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Lu JQ, Wong KB, Shaw PC. A Sixty-Year Research and Development of Trichosanthin, a Ribosome-Inactivating Protein. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:178. [PMID: 35324675 PMCID: PMC8950148 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tian Hua Fen, a herbal powder extract that contains trichosanthin (TCS), was used as an abortifacient in traditional Chinese medicine. In 1972, TCS was purified to alleviate the side effects. Because of its clinical applications, TCS became one of the most active research areas in the 1960s to the 1980s in China. These include obtaining the sequence information in the 1980s and the crystal structure in 1995. The replication block of TCS on human immunodeficiency virus in lymphocytes and macrophages was found in 1989 and started a new chapter of its development. Clinical studies were subsequently conducted. TCS was also found to have the potential for gastric and colorectal cancer treatment. Studies on its mechanism showed TCS acts as an rRNA N-glycosylase (EC 3.2.2.22) by hydrolyzing and depurinating A-4324 in α-sarcin/ricin loop on 28S rRNA of rat ribosome. Its interaction with acidic ribosomal stalk proteins was revealed in 2007, and its trafficking in mammalian cells was elucidated in the 2000s. The adverse drug reactions, such as inducing immune responses, short plasma half-life, and non-specificity, somehow became the obstacles to its usage. Immunotoxins, sequence modification, or coupling with polyethylene glycerol and dextran were developed to improve the pharmacological properties. TCS has nicely shown the scientific basis of traditional Chinese medicine and how its research and development have expanded the knowledge and applications of ribosome-inactivating proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Lu
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (K.-B.W.)
| | - Kam-Bo Wong
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (K.-B.W.)
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; (J.-Q.L.); (K.-B.W.)
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R&D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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2
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Lapadula WJ, Ayub MJ. Ribosome Inactivating Proteins from an evolutionary perspective. Toxicon 2017; 136:6-14. [PMID: 28651991 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs) are rRNA N-glycosidases that inhibit protein synthesis through the elimination of a single adenine residue from 28S rRNA. Many of these toxins have been characterized in depth from a biochemical and molecular point of view. In addition, their potential use in medicine as highly selective toxins is being explored. In contrast, the evolutionary history of RIP encoding genes has remained traditionally underexplored. In recent years, accumulation of large genomic data has fueled research on this issue and revealed unexpected information about the origin and evolution of RIP toxins. In this review we summarize the current evidence available on the occurrence of different evolutionary mechanisms (gene duplication and losses, horizontal gene transfer, synthesis de novo and domain combination) involved in the evolution of the RIP gene family. Finally, we propose a revised nomenclature for RIP genes based on their evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Jesús Lapadula
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis, IMIBIO-SL-CONICET, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina.
| | - Maximiliano Juri Ayub
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis, IMIBIO-SL-CONICET, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina.
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3
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Bolognesi A, Bortolotti M, Battelli MG, Polito L. Hyperuricaemia, Xanthine Oxidoreductase and Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins from Plants: The Contributions of Fiorenzo Stirpe to Frontline Research. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020206. [PMID: 28134797 PMCID: PMC6155646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymes called ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) that are able to depurinate nucleic acids and arrest vital cellular functions, including protein synthesis, are still a frontline research field, mostly because of their promising medical applications. The contributions of Stirpe to the development of these studies has been one of the most relevant. After a short biographical introduction, an overview is offered of the main results obtained by his investigations during last 55 years on his main research lines: hyperuricaemia, xanthine oxidoreductase and RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Giulia Battelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Schrot J, Weng A, Melzig MF. Ribosome-inactivating and related proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1556-615. [PMID: 26008228 PMCID: PMC4448163 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxins that act as N-glycosidases (EC 3.2.2.22). They are mainly produced by plants and classified as type 1 RIPs and type 2 RIPs. There are also RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be grouped into the classical type 1 and type 2 RIPs because of their different sizes, structures or functions. In addition, there is still not a uniform nomenclature or classification existing for RIPs. In this review, we give the current status of all known plant RIPs and we make a suggestion about how to unify those RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be classified as type 1 or type 2 RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schrot
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weng
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias F Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Xu KD, Chang YX, Zhang J, Wang PL, Wu JX, Li YY, Wang XW, Wang W, Liu K, Zhang Y, Yu DS, Liao LB, Li Y, Ma SY, Tan GX, Li CW. A lower pH value benefits regeneration of Trichosanthes kirilowii by somatic embryogenesis, involving rhizoid tubers (RTBs), a novel structure. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8823. [PMID: 25744384 PMCID: PMC4351558 DOI: 10.1038/srep08823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A new approach was established for the regeneration of Trichosanthes kirilowii from root, stem, and leaf explants by somatic embryogenesis (SE), involving a previously unreported SE structure, rhizoid tubers (RTBs). During SE, special rhizoids were first induced from root, stem, and leaf explants with average rhizoid numbers of 62.33, 40.17, and 11.53 per explant, respectively, on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (pH 4.0) supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) under dark conditions. Further, one RTB was formed from each of the rhizoids on MS medium (pH 4.0) supplemented with 20 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ) under light conditions. In the suitable range (pH 4.0-9.0), a lower pH value increased the induction of rhizoids and RTBs. Approximately 37.77, 33.47, and 31.07% of in vivo RTBs from root, stem, and leaf explants, respectively, spontaneously developed into multiple plantlets on the same MS medium (supplemented with 20 mg/L TDZ) for induction of RTBs, whereas >95.00% of in vitro RTBs from each kind of explant developed into multiple plantlets on MS medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Morphological and histological analyses revealed that RTB is a novel type of SE structure that develops from the cortex cells of rhizoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-dong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-xia Chang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-long Wang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-xin Wu
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-yan Li
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-wen Wang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - De-shui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-bing Liao
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-ya Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-xuan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
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Nuchsuk C, Wetprasit N, Roytrakul S, Choowongkomon K, T-Thienprasert N, Yokthongwattana C, Arpornsuwan T, Ratanapo S. Bioactivities of Jc-SCRIP, a Type 1 Ribosome-Inactivating Protein fromJatropha curcasSeed Coat. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:453-62. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanthakan Nuchsuk
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Nuanchawee Wetprasit
- Department of Biotechnology; Faculty of Science; Ramkhamhaeng University; Ramkamhaeng Rd. Bangkapi Bangkok 10240 Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA); 113 Clong-Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Nattanan T-Thienprasert
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Chotika Yokthongwattana
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Theerakul Arpornsuwan
- Department of Medical Technology; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences; Thammasat University; Rangsit, Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Sunanta Ratanapo
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
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Balsamin, a novel ribosome-inactivating protein from the seeds of Balsam apple Momordica balsamina. Amino Acids 2011; 43:973-81. [PMID: 22120616 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Plant seeds, a rich source of proteins, are considered important for their application as functional ingredients in a food system. A novel ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP), balsamin was purified from the seeds of Balsam apple, Momordica balsamina. Balsamin was purified by ion exchange chromatography on CM Sepharose and gel filtration on superdex-75. It has a molecular weight of 28 kDa as shown by SDS-PAGE analysis. Balsamin inhibits protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate-based cell free translation assay with an IC(50) of 90.6 ng ml(-1). It has RNA N-glycosidase activity and releases a 400-base long fragment termed the Endo fragment from 28S rRNA in the same manner as does saporin-6 from Saponaria officinalis. The N-terminal sequence analysis of the first 12 amino acids of balsamin revealed that it shares 83% similarity with type I RIP α-MMC from Momordica charantia and 50% similarity with β-MMC (from Momordica charantia), bryodin I (from Bryonia dioica) and luffin a (from Luffa cylindrica). Balsamin was further characterized by mass spectrometry. CD spectroscopic studies indicate that secondary structure of balsamin contains helix (23.5%), β-strand (24.6%), turn (20%) and random coil (31.9%). Thus RIPs activity expressed in vegetables like Momordica sp. advocates its usage in diet.
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8
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Shen WZ, Sha O, Yew DTW, Kwong WH. Retrograde transport of a traditional Chinese medicine, α-trichosanthin, and its selective neural toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47:876-83. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650903234713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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9
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Mi SL, An CC, Wang Y, Chen JY, Che NY, Gao Y, Chen ZL. Trichomislin, a novel ribosome-inactivating protein, induces apoptosis that involves mitochondria and caspase-3. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 434:258-65. [PMID: 15639225 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Revised: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichomislin, a novel ribosome-inactivating protein, was cloned from the genome of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. The gene was recombined to prokaryotic expression vector and the protein was purified by cation-exchange chromatography. The secondary structure of trichomislin was measured by circular-dichroism analysis and the ratios of alpha-helices and beta-sheets were calculated. Trichomislin could inhibit the synthesis of protein in rabbit reticulocyte lysate systems and its reaction mechanism was to inactivate ribosome as an rRNA N-glycosidase. Antitumor analyses indicated trichomislin induced the apoptosis and inhibited the growth of choriocarcinoma cells. Further investigation showed that trichomislin could bind to and enter choriocarcinoma cells, and then increase the caspase-3 activity in a time-dependent manner. At the same time, the concentration of cytochrome c in cytosol increased while that in mitochondria decreased. These results suggested that trichomislin induced apoptosis by releasing cytochrome c from mitochondria which then triggered the caspase family member activation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Caspase 3
- Caspases/metabolism
- Caspases/physiology
- Cations
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange
- Circular Dichroism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytochromes c/metabolism
- Cytosol/metabolism
- DNA Glycosylases/chemistry
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Enzyme Activation
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- Rabbits
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Reticulocytes/metabolism
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Ribosomes/pathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Li Mi
- The National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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10
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Zhao J, Ben LH, Wu YL, Hu W, Ling K, Xin SM, Nie HL, Ma L, Pei G. Anti-HIV agent trichosanthin enhances the capabilities of chemokines to stimulate chemotaxis and G protein activation, and this is mediated through interaction of trichosanthin and chemokine receptors. J Exp Med 1999; 190:101-11. [PMID: 10429674 PMCID: PMC2195565 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.1.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS), an active protein component isolated from a traditional Chinese medicinal herb Trichosanthes kirilowii, has been shown to inhibit HIV infection and has been applied in clinical treatment of AIDS. The recent development that chemokines and chemokine receptors play important roles in HIV infection led us to investigate the possible functional interaction of TCS with chemokines and their receptors. This study demonstrated that TCS greatly enhanced both RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted)- and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1 alpha-stimulated chemotaxis (EC50 approximately equal to 1 nM) in leukocytes (THP-1, Jurkat, and peripheral blood lymphocyte cells) and activation of pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins (EC50 approximately equal to 20 nM). TCS also significantly augmented chemokine-stimulated activation of chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 as well as CCR1, CCR2B, CCR3, and CCR4 transiently expressed in HEK293 cells. A mutant TCS with 4,000-fold lower ribosome-inactivating activity showed similar augmentation activity as wild-type TCS. Moreover, flow cytometry demonstrated that the specific association of TCS to the cell membranes required the presence of chemokine receptors, and laser confocal microscopy reveals that TCS was colocalized with chemokine receptors on the membranes. The results from TCS-Sepharose pull-down and TCS and chemokine receptor coimmunoprecipitation and cross-linking experiments demonstrated association of TCS with CCR5. Thus, our data clearly demonstrated that TCS synergizes activities of chemokines to stimulate chemotaxis and G protein activation, and the effects of TCS are likely to be mediated through its interaction with chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, People's Republic of China
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11
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Shih NJ, McDonald KA, Girbés T, Iglesias R, Kohlhoff AJ, Jackman AP. Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) of wild Oregon cucumber (Marah oreganus). Biol Chem 1998; 379:721-5. [PMID: 9687022 DOI: 10.1515/bchm.1998.379.6.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two type 1 RIPs, designated as MOR-I and MOR-II, have been isolated from Marah oreganus (manroot) seed extract. They are similar but not identical to trichosanthin, a type 1 RIP in the same family. MOR-I and MOR-II are monomeric proteins with molecular weights of 27989.0 and 27632.8 respectively and have pI values greater than 8.8. MOR-I and MOR-II inhibit cell-free protein synthesis with IC50s of 0.063 and 0.071 nM, respectively, and are relatively stable with respect to temperature and pH variations. They share a conserved N-terminal amino acid sequence (D-SF-LS) and cross-react with goat anti-trichosanthin polyclonal serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Shih
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California Davis, 95616, USA
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12
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Battelli MG, Bolognesi A, Olivieri F, Polito L, Stirpe F. Different sensitivity of CD30+ cell lines to Ber-H2/saporin-S6 immunotoxin. J Drug Target 1998; 5:181-91. [PMID: 9606008 DOI: 10.3109/10611869808995873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro sensitivity of cells to a Ber-H2(anti-CD30)/saporin-S6 immunotoxin has been investigated. The CD30+ cell lines, K562, L428 and L540, were used to study cell binding, uptake and degradation of the immunotoxin. K562 cells were less sensitive than L428 and L540 cells to the immunotoxin by approximately one order of magnitude. The difference in cytotoxicity correlated with the intracellular accumulation and with the ratio of degraded over total internalized Ber-H2/saporin-S6, regardless of the immunotoxin binding to the cells. After 6 h incubation, the less sensitive K562 cells (i) accumulated only one third and one tenth of the immunotoxin accumulated by the more sensitive L428 and L540 cells, respectively, and (ii) degraded two thirds of the internalized protein versus one third degraded by either L428 or L540 cells. Ammonium chloride and chloroquine reduced the cytotoxicity of the immunotoxin towards K562 but not to L540 cells. This effect correlated with the increment of immunotoxin catabolism by K562 cells in the presence of chloroquine. In conclusion, uptake alone of an immunotoxin by target cells is not sufficient to assure its efficacy which might also depend on intracellular routing. Only a cytotoxicity test may be really predictive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Battelli
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Italy.
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13
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Wong RN, Dong TX, Ng TB, Choi WT, Yeung HW. alpha-Kirilowin, a novel ribosome-inactivating protein from seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii (family Cucurbitaceae): a comparison with beta-kirilowin and other related proteins. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1996; 47:103-9. [PMID: 8907506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1996.tb00816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) designated alpha-kirilowin was isolated from the seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii. The molecular weight of alpha-kirilowin was estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 28 800 Da, which is slightly larger than another previously characterized ribosome-inactivating protein, beta-kirilowin. The amino-acid composition of alpha-kirilowin grossly resembled beta-kirilowin and other ribosome-inactivating proteins isolated from T. kirilowii tissues, including trichokirin, trichosanthin and karasurin. Intense immunological cross-reactivity between the two kirilowins was detected by immunodiffusion. The N-terminal sequence of alpha-kirilowin was identical to that of beta-kirilowin, at least in the first ten residues. Peptide fingerprinting indicated both kirilowins were closely related. Biological activities as determined by inhibition of protein synthesis in a cell-free system, suppression of [3H]-thymidine incorporation into mouse melanoma cells and induction of abortion in mice were very similar for both kirilowins. We propose that the size difference between alpha- and beta-kirilowin is either due to a C-terminal extension in alpha-kirilowin or differences in glycosylation, or a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University
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15
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Barbieri L, Battelli MG, Stirpe F. Ribosome-inactivating proteins from plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1154:237-82. [PMID: 8280743 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(93)90002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Italy
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16
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Strocchi P, Barbieri L, Stirpe F. Immunological properties of ribosome-inactivating proteins and a saporin immunotoxin. J Immunol Methods 1992; 155:57-63. [PMID: 1401966 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(92)90271-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies have been raised in rabbits against plant ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) and used to demonstrate cross-reactivity between RIPs from plants belonging to the same family, but little or no cross-reactivity between RIPs from taxonomically unrelated plants. When an immunotoxin consisting of saporin conjugated to bovine IgG was injected into rabbits, the animals formed antibodies against both saporin and bovine IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Strocchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Università di Bologna, Italy
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17
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Bolognesi A, Tazzari PL, Tassi C, Gromo G, Gobbi M, Stirpe F. A comparison of anti-lymphocyte immunotoxins containing different ribosome-inactivating proteins and antibodies. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 89:341-6. [PMID: 1516253 PMCID: PMC1554454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb06959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins were prepared with several single-chain ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs type 1) and with the A-chain of ricin linked to the F(ab')2 fragment of sheep anti-mouse IgG. The cytotoxic activity of these conjugates was tested on human lymphocytes pretreated with an anti-CD3 murine MoAb. The immunotoxins inhibited DNA synthesis in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes with IC50S (concentrations causing 50% inhibition) ranging from 8.9 x 10(-13) to 5.7 x 10(-11) M (immunotoxins containing dianthin 32, saporin, pokeweed antiviral protein from seeds (PAP-S), bryodin, momordin, momorcochin, and trichokirin), 1 x 10(-8) M (immunotoxin containing gelonin) and 5 x 10(-9) M (immunotoxin containing ricin A-chain). The immunotoxin containing saporin linked to the anti-mouse IgG F(ab')2 fragment was also highly toxic to human lymphocytes pretreated with anti-CD2, -CD3, -CD5 and -CD45 MoAbs, with IC50S less than or equal to 10(-11) M. Immunotoxins were prepared also with saporin linked to MoAbs against various CD antigens. The immunotoxin prepared with the anti-CD3 antibody had the highest specific cytotoxicity to human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bolognesi
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Italy
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18
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Tazzari PL, Bolognesi A, de Totero D, Falini B, Lemoli RM, Soria MR, Pileri S, Gobbi M, Stein H, Flenghi L. Ber-H2 (anti-CD30)-saporin immunotoxin: a new tool for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease and CD30+ lymphoma: in vitro evaluation. Br J Haematol 1992; 81:203-11. [PMID: 1322690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1992.tb08208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An immunotoxin containing an anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody (Ber-H2) and saporin, a ribosome-inactivating protein type 1, is described. It specifically inhibits protein synthesis by Hodgkin derived target cell lines with a very high efficiency (IC50 ranging from 5 x 10(-12) M to 5 x 10(-14) M, as saporin), while irrelevant immunotoxins do not. Present results suggest that this immunotoxin could be used for in vivo therapy as well as for ex vivo bone marrow purging in Hodgkin's disease and CD30+ lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Tazzari
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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19
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Stirpe F, Barbieri L, Battelli MG, Soria M, Lappi DA. Ribosome–Inactivating Proteins from Plants: Present Status and Future Prospects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 10:405-12. [PMID: 1368484 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0492-405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are N-glycosidases which cleave the N-glycosidic bond of adenine in a specific ribosomal RNA sequence. Most commonly RIPs are single-chain proteins (type 1 RIPs), but some (type 2 RIPs) possess a galactose-specific lectin domain that binds to cell surfaces. The latter RIPs are potent toxins, the best known of which is ricin. RIPs have antiviral and abortifacient activities, and, in a widespread application, can also be linked to antibodies or ligands to form immunotoxins or conjugates specifically toxic to a given type of cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stirpe
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Italy
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20
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Zhang JS, Liu WY. The mechanism of action of trichosanthin on eukaryotic ribosomes--RNA N-glycosidase activity of the cytotoxin. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:1271-5. [PMID: 1561083 PMCID: PMC312169 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.6.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichosanthin is a ribosome-inactivating protein from root tubers of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. In this paper, the mechanism of action of trichosanthin on eukaryotic ribosomes was studied. A fragment of about 450 nucleotides was released from 28S ribosomal RNA after treatment of rat liver ribosome with trichosanthin and its isolated ribosomal RNAs were treated with aniline. Analysis of nucleotide sequence of 5' terminus of this fragment revealed that the aniline-sensitive site of the phosphodiester bond was between positions A4324 and G4325 in the 28S rRNA. Adenine was recovered by ion-exchange column chromatography from the 50% ethanol soluble fraction of the reaction mixture in which rat liver ribosomes were treated with trichosanthin. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis indicated that 1 mol of adenine was released from 1 mol of ribosomes. When the ribosomes were incubated with trichosanthin in the presence of inorganic [32P]phosphate, little incorporation of radioactivity into 28S rRNA was observed, indicating that the release of adenine was not mediated by phosphorolysis. These results demonstrate that trichosanthin inactivates the ribosomes by cleaving the N-C glycosidic bond of adenylic acid at 4324 of 28S rRNA in a hydrolytic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, Academia Sinica, China
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21
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Abstract
alpha- and beta-Momorcharins were purified by an improved procedure using the affinity Affi-gel Blue gel and the ion exchange Mono-S FPLC column. Both purified alpha- and beta-momorcharins possessed deoxyribonucleolytic activity. Under normal digestion conditions, they cleaved the supercoiled, double-stranded SV-40 DNA to produce nicked circular and linear DNAs. Prolonged incubation did not have any further effects. On the other hand, the linear DNAs, lambda, Ad-2 and T7 were not digested by alpha- nor beta-momorcharin. Thus, it appears that the conformation of the DNA may be the determining factor for the deoxyribonucleolytic activity of these momorcharins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Go
- Department of Biochemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T
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22
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Abstract
Several cDNA clones coding for trichosanthin (TCS) have been isolated from a cDNA library prepared from the poly(A)+RNA of the root tuber of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maximowicz. The nucleotide sequence codes for a protein of 289 amino acids (aa) including a putative signal peptide of 23 aa and an extra 19 aa at the C terminus; the latter two have not been found in TCS obtained from the natural product [Collins et al., J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990) 8665-8669]. Recombinant TCS (reTCS) was synthesized in Escherichia coli, in which the cDNA without the signal sequence was expressed under the control of the trc promoter; reTCS was detected by a rabbit anti-TCS antiserum.
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23
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Chignola R, Colombatti M, Dell'Arciprete L, Candiani C, Tridente G. Distribution of endocytosed molecules to intracellular acidic environments correlates with immunotoxin activity. Int J Cancer 1990; 46:1117-23. [PMID: 2123478 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910460628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the internalization to low pH intracellular compartments of transferrin (Tfn), diphtheria toxin (DT) and of anti-cell surface antibodies (MAb) by a cytofluorometric assay based on low pH quenching of fluorescein (FITC) emission. FITC-labelled Tfn, anti-CD3, anti-CD5 and anti-Thy 1.2 MAb internalization resulted in a progressively lower FITC quenching effect. Following internalization, a distinction could be made between molecules that enter low pH compartments without undergoing intracellular degradation (e.g., Tfn, anti-CD3 MAb) and molecules that are internalized through low pH organelles and are then degraded within the cell (e.g., DT). A strict correlation was observed between quenching of internalized FITC-protein fluorescent emission and the cytotoxic activity of DT-based immunotoxins (IT).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chignola
- Istituto di Scienze Immunologiche, University of Verona, Italy
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24
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Barbieri L, Battelli MG, Stirpe F. Blood clearance and organ distribution and tissue concentration of native, homopolymerized and IgG-conjugated ribosome-inactivating proteins. Xenobiotica 1990; 20:1331-41. [PMID: 2075751 DOI: 10.3109/00498259009046631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The blood clearance, organ distribution and tissue concentration of several native, homopolymerized, and IgG-conjugated 125I-labelled ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) were determined in mice. 2. Native RIPs were cleared rapidly from blood, with half-lives of 4-8 min, and were concentrated mainly in the kidneys. 3. After conjugation to IgG the three RIPs studied showed increased blood half-lives and decreased concentrations in the kidneys. 4. The two homopolymers studied had blood half-lives and kidney concentrations intermediate to those of free and conjugated RIPs. 5. These results indicate that after IgG-conjugation the increased half-lives of the RIPs studied were at least in part due to the larger molecular size of the conjugates and to their lower renal excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Italy
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25
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Bolognesi A, Barbieri L, Abbondanza A, Falasca AI, Carnicelli D, Battelli MG, Stirpe F. Purification and properties of new ribosome-inactivating proteins with RNA N-glycosidase activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1087:293-302. [PMID: 2248976 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(90)90002-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) similar to those already known (Stirpe & Barbieri (1986) FEBS Lett. 195, 1-8) were purified from the seeds of Asparagus officinalis (two proteins, asparin 1 and 2), of Citrullus colocynthis (two proteins, colocin 1 and 2), of Lychnis chalcedonica (lychnin) and of Manihot palmata (mapalmin), from the roots of Phytolacca americana (pokeweed antiviral protein from roots, PAP-R) and from the leaves of Bryonia dioica (bryodin-L). The two latter proteins can be considered as isoforms, respectively, of previously purified PAP, from the leaves of P. americana, and of bryodin-R, from the roots of B. dioica. All proteins have an Mr at approx, 30,000, and an alkaline isoelectric point. Bryodin-L, colocins, lychnin and mapalmin are glycoproteins. All RIPs inhibit protein synthesis by a rabbit reticulocyte lysate and phenylalanine polymerization by isolated ribosomes and alter rRNA in a similar manner as the A-chain of ricin and related toxins (Endo et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5908-5912).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bolognesi
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Universitá di Bologna, Italy
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26
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Battelli MG, Barbieri L, Stirpe F. Toxicity of, and histological lesions caused by, ribosome-inactivating proteins, their IgG-conjugates, and their homopolymers. APMIS 1990; 98:585-93. [PMID: 2397111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1990.tb04975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of, and the lesions brought about by, several ribosome-inactivating proteins (bryodin, gelonin, momordin, pokeweed antiviral protein from seeds, saporin 6, trichokirin and momorcochin-S), either native, or conjugated to bovine IgG, or polymerized, were studied in the mouse. Severe necrotic liver damage was the main lesion present in animals receiving lethal doses of the proteins. The toxicity of ribosome-inactivating proteins increased after conjugation to IgG or homopolymerization. The toxicity of conjugates to mouse was not predictable from the inhibitory activity on cell-free protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Battelli
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Italy
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27
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Collins EJ, Robertus JD, LoPresti M, Stone KL, Williams KR, Wu P, Hwang K, Piatak M. Primary amino acid sequence of alpha-trichosanthin and molecular models for abrin A-chain and alpha-trichosanthin. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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28
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Chow TP, Feldman RA, Lovett M, Piatak M. Isolation and DNA sequence of a gene encoding alpha-trichosanthin, a type I ribosome-inactivating protein. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)38940-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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29
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Bolognesi A, Barbieri L, Carnicelli D, Abbondanza A, Cenini P, Falasca AI, Dinota A, Stirpe F. Purification and properties of a new ribosome-inactivating protein with RNA N-glycosidase activity suitable for immunotoxin preparation from the seeds of Momordica cochinchinensis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 993:287-92. [PMID: 2597699 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(89)90178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A ribosome-inactivating protein similar to those already known (Stirpe and Barbieri (1986) FEBS Lett. 195, 1-8) was purified from the seeds of Momordica cochinchinensis. This protein, for which the name of momorcochin-S is proposed, is a glycoprotein, has an Mr of approx. 30,000, and an alkaline isoelectric point and can be considered as an iso-form of the previously purified momorcochin from the roots of M. cochinchinensis. Momorcochin-S inhibits protein synthesis by a rabbit-reticulocyte lysate and phenylalanine polymerization by isolated ribosomes, and alters rRNA in a similar manner as the A-chain of ricin and related toxins (Endo et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5908-5912). Momorcochin-S was linked to a monoclonal antibody (8A) against human plasma cells, and the resulting immunotoxin was selectively toxic to target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bolognesi
- Dipartimento di Patologia sperimentale, Università di Bologna, Italy
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Baldwin
- Cancer Research Campaign Laboratories, University of Nottingham, UK
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31
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Falasca AI, Abbondanza A, Barbieri L, Bolognesi A, Rossi CA, Stirpe F. Purification and partial characterization of a lectin from the seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maximowicz. FEBS Lett 1989; 246:159-62. [PMID: 2707434 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A lectin was purified from the seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii, belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae, growing in China. The lectin is a glycoprotein of 57 kDa, consists of two subunits with apparent molecular masses of 37 and 25 kDa, is specific for galactose, and is not mitogenic for human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Falasca
- Dipartimento di Biochemica, Università di Bologna, Italy
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