1
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Leiva-Carrasco MJ, Jiménez-Chávez S, Harvey DJ, Parra NC, Tavares KC, Camacho F, González A, Sánchez O, Montesino R, Toledo JR. In vivo modification of the goat mammary gland glycosylation pathway. N Biotechnol 2020; 61:11-21. [PMID: 33157282 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex recombinant glycoproteins produced as potential biopharmaceuticals in goat's milk have an aberrant pattern of N-glycosylation due to the lack of multi-antennary structures. Overexpression of glycosyltransferases may increase oligosaccharide branching of the desired glycoproteins. Here, human erythropoietin fused to human IgG Fc (EPO-Fc) was co-expressed with N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase-IVa (GnT-IVa) by adenoviral transduction in goat mammary gland to evaluate the in vivo modification of N-glycosylation pattern in this tissue. Adenoviral vectors, containing the EPO-Fc and GnT-IVa sequences were assembled for in vitro and in vivo expression in mammalian cell culture or in goat mammary gland. Protein detection was assessed by gel electrophoresis and western blot, and N-glycans were identified by HPLC and mass spectrometry. GnT-IVa overexpression and its colocalization with EPO-Fc in the Golgi apparatus of SiHa cells were demonstrated. N-glycan analysis of in vitro and in vivo expression of EPO-Fc modified by GnT-IVa (EPO-Fc/GnT-IVa) showed an increase in high molecular weight structures, which corresponded to tri- and tetra-antennary N-glycans in SiHa cells and mostly tri-antennary N-glycans in goat's milk from transformed mammary tissue. The results confirmed that successful modification of the goat mammary gland secretion pathway could be achieved by co-expressing glycoenzymes together with the glycoprotein of interest. This is the first report of modification of the N-glycosylation pattern in the goat mammary gland in vivo, and constitutes a step forward for improving the use of the mammary gland as a bioreactor for the production of complex recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Leiva-Carrasco
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160C, Concepcion, Chile; Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center SpA, Granada 168, Villumanque, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Silvana Jiménez-Chávez
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160C, Concepcion, Chile; Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center SpA, Granada 168, Villumanque, Concepcion, Chile
| | - David J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Biochemistry Department, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Natalie C Parra
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160C, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Kaio C Tavares
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Experimental Biology Center (NUBEX), University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Frank Camacho
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160C, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Alain González
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160C, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Oliberto Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160C, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Raquel Montesino
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160C, Concepcion, Chile; Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center SpA, Granada 168, Villumanque, Concepcion, Chile.
| | - Jorge R Toledo
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Victor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160C, Concepcion, Chile; Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center SpA, Granada 168, Villumanque, Concepcion, Chile.
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2
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Yang X, Bartlett MG. Glycan analysis for protein therapeutics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1120:29-40. [PMID: 31063953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation can be a critical quality attribute for protein therapeutics due to its extensive impact on product safety and efficacy. Glycan characterization is important in the process of protein drug development, from early stage candidate selection to late stage regulatory submission. It is also an indispensable part in the evaluation of biosimilarity. This review discusses the effects of glycosylation on the stability and activity of protein therapeutics, regulatory considerations corresponding to manufacturing and structural characterization of glycosylated protein therapeutics, and focuses on mass spectrometry compatible separation methods for glycan characterization of protein therapeutics. These approaches include hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, reversed-phase liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, porous graphitic carbon liquid chromatography and two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Advances and novelties in each separation method, as well as associated challenges and limitations, are discussed at the released glycan, glycopeptide, glycoprotein subunit and intact glycoprotein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States of America
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States of America.
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3
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Abstract
Sialic acids are cytoprotectors, mainly localized on the surface of cell membranes with multiple and outstanding cell biological functions. The history of their structural analysis, occurrence, and functions is fascinating and described in this review. Reports from different researchers on apparently similar substances from a variety of biological materials led to the identification of a 9-carbon monosaccharide, which in 1957 was designated "sialic acid." The most frequently occurring member of the sialic acid family is N-acetylneuraminic acid, followed by N-glycolylneuraminic acid and O-acetylated derivatives, and up to now over about 80 neuraminic acid derivatives have been described. They appeared first in the animal kingdom, ranging from echinoderms up to higher animals, in many microorganisms, and are also expressed in insects, but are absent in higher plants. Sialic acids are masks and ligands and play as such dual roles in biology. Their involvement in immunology and tumor biology, as well as in hereditary diseases, cannot be underestimated. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid is very special, as this sugar cannot be expressed by humans, but is a xenoantigen with pathogenetic potential. Sialidases (neuraminidases), which liberate sialic acids from cellular compounds, had been known from very early on from studies with influenza viruses. Sialyltransferases, which are responsible for the sialylation of glycans and elongation of polysialic acids, are studied because of their significance in development and, for instance, in cancer. As more information about the functions in health and disease is acquired, the use of sialic acids in the treatment of diseases is also envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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4
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Skala W, Wohlschlager T, Senn S, Huber GE, Huber CG. MoFi: A Software Tool for Annotating Glycoprotein Mass Spectra by Integrating Hybrid Data from the Intact Protein and Glycopeptide Level. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5728-5736. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Skala
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Laboratories, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Therese Wohlschlager
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Laboratories, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Senn
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Laboratories, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gabriel E. Huber
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Laboratories, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian G. Huber
- Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Laboratories, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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5
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Hybrid mass spectrometry approaches in glycoprotein analysis and their usage in scoring biosimilarity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13397. [PMID: 27824045 PMCID: PMC5105167 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biopharmaceutical products exhibit extensive structural micro-heterogeneity due to an array of co-occurring post-translational modifications. These modifications often effect the functionality of the product and therefore need to be characterized in detail. Here, we present an integrative approach, combining two advanced mass spectrometry-based methods, high-resolution native mass spectrometry and middle-down proteomics, to analyse this micro-heterogeneity. Taking human erythropoietin and the human plasma properdin as model systems, we demonstrate that this strategy bridges the gap between peptide- and protein-based mass spectrometry platforms, providing the most complete profiling of glycoproteins. Integration of the two methods enabled the discovery of three undescribed C-glycosylation sites on properdin, and revealed in addition unexpected heterogeneity in occupancies of C-mannosylation. Furthermore, using various sources of erythropoietin we define and demonstrate the usage of a biosimilarity score to quantitatively assess structural similarity, which would also be beneficial for profiling other therapeutic proteins and even plasma protein biomarkers. Many biopharmaceuticals exhibit mixed heterogeneity in their post-translational modifications (PTMs) that are essential for their function. Here the authors use a combination of mass spectrometry techniques to analyse human erythropoietin (EPO) and properdin to discover new PTMs on properdin and derive a biosimilarity score for various sources of EPO.
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6
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Kidani S, Kaneoka H, Okuzaki Y, Asai S, Kojima Y, Nishijima KI, Iijima S. Analyses of chicken sialyltransferases related to O-glycosylation. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:379-84. [PMID: 27150510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The chicken β-galactoside α2,3-sialyltransferase 1, 2, and 5 (ST3Gal1, 2, and 5) genes were cloned, and their enzymes were expressed in 293FT cells. ST3Gal1 and 2 exhibited enzymatic activities toward galactose-β1,3-N-acetylgalactosamine and galactose-β1,3-N-acetylglucosamine. ST3Gal5 only exhibited activity toward lactosylceramide. ST3Gal1 and 2 and previously cloned ST3Gal3 and 6 transferred CMP-sialic acid to asialofetuin. Reverse-transcription-quantitative PCR indicated that ST3Gal1 was expressed at higher levels in the trachea, lung, spleen, and magnum, and the strong expression of ST3Gal5 was observed in the spleen, magnum, and small and large intestines. ST3Gal1, 5, and 6 were also expressed in the tubular gland cells of the magnum, which secretes egg-white proteins. ST3Gal1, 5, and 6 were expressed in the egg chorioallantoic membrane, in which influenza viruses are propagated for the production of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kidani
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kaneoka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Yuya Okuzaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Seiya Asai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kojima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nishijima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shinji Iijima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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7
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Analytical detection and characterization of biopharmaceutical glycosylation by MS. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:711-27. [PMID: 26964748 DOI: 10.4155/bio.16.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation plays an important role in ensuring the proper structure and function of most biotherapeutic proteins. Even small changes in glycan composition, structure, or location can have a drastic impact on drug safety and efficacy. Recently, glycosylation has become the subject of increased focus as biopharmaceutical companies rush to create not only biosimilars, but also biobetters based on existing biotherapeutic proteins. Against this backdrop of ongoing biopharmaceutical innovation, updated methods for accurate and detailed analysis of protein glycosylation are critical for biopharmaceutical companies and government regulatory agencies alike. This review summarizes current methods of characterizing biopharmaceutical glycosylation, including compositional mass profiling, isomer-specific profiling and structural elucidation by MS and hyphenated techniques.
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8
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Meininger M, Stepath M, Hennig R, Cajic S, Rapp E, Rotering H, Wolff M, Reichl U. Sialic acid-specific affinity chromatography for the separation of erythropoietin glycoforms using serotonin as a ligand. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1012-1013:193-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Characterization of a sialate-O-acetylesterase (NanS) from the oral pathogen Tannerella forsythia that enhances sialic acid release by NanH, its cognate sialidase. Biochem J 2015; 472:157-67. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20150388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We characterize a novel bacterial sialate-O-acetylesterase potentially important for the nutrition of oral pathogens causing periodontal disease by enhancing their ability to harvest sialic acid sugar. Its high activity and stability indicate that it can also be used in glycan pharmacoanalytics.
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10
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Byeon J, Lim YR, Kim HH, Suh JK. Structural Identification of a Non-Glycosylated Variant at Ser126 for O-Glycosylation Site from EPO BRP, Human Recombinant Erythropoietin by LC/MS Analysis. Mol Cells 2015; 38:496-505. [PMID: 26013384 PMCID: PMC4469907 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A variant peak was detected in the analysis of RP-HPLC of rHu-EPO, which has about 7% relative content. Fractions of the main and the variant peaks were pooled separately and further analyzed to identify the molecular structure of the variant peak. Total mass analysis for each peak fraction using ESI-TOF MS shows differences in molecular mass. The fraction of the main peak tends to result in higher molecular masses than the fraction of the variant. The detected masses for the variant are about 600-1000 Da smaller than those for the main peak. Peptide mapping analysis for each peak fraction using Asp-N and Glu-C shows differences in O-glycopeptide profiles at Ser126. The O-glycopeptides were not detected in the fraction of the variant. It is concluded that the variant peak is non-O-glycosylated rHu-EPO and the main peak is fully O-glycosylated rHu-EPO at Ser126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehee Byeon
- Deptatment of Stereoscopic Media, Korean German Institute of Technology, Seoul 157-930,
Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Lim
- BIOnSYSTEMS, Inc., R&D Center, Incheon 406-840,
Korea
| | - Hyong-Ha Kim
- Center for Bioanalysis, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 305-340,
Korea
| | - Jung-Keun Suh
- Deptatment of Stereoscopic Media, Korean German Institute of Technology, Seoul 157-930,
Korea
- Department of Newmedia, Korean German Institute of Technology, Seoul 157-930,
Korea
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11
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Hamouda H, Kaup M, Ullah M, Berger M, Sandig V, Tauber R, Blanchard V. Rapid analysis of cell surface N-glycosylation from living cells using mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:6144-51. [PMID: 25348702 DOI: 10.1021/pr5003005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell surfaces are covered with a dense carbohydrate layer referred to as the glycocalyx. Because different cell types express different glycan signatures, it is of paramount importance to have robust methods to analyze the glycome of living cells. To achieve this, a common procedure involves cell lysis and extraction of membrane (glyco)proteins and yields a major proportion of high-mannose N-glycans that most likely stem from intracellular proteins derived from the ER. Using HEK 293 cells as a model system, we developed a reproducible, sensitive, and fast method to profile surface N-glycosylation from living cells. We directly released glycopeptides from cell surfaces through tryptic digestion of freshly harvested and vital cells, thereby improving the detection and quantification of complex-type N-glycans by increasing their relative amount from 14 to 85%. It was also possible to detect 25 additional structures in HEK 293, 48 in AGE1.HN, 42 in CHO-K1, and 51 in Hep G2 cells. The additional signals provided deeper insight into cell-type-specific N-glycan features such as antennarity, fucosylation, and sialylation. Thus, this protocol, which can potentially be applied to any cells, will be useful in the fields of glycobiotechnology and biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Hamouda
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Jayo RG, Thaysen-Andersen M, Lindenburg PW, Haselberg R, Hankemeier T, Ramautar R, Chen DDY. Simple Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry Method for Complex Glycan Analysis Using a Flow-Through Microvial Interface. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6479-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5010212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roxana G. Jayo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Petrus W. Lindenburg
- Division
of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333
CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division
of BioAnalytical Chemistry, AIMMS research group BioMolecular Analysis, VU University 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division
of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333
CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rawi Ramautar
- Division
of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333
CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - David D. Y. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
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13
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Abstract
Detection methods for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in sport can be classified into direct and indirect approaches. Direct methods comprise electrophoretic techniques (isoelectric focusing (IEF-), sodium-dodecylsulfate (SDS-), sarcosyl (SAR-) polyacrylamide gel-electrophoreses (-PAGE)), ELISAs and mass spectrometric methods. The haematological module of the Athlete Biological Passport is currently the only applied indirect approach. Newer developments include a mass spectrometric test for peginesatide, sequential exoglycosidase digestion of ertythropoietin (EPO) combined with electrophoresis (SDS/SAR-PAGE), a dipstick method (MAIIA), and a study on the differences in sialic acid O-acetylation of tryptic EPO O-glycopeptides. The focus of this article is on direct detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, , Seibersdorf, Austria
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14
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Reichel C. Differences in sialic acid O-acetylation between human urinary and recombinant erythropoietins: a possible mass spectrometric marker for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:877-89. [PMID: 24353190 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Development of a mass spectrometric method for the unambiguous detection of doping with recombinant human erythropoietins (rhEPO) has been attempted for many years. Unfortunately, progress in this field was hampered by the unavailability of highly purified human endogenous EPOs (urinary[uhEPO], serum/plasma EPO)--a prerequisite for generating detailed mass spectrometric glycosylation data necessary for revealing significant differences between uhEPO and rhEPOs. The paper presents the worldwide first analytical data on purified human urinary EPO generated with a high resolution high accuracy mass spectrometer (LTQ-Orbitrap). The focus is on the tryptic O-glycopeptide (E117-R131) and its degree of sialic acid O-acetylation. Data are compared with results obtained from 40 rhEPO pharmaceuticals. It could be demonstrated that the O-glycopeptide of uhEPO (ca 100 IU) contains only trace amounts of mono-acetylated mono-and di-sialylated O-glycans but no other O-acetylated structures and in this respect significantly differs from all rhEPOs. Moreover, Dynepo--a rhEPO previously thought to be not O-acetylated--also contains small amounts of O-acetylations within the O-glycan structure. The results might be useful for anti-doping purposes as well as the development of EPO pharmaceuticals with closer structural similarity to the endogenous hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, A-2444, Seibersdorf, Austria
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15
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Jez J, Castilho A, Grass J, Vorauer-Uhl K, Sterovsky T, Altmann F, Steinkellner H. Expression of functionally active sialylated human erythropoietin in plants. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:371-82. [PMID: 23325672 PMCID: PMC3601435 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), a glycohormone, is one of the leading biopharmaceutical products. The production of rhEPO is currently restricted to mammalian cell expression systems because of rhEPO's highly complex glycosylation pattern, which is a major determinant for drug-efficacy. Here we evaluate the ability of plants to produce different glycoforms of rhEPO. cDNA constructs were delivered to Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) and transiently expressed by a viral based expression system. Expression levels up to 85 mg rhEPO/kg fresh leaf material were achieved. Moreover, co-expression of rhEPO with six mammalian genes required for in planta protein sialylation resulted in the synthesis of rhEPO decorated mainly with bisialylated N-glycans (NaNa), the most abundant glycoform of circulating hEPO in patients with anemia. A newly established peptide tag (ELDKWA) fused to hEPO was particularly well-suited for purification of the recombinant hormone based on immunoaffinity. Subsequent lectin chromatography allowed enrichment of exclusively sialylated rhEPO. All plant-derived glycoforms exhibited high biological activity as determined by a cell-based receptor-binding assay. The generation of rhEPO carrying largely homogeneous glycosylation profiles (GnGnXF, GnGn, and NaNa) will facilitate further investigation of functionalities with potential implications for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jez
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Harazono A, Hashii N, Kuribayashi R, Nakazawa S, Kawasaki N. Mass spectrometric glycoform profiling of the innovator and biosimilar erythropoietin and darbepoetin by LC/ESI-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 83:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Rosati S, van den Bremer ETJ, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI, Kamerling JP, Heck AJR. In-depth qualitative and quantitative analysis of composite glycosylation profiles and other micro-heterogeneity on intact monoclonal antibodies by high-resolution native mass spectrometry using a modified Orbitrap. MAbs 2013; 5:917-24. [PMID: 23995615 PMCID: PMC3896605 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.26282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a fast, easy-to-use, and sensitive method to profile in-depth structural micro-heterogeneity, including intricate N-glycosylation profiles, of monoclonal antibodies at the native intact protein level by means of mass spectrometry using a recently introduced modified Orbitrap Exactive Plus mass spectrometer. We demonstrate the versatility of our method to probe structural micro-heterogeneity by describing the analysis of three types of molecules: (1) a non-covalently bound IgG4 hinge deleted full-antibody in equilibrium with its half-antibody, (2) IgG4 mutants exhibiting highly complex glycosylation profiles, and (3) antibody-drug conjugates. Using the modified instrument, we obtain baseline separation and accurate mass determination of all different proteoforms that may be induced, for example, by glycosylation, drug loading and partial peptide backbone-truncation. We show that our method can handle highly complex glycosylation profiles, identifying more than 20 different glycoforms per monoclonal antibody preparation and more than 30 proteoforms on a single highly purified antibody. In analyzing antibody-drug conjugates, our method also easily identifies and quantifies more than 15 structurally different proteoforms that may result from the collective differences in drug loading and glycosylation. The method presented here will aid in the comprehensive analytical and functional characterization of protein micro-heterogeneity, which is crucial for successful development and manufacturing of therapeutic antibodies
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rosati
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center; Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center; Utrecht, the Netherlands
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18
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Fellenberg M, Behnken HN, Nagel T, Wiegandt A, Baerenfaenger M, Meyer B. Glycan analysis: scope and limitations of different techniques--a case for integrated use of LC-MS(/MS) and NMR techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7291-305. [PMID: 23852147 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The structure of glycans from glycoproteins is highly relevant for their function. We tightly integrate liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), MS/MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data to achieve a complete characterization of even isobaric glycans differing in only one linkage position or in the substitution in one branch. As example, we analyzed ten desialylated underivatized glycans from bovine fibrinogen. The molecules were separated on a PGC column, and LC-MS data allowed an assignment of the compositions of the glycans. MS/MS data of the same glycans allowed elucidation of sequence and to some extent of branching and linkage. All MS/MS fragmentation methods led to multiple dissociations, resulting in several cases in ambiguous data. The MS/MS data were interpreted both by scientists and automatically by software, and the differential results are compared. Additional data from a tight integration of LC-MS and NMR data resulted in a complete structural characterization of the glycans. The acquisition of simple 1D (1)H NMR data led--in combination with LC-MS and MS/MS data--to an unambiguous assignment of the isobaric glycans. Compounds that were not separated in the chromatography could easily be assigned structurally by applying the 3D cross-correlation (3DCC) technology to arrive at NMR spectra of the pure components-without actually separating them. By applying LC-MS, MS/MS, 1D (1)H NMR, and 3DCC together, one can assign glycan structures from glycoconjugates with high confidence affording only 200 pmol of glycan material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Fellenberg
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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19
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Castilho A, Neumann L, Gattinger P, Strasser R, Vorauer-Uhl K, Sterovsky T, Altmann F, Steinkellner H. Generation of biologically active multi-sialylated recombinant human EPOFc in plants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54836. [PMID: 23372778 PMCID: PMC3555983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycosylated proteins are more stable, show increased serum half-life and less sensitivity to proteolysis compared to non-sialylated forms. This applies particularly to recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). Recent progress in N-glycoengineering of non-mammalian expression hosts resulted in in vivo protein sialylation at great homogeneity. However the synthesis of multi-sialylated N-glycans is so far restricted to mammalian cells. Here we used a plant based expression system to accomplish multi-antennary protein sialylation. A human erythropoietin fusion protein (EPOFc) was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana ΔXTFT, a glycosylation mutant that lacks plant specific N-glycan residues. cDNA of the hormone was co-delivered into plants with the necessary genes for (i) branching (ii) β1,4-galactosylation as well as for the (iii) synthesis, transport and transfer of sialic acid. This resulted in the production of recombinant EPOFc carrying bi- tri- and tetra-sialylated complex N-glycans. The formation of this highly complex oligosaccharide structure required the coordinated expression of 11 human proteins acting in different subcellular compartments at different stages of the glycosylation pathway. In vitro receptor binding assays demonstrate the generation of biologically active molecules. We demonstrate the in planta synthesis of one of the most complex mammalian glycoforms pointing to an outstanding high degree of tolerance to changes in the glycosylation pathway in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Castilho
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Neumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Gattinger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karola Vorauer-Uhl
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Castilho A, Neumann L, Daskalova S, Mason HS, Steinkellner H, Altmann F, Strasser R. Engineering of sialylated mucin-type O-glycosylation in plants. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36518-26. [PMID: 22948156 PMCID: PMC3476317 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.402685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper N- and O-glycosylation of recombinant proteins is important for their biological function. Although the N-glycan processing pathway of different expression hosts has been successfully modified in the past, comparatively little attention has been paid to the generation of customized O-linked glycans. Plants are attractive hosts for engineering of O-glycosylation steps, as they contain no endogenous glycosyltransferases that perform mammalian-type Ser/Thr glycosylation and could interfere with the production of defined O-glycans. Here, we produced mucin-type O-GalNAc and core 1 O-linked glycan structures on recombinant human erythropoietin fused to an IgG heavy chain fragment (EPO-Fc) by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Furthermore, for the generation of sialylated core 1 structures constructs encoding human polypeptide:N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2, Drosophila melanogaster core 1 β1,3-galactosyltransferase, human α2,3-sialyltransferase, and Mus musculus α2,6-sialyltransferase were transiently co-expressed in N. benthamiana together with EPO-Fc and the machinery for sialylation of N-glycans. The formation of significant amounts of mono- and disialylated O-linked glycans was confirmed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Analysis of the three EPO glycopeptides carrying N-glycans revealed the presence of biantennary structures with terminal sialic acid residues. Our data demonstrate that N. benthamiana plants are amenable to engineering of the O-glycosylation pathway and can produce well defined human-type O- and N-linked glycans on recombinant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Castilho
- From the Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Laura Neumann
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria, and
| | - Sasha Daskalova
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Hugh S. Mason
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- From the Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria, and
| | - Richard Strasser
- From the Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna Austria
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21
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Nagels B, Van Damme EJM, Callewaert N, Zabeau L, Tavernier J, Delanghe JR, Boets A, Castilho A, Weterings K. Biologically active, magnICON®-expressed EPO-Fc from stably transformed Nicotiana benthamiana plants presenting tetra-antennary N-glycan structures. J Biotechnol 2012; 160:242-50. [PMID: 22430811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades plants have emerged as a valuable alternative for the production of pharmaceutical proteins. Since N-glycosylation influences functionality and stability of therapeutic proteins, the plant N-glycosylation pathway should be humanized. Here, we report the transient magnICON(®) expression of the erythropoietin fusion protein (EPO-Fc) in Nicotiana benthamiana plants that produce multi-antennary N-glycans without the plant-specific β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues in a stable manner (Nagels et al., 2011). The EPO-Fc fusion protein consists of EPO with a C-terminal-linked IgG-Fc domain and is used for pulmonary delivery of recombinant EPO to patients (Bitonti et al., 2004). Plant expressed EPO-Fc was quantified using a paramagnetic-particle chemiluminescent immunoassay and shown to be active in vitro via receptor binding experiments in HEK293T cells. Mass spectrometry-based N-glycan analysis confirmed the presence of multi-antennary N-glycans on plant-expressed EPO-Fc. The described research is the next step towards the development of a production platform for pharmaceutical proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bieke Nagels
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Lingg N, Zhang P, Song Z, Bardor M. The sweet tooth of biopharmaceuticals: importance of recombinant protein glycosylation analysis. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1462-72. [PMID: 22829536 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals currently represent the fastest growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry, mainly driven by a rapid expansion in the manufacture of recombinant protein-based drugs. Glycosylation is the most prominent post-translational modification occurring on these protein drugs. It constitutes one of the critical quality attributes that requires thorough analysis for optimal efficacy and safety. This review examines the functional importance of glycosylation of recombinant protein drugs, illustrated using three examples of protein biopharmaceuticals: IgG antibodies, erythropoietin and glucocerebrosidase. Current analytical methods are reviewed as solutions for qualitative and quantitative measurements of glycosylation to monitor quality target product profiles of recombinant glycoprotein drugs. Finally, we propose a framework for designing the quality target product profile of recombinant glycoproteins and planning workflow for glycosylation analysis with the selection of available analytical methods and tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Lingg
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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23
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Swiech K, Picanço-Castro V, Covas DT. Human cells: New platform for recombinant therapeutic protein production. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 84:147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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24
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Multivariate statistics for the differentiation of erythropoietin preparations based on intact glycoforms determined by CE-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:797-805. [PMID: 22430131 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the increasing number of erythropoietin biosimilars being approved, the comparison of different erythropoietin preparations in the pharmaceutical area is gaining in importance. Erythropoietin has a distinct natural heterogeneity arising from its glycosylation, which shows strong composition variations. This heterogeneity increases the complexity of the analysis of erythropoietin considerably, but may also be used to distinguish different preparations. Here, a method is presented for the differentiation of various erythropoietin preparations by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry and the subsequent application of multivariate statistics. Relative peak areas of selected intact erythropoietin isoforms were used as variables in principal component analysis and hierarchical agglomerative clustering. Both of these strategies were suited for the clear differentiation of all erythropoietin preparations, including marketed products and preproduction preparations, which differ in the manufacturer, the production cell line, and the batch number. By this means, even closely related preparations were distinguished on the basis of the combined information on the antennarity, the sialoform, and the acetylation of the observed isoforms.
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25
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Girard M, Puerta A, Diez-Masa JC, de Frutos M. High resolution separation methods for the determination of intact human erythropoiesis stimulating agents. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 713:7-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Reichel C. The overlooked difference between human endogenous and recombinant erythropoietins and its implication for sports drug testing and pharmaceutical drug design. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:883-91. [PMID: 22140023 DOI: 10.1002/dta.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sequential deglycosylation by exoglycosidase treatment (Reagent Array Analysis Method, RAAM) and subsequent sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed a profound structural difference between human endogenous and recombinant erythropoietins. While both proteins behaved similarly upon digestion with Arthrobacter ureafaciens α-sialidase and Steptococcus pneumoniae β-D-galactosidase, the action of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase from Steptococcus pneumoniae was partly blocked by endogenous but not recombinant erythropoietins. Consequently, further treatment with Jack bean α-D-mannosidase and Helix pomatia β-D-mannosidase led to only very limited additional deglycosylation of endogenous EPO, while rhEPO glycans continued to be degraded. The behaviour was visualized by SDS-PAGE combined with Western blotting. While the apparent molecular masses of most endogenous glycoforms did not further decrease after treatment with the first three enzymes, masses of most rhEPO glycoforms continued to drop after digestion with the two mannosidases. Both, human urinary and serum EPO showed this blocking effect, and all of the tested 28 recombinant epoetins were accessible to further degradation by exo-mannosidases. The majority of EPO pharmaceuticals is produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, few in other ones (i.e. baby hamster kidney (BHK) or human fibrosarcoma (HT-1080) cells). Since human endogenous EPO is primarily produced by the kidneys, tissue specific glycosylation might explain the altered deglycosylation behaviour. This difference was overlooked since EPO was first isolated from human urine in 1977. The results might prove useful for anti-doping testing and future EPO drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
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27
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Reichel C. Recent developments in doping testing for erythropoietin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:463-81. [PMID: 21637931 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The constant development of new erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), since the first introduction of recombinant erythropoietin (rhEpo) for clinical use, has also necessitated constant development of methods for detecting the abuse of these substances. Doping with ESAs is prohibited according to the World Anti-Doping Code and its prohibited list of substances and methods. Since the first publication of a direct and urine-based detection method in 2000, which uses changes in the Epo isoform profile as detected by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide slab gels (IEF-PAGE), the method has been constantly adapted to the appearance of new ESAs (e.g., Dynepo, Mircera). Blood had to be introduced as an additional matrix, because Mircera (a PEGylated Epo) is best confirmed in serum or plasma after immunoaffinity purification. A Mircera ELISA was developed for fast screening of sera. With the appearance of Dynepo and copy epoetins, the additional application of sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE or equivalent) became necessary. The haematological module of the Athlete Biological Passport is the latest development in multivariable indirect testing for ESA doping. The article summarizes the main strategies currently used in Epo anti-doping testing with special focus on new developments made between 2009 and 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria.
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28
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Castilho A, Gattinger P, Grass J, Jez J, Pabst M, Altmann F, Gorfer M, Strasser R, Steinkellner H. N-glycosylation engineering of plants for the biosynthesis of glycoproteins with bisected and branched complex N-glycans. Glycobiology 2011; 21:813-23. [PMID: 21317243 PMCID: PMC3091529 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoengineering is increasingly being recognized as a powerful tool to generate recombinant glycoproteins with a customized N-glycosylation pattern. Here, we demonstrate the modulation of the plant glycosylation pathway toward the formation of human-type bisected and branched complex N-glycans. Glycoengineered Nicotiana benthamiana lacking plant-specific N-glycosylation (i.e. β1,2-xylose and core α1,3-fucose) was used to transiently express human erythropoietin (hEPO) and human transferrin (hTF) together with modified versions of human β1,4-mannosyl-β1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnTIII), α1,3-mannosyl-β1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnTIV) and α1,6-mannosyl-β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnTV). hEPO was expressed as a fusion to the IgG-Fc domain (EPO-Fc) and purified via protein A affinity chromatography. Recombinant hTF was isolated from the intracellular fluid of infiltrated plant leaves. Mass spectrometry-based N-glycan analysis of hEPO and hTF revealed the quantitative formation of bisected (GnGnbi) and tri- as well as tetraantennary complex N-glycans (Gn[GnGn], [GnGn]Gn and [GnGn][GnGn]). Co-expression of GnTIII together with GnTIV and GnTV resulted in the efficient generation of bisected tetraantennary complex N-glycans. Our results show the generation of recombinant proteins with human-type N-glycosylation at great uniformity. The strategy described here provides a robust and straightforward method for producing mammalian-type N-linked glycans of defined structures on recombinant glycoproteins, which can advance glycoprotein research and accelerate the development of protein-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josephine Grass
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakub Jez
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology
| | - Martin Pabst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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29
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Analysis of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by mass spectrometric approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2427-38. [PMID: 21461863 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone is an important drug in reproductive medicine. Thorough analysis of the heterodimeric heavily glycosylated protein is a prerequisite for the evaluation of production batches as well as for the determination of "essential similarity" of new biosimilars. The concerted application of different liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods enabled the complete depiction of the primary structure of this pituitary hormone. Sequence coverage of 100% for the α- as well as the β-chain was achieved with tryptic peptides. Most of these peptides could be verified by tandem mass spectrometry. Site-specific analysis of all four glycosylation sites was, however, not possible with tryptic but with chymotryptic peptides. Quantification of the glycoforms of each glycopeptide was accomplished with the software MassMap®. Both protein subunits gave interpretable mass spectra upon S-alkylation and separation on a C5 reversed-phase column. Glycan isomer patterns were depicted by separation on porous graphitic carbon, using mass spectrometric detection for the evaluation of the glycopeptide liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization data. The currently marketed product Gonal-f™ and a potential biosimilar were compared with the help of these procedures.
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30
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Applications and Biomonitoring Issues of Recombinant Erythropoietins for Doping Control. Ther Drug Monit 2011; 33:3-13. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31820032c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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31
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Berger M, Kaup M, Blanchard V. Protein glycosylation and its impact on biotechnology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 127:165-85. [PMID: 21975953 DOI: 10.1007/10_2011_101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a post-translational modification that is of paramount importance in the production of recombinant pharmaceuticals as most recombinantly produced therapeutics are N- and/or O-glycosylated. Being a cell-system-dependent process, it also varies with expression systems and growth conditions, which result in glycan microheterogeneity and macroheterogeneity. Glycans have an effect on drug stability, serum half-life, and immunogenicity; it is therefore important to analyze and optimize the glycan decoration of pharmaceuticals. This review summarizes the aspects of protein glycosylation that are of interest to biotechnologists, namely, biosynthesis and biological relevance, as well as the tools to optimize and to analyze protein glycosylation.
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32
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Abstract
Erythropoiesis is the process whereby erythroid progenitor cells differentiate and divide, resulting in increased numbers of red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs contain hemoglobin, the main oxygen carrying component in blood. The large number of RBCs found in blood is required to support the prodigious consumption of oxygen by tissues as they undergo oxygen-dependent processes. Erythropoietin is a hormone that when it binds and activates Epo receptors resident on the surface of cells results in stimulation of erythropoiesis. Successful cloning of the EPO gene allowed for the first time production of recombinant human erythropoietin and other erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs), which are used to treat anemia in patients. In this chapter, the control of Epo levels and erythropoiesis, the various forms of ESAs used commercially, and their physical and biological properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Elliott
- Department of Hematology, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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33
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Shahrokh Z, Royle L, Saldova R, Bones J, Abrahams JL, Artemenko NV, Flatman S, Davies M, Baycroft A, Sehgal S, Heartlein MW, Harvey DJ, Rudd PM. Erythropoietin Produced in a Human Cell Line (Dynepo) Has Significant Differences in Glycosylation Compared with Erythropoietins Produced in CHO Cell Lines. Mol Pharm 2010; 8:286-96. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100353a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shahrokh
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Louise Royle
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Radka Saldova
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jodie L. Abrahams
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Natalia V. Artemenko
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Steve Flatman
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Mike Davies
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Alison Baycroft
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Surinder Sehgal
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Michael W. Heartlein
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - David J. Harvey
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Pauline M. Rudd
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
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McDonald AG, Tipton KF, Stroop CJ, Davey GP. GlycoForm and Glycologue: two software applications for the rapid construction and display of N-glycans from mammalian sources. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:173. [PMID: 20565879 PMCID: PMC2904795 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The display of N-glycan carbohydrate structures is an essential part of glycoinformatics. Several tools exist for building such structures graphically, by selecting from a palette of symbols or sugar names, or else by specifying a structure in one of the chemical naming schemes currently available. Findings In the present work we present two tools for displaying N-glycans found in the mammalian CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cell line, both of which take as input a 9-digit identifier that uniquely defines each structure. The first of these, GlycoForm, is designed to display a single structure automatically from an identifier entered by the user. The display is updated in real time, using symbols for the sugar residues, or in text-only form. Structures can be added to a library, which is recorded in a preference file and loaded automatically at start. Individual structures can be saved in a variety of bitmap image formats. The second program, Glycologue, reads a file containing columnar data of nine-digit codes, which can be displayed on-screen and printed at high resolution. Conclusion A key advantage of both programs is the speed and facility with which carbohydrate structures can be drawn. It is anticipated that these programs will be useful to glycobiologists, systems biologists and biotechnologists interested in N-glycosylation systems in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G McDonald
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein hormone, stimulates the growth of red blood cells and as a consequence it increases tissue oxygenation. This performance enhancing effect is responsible for the ban of erythropioetin in sports since 1990. Especially its recombinant synthesis led to the abuse of this hormone, predominatly in endurance sports. The analytical differentiation of endogenously produced erythropoietin from its recombinant counterpart by using isoelectric focusing and double blotting is a milestone in the detection of doping with recombinant erythropoietin. However, various analogous of the initial recombinant products, not always easily detectable by the standard IEF-method, necessitate the development of analytical alternatives for the detection of EPO doping. The following chapter summarizes its mode of action, the various forms of recombinant erythropoietin, the main analytical procedures and strategies for the detection of EPO doping as well as a typical case report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Austrian Research Centers GmbH - ARC, Doping Control Laboratory, A-2444, Seibersdorf, Austria.
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36
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Carbohydrate analysis throughout the development of a protein therapeutic. Glycoconj J 2009; 27:211-25. [PMID: 19888650 PMCID: PMC2821524 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-009-9261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the challenges involved in the characterization of the glycosylation of therapeutic glycoproteins. The focus is on methods that are most commonly used in regulatory filings and lot release testing of therapeutic glycoproteins. The different types of assays for carbohydrate analysis are reviewed, including the distinction between assays appropriate for lot release or better suited to testing during early drug development or in-depth characterization of the glycosylation. Characteristics of the glycoprotein and production process that should be considered when determining the amount of testing, the number of different methods to employ and when the testing should be performed during development of protein therapeutics is also discussed.
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37
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Pabst M, Altmann F. Influence of electrosorption, solvent, temperature, and ion polarity on the performance of LC-ESI-MS using graphitic carbon for acidic oligosaccharides. Anal Chem 2008; 80:7534-42. [PMID: 18778038 DOI: 10.1021/ac801024r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porous graphitic carbon (PGC) emerges as an ideal stationary phase for LC-ESI-MS of complex oligosaccharides. Therefore, we studied the factors influencing detection and elution of charged oligosaccharides from PGC columns coupled to an ESI source. Electrosorption by the carbon surface leads to total retention of very acidic glycans on instruments where voltage is applied to the spray needle. This problem can be eliminated by thorough electrical grounding. A point of general importance is the influence of ionic strength on the elution and peak shape of glycans containing several carboxylic acid groups in the form of sialic acids or uronic acids. Solvent pH had a marginal effect on the ionization efficiency in both ion polarities, but the content of organic solvent strongly influenced signal intensity of acidic glycans in the negative mode. As a consequence, detection in the positive ion mode appears preferable when neutral and charged glycans shall be quantitated in the same sample. While retention of neutral glycans is not affected by pH, sialylated species are retained somewhat stronger at acidic pH resulting in a larger spread of the entire elution range of N-glycans. Remarkably, retention of glycans on PGC increased at higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pabst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
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38
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Llop E, Gutiérrez-Gallego R, Segura J, Mallorquí J, Pascual JA. Structural analysis of the glycosylation of gene-activated erythropoietin (epoetin delta, Dynepo). Anal Biochem 2008; 383:243-54. [PMID: 18804089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a novel recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin delta, Dynepo) has been marketed in the European Union for the treatment of chronic kidney disease, cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, and so forth. Epoetin delta is engineered in cultures of the human fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080 by homologous recombination and "gene activation." Unlike recombinant erythropoietins produced in other mammalian cells, epoetin delta is supposed to have a human-type glycosylation profile. However, the isoelectric focusing profile of epoetin delta differs from that of endogenous erythropoietin (both urinary and plasmatic). In this work, structural and quantitative analysis of the O- and N-glycans of epoetin delta was performed and compared with glycosylation from recombinant erythropoietin produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. From the comparison, significant differences in the sialylation of O-glycans were found. Furthermore, the N-glycan analysis indicated a lower heterogeneity from epoetin delta when compared with its CHO homologue, being predominantly tetraantennary without N-acetyllactosamine repeats in the former. The sialic acid characterization revealed the absence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid. The overall sugar profiles of both glycoproteins appeared to be significantly different and could be useful for maintaining pharmaceutical quality control, detecting the misuse of erythropoietin in sports, and establishing new avenues to link glycosylation with biological activity of glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Llop
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuropsycho-pharmacology Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Lim SF, Lee MM, Zhang P, Song Z. The Golgi CMP-sialic acid transporter: A new CHO mutant provides functional insights. Glycobiology 2008; 18:851-60. [PMID: 18713811 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A CHO mutant line, MAR-11, was isolated using a cytotoxic lectin, Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA). This mutant has decreased levels of cell surface sialic acid relative to both wild-type CHO-K1 and Lec2 mutant CHO cells. The CMP-sialic acid transporter (CMP-SAT) gene in the MAR-11 mutant cell has a C-T mutation that results in a premature stop codon. As a result, MAR-11 cells express a truncated version of CMP-SAT which contains only 100 amino acids rather than the normal CMP-SAT which contains 336 amino acids. Biochemical analyses indicate that recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) produced by the mutant cells lack sialic acid. Using MAR-11 as host cells, an EPO/IEF assay for the structure-function study of CMP-SAT was developed. This assay seems more sensitive than previous assays that were used to analyze sialylation in Lec2 cells. Cotransfection of constructs that express CMP-SAT into MAR-11 cells completely converted the recombinant EPO to a sialylation pattern that is similar to the EPO produced by the wild-type CHO cells. Using this assay, we showed that CMP-SAT lacking C-terminal 18 amino acids from the cytosolic tail was able to allow high levels of EPO sialylation. Substitution of the Gly residues with Ile in three different transmembrane domains of CMP-SAT resulted in dramatic decreases in transporter's activity. The CMP-SAT only lost partial activity if the same Gly residues were substituted with Ala, suggesting that the lack of side chain in Gly residues in the transmembrane domains is essential for transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing Fee Lim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Centros, Singapore
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40
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Ramírez-Llanelis R, Llop E, Ventura R, Segura J, Gutiérrez-Gallego R. Can glycans unveil the origin of glycoprotein hormones? - human chorionic gonadotrophin as an example -. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:936-948. [PMID: 18563855 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Doping with (glyco)protein hormones represent an extremely challenging, analytical problem as nearly all are constitutively present at low concentrations that fluctuate according to circadian or alternative periodical, or external stimuli. Thus the mere concentration in a biological sample is only resolutive when this surpasses extreme values. As the vast majority of these molecules are produced by recombinant DNA technology it is believed that the exogenous molecules could bear the signature of the host cell. In particular, these could comprise structural differences originated from co or post-translational differences. In this study we have employed both proteomics and glycomics strategies to compare recombinant and urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin in order to evaluate this hypothesis. As anticipated the recombinant hormone could be shown to contain N-glycolyl neuraminic acid, a sialic acid that cannot be produced by humans. Furthermore, differences were observed in the overall glycosylation, in particular the presence of abundant hybrid-type glycans that were much less pronounced in the recombinant species. These differences were determined to occur predominantly in the alpha-subunit for which antidoping strategies focussed on these elements could be used for both chorionic gonadotrophin and lutrophin as they share the same alpha-subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ramírez-Llanelis
- Neurophsycopharmacology program, Bio-analysis group, Municipal Institute of Medical Research, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Takegawa Y, Ito H, Keira T, Deguchi K, Nakagawa H, Nishimura SI. Profiling ofN- andO-glycopeptides of erythropoietin by capillary zwitterionic type of hydrophilic interaction chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1585-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Llop E, Gallego RG, Belalcazar V, Gerwig GJ, Kamerling JP, Segura J, Pascual JA. Evaluation of protein N-glycosylation in 2-DE: Erythropoietin as a study case. Proteomics 2008; 7:4278-91. [PMID: 17973294 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The structure, function, and physico-chemical properties of many proteins are determined by PTM, being glycosylation the most complex. This study describes how a combination of typical proteomics methods (2-DE) combines with glycomics strategies (HPLC, MALDI-TOF-MS, exoglycosidases sequencing) to yield comprehensive data about single spot-microheterogeneity, providing meaningful information for the detection of disease markers, pharmaceutical industry, antidoping control, etc. Recombinant erythropoietin and its hyperglycosylated analogue darbepoetin-alpha were chosen as showcases because of their relevance in these fields and the analytical challenge they represent. The combined approach yielded good results in terms of sample complexity (mixture glycoforms), reproducibility, sensitivity ( approximately 25 pmoles of glycoprotein/spot), and identification of the underlying protein. Heterogeneity was present in all spots but with a clear tendency; spots proximal to the anode contained the highest amount of tetra-antennary tetra-sialylated glycans, whereas the opposite occurred for spots proximal to the cathode with the majority of the structures being undersialylated. Spot microheterogeneity proved a consequence of the multiple glycosylation sites as they contributed directly to the number of possibilities to account for a discrete charge in a single spot. The interest of this combined glycoproteomics method resides in the efficiency for detecting and quantifying subtle dissimilarities originated from altered ratios of identical glycans including N-acetyl-lactosamine repeats, acetylation, or antigenic epitopes, that do not significantly contribute to the electrophoretic mobility, but affect the glycan microheterogeneity and the potential underlying related functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Llop
- Pharmacology Research Unit - Bio-analysis group, IMIM, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
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43
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Monosialylated biantennary N-glycoforms containing GalNAc–GlcNAc antennae predominate when human EPO is expressed in goat milk. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 470:163-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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44
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Varki A. Loss of N-glycolylneuraminic acid in humans: Mechanisms, consequences, and implications for hominid evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2008. [PMID: 11786991 PMCID: PMC7159735 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The surface of all mammalian cells is covered with a dense and complex array of sugar chains, which are frequently terminated by members of a family of molecules called sialic acids. One particular sialic acid called N‐glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is widely expressed on most mammalian tissues, but is not easily detectable on human cells. In fact, it provokes an immune response in adult humans. The human deficiency of Neu5Gc is explained by an inactivating mutation in the gene encoding CMP‐N‐acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase, the rate‐limiting enzyme in generating Neu5Gc in cells of other mammals. This deficiency also results in an excess of the precursor sialic acid N‐acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) in humans. This mutation appears universal to modern humans, occurred sometime after our last common ancestor with the great apes, and happens to be one of the first known human‐great ape genetic differences with an obvious biochemical readout. While the original selection mechanisms and major biological consequences of this human‐specific mutation remain uncertain, several interesting clues are currently being pursued. First, there is evidence that the human condition can explain differences in susceptibility or resistance to certain microbial pathogens. Second, the functions of some endogenous receptors for sialic acids in the immune system may be altered by this difference. Third, despite the lack of any obvious alternate pathway for synthesis, Neu5Gc has been reported in human tumors and possibly in human fetal tissues, and traces have even been detected in normal human tissues. One possible explanation is that this represents accumulation of Neu5Gc from dietary sources of animal origin. Finally, a markedly reduced expression of hydroxylase in the brains of other mammals raises the possibility that the human‐specific mutation of this enzyme could have played a role in human brain evolution. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 44:54–69, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center and Department of Medicine and University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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45
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Stowell SR, Arthur CM, Mehta P, Slanina KA, Blixt O, Leffler H, Smith DF, Cummings RD. Galectin-1, -2, and -3 exhibit differential recognition of sialylated glycans and blood group antigens. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:10109-23. [PMID: 18216021 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709545200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human galectins have functionally divergent roles, although most of the members of the galectin family bind weakly to the simple disaccharide lactose (Galbeta1-4Glc). To assess the specificity of galectin-glycan interactions in more detail, we explored the binding of several important galectins (Gal-1, Gal-2, and Gal-3) using a dose-response approach toward a glycan microarray containing hundreds of structurally diverse glycans, and we compared these results to binding determinants on cells. All three galectins exhibited differences in glycan binding characteristics. On both the microarray and on cells, Gal-2 and Gal-3 exhibited higher binding than Gal-1 to fucose-containing A and B blood group antigens. Gal-2 exhibited significantly reduced binding to all sialylated glycans, whereas Gal-1 bound alpha2-3- but not alpha2-6-sialylated glycans, and Gal-3 bound to some glycans terminating in either alpha2-3- or alpha2-6-sialic acid. The effects of sialylation on Gal-1, Gal-2, and Gal-3 binding to cells also reflected differences in cellular sensitivity to Gal-1-, Gal-2-, and Gal-3-induced phosphatidylserine exposure. Each galectin exhibited higher binding for glycans with poly-N-acetyllactosamine (poly(LacNAc)) sequences (Galbeta1-4GlcNAc)(n) when compared with N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) glycans (Galbeta1-4GlcNAc). However, only Gal-3 bound internal LacNAc within poly(LacNAc). These results demonstrate that each of these galectins mechanistically differ in their binding to glycans on the microarrays and that these differences are reflected in the determinants required for cell binding and signaling. The specific glycan recognition by each galectin underscores the basis for differences in their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Stowell
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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46
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Kim HJ, Lee DH, Kim DK, Han GB, Kim HJ. The Glycosylation and in Vivo Stability of Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Produced in Rice Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:290-4. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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47
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Kim HJ, Kim HJ. The glycosylation and pharmacokinetics of CTLA4Ig produced in rice cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:1913-7. [PMID: 17917261 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4Ig) has immunosuppressive activity and the ability to induce immune tolerance. There has been no report of its glycosylation ratio or of the role of its glycans. We investigated the terminal sialylation of rice cell-derived recombinant human CTLA4Ig (rrhCTLA4Ig) using lectins. The glycosylation ratios of rrhCTLA4Ig and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-derived recombinant human CTLA4Ig (crhCTLA4Ig) were evaluated by chemical deglycosylation. After intravenous (i.v.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) administration to rats, the pharmacokinetics of rrhCTLA4Ig and crhCTLA4Ig as well as of their deglycosylated forms were evaluated. rrhCTLA4Ig does not have terminal sialic acids and its glycosylation ratio was slightly lower than that of crhCTLA4Ig. Its terminal elimination half-life (T(1/2)) was shorter than that of crhCTLA4Ig following i.v. administration. However, the half-life was significantly prolonged and was similar with that of crhCTLA4Ig following s.c. administration. Moreover, the deglycosylated forms of both preparations were cleared from the circulation faster than the native forms. These results suggest that the presence of glycans on rrhCTLA4Ig and crhCTA4Ig are important for their in vivo stability. In addition, the glycan structure of rrhCTLA4Ig is more effective in maintaining in vivo stability after s.c. administration than after i.v. administration although the glycans on rrhCTLA4Ig lack terminal sialic acids, suggesting that its glycans have the potential for in vivo stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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48
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Pabst M, Bondili JS, Stadlmann J, Mach L, Altmann F. Mass + Retention Time = Structure: A Strategy for the Analysis ofN-Glycans by Carbon LC-ESI-MS and Its Application to FibrinN-Glycans. Anal Chem 2007; 79:5051-7. [PMID: 17539604 DOI: 10.1021/ac070363i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the numerous possible, often isobaric structures of protein-bound oligosaccharides calls for a high-performance two-dimensional method that combines liquid chromatography's ability to separate isomers and mass spectrometry's ability to determine glycan composition. Here we investigate the usefulness of porous graphitic carbon columns coupled to ESI-MS for the separation of N-glycans with two or more sialic acids. Internal standards helped to rectify retention time fluctuations and thus allowed elution times to play an essential role in the structural assignment of peaks. For generation of a retention time library, standards representing the possible isomers of diantennary non-, mono-, and disialylated N-glycans, differing in the linkage of galactose and sialic acids as well as isobaric hybrid-type N-glycans, were produced using recombinant glycosyltransferases. Once the retention times library was established, isomers could be identified by LC-ESI-MS in the positive mode without additional MS/MS experiments. The method was applied for the detailed structural analysis of fibrin(ogen) N-glycans from various species (human, cow, pig, mouse, rat, cat, dog, Chinese hamster, horse, sheep, and chicken). All fibrins contained diantennary N-glycans. They differed in the occurrence of beta1,3-linked galactose, alpha2,3-linked sialic acids, and N-glycolylneuraminic acid, in the mono/diantennary glycan ratio, and in the O-acetylation of neuraminic acids. The separation system's potential for analyzing tri- and tetrasialylated N-glycans was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pabst
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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49
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Ortner K, Sivanandam VN, Buchberger W, Müller N. Analysis of glycans in glycoproteins by diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:173-7. [PMID: 17393152 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatically cleaved glycans from sub-milligram quantities of erythropoietin (EPO) and ovalbumin have been analyzed, without further purification, by two-dimensional diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. At NMR sample concentrations below 50 micromol L-1 the major components of the oligosaccharide fractions could be distinguished by their anomeric proton chemical shift and their size-dependent diffusion coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Ortner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
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50
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Related effects of cell adaptation to serum-free conditions on murine EPO production and glycosylation by CHO cells. Cytotechnology 2006; 52:39-53. [PMID: 19002864 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-006-9039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The necessity to perform serum-free cultures to produce recombinant glycoproteins generally requires an adaptation procedure of the cell line to new environmental conditions, which may therefore induce quantitative and qualitative effects on the product, particularly on its glycosylation. In previous studies, desialylation of EPO produced by CHO cells was shown to be dependent on the presence of serum in the medium. In this paper, to discriminate between the effects of the adaptation procedure to serum-free medium and the effects of the absence of serum on EPO production and glycosylation, adapted and non-adapted CHO cells were grown in serum-free and serum-containing media. The main kinetics of CHO cells were determined over batch processes as well as the glycosylation patterns of produced EPO by HPCE-LIF. A reversible decrease in EPO production was observed when cells were adapted to SFX-CHO(TM) medium, as the same cells partially recovered their production capacity when cultivated in serum-containing medium or in the enriched SFM(TM) serum-free medium. More interestingly, EPO desialylation that was not observed in both serum-free media was restored if the serum-independent cells were recultured in presence of serum. In the same way, while the serum-independent cells did not release a sialidase activity in both serum-free media, a significant activity was recovered when serum was added. In fact, the cell adaptation process to serum-free conditions did not specifically affect the sialidase release and the cellular mechanism of protein desialylation, which appeared to be mainly related to the presence of serum for both adapted and non-adapted cells.
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