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Nam KH. Temperature-dependent structural changes in xylanase II from Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Carbohydr Res 2024; 541:109173. [PMID: 38833820 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Endo-β-1,4-xylanases degrade heteroxylans that constitute the lignocellulosic plant cell wall. This enzyme is widely used in the food, paper, textile, and biorefinery industries. Temperature affects the optimum activity of xylanase and is an important factor in its application. Various structural analyses of xylanase have been performed, but its structural influence by temperature is not fully elucidated. To better understand the structural influence of xylanase due to temperature, the crystal structure of xylanase II from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TloXynII) at room and cryogenic temperatures was determined at 2.1 and 1.9 Å resolution, respectively. The room-temperature structure of TloXynII (TloXynIIRT) showed a B-factor value 2.09 times higher than that of the cryogenic-temperature structure of TloXynII (TloXynIICryo). Subtle movement of the catalytic and substrate binding residues was observed between TloXynIIRT and TloXynIICryo. In TloXynIIRT, the thumb domain exhibited high flexibility, whereas in TloXynIICryo, the finger domain exhibited high flexibility. The substrate binding cleft of TloXynIIRT was narrower than that of TloXynIICryo, indicating a distinct finger domain conformation. Numerous water molecule networks were observed in the substrate binding cleft of TloXynIICryo, whereas only a few water molecules were observed in TloXynIIRT. These structural analyses expand our understanding of the temperature-dependent conformational changes in xylanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Nam
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea.
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2
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β-Xylosidases: Structural Diversity, Catalytic Mechanism, and Inhibition by Monosaccharides. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225524. [PMID: 31698702 PMCID: PMC6887791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylan, a prominent component of cellulosic biomass, has a high potential for degradation into reducing sugars, and subsequent conversion into bioethanol. This process requires a range of xylanolytic enzymes. Among them, β-xylosidases are crucial, because they hydrolyze more glycosidic bonds than any of the other xylanolytic enzymes. They also enhance the efficiency of the process by degrading xylooligosaccharides, which are potent inhibitors of other hemicellulose-/xylan-converting enzymes. On the other hand, the β-xylosidase itself is also inhibited by monosaccharides that may be generated in high concentrations during the saccharification process. Structurally, β-xylosidases are diverse enzymes with different substrate specificities and enzyme mechanisms. Here, we review the structural diversity and catalytic mechanisms of β-xylosidases, and discuss their inhibition by monosaccharides.
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Bender D, Nemeth R, Wimmer M, Götschhofer S, Biolchi M, Török K, Tömösközi S, D'Amico S, Schoenlechner R. Optimization of Arabinoxylan Isolation from Rye Bran by Adapting Extraction Solvent and Use of Enzymes. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2562-2568. [PMID: 28960305 PMCID: PMC5765506 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Physicochemical and functional properties of arabinoxylans (AXs) can be significantly influenced by their isolation method. Finding balanced process conditions that allow optimal extraction yields while preserving AXs functionality is a challenge. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different chemical solvents with neutral and alkaline pH on the intrinsic properties and extraction yield of AXs isolated from rye bran. Additionally, the application of xylanases and other cell wall degrading enzymes (Pentopan Mono BG, Deltazym XL‐VR, Viscoflow BG) to solubilize bound AXs was investigated. Results show that the use of Ca(OH)2 for isolation was superior to water and Na2CO3, as it selectively solubilized AXs and delivered isolates with a purity of up to 43.92% AX and a moderate ferulic acid (FA) content (209.35 ± 16.79 mg FA/100 g AX). Application of xylanases was further able to duplicate these achieved AX yields (7.50 to 9.85g AX/100 g bran). Additionally, isolates displayed highest ferulic acid contents (445.18 to 616.71 mg FA/100 g AX) and lowest impurities in comparison to chemical extracted AXs. Rheological characterization of the isolates showed a pronounced shear thinning behavior which fitted well to the power‐law model (R2 > 0.989). Differences in pseudoplasticity of the isolates suggested that structural and chemical properties might have been responsible for this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Bender
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, BOKU- Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renata Nemeth
- Dept. of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest Univ. of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp.3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michaela Wimmer
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, BOKU- Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Götschhofer
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, BOKU- Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matilde Biolchi
- Dept. of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Univ. degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Kitti Török
- Dept. of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest Univ. of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp.3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sandor Tömösközi
- Dept. of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest Univ. of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp.3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stefano D'Amico
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, BOKU- Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Regine Schoenlechner
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, BOKU- Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Dutta SK, Chakraborty S. Pore-scale dynamics of enzyme adsorption, swelling and reactive dissolution determine sugar yield in hemicellulose hydrolysis for biofuel production. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38173. [PMID: 27905534 PMCID: PMC5131285 DOI: 10.1038/srep38173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemicelluloses are the earth’s second most abundant structural polymers, found in lignocellulosic biomass. Efficient enzymatic depolymerization of xylans by cleaving their β-(1 → 4)-glycosidic bonds to produce soluble sugars is instrumental to the cost-effective production of liquid biofuels. Here we show that the multi-scale two-phase process of enzymatic hydrolysis of amorphous hemicelluloses is dominated by its smallest scale–the pores. In the crucial first five hours, two to fourfold swelling of the xylan particles allow the enzymes to enter the pores and undergo rapid non-equilibrium adsorption on the pore surface before they hydrolyze the solid polymers, albeit non-competitively inhibited by the products xylose and xylobiose. Rapid pore-scale reactive dissolution increases the solid carbohydrate’s porosity to 80–90%. This tightly coupled experimental and theoretical study quantifies the complex temporal dynamics of the transport and reaction processes coupled across scales and phases to show that this unique pore-scale phenomenon can be exploited to accelerate the depolymerization of hemicelluloses to monomeric sugars in the first 5–6 h. We find that an ‘optimal substrate loading’ of 5 mg/ml (above which substrate inhibition sets in) accelerates non-equilibrium enzyme adsorption and solid hemicellulose depolymerization at the pore-scale, which contributes three-quarters of the soluble sugars produced for bio-alcohol fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajal Kanti Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Saikat Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.,School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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Ferrari AR, Rozeboom HJ, Dobruchowska JM, van Leeuwen SS, Vugts ASC, Koetsier MJ, Visser J, Fraaije MW. Discovery of a Xylooligosaccharide Oxidase from Myceliophthora thermophila C1. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23709-23718. [PMID: 27629413 PMCID: PMC5095424 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.741173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
By inspection of the predicted proteome of the fungus Myceliophthora thermophila C1 for vanillyl-alcohol oxidase (VAO)-type flavoprotein oxidases, a putative oligosaccharide oxidase was identified. By homologous expression and subsequent purification, the respective protein could be obtained. The protein was found to contain a bicovalently bound FAD cofactor. By screening a large number of carbohydrates, several mono- and oligosaccharides could be identified as substrates. The enzyme exhibits a strong substrate preference toward xylooligosaccharides; hence it is named xylooligosaccharide oxidase (XylO). Chemical analyses of the product formed upon oxidation of xylobiose revealed that the oxidation occurs at C1, yielding xylobionate as product. By elucidation of several XylO crystal structures (in complex with a substrate mimic, xylose, and xylobiose), the residues that tune the unique substrate specificity and regioselectivity could be identified. The discovery of this novel oligosaccharide oxidase reveals that the VAO-type flavoprotein family harbors oxidases tuned for specific oligosaccharides. The unique substrate profile of XylO hints at a role in the degradation of xylan-derived oligosaccharides by the fungus M. thermophila C1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justyna M Dobruchowska
- Microbial Physiology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen
| | - Sander S van Leeuwen
- Microbial Physiology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen
| | | | | | - Jaap Visser
- the Fungal Genetics and Technology Consultancy, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Dutta SK, Chakraborty S. Kinetic analysis of two-phase enzymatic hydrolysis of hemicellulose of xylan type. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 198:642-650. [PMID: 26433789 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a coupled experimental and theoretical framework for quantifying the kinetics of two-phase enzymatic hydrolysis of hemicellulose. For xylan loading of 1-5mg/ml, the nature of inhibition by the product xylose (non-competitive), the kinetic constants (Km=3.93 mg/ml, Vmax=0.0252 mg/ml/min) and the xylose inhibition constant (Kx=0.122 mg/ml) are experimentally determined. Our multi-step two-phase kinetic model incorporating enzyme adsorption to the solid substrate and non-competitive product inhibition is simulated using our kinetic data and validated against our experimentally measured temporal dynamics of xylose and reducing sugars. Further experiments show that higher substrate loading reduces the specific adsorption of the endoxylanase to the solid xylan and the enzyme's solid-liquid distribution ratio, which decelerates the solid hydrolysis and accelerates the liquid phase reactions. Thus, the xylose yield increases with substrate loading, which increases product inhibition and decreases reducing sugar yields. An operating cost analysis gives 3mg/ml as the optimal substrate loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajal Kanti Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Saikat Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India; School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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7
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Novak JS, Tanenbaum SW, Nakas JP. Heteropolysaccharide Formation by Arthrobacter viscosus Grown on Xylose and Xylose Oligosaccharides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 58:3501-7. [PMID: 16348800 PMCID: PMC183135 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.11.3501-3507.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthrobacter viscosus NRRL B-1973 produces its viscous extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) when grown on media containing xylose or enzymatic xylan hydrolysates. Crude EPS formation from xylose averaged 12 g/liter when initial culture pH was adjusted to 8.0 and total nitrogen was limited to 0.03%. Purified EPS from pentose and hexose substrates were analyzed for their monosaccharide, acetyl, and uronic acid components, intrinsic viscosities, and average molecular masses. Differences were apparent in degrees of acetylation, molecular masses, and intrinsic viscosities of the heteropolysaccharides produced on different carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Novak
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York 13210
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8
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Fragner D, Zomorrodi M, Kües U, Majcherczyk A. Optimized protocol for the 2-DE of extracellular proteins from higher basidiomycetes inhabiting lignocellulose. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2431-41. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Varzakas T, Arapoglou D, Israilides C. Kinetics of endoglucanase and endoxylanase uptake by soybean seeds. J Biosci Bioeng 2006; 101:111-9. [PMID: 16569605 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.101.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The uptakes of endoglucanase and endoxylanase by soybean were studied by measuring the fluorescent intensity of a carboxyfluorescein. The disappearance rates of these enzymes from solution were compared with predictions from different models. The Freundlich model provided the best fit for our data. Enzyme concentration in the solution did not change significantly after 11 d, and therefore it was assumed that equilibrium was reached. Average mass transfer coefficient was calculated for both endoglucanase and endoxylanase from the plot of the rate of uptake against (C(l av) -Cl*) and a value of 4 x 10(-5) ms(-1) was obtained. K value was used to calculate the effective diffusivities of the two enzymes assuming a slice. It is found that K was asymptotic with long residence times, and a value of 4.8 x 10(-10) m2 s(-1) was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Varzakas
- Ministry of Development, Hellenic Food Safety Authority, Karystou 5, Ampelokipi, 11523 Athens, Greece
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12
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Makkonen HP, Nakas JP. Use of Xylanase and Rabinofuranosidase for Arabinose Removal from Unbleached Kraft Pulp. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:1675-9. [PMID: 16247673 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-2728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Preparations of arabinofuranosidase and xylanase, respectively from Aureobasidium pullulans and Trichoderma longibrachiatum, were used to remove selectively xylose and arabinose from kraft pulp. The equilibrium moisture content of pulps treated with both enzymes, at varying relative humidities, revealed a consistently lower percent moisture content at all humidity set points. Shorter fiber lengths indicated some deterioration when pulp was exposed to high concentrations of both enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Makkonen
- Department of Paper Science and Engineering, SUNY-College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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13
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Jorge I, de la Rosa O, Navas-Cortés JA, Jiménez-Díaz RM, Tena M. Extracellular xylanases from two pathogenic races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris: enzyme production in culture and purification and characterization of a major isoform as an alkaline endo-beta-(1,4)-xylanase of low molecular weight. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2005; 88:48-59. [PMID: 15928976 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-004-7584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of chickpea, comprises eight pathogenic races and two pathotypes. Races 0 and 5, representative of the least virulent yellowing pathotype and the most virulent wilt pathotype, respectively, produced extracellular xylanases when grown on minimal medium supplemented with either 1% commercial birchwood xylan or 0.3% chickpea cell walls. The pattern of extracellular proteins analysed by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the two media presented some minor but distinctive differences between fungal races. By preparative isoelectrofocusing, the xylanase activity in cell wall-culture filtrates could be resolved into basic and neutral fractions with pI values around to 10 and 8, respectively, whereas the xylan-culture filtrates contained an additional acidic fraction of pI around 4. A common major xylanase was purified 7-fold to homogeneity by cation-exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing. The purified xylanase has a molecular weight of 21.6 kDa, optimum pH and temperature of 5.5 and 55 degrees C, respectively, pI in the range of 8.2 to 9.0, and Km and Vmax values of 2.24 mg ml(-1) (birchwood xylan as substrate) and 1200 nkat mg(-1) protein (72 U mg(-1) protein), respectively. The enzyme has an endo mode of action, hydrolysing xylan to xylobiose and higher short-chain xylooligosaccharides without forming free xylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Jorge
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Apartado 3048, 14080, Córdoba, Spain
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14
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Rahman AKMS, Sugitani N, Hatsu M, Takamizawa K. A role of xylanase, alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase, and xylosidase in xylan degradation. Can J Microbiol 2003; 49:58-64. [PMID: 12674349 DOI: 10.1139/w02-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Renewable natural resources such as xylans are abundant in many agricultural wastes. Penicillium sp. AHT-1 is a strong producer of xylanolytic enzymes. The sequential activities of its xylanase, alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase, and beta-xylosidase on model hemicellulose oat-spelt xylan was investigated. Optimum production of the enzymes was found in culture containing oat-spelt xylan at 30 degrees C and initial pH 7.0 after 6 days. The enzymes were partially purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation and anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Toyopearl 650 S. The apparent molecular mass was 21 kDa, and the protein displayed an "endo" mode of action. The xylanase exhibited glycotansferase activity. It synthesized higher oligosaccharides from the initial substrates, and xylotriose was the shortest unit of substrate transglycosylated. Xylanolytic enzymes (enzyme mixture) produced by this Penicillium sp. interacted cooperatively and sequentially in the hydrolysis of oat-spelt xylan in the following order: alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase --> xylanase --> beta-xylosidase. All three enzymes exhibited optimal activity under the same conditions (temperature, pH, cultivation), indicating that they alone are sufficient to completely depolymerize the test xylan. Results indicate that the xylanolytic enzyme mixture of Penicillium sp. AHT-1 could be useful for bioconversion of xylan-rich plant wastes to value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K M Shofiqur Rahman
- Department of Bioprocessing, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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15
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Kadi N, Belloy L, Chalier P, Crouzet JC. Enzymatic synthesis of aroma compound xylosides using transfer reaction by Trichoderma longibrachiatum xylanase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:5552-5557. [PMID: 12236678 DOI: 10.1021/jf020382n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic synthesis of aroma compound xylosides was performed by Trichoderma longibrachiatum xylanase. Information concerning the nature of xylosides present in the reaction medium was obtained by GC-EI-MS, by GC-NCI-MS of TFA derivatives, and by positive FAB-MS of the reaction mixtures. Moreover, the structures of isolated benzyl beta-D-xylopyranoside and 4-O-beta-xylopyranosyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside were established by (1)H and (13)C NMR and heteronuclear two-dimensional ((1)H-(13)C) chemical shift correlation. The results obtained for hexyl and benzyl alcohol xylosides indicated that a reaction implying a transfer of one to two or three xylose units from xylan was involved. The enzyme was able to recognize xylobiose, xylotriose, and xylan as xylose donors. Benzyl xyloside, produced independently of xylobioside and xylotrioside, was found as the major kinetic product of the reaction. Benzyl xyloside was produced in higher quantities and at a higher rate than that obtained for the di- and trixyloside derivatives. The maximum production for benzyl xyloside, 1.29 g/L, was obtained in the presence of hexane (50%) used as cosolvent. Xylosides and xylobiosides of several aroma compounds, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol, heptan-2-ol, geraniol, nerol, and citronellol, were synthesized in different amounts, from 850 mg/L for (Z)-hex-3-en-1-yl xylosides to 1.5 mg/L for citronellyl xylosides. No synthesis occurred when menthol, linalool, and eugenol were used as acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kadi
- Laboratoire de Génie Biologique et Sciences des Aliments, Equipe de Microbiologie et Biochimie Industrielles, Université de Montpellier II, Place E. Bataillon, France
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16
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17
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Morgavi DP, Beauchemin KA, Nsereko VL, Rode LM, Iwaasa AD, Yang WZ, McAllister TA, Wang Y. Synergy between ruminal fibrolytic enzymes and enzymes from Trichoderma longibrachiatum. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83:1310-21. [PMID: 10877396 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)74997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which enzyme additives improve feed digestion in ruminants is not fully understood. Direct hydrolysis of feed in the rumen is a potential mode of action, but the importance of this mode needs to be quantified because of the relatively low exogenous hydrolase activity added compared with the total activity present in the rumen. We examined the interactions between ruminal and exogenous enzymes on fiber degradation using a completely randomized experimental design, with an 11 (enzyme preparations and their combinations) x 5 (assay pH) arrangement of treatments. Ruminal enzymes were extracted from cattle receiving high fiber or high concentrate diets and exogenous enzymes were Trichoderma longibrachiatum preparations containing different proportions of xylanase and cellulase activities. Ruminal and exogenous enzyme preparations and their combinations were tested for the ability to degrade soluble cellulose, xylan, and corn silage over a range of pH from 4.5 to 6.5 at 39 degrees C. T. longibrachiatum enzymes acted synergistically with enzymes from mixed rumen microorganisms in degrading soluble cellulose, xylan, and corn silage. Hydrolysis increased by up to 35, 100, and 40% for soluble cellulose, xylan, and corn silage, respectively, and was most evident at a pH range between 5.0 and 6.0. The synergistic effect between ruminal and exogenous enzymes increases the hydrolytic potential within the rumen environment and is likely a significant mechanism by which enzyme additives improve feed digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Morgavi
- Livestock Sciences Section, Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge
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18
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Sachslehner A, Haltrich D. Purification and some properties of a thermostable acidic endo-β-1,4-d-mannanase from Sclerotium( Athelia) rolfsii. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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19
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Chen C, Chen JL, Lin TY. Purification and characterization of a xylanase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum for xylooligosaccharide production. Enzyme Microb Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(96)00236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Christakopoulos P, Kekos D, Macris BJ, Claeyssens M, Bhat MK. Purification and characterisation of a major xylanase with cellulase and transferase activities from Fusarium oxysporum. Carbohydr Res 1996; 289:91-104. [PMID: 8805776 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(96)00146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A major xylanase from Fusarium oxysporum was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration, affinity, and ion-exchange chromatographies. It has a molecular mass of 60.2 kDa and pI of 6.6 and was optimally active at pH 7.4 and at 50 degrees C. The enzyme was stable over the pH range 5.8-8.2 at 40 degrees C for 24 h and lost 45% of its original activity at pH 9.0 under the identical conditions. The enzyme rapidly hydrolysed xylans from oat spelts (husks) and birchwood, but the activities on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), filter paper, and Avicel were very low. Determination of kcat/Km revealed that the enzyme hydrolysed oat spelts and birchwood xylans, 15-30 times more efficiently than CMC. In a 24 h incubation, at pH 7.0 and 9.0, the enzyme hydrolysed oat spelts and birchwood xylans by 75 and 65%, respectively. However, at pH 7.0, the enzyme released almost equal amounts of xylose and xylobiose from both xylans, whereas at pH 9.0, the concentration of xylobiose was twice as muchi as that of xylose and xylotriose. Xylanase attacked preferentially the internal glycosidic bonds of xylo- and 4-methylumbelliferyl cello-oligosaccharides [MeUmb(Glc)n]. The enzyme catalysed transglycosylation reaction with xylotriose, xylotetraose, and xylopentaose as donors and 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucoside (MeUmbGlc) as an acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Christakopoulos
- Food Macromolecular Science Department, Institute of Food Research, Reading Laboratory, UK
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21
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Faulds CB, Williamson G. Release of ferulic acid from wheat bran by a ferulic acid esterase (FAE-III) from Aspergillus niger. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1995; 43:1082-7. [PMID: 8590660 DOI: 10.1007/bf00166929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ferulic acid was efficiently released from a wheat bran preparation by a ferulic acid esterase from Aspergillus niger (FAE-III) when incubated together with a Trichoderma viride xylanase (a maximum of 95% total ferulic acid released after 5 h incubation). FAE-III by itself could release ferulic acid but at a level almost 24-fold lower than that obtained in the presence of the xylanase (2 U). Release of ferulic acid was proportional to the FAE-III concentration between 0.1 U and 1.3 U, but the presence of low levels of xylanase (0.1 U) increased the amount of ferulic acid released 6-fold. Total sugar release was not influenced by the action of FAE-III on the wheat bran, but the rate of release of the apparent end-products of xylanase action (xylose and xylobiose) was elevated by the presence of the esterase. The results show that FAE-III and the xylanase act together to break down feruloylated plant cell-wall polysaccharides to give a high yield of ferulic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Faulds
- Department of Food Molecular Biochemistry, Institute of Food Research, UK
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22
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Meade MJ, Tanenbaum SW, Nakas JP. Optimization of Novel Extracellular Polysaccharide Production by an
Enterobacter
sp, on Wood Hydrolysates. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:1367-9. [PMID: 16349242 PMCID: PMC201484 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.4.1367-1369.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An environmental isolate identified as
Enterobacter cloacae
has been found to produce a highly viscous, anionic extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) from a weak mineral acid hydrolysate of hardwood. Production of this EPS has been optimized on the hydrolysate (initial pH, 6.3; NH
4
Cl amendment, 0.1%) so that crude yields approaching 9.83 g/liter were obtained. Although this EPS is polydisperse, its molecular mass as determined by gel exclusion chromatography centers at approximately 1,700 kDa. Solutions of this EPS have been examined rheologically under a variety of conditions and compare favorably with both xanthan and alginate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Meade
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210
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23
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Hydrolysis of oligosaccharides of the ?-(1?4)-linked d-xylose series by an endo(1?4)-?-d-xylanase from the anaerobic rumen fungus Neocallimastix frontalis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1994; 10:64-8. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00357566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/28/1993] [Accepted: 06/17/1993] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Gomez de Segura B, Fevre M. Purification and characterization of two 1,4-beta-xylan endohydrolases from the rumen fungus Neocallimastix frontalis. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:3654-60. [PMID: 8285672 PMCID: PMC182512 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.11.3654-3660.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Two beta-endoxylanases produced by Neocallimastix frontalis have been purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. Xylanase I is a nonglycosylated protein with an apparent molecular mass of 45 kDa. Xylanase II is a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular mass of 70 kDa. The pH optima of these enzymes were 5.5 and 6, respectively, and the temperature optimum was 55 degrees C for each enzyme. The endo mode of action of the enzymes was revealed by thin-layer chromatography of xylan hydrolysates. Antibodies raised against each purified protein exhibited no cross-reaction, confirming the biochemical specificities of the enzymes. Both enzymes exhibited carboxymethyl cellulase activity, and xylanase I was absorbed on crystalline cellulose, indicating that these enzymes might belong to the F family of beta-1,4-glycanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gomez de Segura
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Fongique, CGMC, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 106, Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France
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25
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Purification and partial characterization of two xylanases that differ in hydrolysis of soluble and insoluble xylan fractions. Enzyme Microb Technol 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(93)90110-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Törrönen A, Mach RL, Messner R, Gonzalez R, Kalkkinen N, Harkki A, Kubicek CP. The Two Major Xylanases from Trichoderma Reesei: Characterization of Both Enzymes and Genes. Nat Biotechnol 1992; 10:1461-5. [PMID: 1369024 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1192-1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As a first step to exploit the potential of Trichoderma reesei to produce hemicellulases, we have purified two endo-beta-1,4-xylanases (1,4-beta-D-xylan xylanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.8) and cloned their genes. The enzymes were isolated from culture filtrates of T. reesei C30 grown on xylan as a carbon source, using two steps of cation exchange chromatography. They exhibited molecular weights of 19 (XYN I) and 21 (XYN II) kD, and isoelectric points of 5.2 and 9.0, respectively. These enzymes differed in their pH optimum for activity and affinity for xylan, and accounted for more than 90% of the total xylanolytic activity of the fungus. The purified enzymes were subjected to N-terminal sequence analysis, and after cleavage with trypsin and endoproteinase Glu-C the resulting peptides were sequenced. Oligonucleotides based on these sequences were used to clone gene fragments via PCR, and these were used as probes to isolate full-length copies of xyn1 and xyn2 from a lambda gene bank of T. reesei. The products of xyn1 and xyn2 share considerable homology, but the enzyme encoded by xyn2 appears to more closely resemble several other bacterial and fungal xylanases than does that of xyn1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Törrönen
- Abteilung für Mikrobielle Biochemie, TU Wien, Austria
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27
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Apparent cellulase activity of purified xylanase is due to contamination of assay substrate with xylan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01583733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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