1
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Onigbinde S, Peng W, Solomon J, Adeniyi M, Nwaiwu J, Fowowe M, Daramola O, Purba W, Mechref Y. O-Glycome Profiling of Breast Cancer Cell Lines to Understand Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:1458-1470. [PMID: 38483275 PMCID: PMC11299836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among women and a major source of brain metastases. Despite the increasing incidence of brain metastasis from breast cancer, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Altered glycosylation is known to play a role in various diseases including cancer metastasis. However, profiling studies of O-glycans and their isomers in breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) are scarce. This study analyzed the expression of O-glycans and their isomers in human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-361, HTB131, and HTB22), a brain cancer cell line (CRL-1620), and a brain metastatic breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231BR) using nanoLC-MS/MS, identifying 27 O-glycan compositions. We observed significant upregulation in the expression of HexNAc1Hex1NeuAc2 and HexNAc2Hex3, whereas the expression of HexNAc1Hex1NeuAc1 was downregulated in MDA-MB-231BR compared to other cell lines. In our isomeric analysis, we observed notable alterations in the isomeric forms of the O-glycan structure HexNAc1Hex1NeuAc1 in a comparison of different cell lines. Our analysis of O-glycans and their isomers in cancer cells demonstrated that changes in their distribution can be related to the metastatic process. We believe that our investigation will contribute to an enhanced comprehension of the significance of O-glycans and their isomers in BCBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherifdeen Onigbinde
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
| | - Joy Solomon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
| | - Moyinoluwa Adeniyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
| | - Judith Nwaiwu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
| | - Mojibola Fowowe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
| | - Oluwatosin Daramola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
| | - Waziha Purba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061
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2
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Yao Y, Fan D. Advances in MUC1 resistance to chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer. J Chemother 2023:1-8. [PMID: 38006297 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2023.2282839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of pancreatic cancer (PC), a highly fatal malignancy, is increasing every year. Chemotherapy is an important treatment for it in addition to surgery, yet most patients become resistant to chemotherapeutic agents within a few weeks of treatment initiation. MUC1 is a highly glycosylated transmembrane protein, and studies have shown that aberrantly glycosylated overexpression of MUC1 is involved in regulating the biology of chemoresistance in cancer cells. This article summarizes the mechanism of MUC1 in PC chemoresistance and reviews MUC1-based targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhao Yao
- The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, PR China
- Surgery Department, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Daguang Fan
- Surgery Department, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, PR China
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3
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Yue S, Wang X, Ge W, Li J, Yang C, Zhou Z, Zhang P, Yang X, Xiao W, Yang S. Deciphering Protein O-GalNAcylation: Method Development and Disease Implication. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19223-19236. [PMID: 37305274 PMCID: PMC10249083 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation is an important protein post-translational modification that is abundantly expressed on cell surface proteins. Protein O-glycosylation plays a variety of roles in cellular biological functions including protein structure and signal transduction to the immune response. Cell surface mucins are highly O-glycosylated and are the main substance of the mucosal barrier that protects the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract from infection by pathogens or microorganisms. Dysregulation of mucin O-glycosylation may impair mucosal protection against pathogens that can invade cells to trigger infection or immune evasion. Truncated O-glycosylation, also known as Tn antigen or O-GalNAcylation, is highly upregulated in diseases such cancer, autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and IgA nephropathy. Characterization of O-GalNAcylation helps decipher the role of Tn antigen in physiopathology and therapy. However, the analysis of O-glycosylation, specifically the Tn antigen, remains challenging due to the lack of reliable enrichment and identification assays compared to N-glycosylation. Here, we summarize recent advances in analytical methods for O-GalNAcylation enrichment and identification and highlight the biological role of the Tn antigen in various diseases and the clinical implications of identifying aberrant O-GalNAcylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yue
- Center
for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow
University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Department
of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Department
of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The
Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
- Department
of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Center
for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow
University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Center
for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow
University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chuanlai Yang
- Scientific
Research Department, The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- Department
of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department
of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital
of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Department
of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Wenjin Xiao
- Department
of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated
Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Center
for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow
University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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4
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Riley NM, Wen RM, Bertozzi CR, Brooks JD, Pitteri SJ. Measuring the multifaceted roles of mucin-domain glycoproteins in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 157:83-121. [PMID: 36725114 PMCID: PMC10582998 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mucin-domain glycoproteins are highly O-glycosylated cell surface and secreted proteins that serve as both biochemical and biophysical modulators. Aberrant expression and glycosylation of mucins are known hallmarks in numerous malignancies, yet mucin-domain glycoproteins remain enigmatic in the broad landscape of cancer glycobiology. Here we review the multifaceted roles of mucins in cancer through the lens of the analytical and biochemical methods used to study them. We also describe a collection of emerging tools that are specifically equipped to characterize mucin-domain glycoproteins in complex biological backgrounds. These approaches are poised to further elucidate how mucin biology can be understood and subsequently targeted for the next generation of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Riley
- Department of Chemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Ru M Wen
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - James D Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Sharon J Pitteri
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
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5
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Xi X, Wang J, Qin Y, Huang W, You Y, Zhan J. Glycosylated modification of MUC1 maybe a new target to promote drug sensitivity and efficacy for breast cancer chemotherapy. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:708. [PMID: 35970845 PMCID: PMC9378678 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer, the most common cancer in women, usually exhibits intrinsic insensitivity to drugs, even without drug resistance. MUC1 is a highly glycosylated transmembrane protein, overexpressed in breast cancer, contributing to tumorigenesis and worse prognosis. However, the molecular mechanism between MUC1 and drug sensitivity still remains unclear. Here, natural flavonoid apigenin was used as objective due to the antitumor activity and wide availability. MUC1 knockout (KO) markedly sensitized breast cancer cells to apigenin cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Both genetical and pharmacological inhibition significantly enhanced the chemosensitivity to apigenin and clinical drugs whereas MUC1 overexpression conversely aggravated such drug resistance. Constitutively re-expressing wild type MUC1 in KO cells restored the drug resistance; however, the transmembrane domain deletant could not rescue the phenotype. Notably, further investigation discovered that membrane-dependent drug resistance relied on the extracellular glycosylated modification since removing O-glycosylation via inhibitor, enzyme digestion, or GCNT3 (MUC1 related O-glycosyltransferase) knockout markedly reinvigorated the chemosensitivity in WT cells, but had no effect on KO cells. Conversely, inserting O-glycosylated sites to MUC1-N increased the drug tolerance whereas the O-glycosylated deletant (Ser/Thr to Ala) maintained high susceptibility to drugs. Importantly, the intracellular concentration of apigenin measured by UPLC and fluorescence distribution firmly revealed the increased drug permeation in MUC1 KO and BAG-pretreated cells. Multiple clinical chemotherapeutics with small molecular were tested and obtained the similar conclusion. Our findings uncover a critical role of the extracellular O-glycosylation of MUC1-N in weakening drug sensitivity through acting as a barrier, highlighting a new perspective that targeting MUC1 O-glycosylation has great potential to promote drug sensitivity and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Xi
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiting Wang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Qin
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weidong Huang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yilin You
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jicheng Zhan
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Li Z, Yang D, Guo T, Lin M. Advances in MUC1-Mediated Breast Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070952. [PMID: 35883508 PMCID: PMC9313386 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BRCA) is the leading cause of death from malignant tumors among women. Fortunately, however, immunotherapy has recently become a prospective BRCA treatment with encouraging achievements and mild safety profiles. Since the overexpression and aberrant glycosylation of MUC1 (human mucin) are closely associated with BRCA, it has become an ideal target for BRCA immunotherapies. In this review, the structure and function of MUC1 are briefly introduced, and the main research achievements in different kinds of MUC1-mediated BRCA immunotherapy are highlighted, from the laboratory to the clinic. Afterward, the future directions of MUC1-mediated BRCA immunotherapy are predicted, addressing, for example, urgent issues in regard to how efficient immunotherapeutic strategies can be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Li
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Z.L.); (D.Y.)
| | - Dazhuang Yang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; (Z.L.); (D.Y.)
| | - Ting Guo
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Jiangsu Taizhou People’s Hospital (Affiliated Hospital 5 of Nantong University), Taizhou 225300, China;
| | - Mei Lin
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Jiangsu Taizhou People’s Hospital (Affiliated Hospital 5 of Nantong University), Taizhou 225300, China;
- Correspondence:
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7
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Lu CH, Pedram K, Tsai CT, Jones T, Li X, Nakamoto ML, Bertozzi CR, Cui B. Membrane curvature regulates the spatial distribution of bulky glycoproteins. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3093. [PMID: 35654773 PMCID: PMC9163104 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is a shell of heavily glycosylated proteins and lipids distributed on the cell surface of nearly all cell types. Recently, it has been found that bulky transmembrane glycoproteins such as MUC1 can modulate membrane shape by inducing membrane protrusions. In this work, we examine the reciprocal relationship of how membrane shape affects MUC1's spatial distribution on the cell membrane and its biological significance. By employing nanopatterned surfaces and membrane-sculpting proteins to manipulate membrane curvature, we show that MUC1 avoids positively-curved membranes (membrane invaginations) and accumulates on negatively-curved membranes (membrane protrusions). MUC1's curvature sensitivity is dependent on the length and the extent of glycosylation of its ectodomain, with large and highly glycosylated forms preferentially staying out of positive curvature. Interestingly, MUC1's avoidance of positive membrane curvature enables it to escape from endocytosis and being removed from the cell membrane. These findings also suggest that the truncation of MUC1's ectodomain, often observed in breast and ovarian cancers, may enhance its endocytosis and potentiate its intracellular accumulation and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Lu
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Kayvon Pedram
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,grid.443970.dPresent Address: Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147 USA
| | - Ching-Ting Tsai
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Taylor Jones
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Xiao Li
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Present Address: School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Melissa L. Nakamoto
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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8
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Kumar AR, Devan AR, Nair B, Nair RR, Nath LR. Biology, Significance and Immune Signaling of Mucin 1 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:725-740. [PMID: 35301949 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220317090552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mucin 1 (MUC 1) is a highly glycosylated tumor-associated antigen (TAA) overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This protein plays a critical role in various immune-mediated signaling pathways at its transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, leading to immune evasion and metastasis in HCC. HCC cells maintain an immune-suppressive environment with the help of immunesuppressive tumor-associated antigens, resulting in a metastatic spread of the disease. The development of intense immunotherapeutic strategies to target tumor-associated antigen is critical to overcoming the progression of HCC. MUC 1 remains the most recognized tumor-associated antigen since its discovery over 30 years ago. A few promising immunotherapies targeting MUC 1 are currently under clinical trials, including CAR-T and CAR-pNK-mediated therapies. This review highlights the biosynthesis, significance, and clinical implication of MUC 1 as an immune target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana R Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
| | - Aswathy R Devan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
| | | | - Lekshmi R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi-682041, Kerala, India
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9
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Targeting Cancer by Using Nanoparticles to Modulate RHO GTPase Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1357:115-127. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-88071-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Stergiou N, Urschbach M, Gabba A, Schmitt E, Kunz H, Besenius P. The Development of Vaccines from Synthetic Tumor-Associated Mucin Glycopeptides and their Glycosylation-Dependent Immune Response. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3313-3331. [PMID: 34812564 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens are overexpressed as altered-self in most common epithelial cancers. Their glycosylation patterns differ from those of healthy cells, functioning as an ID for cancer cells. Scientists have been developing anti-cancer vaccines based on mucin glycopeptides, yet the interplay of delivery system, adjuvant and tumor associated MUC epitopes in the induced immune response is not well understood. The current state of the art suggests that the identity, abundancy and location of the glycans on the MUC backbone are all key parameters in the cellular and humoral response. This review shares lessons learned by us in over two decades of research in glycopeptide vaccines. By bridging synthetic chemistry and immunology, we discuss efforts in designing synthetic MUC1/4/16 vaccines and focus on the role of glycosylation patterns. We provide a brief introduction into the mechanisms of the immune system and aim to promote the development of cancer subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Stergiou
- Radionuclide Center, Radiology and Nuclear medicine Amsterdam UMC, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085c, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Moritz Urschbach
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Adele Gabba
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Edgar Schmitt
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Horst Kunz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pol Besenius
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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11
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Sebzda T, Gnus J, Dziadkowiec B, Latka M, Gburek J. Diagnostic usefulness of selected proteases and acute phase factors in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6673-6688. [PMID: 34754160 PMCID: PMC8554409 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i39.6673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncontrolled growth and loss of control over basic metabolic functions, leading to invasive proliferation and metastases, are the salient traits of malignant tumors in general and colorectal cancer in particular. Invasion and metastases hinder effective tumor treatment. While surgical techniques and radiotherapy can be used to remove tumor focus, only chemotherapy can eliminate dispersed neoplastic cells. However, the efficacy of the latter method is limited in the advanced stages of the disease. Therefore, recognition of the mechanisms involved in neoplastic cell spreading is indispensable for developing effective therapies.
AIM To use a number of biomarkers involved in cancer progression and identify a panel that could be used for effective early diagnosis.
METHODS We recruited 185 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma (98 men, 87 women with median age 63). Thirty-five healthy controls were sex and age-matched. Dukes’ staging was as follows: A = 22, B = 52, C = 72, D = 39. We analyzed patients' blood serum before surgery. We determined: (1) Cathepsin B (CB) with Barrett's method (fluorogenic substrate); (2) Leukocytic elastase (LE) in a complex with alpha 1 trypsin inhibitor (AAT) using the immunoenzymatic MERCK test; (3) Total sialic acid (TSA) with the colorimetric periodate-resorcinol method; (4) Lipid-bound sialic acid (LASA) with the colorimetric Taut's method; and (5) The antitrypsin activity (ATA) employing the colorimetric test.
RESULTS In patients, the values of the five biochemical parameters were as follows: CB = 16.1 ± 8.8 mU/L, LE = 875 ± 598 µg/L, TSA = 99 ± 31 mg%, LASA = 0.68 ± 0.33 mg%, and ATA = 3211 ± 1504 U/mL. Except for LASA, they were significantly greater than those of controls: CB = 11.4 ± 6.5 mU/L, LE = 379 ± 187 µg/L, TSA = 71.4 ± 15.1 mg%, LASA = 0.69 ± 0.28 mg%, and ATA = 2016 ± 690 U/mL. For CB and LASA, the differences between the four Dukes’ stages and controls were not statistically significant. The inter-stage differences for CB and LASA were also absent. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed the potential diagnostic value of CB, TSA, and ATA. The area under ROC, sensitivity, and specificity for these three parameters were: 0.85, 72%, 90%; 0.75, 66%, 77%; and 0.77, 63%, 84%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for the three-parameter panel CB-TSA-ATA were equal to 88.2% and 100%, respectively.
CONCLUSION The increased value of CB, TSA, and ATA parameters are associated with tumor biology, invasion, and metastasis of colorectal cancer. The presented evidence suggests the potential value of the CB-TSA-ATA biochemical marker panel in early diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Sebzda
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-368, Poland
| | - Jan Gnus
- Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-355, Poland
| | - Barbara Dziadkowiec
- Department of Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-368, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Latka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
| | - Jakub Gburek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-556, Poland
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12
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Development, Characterization, and In Vivo Evaluation of a Novel Aptamer (Anti-MUC1/Y) for Breast Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081239. [PMID: 34452200 PMCID: PMC8400696 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MUC1, the transmembrane glycoprotein Mucin 1, is usually found to be overexpressed in a variety of epithelial cancers playing an important role in disease progression. MUC1 isoforms such as MUC1/Y, which lacks the entire variable number of tandem repeat region, are involved in oncogenic processes by enhancing tumour initiation. MUC1/Y is therefore considered a promising target for the identification and treatment of epithelial cancers; but so far, the precise role of MUC1/Y remains to be elucidated. In this work, we developed and identified a DNA aptamer that specifically recognizes the splice variant MUC1/Y for the first time. The DNA aptamer could bind to a wide variety of human cancer cells, and treatment of MUC1/Y positive cells resulted in reduced growth in vitro. Moreover, MUC1/Y aptamer inhibited the tumour growth of breast cancer cells in vivo. The present study highlights the importance of targeting MUC1/Y for cancer treatment and unravels the suitability of a DNA aptamer to act as a new therapeutic tool.
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13
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Fu Y, Yu Q, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Du C, Chen J. A photocurrent-polarity-switching biosensor for highly selective assay of mucin 1 based on target-induced hemin transfer from ZrO 2 hollow spheres to G-quadruplex nanowires. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 192:113547. [PMID: 34385013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a photocurrent polarity switching platform for highly selective assay of mucin 1 (MUC1) was developed based on target-induced hemin transfer from ZrO2 hollow spheres (ZrO2 HSs) to G-quadruplex nanowires (G wires). In this system, SiO2 spheres were used as templates to synthesize the uniform and mesoporous ZrO2 HSs. As nanocontainers, ZrO2 HSs could load hemin in its cavity via pores. Then, the aptamers of MUC1, as bio-gates, blocked the pores of ZrO2 HSs based on the specific binding of Zr4+ and the phosphate groups of aptamer. In the presence of MUC1, the aptamer could specifically recognize and bind with MUC1, and then leave away from the surface of ZrO2 HSs, which resulted in the opening of the bio-gates and releasing of hemin. Assisted with the G wires formed on the Au NPs/In2S3/ITO, the released hemin was captured on the electrode through the formation of hemin/G-quadruplex structure, leading to the switch of the photocurrent polarity of the electrode from anodic photocurrent to cathodic photocurrent. The proposed photoelectrochemical biosensor showed outstanding performance for MUC1 assay with high selectivity, wide linear response range (1 fg mL-1 -10 ng mL-1) and lower detection limit (0.48 fg mL-1). And the strategy could be easily extended to a triple-mode detection of MUC1 because the hemin/G-quadruplex structure was widely used in electrochemical and colorimetric methods as a hydrogen peroxide mimetic enzyme, which might provide wide applications in biological or clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Qiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Cuicui Du
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
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14
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Giamougiannis P, Martin-Hirsch PL, Martin FL. The evolving role of MUC16 (CA125) in the transformation of ovarian cells and the progression of neoplasia. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:327-343. [PMID: 33608706 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MUC16 (the cancer antigen CA125) is the most commonly used serum biomarker in epithelial ovarian cancer, with increasing levels reflecting disease progression. It is a transmembrane glycoprotein with multiple isoforms, undergoing significant changes through the metastatic process. Aberrant glycosylation and cleavage with overexpression of a small membrane-bound fragment consist MUC16-related mechanisms that enhance malignant potential. Even MUC16 knockdown can induce an aggressive phenotype but can also increase susceptibility to chemotherapy. Variable MUC16 functions help ovarian cancer cells avoid immune cytotoxicity, survive inside ascites and form metastases. This review provides a comprehensive insight into MUC16 transformations and interactions, with description of activated oncogenic signalling pathways, and adds new elements on the role of its differential glycosylation. By following the journey of the molecule from pre-malignant states to advanced stages of disease it demonstrates its behaviour, in relation to the phenotypic shifts and progression of ovarian cancer. Additionally, it presents proposed differences of MUC16 structure in normal/benign conditions and epithelial ovarian malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Giamougiannis
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Pierre L Martin-Hirsch
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK.,Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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15
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Repression of MUC1 Promotes Expansion and Suppressive Function of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Pancreatic and Breast Cancer Murine Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115587. [PMID: 34070449 PMCID: PMC8197523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature myeloid cells that are responsible for immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment. Here we report the impact of mucin 1 (MUC1), a transmembrane glycoprotein, on proliferation and functional activity of MDSCs. To determine the role of MUC1 in MDSC phenotype, we analyzed MDSCs derived from wild type (WT) and MUC1-knockout (MUC1KO) mice bearing syngeneic pancreatic (KCKO) or breast (C57MG) tumors. We observed enhanced tumor growth of pancreatic and breast tumors in the MUC1KO mice compared to the WT mice. Enhanced tumor growth in the MUC1KO mice was associated with increased numbers of suppressive MDSCs and T regulatory (Tregs) cells in the tumor microenvironment. Compared to the WT host, MUC1KO host showed higher levels of iNOS, ARG1, and TGF-β, thus promoting proliferation of MDSCs with an immature and immune suppressive phenotype. When co-cultured with effector T cells, MDSCs from MUC1KO mice led to higher repression of IL-2 and IFN-γ production by T cells as compared to MDSCs from WT mice. Lastly, MDSCs from MUC1KO mice showed higher levels of c-Myc and activated pSTAT3 as compared to MDSCs from WT mice, suggesting increased survival, proliferation, and prevention of maturation of MDSCs in the MUC1KO host. We report diminished T cell function in the KO versus WT mice. In summary, the data suggest that MUC1 may regulate signaling pathways that are critical to maintain the immunosuppressive properties of MDSCs.
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16
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Trüb M, Zippelius A. Tertiary Lymphoid Structures as a Predictive Biomarker of Response to Cancer Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674565. [PMID: 34054861 PMCID: PMC8149953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid formations which are formed under long-lasting inflammatory conditions, including tumours. TLS are composed predominantly of B cells, T cells and dendritic cells, and display various levels of organisation, from locally concentrated aggregates of immune cells, through clearly defined B cell follicles to mature follicles containing germinal centres. Their presence has been strongly associated with improved survival and clinical outcome upon cancer immunotherapies for patients with solid tumours, indicating potential for TLS to be used as a prognostic and predictive factor. Although signals involved in TLS generation and main cellular components of TLS have been extensively characterised, the exact mechanism by which TLS contribute to the anti-tumour response remain unclear. Here, we summarise the most recent development in our understanding of their role in cancer and in particular in the response to cancer immunotherapy. Deciphering the relationship between B cells and T cells found in TLS is a highly exciting field of investigation, with the potential to lead to novel, B-cell focused immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Trüb
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Zippelius
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Khodabakhsh F, Merikhian P, Eisavand MR, Farahmand L. Crosstalk between MUC1 and VEGF in angiogenesis and metastasis: a review highlighting roles of the MUC1 with an emphasis on metastatic and angiogenic signaling. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:200. [PMID: 33836774 PMCID: PMC8033681 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF and its receptor family (VEGFR) members have unique signaling transduction system that play significant roles in most pathological processes, such as angiogenesis in tumor growth and metastasis. VEGF-VEGFR complex is a highly specific mitogen for endothelial cells and any de-regulation of the angiogenic balance implicates directly in endothelial cell proliferation and migration. Moreover, it has been shown that overexpressing Mucin 1 (MUC1) on the surface of many tumor cells resulting in upregulation of numerous signaling transduction cascades, such as growth and survival signaling pathways related to RTKs, loss of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, and EMT. It promotes gene transcription of pro-angiogenic proteins such as HIF-1α during periods of oxygen scarcity (hypoxia) to enhance tumor growth and angiogenesis stimulation. In contrast, the cytoplasmic domain of MUC1 (MUC1-C) inhibits apoptosis, which in turn, impresses upon cell fate. Besides, it has been established that reduction in VEGF expression level correlated with silencing MUC1-C level indicating the anti-angiogenic effect of MUC1 downregulation. This review enumerates the role of MUC1-C oncoprotein and VEGF in angiogenesis and metastasis and describes several signaling pathways by which MUC1-C would mediate the pro-angiogenic activities of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Khodabakhsh
- Department of Genetics and Advanced Medical Technology, Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnaz Merikhian
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, No. 146, South Gandhi Ave., Vanak Sq., Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Eisavand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, No. 146, South Gandhi Ave., Vanak Sq., Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, No. 146, South Gandhi Ave., Vanak Sq., Tehran, Iran.
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18
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HASHEMZADEH P, GHORBANZADEH V, DARIUSHNEJAD H. Predicted peptide-based MHC-I, MHC-II, CTL and B-cell epitopes of MUC-1 by immunoinformatics methods: a clue for novel multi-epitope vaccine development against breast cancer. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.19.02598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Glycobiology is a glycan-based field of study that focuses on the structure, function, and biology of carbohydrates, and glycomics is a sub-study of the field of glycobiology that aims to define structure/function of glycans in living organisms. With the popularity of the glycobiology and glycomics, application of computational modeling expanded in the scientific area of glycobiology over the last decades. The recent availability of progressive Wet-Lab methods in the field of glycobiology and glycomics is promising for the impact of systems biology on the research area of the glycome, an emerging field that is termed “systems glycobiology.” This chapter will summarize the up-to-date leading edge in the use of bioinformatics tools in the field of glycobiology. The chapter provides basic knowledge both for glycobiologists interested in the application of bioinformatics tools and scientists of computational biology interested in studying the glycome.
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20
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Alabiad MA, Harb OA, Abozaid M, Embaby A, Mandour D, Hemeda R, Shalaby AM. The Diagnostic and Prognostic Roles of Combined Expression of Novel Biomarkers in Lung Adenocarcinoma and Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 16:162-173. [PMID: 33936227 PMCID: PMC8085294 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2020.130944.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background & Objective: Diagnosis and discrimination of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) from lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is critical to select the appropriate treatment regimen as recently targeted therapies require accurate subtyping of nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLCs). There are currently several biomarkers that could be used for differentiation between LUAD and LUSC, but they have less sensitivity, specificity, and clinical applicability. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic and prognostic values of CLCA2, SPATS2, ST6GALNAC1, and Adipophilin tissue expression in the tissues retrieved from LUAD and LUSC patients using immunohistochemistry. Methods: The current study was performed on the samples retrieved from sixty primary lung masses that were diagnosed as LUAD and LUSC. Immunohistochemistry was performed by using a panel of CLCA2, SPATS2, and ST6GALNAC1. We assessed the diagnostic roles of the studied markers in the discrimination between LUAD and LUSC and their prognostic values. Results: SPATS2 and CLCA2 were expressed higher in LUSC than LUAD. ST6GALNAC1 and Adipophilin showed higher expression in LUAD than LUSC (P<0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of CLCA2, SPATS2, ST6GALNAC1 and Adipophilin in adequate subtyping and reaching the accurate diagnosis was 100%. We found only significant difference in survival rate between the patients with negative and positive CLCA2 expression (P=0.038 and P=0.019, respectively). Conclusion: The combination of biomarkers of CLCA2, SPATS2, ST6GALNAC1, and Adipophilin may lead to an appropriate subtyping of lung cancer and reaching accurate diagnosis with the highest sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Alabiad
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ola A Harb
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abozaid
- Chest Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Embaby
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Doaa Mandour
- Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rehab Hemeda
- Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amany Mohamed Shalaby
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egyp t
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21
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Insights into Bioinformatic Applications for Glycosylation: Instigating an Awakening towards Applying Glycoinformatic Resources for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249336. [PMID: 33302373 PMCID: PMC7762546 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation plays a crucial role in various diseases and their etiology. This has led to a clear understanding on the functions of carbohydrates in cell communication, which eventually will result in novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of various disease. Glycomics has now become one among the top ten technologies that will change the future. The direct implication of glycosylation as a hallmark of cancer and for cancer therapy is well established. As in proteomics, where bioinformatics tools have led to revolutionary achievements, bioinformatics resources for glycosylation have improved its practical implication. Bioinformatics tools, algorithms and databases are a mandatory requirement to manage and successfully analyze large amount of glycobiological data generated from glycosylation studies. This review consolidates all the available tools and their applications in glycosylation research. The achievements made through the use of bioinformatics into glycosylation studies are also presented. The importance of glycosylation in cancer diagnosis and therapy is discussed and the gap in the application of widely available glyco-informatic tools for cancer research is highlighted. This review is expected to bring an awakening amongst glyco-informaticians as well as cancer biologists to bridge this gap, to exploit the available glyco-informatic tools for cancer.
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22
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O-glycan recognition and function in mice and human cancers. Biochem J 2020; 477:1541-1564. [PMID: 32348475 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation represents a nearly ubiquitous post-translational modification, and altered glycosylation can result in clinically significant pathological consequences. Here we focus on O-glycosylation in tumor cells of mice and humans. O-glycans are those linked to serine and threonine (Ser/Thr) residues via N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), which are oligosaccharides that occur widely in glycoproteins, such as those expressed on the surfaces and in secretions of all cell types. The structure and expression of O-glycans are dependent on the cell type and disease state of the cells. There is a great interest in O-glycosylation of tumor cells, as they typically express many altered types of O-glycans compared with untransformed cells. Such altered expression of glycans, quantitatively and/or qualitatively on different glycoproteins, is used as circulating tumor biomarkers, such as CA19-9 and CA-125. Other tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), such as the Tn antigen and sialyl-Tn antigen (STn), are truncated O-glycans commonly expressed by carcinomas on multiple glycoproteins; they contribute to tumor development and serve as potential biomarkers for tumor presence and stage, both in immunohistochemistry and in serum diagnostics. Here we discuss O-glycosylation in murine and human cells with a focus on colorectal, breast, and pancreatic cancers, centering on the structure, function and recognition of O-glycans. There are enormous opportunities to exploit our knowledge of O-glycosylation in tumor cells to develop new diagnostics and therapeutics.
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23
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Rauf F, Anderson KS, LaBaer J. Autoantibodies in Early Detection of Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:2475-2485. [PMID: 32994341 PMCID: PMC7710604 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of the progress made in treatment and early diagnosis, breast cancer remains a major public health issue worldwide. Although modern image-based screening modalities have significantly improved early diagnosis, around 15% to 20% of breast cancers still go undetected. In underdeveloped countries, lack of resources and cost concerns prevent implementing mammography for routine screening. Noninvasive, low-cost, blood-based markers for early breast cancer diagnosis would be an invaluable alternative that would complement mammography screening. Tumor-specific autoantibodies are excellent biosensors that could be exploited to monitor disease-specific changes years before disease onset. Although clinically informative autoantibody markers for early breast cancer screening have yet to emerge, progress has been made in the development of tools to discover and validate promising autoantibody signatures. This review focuses on the current progress toward the development of autoantibody-based early screening markers for breast cancer.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "NCI Early Detection Research Network: Making Cancer Detection Possible."
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Affiliation(s)
- Femina Rauf
- Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Karen S Anderson
- Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.
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24
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Nanoparticle-aided glycovariant assays to bridge biomarker performance and ctDNA results. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 72:100831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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25
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Gupta R, Leon F, Rauth S, Batra SK, Ponnusamy MP. A Systematic Review on the Implications of O-linked Glycan Branching and Truncating Enzymes on Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Cells 2020; 9:E446. [PMID: 32075174 PMCID: PMC7072808 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is the most commonly occurring post-translational modifications, and is believed to modify over 50% of all proteins. The process of glycan modification is directed by different glycosyltransferases, depending on the cell in which it is expressed. These small carbohydrate molecules consist of multiple glycan families that facilitate cell-cell interactions, protein interactions, and downstream signaling. An alteration of several types of O-glycan core structures have been implicated in multiple cancers, largely due to differential glycosyltransferase expression or activity. Consequently, aberrant O-linked glycosylation has been extensively demonstrated to affect biological function and protein integrity that directly result in cancer growth and progression of several diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of several initiating enzymes involved in the synthesis of O-linked glycosylation that significantly contribute to a number of different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohitesh Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (R.G.); (F.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Frank Leon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (R.G.); (F.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Sanchita Rauth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (R.G.); (F.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (R.G.); (F.L.); (S.R.)
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 681980-5900, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
| | - Moorthy P. Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (R.G.); (F.L.); (S.R.)
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 681980-5900, USA
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Sharonov GV, Serebrovskaya EO, Yuzhakova DV, Britanova OV, Chudakov DM. B cells, plasma cells and antibody repertoires in the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:294-307. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Beckwith DM, Cudic M. Tumor-associated O-glycans of MUC1: Carriers of the glyco-code and targets for cancer vaccine design. Semin Immunol 2020; 47:101389. [PMID: 31926647 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transformation from normal to malignant phenotype in human cancers is associated with aberrant cell-surface glycosylation. It has frequently been reported that MUC1, the heavily glycosylated cell-surface mucin, is altered in both, expression and glycosylation pattern, in human carcinomas of the epithelium. The presence of incomplete or truncated glycan structures, often capped by sialic acid, commonly known as tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), play a key role in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that expression of TACAs is associated with tumor escape from immune defenses. In this report, we will give an overview of the oncogenic functions of MUC1 that are exerted through TACA interactions with endogenous carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins). These interactions often lead to creation of a pro-tumor microenvironment, favoring tumor progression and metastasis, and tumor evasion. In addition, we will describe current efforts in the design of cancer vaccines with special emphasis on synthetic MUC1 glycopeptide vaccines. Analysis of the key factors that govern structure-based design of immunogenic MUC1 glycopeptide epitopes are described. The role of TACA type, position, and density on observed humoral and cellular immune responses is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donella M Beckwith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
| | - Maré Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States.
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Abstract
Few approaches exist for the stable and controllable synthesis of customized mucin glycoproteins for glycocalyx editing in eukaryotic cells. Taking advantage of custom gene synthesis and a biology-by-parts approach to cDNA construction, we build a library of swappable DNA bricks for mucin leader tags, membrane anchors, cytoplasmic motifs, and optical reporters, as well as codon-optimized native mucin repeats and newly designed domains for synthetic mucins. We construct a library of over 50 mucins, each with unique chemical, structural, and optical properties and describe how additional permutations could readily be constructed. We apply the library to explore sequence-specific effects on glycosylation for engineering of mucins. We find that the extension of the immature α-GalNAc Tn-antigen to Core 1 and Core 2 glycan structures depends on the underlying peptide backbone sequence. Glycosylation could also be influenced through recycling motifs on the mucin cytoplasmic tail. We expect that the mucin parts inventory presented here can be broadly applied for glycocalyx research and mucin-based biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Pan
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Nitin T. Supekar
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Matthew J. Paszek
- Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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29
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Kurze AK, Buhs S, Eggert D, Oliveira-Ferrer L, Müller V, Niendorf A, Wagener C, Nollau P. Immature O-glycans recognized by the macrophage glycoreceptor CLEC10A (MGL) are induced by 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen, oxidative stress and DNA-damage in breast cancer cells. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:107. [PMID: 31455323 PMCID: PMC6712659 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ligands of the C-type lectin CLEC10A such as Tn and sialyl-Tn representing early intermediates of O-glycosylation are hallmarks of many human malignancies. A variety of regulatory mechanisms underlying their expression are being discussed. METHODS CLEC10A ligands were detected in various tissues and cells using the recombinant glycan-binding domain of CLEC10A. In normal breast and endometrium, presence of ligands was correlated to the female cycle. Estrogen- and stress dependent induction of CLEC10A ligands was analyzed in MCF7 and T47D cells exposed to 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (Tam), zeocin and hydrogen peroxide. The expression and localization of CLEC10A ligands was analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. In breast cancer patients CLEC10A ligand expression and survival was correlated by Kaplan-Meyer analysis. RESULT We observed binding of CLEC10A in normal endometrial and breast tissues during the late phase of the female hormonal cycle suggesting a suppressive effect of female sex hormones on CLEC10A ligand expression. Accordingly, CLEC10A ligands were induced in MCF7- and T47D breast cancer cells after Tam treatment and accumulated on the cell surface and in the endosomal/lysosomal compartment. Phagocytosis experiments indicate that macrophages preferentially internalize CLEC10A ligands coated beads and Tam treated MCF7 cells. CLEC10A ligands were also expressed after the addition of zeocin and hydrogen-peroxide. Each substance induced the production of ROS indicating reactive oxygen species as a unifying mechanism of CLEC10A ligand induction. Mechanistically, increased expression of GalNAc-transferase 6 (GalNT6) and translocation of GalNT2 and GalNT6 from cis- towards trans-Golgi compartment was observed, while protein levels of COSMC and T-synthase remained unaffected. In breast cancer patients, positivity for CLEC10A staining in tumor tissues was associated with improved outcome and survival. CONCLUSION CLEC10A ligands are inducible by hormone depletion, 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and agents inducing DNA damage and oxidative stress. Our results indicate that CLEC10A acts as a receptor for damaged and dead cells and may play an important role in the uptake of cell debris by macrophages and dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Katharina Kurze
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sophia Buhs
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Eggert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leticia Oliveira-Ferrer
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volkmar Müller
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Niendorf
- MVZ Prof. Dr. med. A. Niendorf Pathologie Hamburg-West GmbH, Institut für Histologie, Zytologie und molekulare Diagnostik, Lornsenstraße 4, 22767, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Wagener
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Nollau
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.
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Scott DA, Drake RR. Glycosylation and its implications in breast cancer. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:665-680. [PMID: 31314995 PMCID: PMC6702063 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1645604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: For decades, the role of glycans and glycoproteins in the progression of breast cancer and other cancers have been evaluated. Through extensive studies focused on elucidating the biological functions of glycosylation, researchers have been able to implicate alterations in these functions to tumor formation and metastasis. Areas covered: In this review, we summarize how changes in glycosylation are associated with tumorigenesis, with emphasis on breast cancers. An overview of the changes in N-linked and O-linked glycans associated with breast cancer tumors and biofluids are described. Recent advances in glycomics are emphasized in the context of continuing to decipher the glycosylation changes associated with breast cancer progression. Expert opinion: While changes in glycosylation have been studied in breast cancer for many years, the clinical relevance of these studies has been limited. This reflects the inherent biological and clinical heterogeneity of breast cancers. Glycomics analysis lags behind the advances in genomics and proteomics, but new approaches are emerging. A summary of known glycosylation changes associated with breast cancer is necessary to implement new findings in the context of clinical outcomes and therapeutic strategies. A better understanding of the dynamics of tumor and immune glycosylation is critical to improving emerging immunotherapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Scott
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and MUSC, Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , SC , USA
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and MUSC, Proteomics Center, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , SC , USA
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Kellokumpu S. Golgi pH, Ion and Redox Homeostasis: How Much Do They Really Matter? Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:93. [PMID: 31263697 PMCID: PMC6584808 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exocytic and endocytic compartments each have their own unique luminal ion and pH environment that is important for their normal functioning. A failure to maintain this environment - the loss of homeostasis - is not uncommon. In the worst case, all the main Golgi functions, including glycosylation, membrane trafficking and protein sorting, can be perturbed. Several factors contribute to Golgi homeostasis. These include not only ions such as H+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, but also Golgi redox state and nitric oxide (NO) levels, both of which are dependent on the oxygen levels in the cells. Changes to any one of these factors have consequences on Golgi functions, the nature of which can be dissimilar or similar depending upon the defects themselves. For example, altered Golgi pH homeostasis gives rise to Cutis laxa disease, in which glycosylation and membrane trafficking are both affected, while altered Ca2+ homeostasis due to the mutated SCPA1 gene in Hailey-Hailey disease, perturbs various protein sorting, proteolytic cleavage and membrane trafficking events in the Golgi. This review gives an overview of the molecular machineries involved in the maintenance of Golgi ion, pH and redox homeostasis, followed by a discussion of the organelle dysfunction and disease that frequently result from their breakdown. Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) are discussed only when they contribute directly to Golgi pH, ion or redox homeostasis. Current evidence emphasizes that, rather than being mere supporting factors, Golgi pH, ion and redox homeostasis are in fact key players that orchestrate and maintain all Golgi functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Kellokumpu
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Zhou R, Yazdanifar M, Roy LD, Whilding LM, Gavrill A, Maher J, Mukherjee P. CAR T Cells Targeting the Tumor MUC1 Glycoprotein Reduce Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Growth. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1149. [PMID: 31178870 PMCID: PMC6543840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-derived chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has achieved gratifying breakthrough in hematologic malignancies but has shown limited success in solid tumor immunotherapy. Monoclonal antibody, TAB004, specifically recognizes the aberrantly glycosylated tumor form of MUC1 (tMUC1) in all subtypes of breast cancer including 95% of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) while sparing recognition of normal tissue MUC1. We transduced human T cells with MUC28z, a chimeric antigen receptor comprising of the scFv of TAB004 coupled to CD28 and CD3ζ. MUC28z was well-expressed on the surface of engineered activated human T cells. MUC28z CAR T cells demonstrated significant target-specific cytotoxicity against a panel of human TNBC cells. Upon recognition of tMUC1 on TNBC cells, MUC28z CAR T cells increased production of Granzyme B, IFN-γ and other Th1 type cytokines and chemokines. A single dose of MUC28z CAR T cells significantly reduced TNBC tumor growth in a xenograft model. Thus, MUC28z CAR T cells have high therapeutic potential against tMUC1-positive TNBC tumors with minimal damage to normal breast epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Mahboubeh Yazdanifar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Lopamudra Das Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Lynsey M Whilding
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Artemis Gavrill
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Maher
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pinku Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
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Syrkina MS, Vassetzky YS, Rubtsov MA. MUC1 Story: Great Expectations, Disappointments and the Renaissance. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:554-563. [PMID: 28820070 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170817151954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the course of studying human mucin MUC1, the attitude towards this molecule has been changing time and again. Initially, the list of presumable functions of MUC1 was restricted to protecting and lubricating epithelium. To date, it is assumed to play an important role in cell signaling as well as in all stages of oncogenesis, from malignant cell transformation to tumor dissemination. The story of MUC1 is full of hopes and disappointments. However, the scientific interest to MUC1 has never waned, and the more profoundly it has been investigated, the clearer its hidden potential turned to be disclosed. The therapeutic potential of mucin MUC1 has already been noted by various scientific groups at the early stages of research. Over forty years ago, the first insights into MUC1 functions became a strong ground for considering this molecule as potential target for anticancer therapy. Therefore, this direction of research has always been of particular interest and practical importance. More than 200 papers on MUC1 were published in 2016; the majority of them are dedicated to MUC1-related anticancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Here we review the history of MUC1 studies from the very first attempts to reveal its functions to the ongoing renaissance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Syrkina
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,LIA LFR2O (LIA French-Russian Cancer Research laboratory) Villejuif, France - Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yegor S Vassetzky
- LIA LFR2O (LIA French-Russian Cancer Research laboratory) Villejuif, France - Moscow, Russian Federation.,UMR8126, Université Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France.,A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail A Rubtsov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,LIA LFR2O (LIA French-Russian Cancer Research laboratory) Villejuif, France - Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Biochemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
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Stergiou N, Nagel J, Pektor S, Heimes AS, Jäkel J, Brenner W, Schmidt M, Miederer M, Kunz H, Roesch F, Schmitt E. Evaluation of a novel monoclonal antibody against tumor-associated MUC1 for diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:1188-1198. [PMID: 31588183 PMCID: PMC6775261 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.35452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is still a great unmet medical need concerning diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer which could be addressed by utilizing specific molecular targets. Tumor-associated MUC1 is expressed on over 90 % of all breast cancer entities and differs strongly from its physiological form on epithelial cells, therefore presenting a unique target for breast cancer diagnosis and antibody-mediated immune therapy. Utilizing an anti-tumor vaccine based on a synthetically prepared glycopeptide, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) GGSK-1/30, selectively recognizing human tumor-associated MUC1. This antibody targets exclusively tumor-associated MUC1 in the absence of any binding to MUC1 on healthy epithelial cells thus enabling the generation of breast tumor-specific radiolabeled immune therapeutic tools. Methods: MAb GGSK-1/30 was used for immunohistochemical analysis of human breast cancer tissue. Its desferrioxamine (Df')-conjugate was synthesized and labelled with 89Zr. [89Zr]Zr-Df'-GGSK-1/30 was evaluated as a potential PET tracer. Binding and pharmacokinetic properties of [89Zr]Zr-Df'-GGSK-1/30 were analyzed in vitro using human and murine cell lines that express tumor-associated MUC1. Self-generated primary murine breast cancer cells expressing human tumor-associated MUC1 were transplanted subcutaneously in wild type and human MUC1-transgenic mice. The pharmacology of [89Zr]Zr-Df'-GGSK-1/30 was investigated using breast tumor-bearing mice in vivo by PET/MRT imaging as well as by ex vivo organ biodistribution analysis. Results: The mAb GGSK-1/30 stained specifically human breast tumor tissue and can be possibly used to predict the severity of disease progression based on the expression of the tumor-associated MUC1. For in vivo imaging, the Df'-conjugated mAb was radiolabeled with a radiochemical yield of 60 %, a radiochemical purity of 95 % and an apparent specific activity of 6.1 GBq/µmol. After 7 d, stabilities of 84 % in human serum and of 93 % in saline were observed. In vitro cell studies showed strong binding to human tumor-associated MUC1 expressing breast cancer cells. The breast tumor-bearing mice showed an in vivo tumor uptake of >50 %ID/g and clearly visible specific enrichment of the radioconjugate via PET/MRT. Principal conclusions: Tumor-associated MUC1 is a very important biomarker for breast cancer next to the traditional markers estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER/2-neu. The mAb GGSK-1/30 can be used for the diagnosis of over 90% of breast cancers, including triple negative breast cancer based on biopsy staining. Its radioimmunoconjugate represents a promising PET-tracer for breast cancer imaging selectively targeting breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes Nagel
- Institute for Nuclear chemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg University
| | - Stefanie Pektor
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center
| | - Anne-Sophie Heimes
- Department of Obstetrics and Women's Health, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Germany
| | - Jörg Jäkel
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Department of Obstetrics and Women's Health, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Germany
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Department of Obstetrics and Women's Health, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Germany
| | - Matthias Miederer
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center
| | - Horst Kunz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg University
| | - Frank Roesch
- Institute for Nuclear chemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg University
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O'Day EM, Idos GE, Hill C, Chen JW, Wagner G. Cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase enhances invasion of human triple-negative breast cancer cells. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:6827-6838. [PMID: 30349315 PMCID: PMC6188205 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s177639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cells have altered bioenergetics, which contributes to their ability to proliferate, survive in unusual microenvironments, and invade other tissues. Changes in glucose metabolism can have pleomorphic effects on tumor cells. Methods To investigate potential mechanisms responsible for the increased malignancy associated with altered glucose metabolism, we used an unbiased nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy screening method to identify glucose metabolites differentially produced in a highly malignant human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line (BPLER) and a less malignant isogenic TNBC cell line (HMLER). Results N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), the predominant sialic acid derivative in mammalian cells, which forms the terminal sugar on mucinous cell surface glycoproteins, was the major glucose metabolite that differed. Neu5Ac was ~7-fold more abundant in BPLER than HMLER. Loss of Neu5Ac by enzymatic removal or siRNA knockdown of cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase (CMAS), which activates cellular sialic acids for glycoprotein conjugation, had no significant effect on cell proliferation, but decreased the ability of BPLER to invade through a basement membrane. Conversely, overexpressing CMAS in HMLER increased invasivity. TNBCs in The Cancer Genome Atlas also had significantly more CMAS copy number variations and higher mRNA expression than non-TNBC, which have a better prognosis. CMAS knockdown in BPLER ex vivo blocked xenograft formation in mice. Conclusion Neu5Ac is selectively highly enriched in aggressive TNBC, and CMAS, the enzyme required for sialylation, may play an important role in TNBC tumor formation and invasivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M O'Day
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, .,Olaris Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Greg E Idos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | - Joan W Chen
- Rancho Biosciences, San Diego, CA 92127, USA
| | - Gerhard Wagner
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,
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Kaushal N, Tiruchinapally G, Durmaz YY, Bao L, Gilani R, Merajver SD, ElSayed MEH. Synergistic inhibition of aggressive breast cancer cell migration and invasion by cytoplasmic delivery of anti-RhoC silencing RNA and presentation of EPPT1 peptide on "smart" particles. J Control Release 2018; 289:79-93. [PMID: 30149048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of RhoC protein in breast cancer patients has been linked to increased cancer cell invasion, migration, and metastases. Suppressing RhoC expression in aggressive breast cancer cells using silencing RNA (siRNA) molecules is a viable strategy to inhibit the metastatic spread of breast cancer. In this report, we describe the synthesis of a series of asymmetric pH-sensitive, membrane-destabilizing polymers engineered to complex anti-RhoC siRNA molecules forming "smart" nanoparticles. Using β-CD as the particle core, polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains were conjugated to the primary face via non-cleavable bonds and amphiphilic polymers incorporating hydrophobic and cationic monomers were grafted to the secondary face via acid-labile linkages. We investigated the effect of PEG molecular weight (2 & 5 kDa) on transfection capacity and serum stability of the formed particles. We evaluated the efficacy of EPPT1 peptides presented on the free tips of the PEG brush to function as a targeting ligand against underglycosylated MUC1 (uMUC1) receptors overexpressed on the surface of metastatic breast cancer cells. Results show that "smart" nanoparticles successfully delivered anti-RhoC siRNA into the cytoplasm of aggressive SUM149 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, which resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell migration and invasion. Further, EPPT1-targeted nanoparticles demonstrate a synergistic inhibition of cell migration and invasion imparted via RhoC knockdown and EPPT1-mediated signaling via the uMUC1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kaushal
- University of Michigan, College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cellular Engineering & Nano-Therapeutics Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gopinath Tiruchinapally
- University of Michigan, College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cellular Engineering & Nano-Therapeutics Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yasemin Yuksel Durmaz
- Istanbul Medipol University, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - LiWei Bao
- University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rabia Gilani
- University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sofia D Merajver
- University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mohamed E H ElSayed
- University of Michigan, College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cellular Engineering & Nano-Therapeutics Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; University of Michigan, Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, 2300 Hayward Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Townsend MH, Shrestha G, Robison RA, O’Neill KL. The expansion of targetable biomarkers for CAR T cell therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:163. [PMID: 30031396 PMCID: PMC6054736 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are an integral part of cancer management due to their use in risk assessment, screening, differential diagnosis, prognosis, prediction of response to treatment, and monitoring progress of disease. Recently, with the advent of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, a new category of targetable biomarkers has emerged. These biomarkers are associated with the surface of malignant cells and serve as targets for directing cytotoxic T cells. The first biomarker target used for CAR T cell therapy was CD19, a B cell marker expressed highly on malignant B cells. With the success of CD19, the last decade has shown an explosion of new targetable biomarkers on a range of human malignancies. These surface targets have made it possible to provide directed, specific therapy that reduces healthy tissue destruction and preserves the patient's immune system during treatment. As of May 2018, there are over 100 clinical trials underway that target over 25 different surface biomarkers in almost every human tissue. This expansion has led to not only promising results in terms of patient outcome, but has also led to an exponential growth in the investigation of new biomarkers that could potentially be utilized in CAR T cell therapy for treating patients. In this review, we discuss the biomarkers currently under investigation and point out several promising biomarkers in the preclinical stage of development that may be useful as targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H. Townsend
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Gajendra Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
- Thunder Biotech, Highland, UT USA
| | - Richard A. Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
| | - Kim L. O’Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, 3142 LSB, Provo, UT 84602 USA
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38
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Choi JW, Moon BI, Lee JW, Kim HJ, Jin Y, Kim HJ. Use of CA15‑3 for screening breast cancer: An antibody‑lectin sandwich assay for detecting glycosylation of CA15‑3 in sera. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:145-154. [PMID: 29749490 PMCID: PMC6059737 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum CA15-3 assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been considered a diagnostic marker of breast cancer. However, accumulating data indicate that the current ELISA system for detecting CA15-3, which targets the peptide backbone of CA15-3, is not sufficiently sensitive to detect early or localized breast cancer. In the present study, we designed an antibody-lectin sandwich assay detecting glycosylation of CA15-3 in patients with breast cancer. Immobilized anti-CA15-3 monoclonal antibody captures CA15-3 in serum, and glycosylation of the CA15-3 is detected with Concanavalin A (ConA) lectin, which preferentially bind high-mannose N-glycans. ConA provided the best signal for detecting serum CA15-3 among 9 types of lectin, Since CA15-3 is a heavily glycosylated protein, detecting the glycosylation of CA15-3 should be a much more sensitive way to assess CA15-3 than the current ELISA method. Linear responses were obtained in the anti-CA15-3 antibody-ConA sandwich assay when sera were diluted up to 2000-fold. This dilution factor is comparable with that of the current ELISA system which allows 50- to 100-fold serum dilutions. The glycosylation level of CA15-3 was found to increase with increasing breast cancer stage in the sandwich assay. The assay system appeared to efficiently discriminate breast cancer stage I (sensitivity: 63%, specificity: 69%), IIA (sensitivity: 77%, specificity: 75%), IIB (sensitivity: 69%, specificity: 86%) and III (sensitivity: 80%, specificity: 65%) from benign breast disease. The antibody-lectin sandwich assay shows promise as a new prospect for the early detection of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woong Choi
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-In Moon
- Breast and Thyroid Cancer Center, Ewha Womans University Cancer Center for Women, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Woo Lee
- Breast and Thyroid Cancer Center, Ewha Womans University Cancer Center for Women, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yingji Jin
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Virology, College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Bajgain P, Tawinwung S, D'Elia L, Sukumaran S, Watanabe N, Hoyos V, Lulla P, Brenner MK, Leen AM, Vera JF. CAR T cell therapy for breast cancer: harnessing the tumor milieu to drive T cell activation. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:34. [PMID: 29747685 PMCID: PMC5944113 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adoptive transfer of T cells redirected to tumor via chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has produced clinical benefits for the treatment of hematologic diseases. To extend this approach to breast cancer, we generated CAR T cells directed against mucin1 (MUC1), an aberrantly glycosylated neoantigen that is overexpressed by malignant cells and whose expression has been correlated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, to protect our tumor-targeted cells from the elevated levels of immune-inhibitory cytokines present in the tumor milieu, we co-expressed an inverted cytokine receptor linking the IL4 receptor exodomain with the IL7 receptor endodomain (4/7ICR) in order to transform the suppressive IL4 signal into one that would enhance the anti-tumor effects of our CAR T cells at the tumor site. METHODS First (1G - CD3ζ) and second generation (2G - 41BB.CD3ζ) MUC1-specific CARs were constructed using the HMFG2 scFv. Following retroviral transduction transgenic expression of the CAR±ICR was assessed by flow cytometry. In vitro CAR/ICR T cell function was measured by assessing cell proliferation and short- and long-term cytotoxic activity using MUC1+ MDA MB 468 cells as targets. In vivo anti-tumor activity was assessed using IL4-producing MDA MB 468 tumor-bearing mice using calipers to assess tumor volume and bioluminescence imaging to track T cells. RESULTS In the IL4-rich tumor milieu, 1G CAR.MUC1 T cells failed to expand or kill MUC1+ tumors and while co-expression of the 4/7ICR promoted T cell expansion, in the absence of co-stimulatory signals the outgrowing cells exhibited an exhausted phenotype characterized by PD-1 and TIM3 upregulation and failed to control tumor growth. However, by co-expressing 2G CAR.MUC1 (signal 1 - activation + signal 2 - co-stimulation) and 4/7ICR (signal 3 - cytokine), transgenic T cells selectively expanded at the tumor site and produced potent and durable tumor control in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of targeting breast cancer using transgenic T cells equipped to thrive in the suppressive tumor milieu and highlight the importance of providing transgenic T cells with signals that recapitulate physiologic TCR signaling - [activation (signal 1), co-stimulation (signal 2) and cytokine support (signal 3)] - to promote in vivo persistence and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Bajgain
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Supannikar Tawinwung
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Lindsey D'Elia
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sujita Sukumaran
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Norihiro Watanabe
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Valentina Hoyos
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Premal Lulla
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ann M Leen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Juan F Vera
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Straßburger D, Glaffig M, Stergiou N, Bialas S, Besenius P, Schmitt E, Kunz H. Synthetic MUC1 Antitumor Vaccine with Incorporated 2,3-Sialyl-T Carbohydrate Antigen Inducing Strong Immune Responses with Isotype Specificity. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1142-1146. [PMID: 29633523 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial glycoprotein MUC1 is known to underlie alterations in cancer by means of aberrant glycosylation accompanied by changes in morphology. The heavily shortened glycans induce a collapse of the peptide backbone and enable accessibility of the latter to immune cells, rendering it a tumor-associated antigen. Synthetic vaccines based on MUC1 tandem repeat motifs, comprising tumor-associated 2,3-sialyl-T antigen, conjugated to the immunostimulating tetanus toxoid, are reported herein. Immunization with these vaccines in a simple water/oil emulsion produced a strong immune response in mice to which stimulation with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was not superior. In both cases, high levels of IgG1 and IgG2a/b were induced in C57BL/6 mice. Additional glycosylation in the immunodominant PDTRP domain led to improved binding of the induced antisera to MCF-7 breast tumor cells, compared with that of the monoglycosylated peptide vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Straßburger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Glaffig
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Natascha Stergiou
- Institut für Immunologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55101, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabrina Bialas
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pol Besenius
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Edgar Schmitt
- Institut für Immunologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55101, Mainz, Germany
| | - Horst Kunz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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41
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Severino PF, Silva M, Carrascal M, Malagolini N, Chiricolo M, Venturi G, Barbaro Forleo R, Astolfi A, Catera M, Videira PA, Dall'Olio F. Oxidative damage and response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in bladder cancer cells expressing sialyltransferase ST3GAL1. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:198. [PMID: 29454317 PMCID: PMC5816560 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the gold standard adjuvant immunotherapy of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), although it fails in one third of the patients. NMIBC expresses two tumor-associated O-linked carbohydrates: the disaccharide (Galβ1,3GalNAc) Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antigen, and its sialylated counterpart (Siaα2,3Galβ1,3GalNAc) sialyl-T (sT), synthesized by sialyltransferase ST3GAL1, whose roles in BCG response are unknown. Methods The human bladder cancer (BC) cell line HT1376 strongly expressing the T antigen, was retrovirally transduced with the ST3GAL1 cDNA or with an empty vector, yielding the cell lines HT1376sT and HT1376T, that express, respectively, either the sT or the T antigens. Cells were in vitro challenged with BCG. Whole gene expression was studied by microarray technology, cytokine secretion was measured by multiplex immune-beads assay. Human macrophages derived from blood monocytes were challenged with the secretome of BCG-challenged BC cells. Results The secretome from BCG-challenged HT1376sT cells induced a stronger macrophage secretion of IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα and IL-10 than that of HT1376T cells. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that ST3GAL1 overexpression and T/sT replacement modulated hundreds of genes. Several genes preserving genomic stability were down-regulated in HT1376sT cells which, as a consequence, displayed increased sensitivity to oxidative damage. After BCG challenge, the transcriptome of HT1376sT cells showed higher susceptibility to BCG modulation than that of HT1376T cells. Conclusions High ST3GAL1 expression and T/sT replacement in BCG challenged-BC cancer cells induce a stronger macrophage response and alter the gene expression towards genomic instability, indicating a potential impact on BC biology and patient’s response to BCG. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4107-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo F Severino
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal.,Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Sede di Patologia Generale, Università di Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mariana Silva
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mylene Carrascal
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nadia Malagolini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Sede di Patologia Generale, Università di Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mariella Chiricolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Sede di Patologia Generale, Università di Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Venturi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Sede di Patologia Generale, Università di Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Barbaro Forleo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Sede di Patologia Generale, Università di Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Astolfi
- Centro Interdipartimentale Ricerche sul Cancro "Giorgio Prodi", Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mariangela Catera
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Sede di Patologia Generale, Università di Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paula A Videira
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal. .,UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Fabio Dall'Olio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Sede di Patologia Generale, Università di Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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Nguyen AT, Chia J, Ros M, Hui KM, Saltel F, Bard F. Organelle Specific O-Glycosylation Drives MMP14 Activation, Tumor Growth, and Metastasis. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:639-653.e6. [PMID: 29136507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancers grow within tissues through molecular mechanisms still unclear. Invasiveness correlates with perturbed O-glycosylation, a covalent modification of cell-surface proteins. Here, we show that, in human and mouse liver cancers, initiation of O-glycosylation by the GALNT glycosyl-transferases increases and shifts from the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In a mouse liver cancer model, expressing an ER-targeted GALNT1 (ER-G1) massively increased tumor expansion, with median survival reduced from 23 to 10 weeks. In vitro cell growth was unaffected, but ER-G1 strongly enabled matrix degradation and tissue invasion. Unlike its Golgi-localized counterpart, ER-G1 glycosylates the matrix metalloproteinase MMP14, a process required for tumor expansion. Together, our results indicate that GALNTs strongly promote liver tumor growth after relocating to the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Tuan Nguyen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Joanne Chia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Manon Ros
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Kam Man Hui
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore; Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610, Singapore; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Frederic Saltel
- INSERM, U1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, 33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, U1053 Bordeaux Research In Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Frederic Bard
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore.
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43
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Kato K, Zemskova MA, Hanss AD, Kim MM, Summer R, Kim KC. Muc1 deficiency exacerbates pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model of silicosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:1230-1235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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44
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Abstract
Development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have led to remarkable successes in the treatment of B-cell malignancies with anti-CD19 CAR. Here we discuss the development of novel antigen receptors for use in solid malignancies with respect to target antigens, receptor design, and T cell manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chen
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
| | - James Yang
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
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45
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Zhang X, Zhang S, Baek SJ, Best MD. A Boronic Acid Assay for the Detection of Mucin-1 Glycoprotein from Cancer Cells. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1578-1582. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Tennessee; 1420 Circle Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Shiqiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tennessee; 2407 River Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
| | - Seung Joon Baek
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction; College of Veterinary Medicine and; Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Michael D. Best
- Department of Chemistry; University of Tennessee; 1420 Circle Drive Knoxville TN 37996 USA
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46
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Peiris D, Spector AF, Lomax-Browne H, Azimi T, Ramesh B, Loizidou M, Welch H, Dwek MV. Cellular glycosylation affects Herceptin binding and sensitivity of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin and growth factors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43006. [PMID: 28223691 PMCID: PMC5320443 DOI: 10.1038/srep43006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in protein glycosylation are a key feature of oncogenesis and have been shown to affect cancer cell behaviour perturbing cell adhesion, favouring cell migration and metastasis. This study investigated the effect of N-linked glycosylation on the binding of Herceptin to HER2 protein in breast cancer and on the sensitivity of cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (DXR) and growth factors (EGF and IGF-1). The interaction between Herceptin and recombinant HER2 protein and cancer cell surfaces (on-rate/off-rate) was assessed using a quartz crystal microbalance biosensor revealing an increase in the accessibility of HER2 to Herceptin following deglycosylation of cell membrane proteins (deglycosylated cells Bmax: 6.83 Hz; glycosylated cells Bmax: 7.35 Hz). The sensitivity of cells to DXR and to growth factors was evaluated using an MTT assay. Maintenance of SKBR-3 cells in tunicamycin (an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation) resulted in an increase in sensitivity to DXR (0.1 μM DXR P < 0.001) and a decrease in sensitivity to IGF-1 alone and to IGF-1 supplemented with EGF (P < 0.001). This report illustrates the importance of N-linked glycosylation in modulating the response of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic and biological treatments and highlights the potential of glycosylation inhibitors as future combination treatments for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diluka Peiris
- Attana AB, Bjornnasvagen 21, SE-11419, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander F Spector
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL Medical School Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Hannah Lomax-Browne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish St, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Tayebeh Azimi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish St, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Bala Ramesh
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL Medical School Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Marilena Loizidou
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL Medical School Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Hazel Welch
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL Medical School Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Miriam V Dwek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish St, W1W 6UW, UK
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47
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Pett C, Cai H, Liu J, Palitzsch B, Schorlemer M, Hartmann S, Stergiou N, Lu M, Kunz H, Schmitt E, Westerlind U. Microarray Analysis of Antibodies Induced with Synthetic Antitumor Vaccines: Specificity against Diverse Mucin Core Structures. Chemistry 2017; 23:3875-3884. [PMID: 27957769 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycoprotein research is pivotal for vaccine development and biomarker discovery. Many successful methodologies for reliably increasing the antigenicity toward tumor-associated glycopeptide structures have been reported. Deeper insights into the quality and specificity of the raised polyclonal, humoral reactions are often not addressed, despite the fact that an immunological memory, which produces antibodies with cross-reactivity to epitopes exposed on healthy cells, may cause autoimmune diseases. In the current work, three MUC1 antitumor vaccine candidates conjugated with different immune stimulants are evaluated immunologically. For assessment of the influence of the immune stimulant on antibody recognition, a comprehensive library of mucin 1 glycopeptides (>100 entries) is synthesized and employed in antibody microarray profiling; these range from small tumor-associated glycans (TN , STN , and T-antigen structures) to heavily extended O-glycan core structures (type-1 and type-2 elongated core 1-3 tri-, tetra-, and hexasaccharides) glycosylated in variable density at the five different sites of the MUC1 tandem repeat. This is one of the most extensive glycopeptide libraries ever made through total synthesis. On tumor cells, the core 2 β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-1 (C2GlcNAcT-1) is down-regulated, resulting in lower amounts of the branched core 2 structures, which favor formation of linear core 1 or core 3 structures, and in particular, truncated tumor-associated antigen structures. The core 2 structures are commonly found on healthy cells and the elucidation of antibody cross-reactivity to such epitopes may predict the tumor-selectivity and safety of synthetic vaccines. With the extended mucin core structures in hand, antibody cross-reactivity toward the branched core 2 glycopeptide epitopes is explored. It is observed that the induced antibodies recognize MUC1 peptides with very high glycosylation site specificity. The nature of the antibody response is characteristically different for antibodies directed to glycosylation sites in either the immune-dominant PDTR or the GSTA domain. All antibody sera show high reactivity to the tumor-associated saccharide structures on MUC1. Extensive glycosylation with branched core 2 structures, typically found on healthy cells, abolishes antibody recognition of the antisera and suggests that all vaccine conjugates preferentially induce a tumor-specific humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pett
- Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Analytischen Wissenschaften e.V. ISAS-Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hui Cai
- Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Analytischen Wissenschaften e.V. ISAS-Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Björn Palitzsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manuel Schorlemer
- Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Analytischen Wissenschaften e.V. ISAS-Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hartmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Natascha Stergiou
- University Medical Center, Institute of Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Geb. 708, 55101, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Horst Kunz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Edgar Schmitt
- University Medical Center, Institute of Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Geb. 708, 55101, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrika Westerlind
- Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Analytischen Wissenschaften e.V. ISAS-Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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Talabnin K, Talabnin C, Ishihara M, Azadi P, Wongkham S, Sripa B. Differential Expression of O-glycoprotein Glycans in Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Lines. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 17:691-5. [PMID: 26925665 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.2.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is the most common posttranslational modification in mammalian cells. Aberrant protein glycosylation has been reported in various diseases, including cancer. We identified and quantified the glycan structures of O-linked glycoprotein from cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell lines from different histological types and compared their profiles by nanospray ionization-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (NSI-MSn). Five human CCA cell lines, K100, M055, M139, M213 and M214 were characterized. The results showed that the O-linked glycans of the CCA cell lines comprised tri- to hexa-saccharides with terminal galactose and sialic acids: NeuAc1Gal1GalNAc1, Gal2GlcNAc1GalNAc1, NeuAc2Gal1GalNAc1 NeuAc1Gal2GlcNAc1GalNAc1 and NeuAc2Gal2GlcNAc1GalNAc1 All five CCA cell lines showed a similar glycan pattern, but with differences in their quantities. NeuAc1Gal1GalNAc1 proved to be the most abundant structure in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (K100; 57.1%), moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (M055; 42.6%) and squamous cell carcinoma (M139; 43.0%), while moderately to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (M214; 40.1%) and adenosquamous cell carcinoma (M213; 34.7%) appeared dominated by NeuAc2Gal1GalNAc1. These results demonstrate differential expression of the O-linked glycans in the different histological types of CCA. All five CCA cell lines have abundant terminal sialic acid (NeuAc) O-linked glycans, suggesting an important role for sialic acid in cancer cells. Our structural analyses of glycans may provide important information regarding physiology of disease-related glycoproteins in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krajang Talabnin
- School of Pathology, Institute of Medicine, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, E-mail :
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Karsten U, Goletz S. What controls the expression of the core-1 (Thomsen-Friedenreich) glycotope on tumor cells? BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:801-7. [PMID: 26541995 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915070019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Malignant transformation is tightly connected with changes in the glycosylation of proteins and lipids, which in turn are contributing to the invasive and metastatic behavior of tumor cells. One example of such changes is demasking of the otherwise hidden core-1 structure, also known as Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen, which is a highly tumor-specific glycotope and potentially a cancer stem cell marker. This review summarizes what is known about the mechanism(s) of its expression on tumor cells. New data reveal a close connection between tumor metabolism and Golgi function. Based on these data, we suggest that the expression of this antigen is also a marker of aerobic glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Karsten
- Glycotope GmbH, Berlin-Buch, D-13125, Germany.
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50
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Sousa AM, Grandgenett PM, David L, Almeida R, Hollingsworth MA, Santos-Silva F. Reflections on MUC1 glycoprotein: the hidden potential of isoforms in carcinogenesis. APMIS 2016; 124:913-924. [PMID: 27538373 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mucin 1 (MUC1) has been described as the renaissance molecule due to the large set of functions it displays in both normal and neoplastic cells. This membrane-tethered glycoprotein is overexpressed and aberrantly glycosylated in most epithelial cancers, being involved in several processes related with malignant phenotype acquisition. With a highly polymorphic structure, both in the polypeptide and glycan counterparts, MUC1 variability has been associated with susceptibility to several diseases, including cancer. Biochemical features and biological functions have been characterized upon the full-length MUC1 protein, remaining to clarify the real impact on cell dynamics of the plethora of MUC1 isoforms. This review aims to encompass a detailed characterization of MUC1 role in carcinogenesis, highlighting recent findings in cell differentiation and uncovering new evidences of MUC1 isoforms involvement in malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia M Sousa
- i3S-Institute of Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paul M Grandgenett
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Disease, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Leonor David
- i3S-Institute of Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Almeida
- i3S-Institute of Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Filipe Santos-Silva
- i3S-Institute of Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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