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Almeida TC, Giannotti KC, Ribeiro Silva LM, Marques-Porto R, DeOcesano-Pereira C, Camargo L, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM, Reid P, Picolo G. Crotoxin induces cytotoxic effects in human malignant melanoma cells in both native and detoxified forms. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1425446. [PMID: 39114354 PMCID: PMC11303296 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1425446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Melanoma, a highly aggressive skin cancer originating in melanocytes, poses a significant threat due to its metastatic potential. While progress has been made in treating melanoma with targeted therapies and immunotherapies, challenges persist. Crotoxin (CTX), the principal toxin in Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, exhibits various biological activities, including anti-tumoral effects across multiple cancers. However, its clinical use is limited by toxicity. Thus, exploring alternatives to mitigate adverse effects is crucial. Methods and Results: This study investigates the antitumoral potential of CTX in its native and in a detoxified form, in melanoma cells. Firstly, we demonstrated that detoxified CTX presented reduced phospholipase activity. Both forms proved to be more cytotoxic to SK-MEL-28 and MeWo melanoma cells than non-tumoral cells. In SK-MEL-28 cells, where cytotoxic effects were more pronounced, native and detoxified CTX induced increased necrosis and apoptosis rates. We also confirmed the apoptosis death demonstrated by the activation of caspase-3 and 7, and the formation of apoptotic bodies. Furthermore, both CTX caused cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, interfering with melanoma cell proliferation. Cell migration and invasion were also suppressed by both CTX. These results confirm the antitumoral potential of CTX. Discussion: The maintenance of the antiproliferative effects in the detoxified version, with reduced enzymatic activity often liked to harm effects, supports further studies to identify active parts of the molecule responsible for the interesting effects without causing substantial toxic events, contributing to the future use of CTX-derived drugs with safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lauren Camargo
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovering (CENTD), Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paul Reid
- Celtic Biotech Ltd., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gisele Picolo
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Neri-Castro E, Zarzosa V, Lomonte B, Zamudio F, Hernandez-Orihuela L, Olvera-Rodríguez A, Rodríguez-Solís AM, Borja M, García-Vázquez UO, Jones JM, Parkinson CL, Alagón A. Exploring venom diversity in Mixcoatlus browni and Mixcoatlus barbouri: A comparative analysis of two rare Mexican snake species with crotoxin-like presence. Biochimie 2024; 225:81-88. [PMID: 38762000 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The genus Mixcoatlus is composed of three species: Mixcoatlus barbouri, M. browni, and M. melanurus, of which the venom composition of M. melanurus, the most common species of the three, has only recently been described. However, very little is known about the natural history of M. barbouri and M. browni, and the venom composition of these two species has remained thus far unexplored. In this study we characterize the proteomic profiles and the main biochemical and toxic activities of these two venoms. Proteomic data obtained by shotgun analysis of whole venom identified 12 protein families for M. barbouri, and 13 for M. browni. The latter venom was further characterized by using a quantitative 'venomics' protocol, which revealed that it is mainly composed of 51.1 % phospholipases A2 (PLA2), 25.5 % snake venom serine proteases (SVSP), 4.6 % l-amino oxidases (LAO), and 3.6 % snake venom metalloproteases (SVMP), with lower percentages other six protein families. Both venoms contained homologs of the basic and acidic subunits of crotoxin. However, due to limitations in M. barbouri venom availability, we could only characterize the crotoxin-like protein of M. browni venom, which we have named Mixcoatlutoxin. It exhibited a lethal potency in mice like that described for classical rattlesnake crotoxins. These findings expand knowledge on the distribution of crotoxin-like heterodimeric proteins in viper snake species. Further investigation of the bioactivities of the venom of M. barbouri, on the other hand, remains necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Neri-Castro
- Investigador por México, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad s/n. Fracc. Filadelfia, C.P. 35010, Gómez Palacio, Dgo, Mexico; Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico.
| | - Vanessa Zarzosa
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Fernando Zamudio
- Investigador por México, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad s/n. Fracc. Filadelfia, C.P. 35010, Gómez Palacio, Dgo, Mexico
| | - Lorena Hernandez-Orihuela
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Olvera-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Audrey Michelle Rodríguez-Solís
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Miguel Borja
- Investigador por México, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad s/n. Fracc. Filadelfia, C.P. 35010, Gómez Palacio, Dgo, Mexico
| | - Uri O García-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Sistemática Molecular, Carrera de Biología, UMIEZ, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Batalla 5 de Mayo s/n, Ejército de Oriente, Ciudad de México, 09230, Mexico
| | | | - Chistopher L Parkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Forestry, and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 190 Collings St. Clemson, SC, 29631, USA
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico.
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3
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Salvador GHM, Fernandes CAH, Borges RJ, Soares AM, Fontes MRM. Structural studies with crotoxin B from Crotalus durissus collilineatus venom suggest a heterodimeric assembly formed by two new isoforms. Biochimie 2024; 218:46-56. [PMID: 37659716 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
In accidents involving Crotalus snakes, the crotoxin complex (CTX) plays lethal action due to its neurotoxic activity. On the other hand, CTX have potential biotechnological application due to its anti-tumoral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic and immunomodulatory properties. CTX is a heterodimer composed of Crotoxin A (CA or crotapotin), the acidic nontoxic and non-enzymatic component and; Crotoxin B (CB), a basic, toxic and catalytic PLA2. Currently, there are two classes of CTX isoforms, whose differences in their biological activities have been attributed to features presented in CB isoforms. Here, we present the crystal structure of CB isolated from the Crotalus durissus collilineatus venom. It amino acid sequence was assigned using the SEQUENCE SLIDER software, which revealed that the crystal structure is a heterodimer composed of two new CB isoforms (colCB-A and colCB-B). Bioinformatic and biophysical analyses showed that the toxin forms a tetrameric assembly in solution similar to CB from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, despite some differences observed at the dimeric interface. By the previously proposed classification, the colCB-B presents features of the class I isoforms while colCB-A cannot be classified into classes I and II based on its amino acid sequence. Due to similar features observed for other CB isoforms found in the NCBI database and the results obtained for colCB-A, we suggest that there are more than two classes of CTX and CB isoforms in crotalic venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H M Salvador
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A H Fernandes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; UMR 7590, CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Rafael J Borges
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Centro de Química Medicina (CQMED), Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade de Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos Aplicados, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Inst Nac. de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EPIAMO), Rede de Pesquisa e Conhecimento de Excelência na Amazônia Ocidental (RED-CONEXAO), Brazil
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Estudos Avançados do Mar (IEAMar), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Vicente, SP, Brazil.
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Popoff MR, Faure G, Legout S, Ladant D. Animal Toxins: A Historical Outlook at the Institut Pasteur of Paris. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:462. [PMID: 37505731 PMCID: PMC10467091 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have faced poisonous animals since the most ancient times. It is recognized that certain animals, like specific plants, produce toxic substances that can be lethal, but that can also have therapeutic or psychoactive effects. The use of the term "venom", which initially designated a poison, remedy, or magic drug, is now confined to animal poisons delivered by biting. Following Louis Pasteur's work on pathogenic microorganisms, it was hypothesized that venoms could be related to bacterial toxins and that the process of pathogenicity attenuation could be applied to venoms for the prevention and treatment of envenomation. Cesaire Phisalix and Gabriel Bertrand from the National Museum of Natural History as well as Albert Calmette from the Institut Pasteur in Paris were pioneers in the development of antivenomous serotherapy. Gaston Ramon refined the process of venom attenuation for the immunization of horses using a formalin treatment method that was successful for diphtheria and tetanus toxins. This paved the way for the production of antivenomous sera at the Institut Pasteur, as well as for research on venom constituents and the characterization of their biological activities. The specific activities of certain venom components, such as those involved in blood coagulation or the regulation of chloride ion channels, raises the possibility of developing novel therapeutic drugs that could serve as anticoagulants or as a treatment for cystic fibrosis, for example. Scientists of the Institut Pasteur of Paris have significantly contributed to the study of snake venoms, a topic that is reported in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel R. Popoff
- Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 2001 INSERM U1306, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Grazyna Faure
- Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, F-75015 Paris, France;
| | - Sandra Legout
- Centre de Ressources et Information Scientifique, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France;
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, F-75015 Paris, France;
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Biological and Medical Aspects Related to South American Rattlesnake Crotalus durissus (Linnaeus, 1758): A View from Colombia. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120875. [PMID: 36548772 PMCID: PMC9784998 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Colombia, South America, there is a subspecies of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus, C. d. cumanensis, a snake of the Viperidae family, whose presence has been reduced due to the destruction of its habitat. It is an enigmatic snake from the group of pit vipers, venomous, with large articulated front fangs, special designs on its body, and a characteristic rattle on its tail. Unlike in Brazil, the occurrence of human envenomation by C. durisus in Colombia is very rare and contributes to less than 1% of envenomation caused by snakes. Its venom is a complex cocktail of proteins with different biological effects, which evolved with the purpose of paralyzing the prey, killing it, and starting its digestive process, as well as having defense functions. When its venom is injected into humans as the result of a bite, the victim presents with both local tissue damage and with systemic involvement, including a diverse degree of neurotoxic, myotoxic, nephrotoxic, and coagulopathic effects, among others. Its biological effects are being studied for use in human health, including the possible development of analgesic, muscle relaxant, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, anti-infection, and antineoplastic drugs. Several groups of researchers in Brazil are very active in their contributions in this regard. In this work, a review is made of the most relevant biological and medical aspects related to the South American rattlesnake and of what may be of importance for a better understanding of the snake C. d. cumanensis, present in Colombia and Venezuela.
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Purification and Characterization of a Novel Factor of Crotoxin Inter-CRO (V-1), a New Phospholipase A2 Isoform from Crotalus durissus collilineatus Snake Venom Using an In Vitro Neuromuscular Preparation. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fractionation of Crotalus durissus collilineatus whole venom through an HPLC chromatographic method enabled the purification of a new V-1 neurotoxin. Inter-CRO (V-1) presents similarity in its primary structure to crotoxin B (CB), suggesting another isoform of this toxin. The aim of this study was to compare V-1 to the crotoxin complex (CA/CB) and CB to elucidate aspects related to its functionality. The homogeneity of the purified protein was confirmed with a molecular mass of 1425.45 Da, further verified by mass spectrometry. The sequence of the protein showed high similarity to other viperid snake venom PLA2 proteins. The results of this study report that V-1 is an uncharacterized novel toxin with different biological activities from CB. V-1 maintained catalytic activity but presented neurotoxic activity as observed by the 2.5-fold increase in twitch tension record compared to control values on isolated muscle cells.
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Characterization of the venom and external morphology of a natural hybrid between Crotalus atrox and Crotalus mictlantecuhtli. Toxicon 2022; 207:43-47. [PMID: 35007607 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we report, for the first time, a natural hybrid between Crotalus atrox and C. mictlantecuhtli based on intermediate characteristics of the external morphology and venom. Morphologically, the individual had characteristics of both parent species. The hybrid's venom exhibited an intermediate composition including the presence of crotoxin which has never been documented in C. atrox but is well documented in C. mictlantecuhtli. The hybrid's venom was highly toxic and showed an intermediate proteolytic activity between the parental species. The two Mexican antivenoms were able to neutralize the hybrid's venom's lethality.
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Rodrigues CR, Molina Molina DA, de Souza DLN, Cardenas J, Costal-Oliveira F, Guerra-Duarte C, Chávez-Olórtegui C. Biological and proteomic characterization of the venom from Peruvian Andes rattlesnake Crotalus durissus. Toxicon 2021; 207:31-42. [PMID: 34968566 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Peruvian rattlesnake Crotalus durissus is a venomous species that is restricted to the Peruvian Departments of Puno and Madre de Dios. Although clinically meaningful in this region, Crotalus durissus venom composition remains largely elusive. In this sense, this work aimed to provide a primary description of Peruvian C. durissus venom (PCdV). The enzymatic activities (SVMP, SVSP, LAAO, Hyaluronidase and PLA2) of PCdV were analyzed and compared to Brazilian Crotalus durissus terrificus venom (BCdtV). PCdV showed higher PLA2 activity when compared to the Brazilian venom. PCdV also showed cytotoxicity in VERO cells. For proteomic analysis, PCdV proteins were separated by HPLC, followed by SDS-PAGE. Gel bands were excised and tryptic digested for MALDI-TOF/TOF identification. Approximately 21 proteins were identified, belonging to 7 families. Phospholipases A2 (PLA2, 66.63%) were the most abundant proteins of the venom, followed by snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs, 13.37%), C-type lectins (Snaclec, 8.98%) and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs, 7.13%), crotamine (2.98%) and phosphodiesterase (PDE, 0.87%). Moreover, antivenom recognition assays indicated that both Brazilian and Peruvian antivenoms recognize PCdV, indicating the presence of antigenically related proteins in crotalic venoms. The results reported here, may impact in the venom selection for the production of effective Pan-American crotalic antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rego Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denis A Molina Molina
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernanda Costal-Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Baudou FG, Rodriguez JP, Fusco L, de Roodt AR, De Marzi MC, Leiva L. South American snake venoms with abundant neurotoxic components. Composition and toxicological properties. A literature review. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106119. [PMID: 34481791 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In South America there are three snake genera with predominantly neurotoxic venoms: Crotalus, Micrurus and Hydrophis, which include nine species/subspecies, 97 species and a single marine species, respectively. Although accidents with neurotoxic venoms are less frequent than those with anticoagulant, cytotoxic or necrotic venoms (e.g. from Bothrops), they are of major public health importance. Venoms from genus Crotalus have been extensively studied, while data on the venoms from the other two genera are very limited, especially for Hydrophis. The venoms of North and South American Crotalus species show biochemical and physiopathological differences. The former species cause bothrops-like envenomation symptoms, while the latter mainly have neurotoxic and myotoxic effects, leading to respiratory paralysis and, occasionally, renal failure by myoglobinuria and death, often with no local lesions. Micrurus and Hydrophis also cause neurotoxic envenomations. Many studies have isolated, identified and characterized new enzymes and toxins, thus expanding the knowledge of snake venom composition. The present review summarizes the currently available information on neurotoxic venoms from South American snakes, with a focus on protein composition and toxicological properties. It also includes some comments concerning potential medical applications of elapid and crotalic toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico G Baudou
- Universidad Nacional de Luján (UNLu), Depto. de Ciencias Básicas, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES), UNLu-CONICET, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Juan P Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de la Facultad de Medicina (LIBIM), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (IQUIBA-NEA), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNNE-CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Luciano Fusco
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas (LabInPro), IQUIBA-NEA (UNNE, CONICET), FaCENA, (UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Adolfo R de Roodt
- Área Investigación y Desarrollo-Venenos, Instituto Nacional de Producción de Biológicos, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Argentina; Primera Cátedra de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Toxinopatología, Centro de Patología Experimental y Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio C De Marzi
- Universidad Nacional de Luján (UNLu), Depto. de Ciencias Básicas, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES), UNLu-CONICET, Luján, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Leiva
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Proteínas (LabInPro), IQUIBA-NEA (UNNE, CONICET), FaCENA, (UNNE), Corrientes, Argentina
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Nemecz D, Ostrowski M, Ravatin M, Saul F, Faure G. Crystal Structure of Isoform CBd of the Basic Phospholipase A 2 Subunit of Crotoxin: Description of the Structural Framework of CB for Interaction with Protein Targets. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225290. [PMID: 33202772 PMCID: PMC7696373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crotoxin, from the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus, is a potent heterodimeric presynaptic β-neurotoxin that exists in individual snake venom as a mixture of isoforms of a basic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) subunit (CBa2, CBb, CBc, and CBd) and acidic subunit (CA1-4). Specific natural mutations in CB isoforms are implicated in functional differences between crotoxin isoforms. The three-dimensional structure of two individual CB isoforms (CBa2, CBc), and one isoform in a crotoxin (CA2CBb) complex, have been previously reported. This study concerns CBd, which by interaction with various protein targets exhibits many physiological or pharmacological functions. It binds with high affinity to presynaptic receptors showing neurotoxicity, but also interacts with human coagulation factor Xa (hFXa), exhibiting anticoagulant effect, and acts as a positive allosteric modulator and corrector of mutated chloride channel, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), implicated in cystic fibrosis. Thus, CBd represents a novel family of agents that have potential in identifying new drug leads related to anticoagulant and anti-cystic fibrosis function. We determined here the X-ray structure of CBd and compare it with the three other natural isoforms of CB. The structural role of specific amino acid variations between CB isoforms are analyzed and the structural framework of CB for interaction with protein targets is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Nemecz
- Institut Pasteur, Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS UMR 3571, Département de Neuroscience, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; (D.N.); (M.O.); (M.R.)
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Maciej Ostrowski
- Institut Pasteur, Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS UMR 3571, Département de Neuroscience, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; (D.N.); (M.O.); (M.R.)
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Marc Ravatin
- Institut Pasteur, Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS UMR 3571, Département de Neuroscience, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; (D.N.); (M.O.); (M.R.)
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery-High Content Biology, 94400 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Frederick Saul
- Institut Pasteur, Plateforme de Cristallographie-C2RT, CNRS UMR 3528, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Grazyna Faure
- Institut Pasteur, Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS UMR 3571, Département de Neuroscience, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; (D.N.); (M.O.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-14-568-86-86; Fax: +33-14-568-88-36
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11
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da Silva-Júnior LN, Abreu LDS, Rodrigues CFB, Galizio NDC, Aguiar WDS, Serino-Silva C, Dos Santos VS, Costa IA, Oliveira LVF, Sant'Anna SS, Grego KF, Tanaka-Azevedo AM, Rodrigues LNDS, de Morais-Zani K. Geographic variation of individual venom profile of Crotalus durissus snakes. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20200016. [PMID: 32922444 PMCID: PMC7449379 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: South American rattlesnakes are represented in Brazil by a single species,
Crotalus durissus, which has public health importance
due to the severity of its envenomation and to its wide geographical
distribution. The species is subdivided into several subspecies, but the
current classification is controversial. In Brazil, the venoms of C.
d. terrificus and C. d. collilineatus are used
for hyperimmunization of horses for antivenom production, even though the
distinction of these two subspecies are mostly by their geographical
distribution. In this context, we described a comparative compositional and
functional characterization of individual C. d.
collilineatus and C. d. terrificus venoms from
three Brazilian states. Methods: We compared the compositional patterns of C. d. terrificus
and C. d. collilineatus individual venoms by 1-DE and
RP-HPLC. For functional analyzes, the enzymatic activities of
PLA2, LAAO, and coagulant activity were evaluated. Finally,
the immunorecognition of venom toxins by the crotalic antivenom produced at
Butantan Institute was evaluated using Western blotting. Results: The protein profile of individual venoms from C. d.
collilineatus and C. d. terrificus showed a
comparable overall composition, despite some intraspecific variation,
especially regarding crotamine and LAAO. Interestingly, HPLC analysis showed
a geographic pattern concerning PLA2. In addition, a remarkable
intraspecific variation was also observed in PLA2, LAAO and
coagulant activities. The immunorecognition pattern of individual venoms
from C. d. collilineatus and C. d.
terrificus by crotalic antivenom produced at Butantan Institute
was similar. Conclusions: The results highlighted the individual variability among the venoms of
C. durissus ssp. specimens. Importantly, our data point
to a geographical variation of C. durissus ssp. venom
profile, regardless of the subspecies, as evidenced by PLA2
isoforms complexity, which may explain the increase in venom neurotoxicity
from Northeastern through Southern Brazil reported for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Norberto da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR), University Center of Anápolis (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB-IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathália da Costa Galizio
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB-IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Weslei da Silva Aguiar
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB-IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB-IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Valdomiro Souza Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR), University Center of Anápolis (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | - Isabella Alves Costa
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR), University Center of Anápolis (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | - Luis Vicente Franco Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR), University Center of Anápolis (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Interinstitutional Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPIB-IPT, IBU and USP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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Neri-Castro E, Sanz L, Olvera-Rodríguez A, Bénard-Valle M, Alagón A, Calvete JJ. Venomics and biochemical analysis of the black-tailed horned pitviper, Mixcoatlus melanurus, and characterization of Melanurutoxin, a novel crotoxin homolog. J Proteomics 2020; 225:103865. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Neri-Castro E, Bénard-Valle M, Paniagua D, V. Boyer L, D. Possani L, López-Casillas F, Olvera A, Romero C, Zamudio F, Alagón A. Neotropical Rattlesnake ( Crotalus simus) Venom Pharmacokinetics in Lymph and Blood Using an Ovine Model. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070455. [PMID: 32708875 PMCID: PMC7405010 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The most abundant protein families in viper venoms are Snake Venom Metalloproteases (SVMPs), Snake Venom Serine Proteases (SVSPs) and Phospholipases (PLA2s). These are primarily responsible for the pathophysiology caused by the bite of pit-vipers; however, there are few studies that analyze the pharmacokinetics (PK) of whole venom (WV) and its protein families. We studied the pathophysiology, PK profile and differential absorption of representative toxins from venom of Neotropical Rattlesnake (Crotalus simus) in a large animal model (ovine). Toxins studied included crotoxin (the main lethal component), which causes moderate to severe neurotoxicity; SVSPs, which deplete fibrinogen; and SVMPs, which cause local tissue damage and local and systemic hemorrhage. We found that Whole Venom (WV) was highly bioavailable (86%) 60 h following intramuscular (IM) injection, and extrapolation suggests that bioavailability may be as high as 92%. PK profiles of individual toxins were consistent with their physicochemical properties and expected clinical effects. Lymph cannulated animals absorbed 1.9% of WV through lymph during the first 12 h. Crotoxin was minimally detectable in serum after intravenous (IV) injection; however, following IM injection it was detected in lymph but not in blood. This suggests that crotoxin is quickly released from the blood toward its tissue targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Neri-Castro
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (E.N.-C.); (M.B.-V.); (L.D.P.); (A.O.); (F.Z.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio B Primer Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Melisa Bénard-Valle
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (E.N.-C.); (M.B.-V.); (L.D.P.); (A.O.); (F.Z.)
| | - Dayanira Paniagua
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico;
| | - Leslie V. Boyer
- Venom Immunochemistry, Pharmacology, and Emergency Response (VIPER) Institute, University of Arizona,1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Lourival D. Possani
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (E.N.-C.); (M.B.-V.); (L.D.P.); (A.O.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fernando López-Casillas
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro Olvera
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (E.N.-C.); (M.B.-V.); (L.D.P.); (A.O.); (F.Z.)
| | - Camilo Romero
- Centro Universitario UAEM Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Amecameca de Juárez 56900, Mexico;
| | - Fernando Zamudio
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (E.N.-C.); (M.B.-V.); (L.D.P.); (A.O.); (F.Z.)
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico; (E.N.-C.); (M.B.-V.); (L.D.P.); (A.O.); (F.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Tasima LJ, Hatakeyama DM, Serino-Silva C, Rodrigues CFB, de Lima EOV, Sant'Anna SS, Grego KF, de Morais-Zani K, Sanz L, Calvete JJ, Tanaka-Azevedo AM. Comparative proteomic profiling and functional characterization of venom pooled from captive Crotalus durissus terrificus specimens and the Brazilian crotalic reference venom. Toxicon 2020; 185:26-35. [PMID: 32634448 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus spp has a wide geographic distribution in Brazil. Although responsible for only a low proportion of ophidian accidents, it is considered one of the most medically important species of venomous snakes due to the high mortality rate (1.87%). Snake venom is a complex phenotype commonly subjected to individual intraspecific, ontogenetic and geographic variability. Compositional differences in pooled venom used in the immunization process may impact the efficacy of the antivenom. In order to assure standardized high-quality antivenom, the potency of each Brazilian crotalic antivenom batch is determined against the 'Brazilian Crotalic Reference Venom' (BCRV). BCRV is produced by Instituto Butantan using venom obtained from the first milking of recently wild-caught C. d. terrificus specimens brought to the Institute. The decrease in the number of snake donations experienced in recent years can become a threat to the production of future batches of BCRV. To evaluate the feasibility of using venom from long-term captive animals in the formulation of BCRV, we have compared the proteomic, biochemical and biological profiles of C. d. terrificus venom pooled from captive specimens (CVP- captive venom pool) and BCRV. Electrophoretic and venomics analyses revealed a very similar venom composition profile, but also certain differences in toxins abundance, with some low abundant protein families found only in BCRV. Enzymatic (L-amino acid oxidase, phospholipase A2 and proteolytic) and biological (myotoxic and coagulant) activities showed higher values in CVP than in BCRV. CVP also possessed slightly higher lethal effect, although the Instituto Butantan crotalic antivenom showed equivalent potency neutralizing BCRV and CVP. Our results strongly suggest that venom from long-term captive C. d. terrificus might be a valid alternative to generate an immunization mixture of equivalent quality to the currently in use reference venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia J Tasima
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela M Hatakeyama
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Caroline Serino-Silva
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Caroline F B Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo O V de Lima
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Sávio S Sant'Anna
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Kathleen F Grego
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Karen de Morais-Zani
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil
| | - Libia Sanz
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Instituto de Biomedicina, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Instituto de Biomedicina, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Anita M Tanaka-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil; Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas-Instituto Butantan, Universidade de São Paulo, 05503-000, Brazil.
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15
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Fast venomic analysis of Crotalus durissus terrificus from northeastern Argentina. Toxicon X 2020; 7:100047. [PMID: 32613194 PMCID: PMC7322346 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete knowledge of the toxins that make up venoms is the base for the treatment of snake accidents victims and the selection of specimens for the preparation of venom pools for antivenom production. In this work, we used a fast and direct venomics approach to identify the toxin families in the C.d. terrificus venom, a Southern American Neotropical rattlesnake. The RP-HPLC separation profile of pooled venom from adult specimens followed by mass spectrometry analysis revealed that C.d. terrificus' venom proteome is composed of 12 protein families, which are unevenly distributed in the venom, e.g., there are few major proteins in the venom's composition phospholipase A2, serine proteinase, crotamine and L-amino acid oxidase. At the same time, the proteome analysis revealed a small set of proteins with low quantity (less than 1.5%), both enzymes (metaloprotease, phospholipase B and 5'-nucleotidase) and proteins (Bradykinin potentiating and C-type natriuretic peptides, C-type lectin convulxin and nerve growth factor). To sum up, this research is the first venomic report of C.d.terrificus venom from Argentina. This proved to be crotamine positive venom that has a lower metalloprotease content than C.d. terrificus venoms from other regions. This information could be used in the discovery of future pharmacological agents or targets in antivenom therapy.
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16
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Whittington AC, Mason AJ, Rokyta DR. A Single Mutation Unlocks Cascading Exaptations in the Origin of a Potent Pitviper Neurotoxin. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:887-898. [PMID: 29329419 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary innovations and complex phenotypes seemingly require an improbable amount of genetic change to evolve. Rattlesnakes display two dramatically different venom phenotypes. Type I venoms are hemorrhagic with low systemic toxicity and high expression of tissue-destroying snake venom metalloproteinases. Type II venoms are highly neurotoxic and lack snake venom metalloproteinase expression and associated hemorrhagic activity. This dichotomy hinges on Mojave toxin (MTx), a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) based β-neurotoxin expressed in Type II venoms. MTx is comprised of a nontoxic acidic subunit that undergoes extensive proteolytic processing and allosterically regulates activity of a neurotoxic basic subunit. Evolution of the acidic subunit presents an evolutionary challenge because the need for high expression of a nontoxic venom component and the proteolytic machinery required for processing suggests genetic changes of seemingly little immediate benefit to fitness. We showed that MTx evolved through a cascading series of exaptations unlocked by a single nucleotide change. The evolution of one new cleavage site in the acidic subunit unmasked buried cleavage sites already present in ancestral PLA2s, enabling proteolytic processing. Snake venom serine proteases, already present in the venom to disrupt prey hemostasis, possess the requisite specificities for MTx acidic subunit proteolysis. The dimerization interface between MTx subunits evolved by exploiting a latent, but masked, hydrophobic interaction between ancestral PLA2s. The evolution of MTx through exaptation of existing functional and structural features suggests complex phenotypes that depend on evolutionary innovations can arise from minimal genetic change enabled by prior evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carl Whittington
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Andrew J Mason
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Darin R Rokyta
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
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17
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Russo RR, dos Santos Júnior NN, Cintra ACO, Figueiredo LTM, Sampaio SV, Aquino VH. Expression, purification and virucidal activity of two recombinant isoforms of phospholipase A2 from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1159-1171. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Neri-Castro E, Hernández-Dávila A, Olvera-Rodríguez A, Cardoso-Torres H, Bénard-Valle M, Bastiaans E, López-Gutierrez O, Alagón A. Detection and quantification of a β-neurotoxin (crotoxin homologs) in the venom of the rattlesnakes Crotalus simus, C. culminatus and C. tzabcan from Mexico. Toxicon X 2019; 2:100007. [PMID: 32550564 PMCID: PMC7286086 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2019.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venom may vary in composition and toxicity across the geographic distribution of a species. In the case of the three species of the Neotropical rattlesnakes Crotalus simus, C. culminatus and C. tzabcan recent research has revealed that their venoms can contain a neurotoxic component (crotoxin homologs), but is not always the case. In the present work, we detected and quantified crotoxin homologs in venom samples from three species distributed across Mexico, to describe variation at the individual and subspecific levels, using slot blot and ELISA immunoassays. We found that all C. simus individuals analyzed had substantial percentages of crotoxin homologs in their venoms (7.6–44.3%). In contrast, C. culminatus lacked them completely and six of ten individuals of the species C. tzabcan had low percentages (3.0–7.7%). We also found a direct relationship between the lethality of a venom and the percentage of crotoxin homologs it contained, indicating that the quantity of this component influences venom lethality in the rattlesnake C. simus. Monoclonal antibodies were produced that specifically recognized crotoxin homologs in venoms of Crotalus species. Crotoxin homologs were quantified in three species of Crotalus: C. simus, C. culminatus and C. tzabcan. All specimens of C. simus contained crotoxin homologs at different levels, while C. culminatus venoms lacked them completely. In C. tzabcan, some venoms possess and other lack crotoxin homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Neri-Castro
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Arely Hernández-Dávila
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Olvera-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Héctor Cardoso-Torres
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Melisa Bénard-Valle
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Bastiaans
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY, USA
| | - Oswaldo López-Gutierrez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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19
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Action of Vipoxin and its separated components on monomolecular film of Dilauroylphosphatidylcholine at the air/water interface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Venom characterization of the three species of Ophryacus and proteomic profiling of O. sphenophrys unveils Sphenotoxin, a novel Crotoxin-like heterodimeric β-neurotoxin. J Proteomics 2019; 192:196-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Neutralizing properties of LY315920 toward snake venom group I and II myotoxic phospholipases A2. Toxicon 2019; 157:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Muller SP, Silva VAO, Silvestrini AVP, de Macedo LH, Caetano GF, Reis RM, Mazzi MV. Crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom: In vitro cytotoxic activity of a heterodimeric phospholipase A2 on human cancer-derived cell lines. Toxicon 2018; 156:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.10.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Khusro A, Aarti C, Barbabosa-Pliego A, Rivas-Cáceres RR, Cipriano-Salazar M. Venom as therapeutic weapon to combat dreadful diseases of 21 st century: A systematic review on cancer, TB, and HIV/AIDS. Microb Pathog 2018; 125:96-107. [PMID: 30195644 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer and infectious diseases are the preeminent causes of human morbidities and mortalities worldwide. At present, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy are considered as predominant options in order to treat cancer. But these therapies provide inadequate consequences by affecting both the normal and tumor cells. On the other hand, tuberculosis (TB), and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infections are significant threats, causing over a million mortalities each year. The extensive applications of antibiotics have caused the microbes to acquire resistance to the existing antibiotics. With the emerging dilemma of drug resistant microbes, it has become imperative to identify novel therapeutic agents from natural sources as emphatic alternative approach. Over the past few decades, venoms derived from several reptiles, amphibians, and arthropods including snakes, scorpions, frogs, spiders, honey bees, wasps, beetles, caterpillars, ants, centipedes, and sponges have been identified as efficient therapeutics. Venoms constitute plethora of bioactive components, particularly peptides, enzymes, and other chemical entities, which exhibit a large array of anticancer and anti-pathogenic activities. This review highlights the panorama of bioactive components of animal venoms divulging the anticancer, anti-tubercular, and anti-HIV activities. In a nutshell, this context discloses the decisive role of animal venoms as alternative natural resources to combat these deadly diseases of 21st century, and propounding the plausible development of new therapeutic drugs in the present era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Khusro
- Research Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai, 600034, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Chirom Aarti
- Research Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai, 600034, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alberto Barbabosa-Pliego
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Raymundo Rene Rivas-Cáceres
- Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ave. Plutarco Elías Calles No. 1210, FOVISSSTE Chamizal Cd, Juarez, C.P. 32310, Mexico
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Xiong S, Huang C. Synergistic strategies of predominant toxins in snake venoms. Toxicol Lett 2018; 287:142-154. [PMID: 29428543 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synergism is a significant phenomenon present in snake venoms that may be an evolving strategy to potentiate toxicities. Synergism exists between different toxins or toxin complexes in various snake venoms, with phospholipaseA2s (PLA2s) (toxins or subunits) the main enablers. The predominant toxins, snake venom PLA2s, metalloproteases (SVMPs), serine proteases (SVSPs) and three-finger toxins (3FTxs), play essential roles in synergistic processes. The hypothetical mechanisms of synergistic effect can be generalized under the effects of amplification and chaperoning. The Toxicity Score is among the few quantitative methods to assess synergism. Selection of toxins involved in synergistically enhanced toxicity as the targets are important for development of novel antivenoms or inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Xiong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Chunhong Huang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Secreted Phospholipases A₂ from Animal Venoms in Pain and Analgesia. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9120406. [PMID: 29311537 PMCID: PMC5744126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal venoms comprise a complex mixture of components that affect several biological systems. Based on the high selectivity for their molecular targets, these components are also a rich source of potential therapeutic agents. Among the main components of animal venoms are the secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s). These PLA2 belong to distinct PLA2s groups. For example, snake venom sPLA2s from Elapidae and Viperidae families, the most important families when considering envenomation, belong, respectively, to the IA and IIA/IIB groups, whereas bee venom PLA2 belongs to group III of sPLA2s. It is well known that PLA2, due to its hydrolytic activity on phospholipids, takes part in many pathophysiological processes, including inflammation and pain. Therefore, secreted PLA2s obtained from animal venoms have been widely used as tools to (a) modulate inflammation and pain, uncovering molecular targets that are implicated in the control of inflammatory (including painful) and neurodegenerative diseases; (b) shed light on the pathophysiology of inflammation and pain observed in human envenomation by poisonous animals; and, (c) characterize molecular mechanisms involved in inflammatory diseases. The present review summarizes the knowledge on the nociceptive and antinociceptive actions of sPLA2s from animal venoms, particularly snake venoms.
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Fernandes CAH, Pazin WM, Dreyer TR, Bicev RN, Cavalcante WLG, Fortes-Dias CL, Ito AS, Oliveira CLP, Fernandez RM, Fontes MRM. Biophysical studies suggest a new structural arrangement of crotoxin and provide insights into its toxic mechanism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43885. [PMID: 28256632 PMCID: PMC5335569 DOI: 10.1038/srep43885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Crotoxin (CTX) is the main neurotoxin found in Crotalus durissus rattlesnake venoms being composed by a nontoxic and non-enzymatic component (CA) and a toxic phospholipase A2 (CB). Previous crystallographic structures of CTX and CB provided relevant insights: (i) CTX structure showed a 1:1 molecular ratio between CA and CB, presenting three tryptophan residues in the CA/CB interface and one exposed to solvent; (ii) CB structure displayed a tetrameric conformation. This study aims to provide further information on the CTX mechanism of action by several biophysical methods. Our data show that isolated CB can in fact form tetramers in solution; however, these tetramers can be dissociated by CA titration. Furthermore, CTX exhibits a strong reduction in fluorescence intensity and lifetime compared with isolated CA and CB, suggesting that all tryptophan residues in CTX may be hidden by the CA/CB interface. By companying spectroscopy fluorescence and SAXS data, we obtained a new structural model for the CTX heterodimer in which all tryptophans are located in the interface, and the N-terminal region of CB is largely exposed to the solvent. Based on this model, we propose a toxic mechanism of action for CTX, involving the interaction of N-terminal region of CB with the target before CA dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. H. Fernandes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Wallance M. Pazin
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago R. Dreyer
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Renata N. Bicev
- Departamento de Física Experimental, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Walter L. G. Cavalcante
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Consuelo L. Fortes-Dias
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Amando S. Ito
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiano L. P. Oliveira
- Departamento de Física Experimental, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Morato Fernandez
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R. M. Fontes
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
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Faure G, Porowinska D, Saul F. Crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus and Crotoxin-Related Proteins: Structure and Function Relationship. TOXINS AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6452-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Faure G, Bakouh N, Lourdel S, Odolczyk N, Premchandar A, Servel N, Hatton A, Ostrowski MK, Xu H, Saul FA, Moquereau C, Bitam S, Pranke I, Planelles G, Teulon J, Herrmann H, Roldan A, Zielenkiewicz P, Dadlez M, Lukacs GL, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Ollero M, Corringer PJ, Edelman A. Rattlesnake Phospholipase A2 Increases CFTR-Chloride Channel Current and Corrects ∆F508CFTR Dysfunction: Impact in Cystic Fibrosis. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:2898-915. [PMID: 27241308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Deletion of Phe508 in the nucleotide binding domain (∆F508-NBD1) of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR; a cyclic AMP-regulated chloride channel) is the most frequent mutation associated with cystic fibrosis. This mutation affects the maturation and gating of CFTR protein. The search for new high-affinity ligands of CFTR acting as dual modulators (correctors/activators) presents a major challenge in the pharmacology of cystic fibrosis. Snake venoms are a rich source of natural multifunctional proteins, potential binders of ion channels. In this study, we identified the CB subunit of crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus as a new ligand and allosteric modulator of CFTR. We showed that CB interacts with NBD1 of both wild type and ∆F508CFTR and increases their chloride channel currents. The potentiating effect of CB on CFTR activity was demonstrated using electrophysiological techniques in Xenopus laevis oocytes, in CFTR-HeLa cells, and ex vivo in mouse colon tissue. The correcting effect of CB was shown by functional rescue of CFTR activity after 24-h ΔF508CFTR treatments with CB. Moreover, the presence of fully glycosylated CFTR was observed. Molecular docking allowed us to propose a model of the complex involving of the ABCβ and F1-like ATP-binding subdomains of ΔF508-NBD1. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange analysis confirmed stabilization in these regions, also showing allosteric stabilization in two other distal regions. Surface plasmon resonance competition studies showed that CB disrupts the ∆F508CFTR-cytokeratin 8 complex, allowing for the escape of ∆F508CFTR from degradation. Therefore CB, as a dual modulator of ΔF508CFTR, constitutes a template for the development of new anti-CF agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Faure
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS,UMR 3571, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015, Paris, France.
| | - Naziha Bakouh
- INSERM U1151, team Canalopathies épithéliales: la mucoviscidose et autres maladies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Lourdel
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMRS 872, Laboratoire de génomique, physiologie et physiopathologie rénales, Paris, France
| | - Norbert Odolczyk
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aiswarya Premchandar
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nathalie Servel
- INSERM U1151, team Canalopathies épithéliales: la mucoviscidose et autres maladies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Hatton
- INSERM U1151, team Canalopathies épithéliales: la mucoviscidose et autres maladies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Maciej K Ostrowski
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS,UMR 3571, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Haijin Xu
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS,UMR 3571, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Frederick A Saul
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme de Cristallographie, CNRS-UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Moquereau
- INSERM U1151, team Canalopathies épithéliales: la mucoviscidose et autres maladies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sara Bitam
- INSERM U1151, team Canalopathies épithéliales: la mucoviscidose et autres maladies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Iwona Pranke
- INSERM U1151, team Canalopathies épithéliales: la mucoviscidose et autres maladies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Gabrielle Planelles
- INSERM U1151, team Canalopathies épithéliales: la mucoviscidose et autres maladies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Teulon
- UPMC Université Paris 06, UMRS 872, Laboratoire de génomique, physiologie et physiopathologie rénales, Paris, France
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ariel Roldan
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Piotr Zielenkiewicz
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Dadlez
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Isabelle Sermet-Gaudelus
- INSERM U1151, team Canalopathies épithéliales: la mucoviscidose et autres maladies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Mario Ollero
- INSERM U1151, team Canalopathies épithéliales: la mucoviscidose et autres maladies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Corringer
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS,UMR 3571, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Aleksander Edelman
- INSERM U1151, team Canalopathies épithéliales: la mucoviscidose et autres maladies, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Harrison JA, Aquilina JA. Insights into the subunit arrangement and diversity of paradoxin and taipoxin. Toxicon 2016; 112:45-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ostrowski M, Porowinska D, Prochnicki T, Prevost M, Raynal B, Baron B, Sauguet L, Corringer PJ, Faure G. Neurotoxic phospholipase A2 from rattlesnake as a new ligand and new regulator of prokaryotic receptor GLIC (proton-gated ion channel from G. violaceus). Toxicon 2016; 116:63-71. [PMID: 26854368 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxic phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) from snake venoms interact with various protein targets with high specificity and potency. They regulate function of multiple receptors or channels essential to life processes including neuronal or neuromuscular chemoelectric signal transduction. These toxic sPLA2 exhibit high pharmacological potential and determination of PLA2-receptor binding sites represents challenging part in the receptor-channel biochemistry and pharmacology. To investigate the mechanism of interaction of neurotoxic PLA2 with its neuronal receptor at the molecular level, we used as a model crotoxin, a heterodimeric sPLA2 from rattlesnake venom and proton-gated ion channel GLIC, a bacterial homolog of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. The three-dimensional structures of both partners, crotoxin and GLIC have been solved by X-ray crystallography and production of full-length pentameric GLIC (with ECD and TM domains) is well established. In the present study, for the first time, we demonstrated physical and functional interaction of full-length purified and solubilized GLIC with CB, (PLA2 subunit of crotoxin). We identified GLIC as a new protein target of CB and CB as a new ligand of GLIC, and showed that this non covalent interaction (PLA2-GLIC) involves the extracellular domain of GLIC. We also determined a novel function of CB as an inhibitor of proton-gated ion channel activity. In agreement with conformational changes observed upon formation of the complex, CB appears to be negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of GLIC. Finally, we proposed a possible stoichiometric model for CB - GLIC interaction based on analytical ultracentrifugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Ostrowski
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS-UMR 3571, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; Department of Biochemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Dorota Porowinska
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS-UMR 3571, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; Department of Biochemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Tomasz Prochnicki
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS-UMR 3571, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Marie Prevost
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS-UMR 3571, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Raynal
- Institu Pasteur, Plate-Forme de Biophysique des Macromolecules et de leurs Interactions, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Baron
- Institu Pasteur, Plate-Forme de Biophysique des Macromolecules et de leurs Interactions, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Sauguet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS-UMR 3571, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Corringer
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS-UMR 3571, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Grazyna Faure
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS-UMR 3571, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France.
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Fusco LS, Rodríguez JP, Torres-Huaco F, Huancahuire-Vega S, Teibler P, Acosta O, Marangoni S, Ponce-Soto LA, Leiva LC. P9a(Cdt-PLA2) from Crotalus durissus terrificus as good immunogen to be employed in the production of crotalic anti-PLA2 IgG. Toxicol Lett 2015; 238:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.06.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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First crotoxin-like phospholipase A2 complex from a New World non-rattlesnake species: Nigroviriditoxin, from the arboreal Neotropical snake Bothriechis nigroviridis. Toxicon 2015; 93:144-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.11.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Muller VD, Soares RO, dos Santos-Junior NN, Trabuco AC, Cintra AC, Figueiredo LT, Caliri A, Sampaio SV, Aquino VH. Phospholipase A2 isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus inactivates dengue virus and other enveloped viruses by disrupting the viral envelope. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112351. [PMID: 25383618 PMCID: PMC4226559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flaviviridae family includes several virus pathogens associated with human diseases worldwide. Within this family, Dengue virus is the most serious threat to public health, especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Currently, there are no vaccines or specific antiviral drugs against Dengue virus or against most of the viruses of this family. Therefore, the development of vaccines and the discovery of therapeutic compounds against the medically most important flaviviruses remain a global public health priority. We previously showed that phospholipase A2 isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus was able to inhibit Dengue virus and Yellow fever virus infection in Vero cells. Here, we present evidence that phospholipase A2 has a direct effect on Dengue virus particles, inducing a partial exposure of genomic RNA, which strongly suggests inhibition via the cleavage of glycerophospholipids at the virus lipid bilayer envelope. This cleavage might induce a disruption of the lipid bilayer that causes a destabilization of the E proteins on the virus surface, resulting in inactivation. We show by computational analysis that phospholipase A2 might gain access to the Dengue virus lipid bilayer through the pores found on each of the twenty 3-fold vertices of the E protein shell on the virus surface. In addition, phospholipase A2 is able to inactivate other enveloped viruses, highlighting its potential as a natural product lead for developing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Danielle Muller
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Oliveira Soares
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Nilton Nascimento dos Santos-Junior
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Amanda Cristina Trabuco
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Adelia Cristina Cintra
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Luiz Tadeu Figueiredo
- Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Antonio Caliri
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Victor Hugo Aquino
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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WANG JUNHUA, QIN XIUGUANG, ZHANG ZHIQIANG, CHEN MEILING, WANG YING, GAO BAOQIN. Crotoxin suppresses the tumorigenic properties and enhances the antitumor activity of Iressa® (gefinitib) in human lung adenocarcinoma SPCA-1 cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:3009-14. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom induces the release of glutamate from cerebrocortical synaptosomes via N and P/Q calcium channels. Toxicon 2014; 85:5-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ostrowski M, Žnidaršič PP, Raynal B, Saul F, Faure G. Human coagulation factor Xa prevents oligomerization of anti-coagulant phospholipases A2. TOXIN REV 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2013.860170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Vieira LF, Magro AJ, Fernandes CA, de Souza BM, Cavalcante WL, Palma MS, Rosa JC, Fuly AL, Fontes MR, Gallacci M, Butzke DS, Calderon LA, Stábeli RG, Giglio JR, Soares AM. Biochemical, functional, structural and phylogenetic studies on Intercro, a new isoform phospholipase A2 from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom. Biochimie 2013; 95:2365-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
The timber rattlesnake, also known as Crotalus horridus, is well known to cause significant injury from toxins stored within its venom. During envenomation, toxic systemic effects immediately begin to cause damage to many organ systems including cardiovascular, hematologic, musculoskeletal, respiratory, and neurologic. One defining characteristic of the timber rattlesnake is a specific neurotoxin called crotoxin, or the "canebrake toxin," which is a potent β-neurotoxin affecting presynaptic nerves that can cause paralysis by inhibiting appropriate neuromuscular transmission. We present an unusual case of an 8-year-old boy bitten twice on his calf by a timber rattlesnake, who presented with a life-threatening envenomation and suffered multisystem organ failure as well as a prominent presynaptic neurotoxicity resulting in facial diplegia, pharyngeal paralysis, and ophthalmoplegia.
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Abstract
Since cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and there is an urgent need to find better treatment. In recent years remarkable progress has been made towards the understanding of proposed hallmarks of cancer development and treatment. Treatment modalities comprise radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and hormonal therapy. Currently, the use of chemotherapeutics remains the predominant option for clinical control. However, one of the major problems with successful cancer therapy using chemotherapeutics is that patients often do not respond or eventually develop resistance after initial treatment. This has led to the increased use of anticancer drugs developed from natural resources. The biodiversity of venoms and toxins makes them a unique source from which novel therapeutics may be developed. In this review, the anticancer potential of snake venom is discussed. Some of the included molecules are under clinical trial and may find application for anticancer drug development in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Jain
- IGNOU-I2IT Centre of Excellence for Advanced Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Acute toxicity of vipoxin and its components: is the acidic component an "inhibitor" of PLA2 toxicity? Interdiscip Toxicol 2013; 5:169-72. [PMID: 23554559 PMCID: PMC3600519 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-012-0028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vipoxin is a heterodimeric neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the Bulgarian long-nosed viper Vipera ammodytes meridionalis. Vipoxin represents a noncovalent association of two subunits - a basic and toxic phospholipase A2 enzyme, and an acidic non-enzymatic component (vipoxin's acidic component). It was postulated that the phospholipase A2 subunit was more toxic than the whole vipoxin complex and the function of the acidic component was to reduce the enzymatic and toxic activities of the basic phospholipase A2. In the present study, we report new data on the acute toxicity (LD50) of vipoxin and its individual separated components. Vipoxin LD50 (mice, i.p. and i.v.) values were found to be 0.7-1.2 mg/kg b.w. (i.p.) and 0.9-1.3 mg/kg b.w. (i.v.). The established LD50 values for the separated pure phospholipase A2 subunit are higher - 10.0-13.0 mg/kg b.w (i.p.) and 2.2-3.0 mg/kg b.w. (i.v.), i.e. the individual phospholipase A2 subunit displays less toxic activity than vipoxin, contrary to the data published in the literature. The reconstituted vipoxin complex (obtained after preliminary incubation of pure separated phospholipase A2 and acidic component showed enzyme activity and toxicity comparable to that of the native vipoxin complex. Addition of acidic component to the phospholipase A2 subunit showed a positive effect on the enzymatic activity, reaching maximal enzyme reaction rate of acidic component to phospholipase A2 molar ratio of 0.8:1 on using 4-nitro-3-octanoyloxy-benzoic acid as substrate. For the first time we showed that the acidic subunit was absolutely required for the toxic activity of vipoxin. Based on the obtained results, we assume that the function of the acidic component is to stabilize the neurotoxin's quaternary structure, required for its toxic and enzymatic activities, similarly to the role of the acidic component of crotoxin.
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Quintana JC, Chacón AM, Vargas L, Segura C, Gutiérrez JM, Alarcón JC. Antiplasmodial effect of the venom of Crotalus durissus cumanensis, crotoxin complex and Crotoxin B. Acta Trop 2012; 124:126-32. [PMID: 22884508 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The antiplasmodial activity of phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)) isolated from different animals has been studied. We explored the in vitro anti Plasmodium falciparum effect of a fraction containing crotoxin, Crotoxin B and whole venom of the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus cumanensis. Fraction II (crotoxin complex) was obtained by size exclusion chromatography, whereas Crotoxin B was purified by RP-HPLC. The whole venom is active against the parasite at concentrations of 0.17±0.03 μg/ml, fraction II at 0.76±0.17 μg/ml and Crotoxin B at 0.6±0.04 μg/ml. Differences were observed in the cytotoxic activity against peripheral mononuclear cells, with Crotoxin B exhibiting the highest cytotoxicity. The concentration of Crotoxin B required to exert cytotoxic activity was higher than that required to exert antiplasmodial activity. Lethality in mice confirmed the higher toxicity and neurotoxicity of whole venom and fraction II, whereas Crotoxin B was not lethal at the doses tested. These results suggest the potential of Crotoxin B as a lead compound for antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Quintana
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Faure G, Saul F. Crystallographic characterization of functional sites of crotoxin and ammodytoxin, potent β-neurotoxins from Viperidae venom. Toxicon 2012; 60:531-8. [PMID: 22683534 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This review will focus on a description of the three-dimensional structures of two β-neurotoxins, the monomeric PLA(2) ammodytoxin from Vipera ammodytes ammodytes, and heterodimeric crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus, and a detailed structural analysis of their multiple functional sites. We have recently determined at high resolution the crystal structures of two natural isoforms of ammodytoxin (AtxA and AtxC) (Saul et al., 2010) which exhibit different toxicity profiles and different anticoagulant properties. Comparative structural analysis of these two PLA(2) isoforms, which differ only by two amino acid residues, allowed us to detect local conformational changes and delineate the role of critical residues in the anticoagulant and neurotoxic functions of these PLA(2) (Saul et al., 2010). We have also determined, at 1.35Å resolution, the crystal structure of heterodimeric crotoxin (Faure et al., 2011). The three-dimensional structure of crotoxin revealed details of the binding interface between its acidic (CA) and basic (CB) subunits and allowed us to identify key residues involved in the stability and toxicity of this potent heterodimeric β-neurotoxin (Faure et al., 2011). The precise spatial orientation of the three covalently linked polypeptide chains in the mature CA subunit complexed with CB helps us to understand the role played by critical residues of the CA subunit in the increased toxicity of the crotoxin complex. Since the CA subunit is a natural inhibitor of the catalytic and anticoagulant activities of CB, identification of the CA-CB binding interface describes residues involved in this inhibition. We propose future research directions based on knowledge of the recently reported 3D structures of crotoxin and ammodytoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Faure
- Institut Pasteur, Récepteurs-Canaux, CNRS, URA 2182, Département de Neuroscience, 25, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France.
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Pereañez JA, Gómez ID, Patiño AC. Relationship between the structure and the enzymatic activity of crotoxin complex and its phospholipase A2 subunit: an in silico approach. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 35:36-42. [PMID: 22481077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Crotoxin, one of the major toxins of South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus subspecies, is an heterodimeric complex composed of two distinct subunits: a basic phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2), CB) and an acidic nontoxic catalytically inactive protein, crotapotin (CA). It's well known that CB has a high enzymatic activity; however the molecular aspects that determine this fact remain unknown. In this study, an in silico approach was used to predict the CA structure by homology modeling, and the crotoxin structure by means of molecular docking. CA structure was built using the software Modeller taking Crotalus atrox PLA(2) (1PP2:R) as a template. Different criteria measured by Procheck, Verify 3D and ProSA were indicative of the reliability and the proper fold for the predicted structural model of CA. Then, a combination of this model and CB crystal structure was used to build the structure of crotoxin complex through rigid-body protein-protein docking. The crotoxin-3D model suggested that by means of hydrophobic and π-π stacking interactions, CA-Y24 and CA-F119 interact with CB-F24 and CB-F119, respectively. Those interactions could prevent the interfacial adsorption of the CB onto the lipid/water interface by blocking part of the interfacial binding surface of the PLA(2). This fact could explain the differences regarding to enzymatic activity between the crotoxin complex and CB. In addition, the crotoxin-3D model showed solvent-exposed regions of CA that could bind the receptor expressed in target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Andrés Pereañez
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Universidad de Antioquia, A.A. 1226, Medellín, Colombia.
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Petrova S, Atanasov V, Balashev K. Vipoxin and Its Components. STRUCTURAL AND MECHANISTIC ENZYMOLOGY - BRINGING TOGETHER EXPERIMENTS AND COMPUTING 2012; 87:117-53. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398312-1.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Crystal Structure of Crotoxin Reveals Key Residues Involved in the Stability and Toxicity of This Potent Heterodimeric β-Neurotoxin. J Mol Biol 2011; 412:176-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Marcussi S, Santos PRS, Menaldo DL, Silveira LB, Santos-Filho NA, Mazzi MV, da Silva SL, Stábeli RG, Antunes LMG, Soares AM. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom and its isolated toxins on human lymphocytes. Mutat Res 2011; 724:59-63. [PMID: 21723956 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, experiments were carried out to evaluate the mutagenic potential and genotoxic effects of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom and its isolated toxins on human lymphocytes, using the micronucleus and comet assays. Significant damage to DNA was observed for crotoxin and crotapotin (CA). Basic phospholipase A(2) (CB) and crotamine did not present any mutagenic potential when evaluated by the micronucleus test. C. d. terrificus crude venom was able to induce the formation of micronuclei, similarly to the mutagenic drug used as a positive control. In the comet assay, all the toxins tested (crotamine, crotoxin, CB and CA) and C. d. terrificus venom presented genotoxic activity. Studies on the cytogenetic toxicology of animal venoms and their isolated proteins are still very scarce in the literature, which emphasizes the importance of the present work for the identification and characterization of potential therapeutic agents, as well as for the better understanding of the mechanisms of action of toxins on the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Marcussi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Sampaio SC, Hyslop S, Fontes MR, Prado-Franceschi J, Zambelli VO, Magro AJ, Brigatte P, Gutierrez VP, Cury Y. Crotoxin: Novel activities for a classic β-neurotoxin. Toxicon 2010; 55:1045-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Romero-Vargas FF, Ponce-Soto LA, Martins-de-Souza D, Marangoni S. Biological and biochemical characterization of two new PLA2 isoforms Cdc-9 and Cdc-10 from Crotalus durissus cumanensis snake venom. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 151:66-74. [PMID: 19747981 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the purification, biological characterization and amino acid sequence of two new basic PLA(2) isoforms, Cdc-9 and Cdc-10, purified from the Crotalus durissus cumanensis venom by one step analytical chromatography reverse phase HPLC. The molecular masses of the PLA(2) were 14,175+/-2.7 Da for Cdc-9 and 14,228+/-3.5 Da for Cdc-10 both deduced by primary structure and confirmed by MALDI-TOF. The isoforms presented an amino acid sequence of 122 amino acid residues, being Cdc-9: SLVQFNKMIK FETRKSGLPF YAAYGCYCGW GGQRPKDATD RCCFVHDCCY GKVAKCNTKW DIYSYSLKSG YITCGKGTWC KEQICECDRV AAECLRRSLS TYKNEYMFYP DSRCREPPEY TC with pI value of 8.25 and Cdc-10: SLLQFNKMIK FETRKSGVPF YAAYGCYCGW GGRRPKDPTD RCCFVHDCCY GKLTKCNTKW DIYSYSLKSG YITCGKGTWC KEQICECDRV AAECLRRSLN TYKNEYMFYP DSRCRGPPEY TC with a pI value of 8.46, showing highly conserved Ca(2+)-binding and catalytic sites. The PLA(2) activity decreased when the isoforms Cdc-9 and Cdc-10 were incubated with 4-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB), anhydrous acetic acid and p-nitrobenzene sulfonyl fluoride (NBSF) when compared with the activity of both native isoforms. In mice, the PLA(2) isoforms Cdc-9 and Cdc-10 induced myonecrosis and edema. Myotoxic and edema activities were reduced after treatment of the isoforms with p-BPB; acetylation of the lysine residues and the treatment of PLA(2) with NBSF have also induced edema reduction. However, p-BPB strongly diminishes the local and systemic myotoxic effects.
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Meenakshisundaram R, Sweni S, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P. Hypothesis of snake and insect venoms against Human Immunodeficiency Virus: a review. AIDS Res Ther 2009; 6:25. [PMID: 19922674 PMCID: PMC2784795 DOI: 10.1186/1742-6405-6-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Snake and insect venoms have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects in the treatment of certain diseases including drug resistant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We evaluated and hypothesized the probable mechanisms of venoms against HIV. Methods Previous literatures published over a period of 30 years (1979-2009) were searched using the key words snake venom, insect venom, mechanisms and HIV. Mechanisms were identified and discussed. Results & Conclusion With reference to mechanisms of action, properties and components of snake venom such as sequence homology and enzymes (protease or L- amino acid oxidase) may have an effect on membrane protein and/or act against HIV at multiple levels or cells carrying HIV virus resulting in enhanced effect of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). This may cause a decrease in viral load and improvement in clinical as well as immunological status. Insect venom and human Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) have potential anti-viral activity through inhibition of virion entry into the cells. However, all these require further evaluation in order to establish its role against HIV as an independent one or as a supplement.
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Fortes-Dias CL, Santos RMMD, Magro AJ, Fontes MRDM, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Granier C. Identification of continuous interaction sites in PLA2-based protein complexes by peptide arrays. Biochimie 2009; 91:1482-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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