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Daly LA, Brownridge PJ, Batie M, Rocha S, Sée V, Eyers CE. Oxygen-dependent changes in binding partners and post-translational modifications regulate the abundance and activity of HIF-1α/2α. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabf6685. [PMID: 34285132 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abf6685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cellular adaptation to low-oxygen environments is mediated in part by the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Like other transcription factors, the stability and transcriptional activity of HIFs-and consequently, the hypoxic response-are regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs) and changes in protein-protein interactions. Our current understanding of PTM-mediated regulation of HIFs is primarily based on in vitro protein fragment-based studies typically validated in fragment-expressing cells treated with hypoxia-mimicking compounds. Here, we used immunoprecipitation-based mass spectrometry to characterize the PTMs and binding partners for full-length HIF-1α and HIF-2α under normoxic (21% oxygen) and hypoxic (1% oxygen) conditions. Hypoxia substantially altered the complexity and composition of the HIFα protein interaction networks, particularly for HIF-2α, with the hypoxic networks of both isoforms being enriched for mitochondrial proteins. Moreover, both HIFα isoforms were heavily covalently modified. We identified ~40 PTM sites composed of 13 different types of modification on both HIFα isoforms, including multiple cysteine modifications and an unusual phosphocysteine. More than 80% of the PTMs identified were not previously known and about half exhibited oxygen dependency. We further characterized an evolutionarily conserved phosphorylation of Ser31 in HIF-1α as a regulator of its transcriptional function, and we propose functional roles for Thr406, Thr528, and Ser581 in HIF-2α. These data will help to delineate the different physiological roles of these closely related isoforms in fine-tuning the hypoxic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A Daly
- Department of Biochemistry and System Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular, and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- Centre for Proteome Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Philip J Brownridge
- Centre for Proteome Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Michael Batie
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Systems, Molecular, and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Sonia Rocha
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Systems, Molecular, and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Violaine Sée
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Systems, Molecular, and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
- Centre for Cell Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Claire E Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry and System Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular, and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
- Centre for Proteome Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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Ruzza P, Honisch C, Marangon M, Curioni A, Bakalinsky A, Vincenzi S. Influence of the reducing environment in the misfolding of wine proteins. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 118:413-436. [PMID: 31928733 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
While proteins are present in wine at low concentration, and are largely associated with undesirable haze formation in white wines, certain types or fractions make direct and indirect contributions to sensory quality and physical stability. The proteins found in wine represent a small subclass of the total pool of grape proteins that remain soluble in the non-physiological conditions of the wine matrix which is characterised by the presence of alcohol, high acidity, and relatively high levels of phenolic compounds. Although initially stable in these conditions, during storage of white and rosé wines proteins undergo changes leading to haze formation which is considered one of the most relevant non-microbiological defects, and which makes the wine commercially unacceptable. This phenomenon involves the two most abundant proteins present in wines: thaumatin-like proteins and chitinases, both belonging to pathogenesis-related proteins of the grape berry. Haze formation is often triggered by thermal fluctuations occurring during storage of white wines, although the presence of other non-protein-related factors seems to be necessary. Here, we review the characteristics of these two protein families and the factors that influence their solubility with a focus on the disulfide bonds reduction as a possible trigger for the onset of their aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ruzza
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR, Padua Unit, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Honisch
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR, Padua Unit, Padova, Italy; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Marangon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy; Centre for Research in Viticulture and Enology (CIRVE), Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Andrea Curioni
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy; Centre for Research in Viticulture and Enology (CIRVE), Conegliano (TV), Italy
| | - Alan Bakalinsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States
| | - Simone Vincenzi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Legnaro (PD), Italy; Centre for Research in Viticulture and Enology (CIRVE), Conegliano (TV), Italy
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Murmann AN, Hägglund P, Svensson B, Lund MN. The Reducing Capacity of Thioredoxin on Oxidized Thiols in Boiled Wort. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10101-10106. [PMID: 29087194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Free thiol-containing proteins are suggested to work as antioxidants in beer, but the majority of thiols in wort are present in their oxidized form as disulfides and are therefore not active as antioxidants. Thioredoxin, a disulfide-reducing protein, is released into the wort from some yeast strains during fermentation. The capacity of the thioredoxin enzyme system (thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, NADPH) to reduce oxidized thiols in boiled wort under fermentation-like conditions was studied. Free thiols were quantitated in boiled wort samples by derivatization with ThioGlo1 and fluorescence detection of thiol-derivatives. When boiled wort was incubated with all components of the thioredoxin system at pH 7.0 and 25 °C for 60 min under anaerobic conditions, the free thiol concentration increased from 25 to 224 μM. At pH values similar to wort (pH 5.7) and beer (pH 4.5), the thioredoxin system was also capable of increasing the free thiol concentration, although with lower efficiency to 187 and 170 μM, respectively. The presence of sulfite, an important antioxidant in beer secreted by the yeast during fermentation, was found to inactivate thioredoxin by sulfitolysis. Reduction of oxidized thiols by the thioredoxin system was therefore only found to be efficient in the absence of sulfite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne N Murmann
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Per Hägglund
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads, Building 224, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads, Building 224, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marianne N Lund
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Townsend GT, Suflita JM. Influence of sulfur oxyanions on reductive dehalogenation activities in Desulfomonile tiedjei. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:3594-9. [PMID: 9293011 PMCID: PMC168666 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.9.3594-3599.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of aryl reductive dehalogenation reactions by sulfur oxyanions has been demonstrated in environmental samples, dehalogenating enrichments, and the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfomonile tiedjei; however, this phenomenon is not well understood. We examined the effects of sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate on reductive dehalogenation in the model microorganism D. tiedjei and found separate mechanisms of inhibition due to these oxyanions under growth versus nongrowth conditions. Dehalogenation activity was greatly reduced in extracts of cells grown in the presence of both 3-chlorobenzoate, the substrate or inducer for the aryl dehalogenation activity, and either sulfate, sulfite, or thiosulfate, indicating that sulfur oxyanions repress the requisite enzymes. In extracts of fully induced cells, thiosulfate and sulfite, but not sulfate, were potent inhibitors of aryl dehalogenation activity even in membrane fractions lacking the cytoplasmically located sulfur oxyanion reductase. These results suggest that under growth conditions, sulfur oxyanions serve as preferred electron acceptors and negatively influence dehalogenation activity in D. tiedjei by regulating the amount of active aryl dehalogenase in cells. Additionally, in vitro inhibition by sulfur oxyanions is due to the interaction of the reactive species with enzymes involved in dehalogenation and need not involve competition between two respiratory processes for reducing equivalents. Sulfur oxyanions also inhibited tetrachloroethylene dehalogenation by the same mechanisms, further indicating that chloroethylenes are fortuitously dehalogenated by the aryl dehalogenase. The commonly observed inhibition of reductive dehalogenation reactions under sulfate-reducing conditions may be due to similar regulation mechanisms in other dehalogenating microorganisms that contain multiple respiratory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Townsend
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman 73019, USA
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Braun H, Lichter A, Häberlein I. Kinetic evidence for protein complexes between thioredoxin and NADP-malate dehydrogenase and presence of a thioredoxin binding site at the N-terminus of the enzyme. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 240:781-8. [PMID: 8856084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0781h.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of activation of NADP-malate dehydrogenase (MDH; EC 1.1.1.82) from soybean and spinach leaves by the chloroplast thioredoxins isolated from the same plants, by the corresponding storage forms of the soybean chloroplast thioredoxins from soybean seeds, and by the bacterial Escherichia coli thioredoxin have been studied. The Hill equation has been applied to evaluate the saturation kinetics. The observed variable thioredoxin saturation characteristics (Vmax 0.37-14.5 mumol NADPH min-1 mg enzyme-1; K0.5 0.15-1.33 microM; Hill coefficient h 0.90-3.04) indicate that the activation of NADP-MDH depends strongly on the individual thioredoxin used. Thus, thioredoxin action is not solely due to simple reductive activation of the NADP-MDH. Specific thioredoxin complex formation between thioredoxin and NADP-MDH must be included into the mechanism of the activation process. To study the regulatory consequences of the specific thioredoxin/NADP-MDH complexes we investigated the saturation kinetics of the substrates NADPH and oxaloacetate in presence of different concentrations of each individual thioredoxin species. The kinetic characteristics of the substrates (S0.5, Vmax, and Hill coefficients h) varied individually in response to the different thioredoxin species substantiating our model of thioredoxin/ NADP-MDH complex formation. Aminopeptidase-K-truncated pea NADP-MDH has been used to demonstrate that the N-terminal 37 amino residues are involved in providing a specific thioredoxin binding site. The fact that the versatile light-dependent regulation of numerous enzyme activities by only two thioredoxin species in chloroplasts cannot be accomplished without the formation of thioredoxin/target enzyme complexes is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Braun
- Biochemie, Fachbereich Biologie-Chemie, Universität Kassel, Germany
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Lu Z, Murray KS, Van Cleave V, LaVallie ER, Stahl ML, McCoy JM. Expression of thioredoxin random peptide libraries on the Escherichia coli cell surface as functional fusions to flagellin: a system designed for exploring protein-protein interactions. BIO/TECHNOLOGY (NATURE PUBLISHING COMPANY) 1995; 13:366-72. [PMID: 9634778 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0495-366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a system for probing protein/protein interactions which makes use of the bacterial flagellum to display random peptide libraries on the surface of E. coli. In developing the system the entire coding sequence of E. coli thioredoxin (trxA) was inserted into a dispensable region of the gene for flagellin (fliC), the major structural component of the E. coli flagellum. The resulting fusion protein (FLITRX) was efficiently exported and assembled into partially functional flagella on the bacterial cell surface. A diverse library of random dodecapeptides were displayed in FLITRX on the exterior of E. coli as conformationally constrained insertions into the thioredoxin active-site loop, a location known to be a highly permissive site for the insertion of exogenous peptide sequences into native thioredoxin. To demonstrate that members of this library could be bound and selected via specific protein/protein interactions to a target protein, a method was devised to enable efficient isolation of those bacteria displaying peptides with affinity to immobilized antibodies. We have unambiguously mapped three different antibody epitopes using this method. Peptides selected as FLITRX active-site fusions retain their binding specificity when made as native thioredoxin active-site loop fusions. This will facilitate future structural characterizations and broaden the general utility of the system for exploring other classes of protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Lu
- Genetics Institute, Inc, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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Häberlein I. Structure requirements for disulfide bridge sulfitolysis of oxidized Escherichia coli thioredoxin studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 223:473-9. [PMID: 8055916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb19015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sulfitolysis of wild-type and four mutated Escherichia coli thioredoxins ([D26A]thioredoxin, [P34H]thioredoxin, [K36E]thioredoxin and endo-Arg33a-thioredoxin) has been investigated at millimolar concentrations of sulfite in the absence of protein-denaturing agents by fluorescence spectroscopy. Sulfitolysis of the single disulfide bridge of these proteins is associated with an increase in fluorescence emissions at 345 nm. Evaluation of the fluorescence emission spectra revealed that sulfitolysis of thioredoxins is a homogenous process. The reactivities of the thioredoxins are determined by negatively charged (Asp26) or positively charged (Lys36) amino acid residues near the active site disulfide bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Häberlein
- Fachbereich Biologie-Chemie, Universität Kassel, Germany
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