze the sequence by reporting all of the signatures in a single read without resorting to multiple DNA copies. The potential for a long read length combined with high translocation velocity should make resequencing inexpensive and allow for haplotyping and methylation profiling in a chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkur M Mirsaidov
- Stinson-Remick Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Timp W, Mirsaidov UM, Wang D, Comer J, Aksimentiev A, Timp G. Nanopore Sequencing: Electrical Measurements of the Code of Life. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 9:281-294. [PMID: 21572978 PMCID: PMC3092306 DOI: 10.1109/tnano.2010.2044418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sequencing a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) using a nanopore is a revolutionary concept because it combines the potential for long read lengths (>5 kbp) with high speed (1 bp/10 ns), while obviating the need for costly amplification procedures due to the exquisite single molecule sensitivity. The prospects for implementing this concept seem bright. The cost savings from the removal of required reagents, coupled with the speed of nanopore sequencing places the $1000 genome within grasp. However, challenges remain: high fidelity reads demand stringent control over both the molecular configuration in the pore and the translocation kinetics. The molecular configuration determines how the ions passing through the pore come into contact with the nucleotides, while the translocation kinetics affect the time interval in which the same nucleotides are held in the constriction as the data is acquired. Proteins like α-hemolysin and its mutants offer exquisitely precise self-assembled nanopores and have demonstrated the facility for discriminating individual nucleotides, but it is currently difficult to design protein structure ab initio, which frustrates tailoring a pore for sequencing genomic DNA. Nanopores in solid-state membranes have been proposed as an alternative because of the flexibility in fabrication and ease of integration into a sequencing platform. Preliminary results have shown that with careful control of the dimensions of the pore and the shape of the electric field, control of DNA translocation through the pore is possible. Furthermore, discrimination between different base pairs of DNA may be feasible. Thus, a nanopore promises inexpensive, reliable, high-throughput sequencing, which could thrust genomic science into personal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston Timp
- Center for Epigenetics, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21205 USA
| | | | - Deqiang Wang
- University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556 USA
| | | | - Aleksei Aksimentiev
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Gregory Timp
- University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556 USA
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16
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Pabst G, Kucerka N, Nieh MP, Rheinstädter MC, Katsaras J. Applications of neutron and X-ray scattering to the study of biologically relevant model membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:460-79. [PMID: 20361949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Scattering techniques, in particular electron, neutron and X-ray scattering have played a major role in elucidating the static and dynamic structure of biologically relevant membranes. Importantly, neutron and X-ray scattering have evolved to address new sample preparations that better mimic biological membranes. In this review, we will report on some of the latest model membrane results, and the neutron and X-ray techniques that were used to obtain them.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pabst
- Institute of Biophysics and Nanosystems Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-8042 Graz, Austria
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Dimitrov V, Mirsaidov U, Wang D, Sorsch T, Mansfield W, Miner J, Klemens F, Cirelli R, Yemenicioglu S, Timp G. Nanopores in solid-state membranes engineered for single molecule detection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:065502. [PMID: 20061599 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/6/065502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A nanopore is an analytical tool with single molecule sensitivity. For detection, a nanopore relies on the electrical signal that develops when a molecule translocates through it. However, the detection sensitivity can be adversely affected by noise and the frequency response. Here, we report measurements of the frequency and noise performance of nanopores </=8 nm in diameter in membranes compatible with semiconductor processing. We find that both the high frequency and noise performance are compromised by parasitic capacitances. From the frequency response we extract the parameters of lumped element models motivated by the physical structure that elucidates the parasitics, and then we explore four strategies for improving the electrical performance. We reduce the parasitic membrane capacitances using: (1) thick Si(3)N(4) membranes; (2) miniaturized composite membranes consisting of Si(3)N(4) and polyimide; (3) miniaturized membranes formed from metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors; and (4) capacitance compensation through external circuitry, which has been used successfully for patch clamping. While capacitance compensation provides a vast improvement in the high frequency performance, mitigation of the parasitic capacitance through miniaturization offers the most promising route to high fidelity electrical discrimination of single molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dimitrov
- 3041 Beckman Institute, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Kundu S, Langevin D, Lee LT. Neutron reflectivity study of the complexation of DNA with lipids and surfactants at the surface of water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:12347-12353. [PMID: 18828609 DOI: 10.1021/la801465p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Complexation of lipids and surfactants with short DNA fragments at the air-water interface has been studied by neutron reflectivity. Complexation with zwitterionic lipids occurs in the presence of divalent cations, and ion specificity has been demonstrated (binding is less effective with Ba2+ than with Mg2+ or Ca2+). One and two DNA layers have been observed for dilute and more compact lipid monolayers, respectively. Two DNA layers have also been found with the soluble cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), except close to the precipitation boundary. This result is opposite to that found in ellipsometry where very thick layers are found in this region. It is possible that the ellipsometry signal is due to highly hydrated bulk complexes adsorbing at the surface, not seen by neutrons because of unfavorable contrast conditions. Long DNA was found to be less keen to form surface complexes than short DNA fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kundu
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris Sud, CNRS, UMR, Orsay, France
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Swami A, Espinosa G, Guillot S, Raspaud E, Boué F, Langevin D. Confinement of DNA in water-in-oil microemulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:11828-11833. [PMID: 18823088 DOI: 10.1021/la802233e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The study of systems that allow DNA condensation in confined environments is an important task in producing cell-mimicking microreactors capable of biochemical activities. The water droplets formed in water-in-oil emulsions are potentially good candidates for such microcompartments. The anionic surfactant AOT was used here to stabilize the droplets. We have studied in detail the DNA distribution and the structural modifications of these microemulsion drops by varying the concentration and molecular weight of DNA and using various techniques such as light, X-ray, and neutron scattering, electrical conductivity, and surface tension. DNA induces the formation of large drops into which it is internalized. The size of these drops depends on the amount of DNA dissolved in water as well as on its molecular weight. The local DNA concentration is very high (>100 mg/mL). The large drops coexist with small empty drops (not containing DNA), similar to those found in the DNA-free microemulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Swami
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, UMR 8502 Universite Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
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20
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Sen R, Dasgupta D. Conformational changes of E. coli RNA polymerase during transcription initiation. Biophys Chem 1996; 57:269-78. [PMID: 8573680 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(95)00065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli RNA polymerase-promoter complex undergoes a multistep process to initiate transcription. We have employed fluorescence spectroscopic approaches to detect the conformational states of the enzyme during this multistep process. A fluorescence assay based on the measurement of fluorescence of free and promoter-bound enzyme as a function of temperature within the range of 4 to 37 degrees C showed that, starting with initial 'closed complex', there are conformationally two distinct intermediate states of the polymerase till it attains the final form required for transcription initiation. The equilibrium from closed complex (RPc) to open complex (RPo) consists of at least the following two intermediate complexes: [formula: see text] Higher order structure of RNAP in each of these complexes was probed by means of measurement of accessibilities of the tryptophan fluorophores to the acrylamide. In the next part of the study, TbGTP, a fluorescent substrate, has been used to probe the state of active site in the enzyme for the complexes RPc, RPi1, RPi2 and RPo, respectively. From the comparison of changes in the parameters such as, fluorescence polarization anisotropy of TbGTP and its accessibility to the neutral quencher, acrylamide, in free and promoter-bound enzyme, we have further substantiated the first part of our results. Together these results suggest that formations of RPc and RPi1 do not involve radical conformational changes in the enzyme, while the enzyme undergoes major change in conformation in the steps RPil-->RPi2 and RPi2-->RPo. The strong tryptophan promoter cloned in plasmid pDR720 was chosen as a model promoter in these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sen
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Calcutta, India
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Eisenberg H. Thermodynamics and the structure of biological macromolecules. Rozhinkes mit mandeln. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 187:7-22. [PMID: 2404761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this review, I will discuss the role of thermodynamics in both the determination and evaluation of the structure of biological macromolecules. The presentation relates to the historical context, state-of-the-art and projection into the future. Fundamental features relate to the effect of charge, exemplified in the study of synthetic and natural polyelectrolytes. Hydrogen bonding and water structure constitute basic aspects of the medium in which biological reactions occur. Viscosity is a classical tool to determine the shape and size of biological macromolecules. The thermodynamic analysis of multicomponent systems is essential fo the correct understanding of the behavior of biological macromolecules in solution and for the evaluation of results from powerful experimental techniques such as ultracentrifugation, light, X-ray and neutron scattering. The hydration, shape and flexibility of DNA have been studied, as well as structural transitions in nucleosomes and chromatin. A particularly rewarding field of activity is the study of unusual structural features of enzymes isolated from the extreme halophilic bacteria of the Dead Sea, which have adapted to saturated concentrations of salt. Future studies in various laboratories will concentrate on nucleic-acid--protein interactions and on the so-called 'crowding effect', distinguishing the behavior in bacteria, or other cells, from simple test-tube experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Eisenberg
- Department of Polymer Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Heumann H, Lederer H, Baer G, May RP, Kjems JK, Crespi HL. Spatial arrangement of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli and DNA in the specific complex. A neutron small angle scattering study. J Mol Biol 1988; 201:115-25. [PMID: 3047395 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we demonstrate that neutron small angle scattering is a suitable method to study the spatial arrangement of large specific protein-DNA complexes. We studied the complex of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli and a 130 base-pair DNA fragment containing the strong promoter A1 of bacteriophage T7. Contrast variation of the complex with deuterium allowed us to "visualize" either RNA polymerase, or DNA, or both components in situ. From the corresponding scattering curves information was derived about: (1) Conformational changes of RNA polymerase and DNA by complex formation: comparison of the scattering profiles of the isolated and complexed components showed that by specific complex formation the cross-section of RNA polymerase decreases, while the DNA fragment does not undergo a gross conformational change. (2) The spatial arrangement of RNA polymerase and DNA in the specific complex from the cross-sectional radii of gyration of the complex the normal distance dn between the centre of gravity of the RNA polymerase and the axis of the DNA fragment was derived as 5.0 (+/- 0.3) nm. On the basis of these and footprinting data a low resolution model of the RNA polymerase-promoter complex is proposed. The main feature of this model is the positioning of RNA polymerase to only one side of the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Heumann
- Max-Planck-Institut fuer Biochemie, Martinsried, FRG
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