1
|
Khandekar SS, Konstantinidis AK, Silverman C, Janson CA, McNulty DE, Nwagwu S, Van Aller GS, Doyle ML, Kane JF, Qiu X, Lonsdale J. Expression, purification, and crystallization of the Escherichia coli selenomethionyl beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 270:100-7. [PMID: 10733911 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthase III (KAS III, also called FabH) catalyzes the condensation and transacylation of acetyl-CoA with malonyl-ACP. In order to understand the mode of enzyme/substrate interaction and design small molecule inhibitors, we have expressed, purified, and crystallized a selenomethionyl-derivative of E. coli KAS III. Several lines of evidence confirmed that purified selenomethionyl KAS III was homogenous, stably folded, and enzymatically active. Dynamic light scattering, size exclusion chromatography, and mass spectrometry results indicated that selenomethionyl KAS III is a noncovalent homodimer. Diffraction quality crystals of selenomethionyl KAS III/acetyl-CoA complex, which grew overnight to a size of 0.2 mm(3), belonged to the tetragonal space group P4(1)2(1)2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Khandekar
- Department of Protein Biochemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Bree FM, Brzozowski AM, Gellerfors P, Karlsson G, Rönnholm H, Breme U, Caccia P, Taylor G, Orsini G. Preparation and characterization of the recombinant selenomethionine analogue of insulin-like growth factor-I. Protein Expr Purif 1998; 13:319-25. [PMID: 9693056 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1998.0906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), a single-chain polypeptide consisting of 70 amino acids and 3 disulfide bridges, is a member of a class of growth factors that are involved in many proliferative and metabolic processes. To assist in solving the crystallographic three-dimensional structure, we have expressed a recombinant fusion protein precursor of IGF-I in a methionine auxotrophic strain of Escherichia coli grown in the presence of selenomethionine. An homogeneous preparation of selenomethionyl-IGF-I was then obtained by chemical cleavage of the fusion protein. The selenomethionine analogue of IGF-I was characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry, peptide mapping, analytical chromatography, and electrophoresis as well as by biological assays. The final preparation of IGF-I was found to incorporate about 90% of selenium and fully retained the functional activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F M De Bree
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karlen S, De Boer ML, Lipscombe RJ, Lutz W, Mordvinov VA, Sanderson CJ. Biological and molecular characteristics of interleukin-5 and its receptor. Int Rev Immunol 1998; 16:227-47. [PMID: 9505190 DOI: 10.3109/08830189809042996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-5 (IL5) is a T cell-derived cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases. It specifically controls the production, the activation and the localization of Eosinophils. The Eosinophils are the major cause of tissue damage resulting in the symptoms of asthma and related allergic disorders. T cells purified from bronchoalveolar lavage and peripheral blood of asthmatics secrete elevated amount of IL5. Therefore IL5 emerges to be an attractive target for the generation of new anti-allergic drugs. Agents which inhibit either the production or the activity of IL5 could be expected to ameliorate the pathological effects of the allergic response. A better understanding of the biology of IL5 and the regulation of its expression is, however, a prerequisite for the development of new therapeutic agents. This review covers the major biological, molecular and structural aspects of IL5 research since the identification of this cytokine ten years ago.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Karlen
- TVWT Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Verschelde JL, Ampe C, Guisez Y, Oefner C, Vandekerckhove J, Tavernier J. Analysis of three human interleukin 5 structures suggests a possible receptor binding mechanism. FEBS Lett 1998; 424:121-6. [PMID: 9539134 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We compared three crystal structures of human interleukin 5 (hIL5) expressed in either E. coli (hIL5E.coli), Sf9 cells (hIL5sf9) or Drosophila cells (hIL5Drosophila). The dimeric hIL5 structures show subtle but significant conformational differences which are probably a consequence of the different crystallization conditions trapping this protein into one of two states. We refer to these two distinct conformations as the 'open' and 'tight' state, according to the packing around the cleft between the two subunits. We hypothesize that these two stable conformational states reflect the structure of the free or receptor bound hIL5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Verschelde
- Flanders' Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Department of Medical Protein Research, University Ghent, Faculty of Medicine, Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Edgerton MD, Graber P, Willard D, Consler T, McKinnon M, Uings I, Arod CY, Borlat F, Fish R, Peitsch MC, Wells TN, Proudfoot AE. Spatial orientation of the alpha and betac receptor chain binding sites on monomeric human interleukin-5 constructs. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:20611-8. [PMID: 9252376 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.33.20611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-5 (IL-5), a disulfide-linked homodimer, can be induced to fold as a biological active monomer by extending the loop between its third and fourth helices (Dickason, R. R., and Huston, D. P. (1996) Nature 379, 652-655). We have designed eight monomeric IL-5 proteins to optimize biological activity and stability of the monomer. This was achieved by (i) inserting the joining loop at three different positions, (ii) by introducing an additional intramolecular disulfide bridge onto these backbones, and (iii) by creating circular permutations to fix the position of the carboxyl-terminal helix relative to the three other helices. The proteins dimerize with Kd values ranging from 20 to 200 microM and are therefore monomeric at the picomolar concentrations where they are biologically active. Introduction of a second disulfide confers increased stability, but this increased rigidity results in lower activity of the protein. Contrary to wild type IL-5, mutation of the betac contact residue on the first helix, Glu12, to Lys, into the circularly permutated constructs, did not abolish TF-1 proliferative and eosinophil activation activities. These results indicate that activation of the IL-5 receptor complex is not mediated solely by Glu12 on the first helix, and alternative mechanisms are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Edgerton
- Geneva Biomedical Research Institute, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
O'Gara M, Adams GM, Gong W, Kobayashi R, Blumenthal RM, Cheng X. Expression, purification, mass spectrometry, crystallization and multiwavelength anomalous diffraction of selenomethionyl PvuII DNA methyltransferase (cytosine-N4-specific). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 247:1009-18. [PMID: 9288926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.01009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The type II DNA-methyltransferase (cytosine N4-specific) M.PvuII was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, starting from the internal translation initiator at Met14. Selenomethionine was efficiently incorporated into this short form of M.PvuII by a strain prototrophic for methionine. Both native and selenomethionyl M.PvuII were purified to apparent homogeneity by a two-column chromatography procedure. The yield of purified protein was approximately 1.8 mg/g bacterial paste. Mass spectrometry analysis of selenomethionyl M.PvuII revealed three major forms that probably differ in the degree of selenomethionine incorporation and the extent of selenomethionine oxidation. Amino acid sequencing and mass spectrometry analysis of selenomethionine-containing peptides suggests that Met30, Met51, and Met261 were only partially replaced by selenomethionine. Furthermore, amino acid 261 may be preferentially oxidized in both native and selenomethionyl form. Selenomethionyl and native M.PvuII were crystallized separately as binary complexes of the methyl donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the monoclinic space group P2(1). Two complexes were present per asymmetric unit. Six out of nine selenium positions (per molecule), including the three that were found to be partially substituted, were identified crystallographically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M O'Gara
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kraneveld AD, Nijkamp FP, Van Oosterhout AJ. Role for neurokinin-2 receptor in interleukin-5-induced airway hyperresponsiveness but not eosinophilia in guinea pigs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:367-74. [PMID: 9279211 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.9608101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the guinea pig, interleukin-5 (IL-5) has been shown to induce airway hyperresponsiveness as well as eosinophilia, which are important symptoms in asthma. IL-5 seems to be a critical cytokine since it selectively affects eosinophil functions. The mechanism of action by which IL-5 leads to airway hyperresponsiveness may be important for our understanding of the pathogenesis of asthma. Neurogenic inflammation, which is mediated by nonadrenergic noncholinergic nerves (NANC), may play a role in the IL-5-induced effects in guinea pig airways. In this study, the role of neuropeptides in the IL-5-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilia in the guinea pig was examined using selective neurokinin receptor antagonists. Intra-airway application of IL-5 (1 microgram, twice) induces a selective eosinophil migration (control: 12 [8-22] x 10(5) cells and IL-5: 90 [67-187] x 10(5) cells, p < 0.05) and activation (control: 6.3 +/- 0.9 ng eosinophil peroxidase [EPO]/ml bronchoalveolar lavage [BAL] fluid and IL-5: 29.3 +/- 4.9 ng EPO/ml BAL fluid, p < 0.05) and a pronounced airway hyperresponsiveness in vivo. The maximal responses to histamine are increased by 160 +/- 16% (p < 0.05) after IL-5. Treatment of guinea pigs with either the nonselective neurokinin (NK)-receptor antagonist, FK224, or the selective NK2-receptor antagonist, SR48968, results in a complete inhibition of the in vivo hyperresponsiveness found after application of IL-5. Vice versa, intra-airway administration of substance P (10 micrograms, twice) results in an airway hyperresponsiveness (increased maximal response after substance P: 166 +/- 15% [p < 0.05]) without inducing migration or activation of eosinophils. All examined NK-receptor antagonists do not influence the IL-5-induced eosinophil accumulation. In addition, no effect of the NK-receptor antagonists is observed on the IL-5-induced eosinophil activation, as determined by BAL fluid EPO levels. The release of NK2-receptor active tachykinins plays an important role in the development of IL-5-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. This feature appears to be a step following eosinophil infiltration and activation since there are no effects on eosinophil function by pretreatment of the used NK-receptor antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D Kraneveld
- Department of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
The Role of Interleukin 5 in the Production and Function of Eosinophils. BLOOD CELL BIOCHEMISTRY 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-585-31728-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
10
|
Graber P, Proudfoot AE, Talabot F, Bernard A, McKinnon M, Banks M, Fattah D, Solari R, Peitsch MC, Wells TN. Identification of key charged residues of human interleukin-5 in receptor binding and cellular activation. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:15762-9. [PMID: 7797578 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.26.15762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is a cytokine that plays a major role in the differentiation and activation of eosinophils. In order to identify which charged residues of human IL-5 are important in binding to its receptor and subsequent cellular activation, we have systematically replaced all of the clusters of charged amino acids with alanine residues. The mutants have been expressed in Escherichia coli, renatured, and purified. They were assayed for ability to cause proliferation of the erythroleukaemic cell line TF-1 and the up-regulation of eosinophil adhesion to ICAM-1. In addition, we studied receptor binding using either immobilized recombinant IL-5 receptor alpha-chain or the alpha/beta-receptor complex expressed on TF-1 cells. The key charged residue involved in binding to the beta-chain of the receptor is Glu-12. This residue is in an identical position to those previously identified in IL-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) involved in binding to the receptor beta-chain. The alpha-chain binding site is shown to involve the side chains Arg-90 and Glu-109, located in the second beta sheet and after the end of the fourth helix, respectively. It is unique to IL-5 and does not occur in IL-3 or GM-CSF. Understanding the topology of the interaction of IL-5 with its receptor chains will help in the search for rationally designed antagonists of IL-5 function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Graber
- Glaxo Institute for Molecular Biology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Budisa N, Steipe B, Demange P, Eckerskorn C, Kellermann J, Huber R. High-level biosynthetic substitution of methionine in proteins by its analogs 2-aminohexanoic acid, selenomethionine, telluromethionine and ethionine in Escherichia coli. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 230:788-96. [PMID: 7607253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have utilized a T7 polymerase/promoter system for the high-level incorporation of methionine analogs with suitable labels for structural research (X-ray and NMR studies) on recombinant annexin V produced in Escherichia coli. Here, we describe, to our knowledge, the first biosynthetic high-level substitution of methionine by 2-aminohexanoic acid (norleucine), ethionine and telluromethionine in a protein. The replacement has been confirmed by electrospray mass spectroscopy, amino acid analysis and X-ray structural analysis. Conditions for expression were optimized concerning the frequency of appearance of revertants, high-level replacement and maximal protein yield. For the incorporation of norleucine and ethionine, E. coli B834 (DE3)(hsd metB), which is auxotrophic for methionine, was grown under methionine-limited conditions with an excess of the analog in the culture medium, and the expression of protein under the control of the T7 promoter was induced after the methionine supply had been exhausted. The factor limiting the high-level incorporation of telluromethionine into protein is its sensitivity towards oxidation. To overcome this problem, bacteria were grown with a limited amount of methionine, harvested after its exhaustion and resuspended in fresh media without methionine; telluromethionine was added and protein synthesis induced. Under these conditions, significant amounts of protein can be expressed before telluromethionine has been completely degraded (within hours). Biosynthetic incorporation of heavy atoms such as tellurium into recombinant proteins can accelerate the process of obtaining heavy-atom derivatives suitable for X-ray structural analysis, supplementing the traditional trial-and-error preparation of heavy-atom derivatives for the method of multiple isomorphous replacement. Furthermore, the successful high-level incorporation of amino acid analogs can provide single-atom mutations for the detailed study of the structure and function of proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Budisa
- Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Budisa N, Steipe B, Demange P, Eckerskorn C, Kellermann J, Huber R. High-level Biosynthetic Substitution of Methionine in Proteins by its Analogs 2-Aminohexanoic Acid, Selenomethionine, Telluromethionine and Ethionine in Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.0788h.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
Bernard AR, Wells TN, Cleasby A, Borlat F, Payton MA, Proudfoot AE. Selenomethionine labelling of phosphomannose isomerase changes its kinetic properties. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 230:111-8. [PMID: 7601089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.0111i.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) is an essential enzyme in the early steps of the protein glycosylation pathway in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Lack of the enzyme is lethal for fungal organisms and it is thus a potential fungicidal target. To facilitate the solution of the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme from the pathogen Candida albicans, we have produced the recombinant selenomethionine-labelled enzyme (SeMet-PMI). DL41, a methionine auxotroph Escherichia coli strain, was transformed with a PMI expression plasmid and grown on an enriched selenomethionine-containing medium to high-cell densities. The SeMet-PMI protein has been purified and found by amino acid analysis to have its methionine residues replaced by selenomethionine residues. Electrospray mass spectroscopy showed a major species of 49,063 +/- 10 Da for SeMet-PMI compared to 48,735 +/- 6 Da for the normal recombinant enzyme, accounting for the incorporation of seven selenomethionine residues. SeMet-PMI crystallised isomorphously with the normal PMI protein and the crystals diffract to 0.23 nm. Kinetic characterisation of SeMet-PMI showed that its Km for the substrate mannose-6-phosphate was fourfold higher than that of its methionine-containing counterpart. The inhibition constant for zinc ions was also increased by a similar factor. However, the Vmax was unaltered. These results suggested that one or more methionine residues must be in close proximity to the substrate-binding pocket in the active site, rendering substrate access more difficult compared to the normal enzyme. This hypothesis was confirmed by the finding of four methionine residues lying along one wall of the active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Bernard
- Glaxo Institute for Molecular Biology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wells TN, Graber P, Proudfoot AE, Arod CY, Jordan SR, Lambert MH, Hassel AM, Milburn MV. The three-dimensional structure of human interleukin-5 at 2.4-angstroms resolution: implication for the structures of other cytokines. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 725:118-27. [PMID: 8030983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb39796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T N Wells
- Glaxo Institute for Molecular Biology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guisez Y, Oefner C, Winkler FK, Schlaeger EJ, Zulauf M, Van der Heyden J, Plaetinck G, Cornelis S, Tavernier J, Fiers W. Expression, purification and crystallization of fully active, glycosylated human interleukin-5. FEBS Lett 1993; 331:49-52. [PMID: 8405410 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant human interleukin-5 (hIL-5) has been expressed at high levels and produced in large quantities in baculovirus infected Sf9 insect cells. The glycosylated protein was purified using immuno-affinity chromatography and gel filtration. Purified hIL-5 has been crystallized using standard vapour diffusion techniques with PEG as a coprecipitant. The crystals belong to the C2 space group and diffract to 2 A.
Collapse
|