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Thangam R, Senthilkumar D, Suresh V, Sathuvan M, Sivasubramanian S, Pazhanichamy K, Gorlagunta PK, Kannan S, Gunasekaran P, Rengasamy R, Sivaraman J. Induction of ROS-dependent mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells by glycoprotein from Codium decorticatum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3410-3421. [PMID: 24694116 DOI: 10.1021/jf405329e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Marine macroalgae consist of a range of bioactive molecules exhibiting different biological activities, and many of these properties are attributed to sulfated polysaccharides, fucoxanthin, phycobiliproteins, and halogenated compounds. In this study, a glycoprotein (GLP) with a molecular mass of ∼48 kDa was extracted and purified from Codium decorticatum and investigated for its cytotoxic properties against human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The IC₅₀ values of GLP against MDA-MB-231 and normal breast HBL-100 cells (control) were 75 ± 0.23 μg/mL (IC₂₅), 55 ± 0.32 μg/mL (IC₅₀), and 30 ± 0.43 μg/mL (IC₇₅) and 90 ± 0.57 μg/mL (IC₂₅), 80 ± 0.48 μg/mL (IC₅₀), and 60 ± 0.26 μg/mL (IC₇₅), respectively. Chromatin condensation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage studies showed that the GLP inhibited cell viability by inducing apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. Induction of mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway by GLP was evidenced by the events of loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ(m)), bax/bcl-2 dysregulation, cytochrome c release, and activation of caspases 3 and 9. Apoptosis-associated factors such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and loss of ΔΨ(m) were evaluated by DCFH-DA staining and flow cytometry, respectively. Cell cycle arrest of G₂/M phase and expression of apoptosis associated proteins were determined using flow cytometry and Western blotting, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramar Thangam
- Proteomics and Molecular Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University , Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ogino H, Nakayama R, Sakamoto H, Yoshida T, Sugimura T, Masutani M. Analysis of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) gene alteration in human germ cell tumor cell lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 197:8-15. [PMID: 20113831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2009] [Revised: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 protein (PARP-1) functions in DNA repair, maintenance of genomic stability, induction of cell death, and transcriptional regulation. We previously analyzed alterations of the PARP1 gene in 16 specimens of human germ cell tumors, and found a heterozygous sequence alteration that causes the amino acid substitution Met129Thr (M129T) in both tumor and normal tissues in a single patient. In this study, aberration of the PARP1 gene and protein was further analyzed in human germ cell tumor cell lines. We found a nonheterozygous sequence alteration that causes the amino acid substitution Glu251Lys (E251K) located at a conserved peptide stretch of PARP-1 in cell line NEC8. Sequencing of 95 samples from Japanese healthy volunteers revealed that all the samples were homozygous for the wild-type alleles at M129T and E251K. The M129T allele is thus suggested to be a rare single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). We observed a decrease in auto-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation activity of PARP-1 proteins harboring M129T or E251K amino acid substitution, but the difference was not statistically significant. The levels of PARP-1 and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation were heterogeneous among germ cell tumor cell lines. The SNPs of the PARP1 gene, as well as differences in the levels of PARP-1 and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of proteins, may influence germ cell tumor development and responses to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ogino
- Biochemistry Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Sidorkina O, Espey MG, Miranda KM, Wink DA, Laval J. Inhibition of poly(ADP-RIBOSE) polymerase (PARP) by nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxide species. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 35:1431-8. [PMID: 14642390 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2003.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of nuclear enzymes is involved in the detection and signaling of single strand breaks induced either directly by ionizing radiation or indirectly by the sequential action of various DNA repair proteins. Therefore, PARP plays an important role in maintaining genome stability. Because PARP proteins contain two zinc finger motifs, these enzymes can be targets for reactive nitrogen oxide intermediates (RNOS) generated as a result of nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis in an aerobic environment. The effects of RNOS on the activity of purified PARP were examined using donor compounds. Both NO and nitroxyl (HNO) donors were found to be inhibitory in a similar time and concentration manner, indicating that PARP activity can be modified under both nitrosative and oxidative conditions. Moreover, these RNOS donors elicited comparable PARP inhibition in Sf21 insect cell extract and intact human MCF-7 cancer cells. The concentrations of donor required for 90% inhibition of PARP activity produce RNOS at a similar magnitude to those generated in the cellular microenvironment of activated leukocytes, suggesting that cellular scavenging of RNOS may not be protective against PARP modification and that inhibition of PARP may be significant under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sidorkina
- Groupe "Reparation de l'ADN" UMR 8113, LBPA-ENS Cachan, Intitut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France
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Uchida M, Hanai S, Uematsu N, Sawamoto K, Okano H, Miwa M, Uchida K. Overexpression of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase disrupts organization of cytoskeletal F-actin and tissue polarity in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:6696-702. [PMID: 11744702 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109826200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) may play important roles in nuclear events such as cell cycle, cell proliferation, and maintenance of chromosomal stability. However, the exact biological role played by PARP or how PARP is involved in these cellular functions is still unclear. To elucidate the biological functions of PARP in vivo, we have constructed transgenic flies that overexpress Drosophila PARP in the developing eye primordia. These flies showed mild roughening of the normally smooth ommatidial lattice and tissue polarity disruption caused by improper rotation and chirality of the ommatidia. To clarify how this phenotypical change was induced, here we analyzed transgenic flies overexpressing PARP in the developing eye, embryo, and adult in detail. PARP mRNA level and the phenotype were enhanced in flies carrying more copies of the transgene. Developing eyes from third instar larvae were analyzed by using the neural cell marker to examine the involvement of PARP in cell fate. Morphological disorder of non-neuronal accessory cells was observed in PARP transgenic flies. Interestingly, overexpression of PARP did not interfere with the cell cycle or apoptosis, but it did disrupt the organization of cytoskeletal F-actin, resulting in aberrant cell and tissue morphology. Furthermore, heat-induced PARP expression disrupted organization of cytoskeletal F-actin in embryos and tissue polarity in adult flies. Because these phenotypes closely resembled mutants or transgenic flies of the tissue polarity genes, genetic interaction of PARP with known tissue polarity genes was examined. Transgenic flies expressing either PARP or RhoA GTPase in the eye were crossed, and co-expression of PARP suppressed the effect of RhoA GTPase. Our results indicate that PARP may play a role in cytoskeletal or cytoplasmic events in developmental processes of Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Uchida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Denegri M, Lambiase S, Donadoni C, Rossi L, Ivana Scovassi A. Evidence of poly(ADP-ribosylation) in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 30:1045-1050. [PMID: 10989291 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(00)00076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosylation) is a post-translational modification of nuclear proteins typical of most eukaryotic cells. This process participates in DNA replication and repair and is mainly regulated by two enzymes, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, which is responsible for the synthesis of polymers of ADP-ribose, and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase, which performs polymer degradation. The aim of this work was to investigate in the cockroach Periplaneta americana L. (Blattaria: Blattidae) the behaviour of poly(ADP-ribosylation). In particular, we addressed: (i) the possible modulation of poly(ADP-ribosylation) during the embryonic development; (ii) the expression of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and glycohydrolase in different tissues; and (iii) the role of poly(ADP-ribosylation) during spermatogenesis. In this work we demonstrated that: (i) as revealed by specific biochemical assays, active poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and glycohydrolase are present exclusively in P. americana embryos at early stages of development; (ii) an activity carrying out poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis was found in extracts from testes; and (iii) the synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) occurs preferentially in differentiating spermatids/spermatozoa. Collectively, our results indicate that the poly(ADP-ribosylation) process in P. americana, which is a hemimetabolous insect, displays catalytical and structural features similar to those described in the holometabolous insects and in mammalian cells. Furthermore, this process appears to be modulated during embryonic development and spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Denegri
- Istituto di Genetica Biochimica ed Evoluzionistica CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
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Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational modification of proteins. During this process, molecules of ADP-ribose are added successively on to acceptor proteins to form branched polymers. This modification is transient but very extensive in vivo, as polymer chains can reach more than 200 units on protein acceptors. The existence of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymer was first reported nearly 40 years ago. Since then, the importance of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis has been established in many cellular processes. However, a clear and unified picture of the physiological role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation still remains to be established. The total dependence of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis on DNA strand breaks strongly suggests that this post-translational modification is involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids. This view is also supported by the identification of direct protein-protein interactions involving poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (113 kDa PARP), an enzyme catalysing the formation of poly(ADP-ribose), and key effectors of DNA repair, replication and transcription reactions. The presence of PARP in these multiprotein complexes, in addition to the actual poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of some components of these complexes, clearly supports an important role for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reactions in DNA transactions. Accordingly, inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis by any of several approaches and the analysis of PARP-deficient cells has revealed that the absence of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation strongly affects DNA metabolism, most notably DNA repair. The recent identification of new poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating enzymes with distinct (non-standard) structures in eukaryotes and archaea has revealed a novel level of complexity in the regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism.
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Masutani M, Suzuki H, Kamada N, Watanabe M, Ueda O, Nozaki T, Jishage K, Watanabe T, Sugimoto T, Nakagama H, Ochiya T, Sugimura T. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase gene disruption conferred mice resistant to streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:2301-4. [PMID: 10051636 PMCID: PMC26778 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.5.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ), a glucose analogue known to induce diabetes in experimental animals, causes DNA strand breaks and subsequent activation of poly(ADPribose) polymerase (Parp). Because Parp uses NAD as a substrate, extensive DNA damage will result in reduction of cellular NAD level. In fact, STZ induces NAD depletion and cell death in isolated pancreatic islets in vitro. Activation of Parp therefore is thought to play an important role in STZ-induced diabetes. In the present study, we established Parp-deficient (Parp-/-) mice by disrupting Parp exon 1 by using the homologous recombination technique. These mice were used to examine the possible involvement of Parp in STZ-induced beta-cell damage in vivo. The wild-type (Parp+/+) mice showed significant increases in blood glucose concentration from 129 mg/dl to 218, 370, 477, and 452 mg/dl on experimental days 1, 7, 21, and 60, respectively, after a single injection of 180 mg STZ/kg body weight. In contrast, the concentration of blood glucose in Parp-/- mice remained normal up to day 7, slightly increased on day 21, but returned to normal levels on day 60. STZ injection caused extensive necrosis in the islets of Parp+/+ mice on day 1, with subsequent progressive islet atrophy and loss of functional beta cells from day 7. In contrast, the extent of islet beta-cell death and dysfunction was markedly less in Parp-/- mice. Our findings clearly implicate Parp activation in islet beta-cell damage and glucose intolerance induced by STZ in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Masutani
- Biochemistry Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan.
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Hanai S, Uchida M, Kobayashi S, Miwa M, Uchida K. Genomic organization of Drosophila poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and distribution of its mRNA during development. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:11881-6. [PMID: 9565614 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.19.11881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of proteins catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP; EC 2.4.2.30) modulates several biological activities. However, little is known about the role of PARP in developmental process. Here we report the organization of the Drosophila PARP gene and the expression patterns during Drosophila development. The Drosophila PARP gene was a single copy gene mapped at 81F and composed of six exons. Organization of exons corresponds to the functional domains of PARP. The DNA-binding domain was encoded by exons 1, 2, 3, and 4. The auto-modification domain was encoded by exon 5, and the catalytic domain was in exon 6. The promoter region of the PARP gene contained putative TATA box and CCAAT box unlike human PARP. Expression of the PARP gene was at high levels in embryos at 0-6 h after egg laying and gradually decreased until 8 h. PARP mRNA increased again at 8-12 h and was observed in pupae and adult flies but not in larvae. In situ mRNA hybridization of embryos revealed large amount of PARP mRNA observed homogeneously except the pole cells at the early stage of embryos, possibly due to presence of the maternal mRNA for PARP, and decreased gradually until the stage 12 in which stage PARP mRNA localized in anal plates. At late stage of embryogenesis PARP mRNA was localized in cells along the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hanai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
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Lin W, Amé JC, Aboul-Ela N, Jacobson EL, Jacobson MK. Isolation and characterization of the cDNA encoding bovine poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:11895-901. [PMID: 9115250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.18.11895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and rapid turnover of ADP-ribose polymers is an immediate cellular response to DNA damage. We report here the isolation and characterization of cDNA encoding poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), the enzyme responsible for polymer turnover. PARG was isolated from bovine thymus, yielding a protein of approximately 59 kDa. Based on the sequence of oligopeptides derived from the enzyme, polymerase chain reaction products and partial cDNA clones were isolated and used to construct a putative full-length cDNA. The cDNA of approximately 4.1 kilobase pairs predicted expression of a protein of approximately 111 kDa, nearly twice the size of the isolated protein. A single transcript of approximately 4. 3 kilobase pairs was detected in bovine kidney poly(A)+ RNA, consistent with expression of a protein of 111 kDa. Expression of the cDNA in Escherichia coli resulted in an enzymatically active protein of 111 kDa and an active fragment of 59 kDa. Analysis of restriction endonuclease fragments from bovine DNA by Southern hybridization indicated that PARG is encoded by a single copy gene. Taken together, the results indicate that previous reports of multiple PARGs can be explained by proteolysis of an 111-kDa enzyme. The deduced amino acid sequence of the bovine PARG shares little or no homology with other known proteins. However, it contains a putative bipartite nuclear location signal as would be predicted for a nuclear protein. The availability of cDNA clones for PARG should facilitate structure-function studies of the enzyme and its involvement in cellular responses to genomic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lin
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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Nozaki T, Masutani M, Sugimura T, Takato T, Wakabayashi K. Abrogation of G1 arrest after DNA damage is associated with constitutive overexpression of Mdm2, Cdk4, and Irf1 mRNAs in the BALB/c 3T3 A31 variant 1-1 clone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 233:216-20. [PMID: 9144426 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A search of cell lines showing aberrant cell-cycle checkpoints revealed the lack of gamma-irradiation-induced G1 arrest in the BALB/c 3T3 A31 variant 1-1 (A31-1-1) clone. This clone is well-known for its hypersensitivity to transformation by DNA damaging agents. p53 stabilization and p21 mRNA induction after 8 Gy irradiation were observed, suggesting that the abrogation of G1 arrest occurred in spite of normal p53 and p21 responses by abnormal regulation of other cellular factors. Constitutive overexpression of Mdm2 and Cdk4 mRNAs was found, which might have contributed to the loss of G1 arrest. In addition, overexpression of a growth-suppressive transcription factor, Irf1, a putative key molecule in the p53-independent pathway after DNA damage, was also observed, although the relation to the loss of G1 arrest could not be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nozaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.
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Oei SL, Griesenbeck J, Schweiger M. The role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 131:127-73. [PMID: 9204691 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-61992-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S L Oei
- Institut für Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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12
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Lepiniec L, Babiychuk E, Kushnir S, Van Montagu M, Inzé D. Characterization of an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA homologue to animal poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. FEBS Lett 1995; 364:103-8. [PMID: 7750552 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A full-length Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA (app) encoding a protein with high similarity (about 60%) to the catalytic domain of vertebrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP; EC 2.4.2.30) has been cloned. The N-terminal extension of the Arabidopsis protein shows similarities with domains of different nuclear and DNA binding proteins in agreement with nuclear localization and putative function of a plant PARP. APP is encoded by a single gene mapped at the top of chromosome 4 of the Arabidopsis genome and mRNA is abundant in cell suspension culture compared to its accumulation in whole plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lepiniec
- Laboratoire Associé de l'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (France), Gent, Belgium
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Marsischky GT, Wilson BA, Collier RJ. Role of glutamic acid 988 of human poly-ADP-ribose polymerase in polymer formation. Evidence for active site similarities to the ADP-ribosylating toxins. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:3247-54. [PMID: 7852410 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.7.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence similarities between the enzymatic region of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase and the corresponding region of mono-ADP-ribosylating bacterial toxins suggest similarities in active site structure and catalytic mechanism. Glu988 of the human polymerase aligns with the catalytic glutamic acid of the toxins, and replacement of this residue with Gln, Asp, or Ala caused major reductions in synthesis of enzyme-linked poly-ADP-ribose. Replacement of any of 3 other nearby Glu residues had little effect. The Glu988 mutations produced similar changes in activity in the carboxyl-terminal 40-kDa catalytic fragment fused to maltose-binding protein: E988Q and E988A reduced polymer elongation > 2000-fold, and E988D approximately 20-fold. Smaller changes were seen in chain initiation. The mutations had little effect on the Km of NAD, indicating a predominantly catalytic function for Glu988. The results support the concept of similar active sites of the polymerase and the ADP-ribosylating toxins. Glu988 may function in polymer elongation similarly to the toxins' active site glutamate, as a general base to activate the attacking nucleophile (in the case of the polymerase, the 2'-OH of the terminal adenosine group of a nascent poly-ADP-ribose chain).
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Marsischky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Shipley Institute of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Miwa M, Hanai S, Masuda H, Koyama Y, Hayashi T, Yoshida Y, Poltronieri P, Maeshima K, Kobayashi S, Okada M. Analysis of biological function of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in Drosophila melanogaster. Biochimie 1995; 77:466-71. [PMID: 7578431 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(96)88162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To understand the biological function of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of proteins, we have isolated and characterized the gene for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster. Two approaches were taken to analyze the function of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reaction. The first is analysis of the homology of the amino acid sequences of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase from phylogenetically different eukaryotes, namely human, mouse, bovine, chicken, Xenopus laevis and Drosophila melanogaster and elucidation of the conserved amino acid sequences that appear to be important for the function of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Analysis of the recombinant poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase which had truncated or mutated motifs expressed in E coli would confirm the importance of the conserved amino acid sequence. The interaction of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase with other proteins involved in DNA repair, replication, recombination and transcription will clarify the function of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. The second approach is to get the mutants which have disruption in the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase gene and to analyse the phenotypes of these mutants. The characterization of these mutants will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miwa
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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