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Padayachee L, Rohwer JM, Pillay CS. The thioredoxin redox potential and redox charge are surrogate measures for flux in the thioredoxin system. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 680:108231. [PMID: 31877266 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The thioredoxin system plays a central role in intracellular redox regulation and its dysregulation is associated with a number of pathologies. However, the connectivity within this system poses a significant challenge for quantification and consequently several disparate measures have been used to characterize the system. For in vitro studies, the thioredoxin system flux has been measured by NADPH oxidation while the thioredoxin redox state has been used to estimate the activity of the system in vivo. The connection between these measures has been obscure although substrate saturation in the thioredoxin system results from the saturation of the thioredoxin redox cycle. We used computational modeling and in vitro kinetic assays to clarify the relationship between flux and the current in vivo measures of the thioredoxin system together with a novel measure, the thioredoxin redox charge (reduced thioredoxin/total thioredoxin). Our results revealed that the thioredoxin redox potential and redox charge closely tracked flux perturbations showing that these indices could be used as surrogate measures of the flux in vivo and, provide a mechanistic explanation for the previously observed correlations between thioredoxin oxidation and certain pathologies. While we found no significant difference in the linear correlations obtained for the thioredoxin redox potential and redox charge with the flux, the redox charge may be preferred because it is bounded between zero and one and can be determined over a wider range of conditions allowing for quantitative flux comparisons between cell types and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letrisha Padayachee
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa.
| | - Johann M Rohwer
- Laboratory for Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Ché S Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa.
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Growth retardation of Escherichia coli by artificial increase of intracellular ATP. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 42:915-24. [PMID: 25838237 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) was reported to cause the harboring of higher intracellular ATP concentration in Escherichia coli, accompanied with a slower growth rate. For systematic determination of the relationship between the artificial increase of ATP and growth retardation, PCKWT enzyme was directly evolved in vitro and further overexpressed. The evolved PCK67 showed a 60% greater catalytic efficiency than that of PCKWT. Consequently, the PCK67-overexpressing E. coli showed the highest ATP concentration at the log phase of 1.45 μmol/gcell, with the slowest growth rate of 0.66 h(-1), while the PCKWT-overexpressing cells displayed 1.00 μmol/gcell ATP concentration with the growth rate of 0.84 h(-1) and the control had 0.28 μmol/gcell with 1.03 h(-1). To find a plausible reason, PCK-overexpressing cells in a steady state during chemostat growth were applied to monitor intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Higher amount of intracellular ROS were observed as the ATP levels increased. To confirm the hypothesis of slower growth rate without perturbation of the carbon flux by PCK-overexpression, phototrophic Gloeobacter rhodopsin (GR) was expressed. The GR-expressing strain under illumination harbored 81% more ATP concentration along with 82% higher ROS, with a 54% slower maximum growth rate than the control, while both the GR-expressing strain under dark and dicarboxylate transporter (a control membrane protein)-expressing strain showed a lower ATP and increased ROS, and slower growth rate. Regardless of carbon flux changes, the artificial ATP increase was related to the ROS increase and it was reciprocally correlated to the maximum growth rate. To verify that the accumulated intracellular ROS were responsible for the growth retardation, glutathione was added to the medium to reduce the ROS. As a result, the growth retardation was restored by the addition of 0.1 mM glutathione. Anaerobic culture even enabled the artificial ATP-increased E. coli to grow faster than control. Collectively, it was concluded that artificial ATP increases inhibit the growth of E. coli due to the overproduction of ROS.
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An engineered Escherichia coli having a high intracellular level of ATP and enhanced recombinant protein production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 94:1079-86. [PMID: 22173482 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3779-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Artificial amplification of gluconeogenic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) under glycolytic conditions enables Escherichia coli to maintain a greater intracellular ATP concentration during its growth phase. To demonstrate the biotechnological benefit of E. coli harboring a high intracellular ATP concentration, we compared the recombinant protein synthesis of a soluble protein (enhanced green fluorescence protein, GFP) with that of a secretory protein (alkaline protease, AP), under control of the T7 promoter in E. coli BL21(DE3) overexpressing PCK. According to the batch fermentations, the strain overexpressing PCK produced more GFP and AP with a lower increase in biomass than the control strain. In a chemostat culture (D = 0.7 h(-1)), the GFP production in the PCK overexpressing strain was 99.0 ± 4.31 mg/g cell, with a biomass of 0.22 g/L, while that of the control strain was 53.5 ± 3.07 mg/g cell, with a biomass of 0.35 g/L. These results indicate that the PCK overexpressing E. coli strain harboring high intracellular levels of ATP can be useful as a protein-synthesizing host. The potential uses of the strain and associated rationale are discussed.
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Haanstra JR, Kerkhoven EJ, van Tuijl A, Blits M, Wurst M, van Nuland R, Albert MA, Michels PAM, Bouwman J, Clayton C, Westerhoff HV, Bakker BM. A domino effect in drug action: from metabolic assault towards parasite differentiation. Mol Microbiol 2010; 79:94-108. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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BDI-modelling of complex intracellular dynamics. J Theor Biol 2008; 251:1-23. [PMID: 18082772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Deutscher J, Francke C, Postma PW. How phosphotransferase system-related protein phosphorylation regulates carbohydrate metabolism in bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2007; 70:939-1031. [PMID: 17158705 PMCID: PMC1698508 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00024-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 985] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP):carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) is found only in bacteria, where it catalyzes the transport and phosphorylation of numerous monosaccharides, disaccharides, amino sugars, polyols, and other sugar derivatives. To carry out its catalytic function in sugar transport and phosphorylation, the PTS uses PEP as an energy source and phosphoryl donor. The phosphoryl group of PEP is usually transferred via four distinct proteins (domains) to the transported sugar bound to the respective membrane component(s) (EIIC and EIID) of the PTS. The organization of the PTS as a four-step phosphoryl transfer system, in which all P derivatives exhibit similar energy (phosphorylation occurs at histidyl or cysteyl residues), is surprising, as a single protein (or domain) coupling energy transfer and sugar phosphorylation would be sufficient for PTS function. A possible explanation for the complexity of the PTS was provided by the discovery that the PTS also carries out numerous regulatory functions. Depending on their phosphorylation state, the four proteins (domains) forming the PTS phosphorylation cascade (EI, HPr, EIIA, and EIIB) can phosphorylate or interact with numerous non-PTS proteins and thereby regulate their activity. In addition, in certain bacteria, one of the PTS components (HPr) is phosphorylated by ATP at a seryl residue, which increases the complexity of PTS-mediated regulation. In this review, we try to summarize the known protein phosphorylation-related regulatory functions of the PTS. As we shall see, the PTS regulation network not only controls carbohydrate uptake and metabolism but also interferes with the utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus and the virulence of certain pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Deutscher
- Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaire, INRA-CNRS-INA PG UMR 2585, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
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Yildiz Ö, Kalthoff C, Raunser S, Kühlbrandt W. Structure of GlnK1 with bound effectors indicates regulatory mechanism for ammonia uptake. EMBO J 2007; 26:589-99. [PMID: 17203075 PMCID: PMC1783471 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A binary complex of the ammonia channel Amt1 from Methanococcus jannaschii and its cognate P(II) signalling protein GlnK1 has been produced and characterized. Complex formation is prevented specifically by the effector molecules Mg-ATP and 2-ketoglutarate. Single-particle electron microscopy of the complex shows that GlnK1 binds on the cytoplasmic side of Amt1. Three high-resolution X-ray structures of GlnK1 indicate that the functionally important T-loop has an extended, flexible conformation in the absence of Mg-ATP, but assumes a compact, tightly folded conformation upon Mg-ATP binding, which in turn creates a 2-ketoglutarate-binding site. We propose a regulatory mechanism by which nitrogen uptake is controlled by the binding of both effector molecules to GlnK1. At normal effector levels, a 2-ketoglutarate molecule binding at the apex of the compact T-loop would prevent complex formation, ensuring uninhibited ammonia uptake. At low levels of Mg-ATP, the extended loops would seal the ammonia channels in the complex. Binding of both effector molecules to P(II) signalling proteins may thus represent an effective feedback mechanism for regulating ammonium uptake through the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özkan Yildiz
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Kalthoff
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Werner Kühlbrandt
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Str. 3, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany. Tel.: +49 69 6303 3000; Fax: +49 69 6303 3002; E-mail:
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Kim C, Cha JY, Yan H, Vakulenko SB, Mobashery S. Hydrolysis of ATP by aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferases: an unexpected cost to bacteria for harboring an antibiotic resistance enzyme. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:6964-9. [PMID: 16407230 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513257200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferases (APH(3')s) are common bacterial resistance enzymes to aminoglycoside antibiotics. These enzymes transfer the gamma-phosphoryl group of ATP to the 3'-hydroxyl of the antibiotics, whereby the biological activity of the drugs is lost. Pre-steady-state and steady-state kinetics with two of these enzymes from Gram-negative bacteria, APH(3')-Ia and APH(3')-IIa, were performed. It is demonstrated that these enzymes in both ternary and binary complexes facilitate an ATP hydrolase activity (ATPase), which is competitive with the transfer of phosphate to the antibiotics. Because these enzymes are expressed constitutively in resistant bacteria, the turnover of ATP is continuous during the lifetime of the organism both in the absence and the presence of aminoglycosides. Concentrations of the enzyme in vivo were determined, and it was estimated that in a single generation of bacterial growth there exists the potential that this activity would consume as much as severalfold of the total existing ATP. Studies with bacteria harboring the aph(3')-Ia gene revealed that bacteria are able to absorb the cost of this ATP turnover, as ATP is recycled. However, the cost burden of this adventitious activity manifests a selection pressure against maintenance of the plasmids that harbor the aph(3')-Ia gene, such that approximately 50% of the plasmid is lost in 1500 bacterial generations in the absence of antibiotics. The implication is that, in the absence of selection, bacteria harboring an enzyme that catalyzes the consumption of key metabolites could experience the loss of the plasmid that encodes for the given enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choonkeun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Bruggeman FJ, Boogerd FC, Westerhoff HV. The multifarious short-term regulation of ammonium assimilation of Escherichia coli: dissection using an in silico replica. FEBS J 2005; 272:1965-85. [PMID: 15819889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ammonium assimilation in Escherichia coli is regulated through multiple mechanisms (metabolic, signal transduction leading to covalent modification, transcription, and translation), which (in-)directly affect the activities of its two ammonium-assimilating enzymes, i.e. glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Much is known about the kinetic properties of the components of the regulatory network that these enzymes are part of, but the ways in which, and the extents to which the network leads to subtle and quasi-intelligent regulation are unappreciated. To determine whether our present knowledge of the interactions between and the kinetic properties of the components of this network is complete - to the extent that when integrated in a kinetic model it suffices to calculate observed physiological behaviour - we now construct a kinetic model of this network, based on all of the kinetic data on the components that is available in the literature. We use this model to analyse regulation of ammonium assimilation at various carbon statuses for cells that have adapted to low and high ammonium concentrations. We show how a sudden increase in ammonium availability brings about a rapid redirection of the ammonium assimilation flux from GS/glutamate synthase (GOGAT) to GDH. The extent of redistribution depends on the nitrogen and carbon status of the cell. We develop a method to quantify the relative importance of the various regulators in the network. We find the importance is shared among regulators. We confirm that the adenylylation state of GS is the major regulator but that a total of 40% of the regulation is mediated by ADP (22%), glutamate (10%), glutamine (7%) and ATP (1%). The total steady-state ammonium assimilation flux is remarkably robust against changes in the ammonium concentration, but the fluxes through GS and GDH are completely nonrobust. Gene expression of GOGAT above a threshold value makes expression of GS under ammonium-limited conditions, and of GDH under glucose-limited conditions, sufficient for ammonium assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Bruggeman
- Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, CRBCS, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Francke C, Postma PW, Westerhoff HV, Blom JG, Peletier MA. Why the phosphotransferase system of Escherichia coli escapes diffusion limitation. Biophys J 2003; 85:612-22. [PMID: 12829515 PMCID: PMC1303116 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We calculated the implications of diffusion for the phosphoenolpyruvate:glucose phosphotransferase system (glucose-PTS) of Escherichia coli in silicon cells of various magnitudes. For a cell of bacterial size, diffusion limitation of glucose influx was negligible. Nevertheless, a significant concentration gradient for one of the enzyme species, nonphosphorylated IIA(Glc), was found. This should have consequences because the phosphorylation state of IIA(Glc) is an important intracellular signal. For mammalian cell sizes we found significant diffusion limitation, as well as strong concentration gradients in many PTS components, and strong effects on glucose and energy signaling. We calculated that the PTS may sense both extracellular glucose and the intracellular free-energy state. We discuss i), that the effects of diffusion on cell function should prevent this highly effective bacterial system from functioning in eukaryotic cells, ii), that in the larger eukaryotic cell any similar chain of mobile group-transfer proteins can neither sustain the same volumetric flux as in bacteria nor transmit a signal far into the cell, and iii), that systems such as these may exhibit spatial differentiation in their sensitivity to different signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Francke
- BioCentrum Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Verhamme DT, Arents JC, Postma PW, Crielaard W, Hellingwerf KJ. Glucose-6-phosphate-dependent phosphoryl flow through the Uhp two-component regulatory system. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:3345-52. [PMID: 11739766 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-12-3345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the UhpT sugar-phosphate transporter in Escherichia coli is regulated at the transcriptional level via the UhpABC signalling cascade. Sensing of extracellular glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), by membrane-bound UhpC, modulates a second membrane-bound protein, UhpB, resulting in autophosphorylation of a conserved histidine residue in the cytoplasmic (transmitter) domain of the latter. Subsequently, this phosphoryl group is transferred to a conserved aspartate residue in the response-regulator UhpA, which then initiates uhpT transcription, via binding to the uhpT promoter region. This study demonstrates the hypothesized transmembrane signal transfer in an ISO membrane set-up, i.e. in a suspension of UhpBC-enriched membrane vesicles, UhpB autophosphorylation is stimulated, in the presence of [gamma-(32)P]ATP, upon intra-vesicular sensing of G6P by UhpC. Subsequently, upon addition of UhpA, very rapid and transient UhpA phosphorylation takes place. When P approximately UhpA is added to G6P-induced UhpBC-enriched membrane vesicles, rapid UhpA dephosphorylation occurs. So, in the G6P-activated state, UhpB phosphatase activity dominates over kinase activity, even in the presence of saturating amounts of G6P. This may imply that maximal in vivo P approximately UhpA levels are low and/or that, to keep sufficient P approximately UhpA accumulated to induce uhpT transcription, the uhpT promoter DNA itself is involved in stabilization/sequestration of P approximately UhpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Verhamme
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Rohwer JM, Bader R, Westerhoff HV, Postma PW. Limits to inducer exclusion: inhibition of the bacterial phosphotransferase system by glycerol kinase. Mol Microbiol 1998; 29:641-52. [PMID: 9720879 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside by the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system of Salmonella typhimurium could be inhibited by prior incubation of the cells with glycerol. Inhibition was only observed for glycerol preincubation times longer than 45 s and required the preinduction of both the glucose and the glycerol-catabolizing systems. Larger extents of inhibition by glycerol correlated with higher intracellular levels of glycerol kinase when the glp regulon had been induced to different extents. Preincubation with lactate did not inhibit methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside uptake significantly, although both lactate and glycerol were oxidized by the cells. The cellular free-energy state of the cells (intracellular [ATP]/[ADP] ratio) was virtually identical for lactate and glycerol preincubation, suggesting that the inhibition of phosphotransferase-mediated uptake was not a metabolic effect. In vitro, phosphotransferase activity was inhibited to a maximal extent of 32% upon titrating cell-free extracts with high concentrations of commercial glycerol kinase. The results show that uptake systems that have hitherto been regarded merely as targets of the phosphotransferase system component IIA(Glc) also have the capacity themselves to retroinhibit the phosphotransferase system flux, presumably by sequestration of the available IIA(Glc), provided that these systems are induced to appropriate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Rohwer
- E.C. Slater Institute, BioCentrum Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Li TK, Liu LF. Modulation of gyrase-mediated DNA cleavage and cell killing by ATP. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:1022-7. [PMID: 9593120 PMCID: PMC105738 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.5.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and an aconitase inhibitor, fluoroacetic acid, both of which are known to lower the cellular ATP pool, protected Escherichia coli cells from the bactericidal actions of gyrase poisons including quinolone antibiotics, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin, and the epipodophyllotoxins VP-16 and VM-26. Using purified E. coli DNA gyrase, we examined the effect of ATP on gyrase-mediated DNA cleavage in the presence of these gyrase poisons. ATP was shown to stimulate gyrase-mediated DNA cleavage from 10- to more than 100-fold in the presence of these gyrase poisons. ADP antagonized the stimulatory effect of ATP. Consequently, gyrase-mediated DNA cleavage induced by gyrase poisons is modulated by the ATP concentration/ADP concentration ([ATP]/[ADP]) ratio. Coumermycin A1, an inhibitor of the ATPase subunit of DNA gyrase, like ADP, also effectively antagonized the stimulatory effect of ATP on gyrase-mediated DNA cleavage induced by gyrase poisons. Furthermore, coumermycin A1, like DNP and fluoroacetic acid, also protected cells from the bactericidal action of gyrase poisons. In the aggregate, our results are consistent with the notion that the [ATP]/[ADP] ratio, through its modulatory effect on the gyrase-mediated DNA cleavage, is an important determinant of cellular susceptibility to gyrase poisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway 08854, USA
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Yokota A, Henmi M, Takaoka N, Hayashi C, Takezawa Y, Fukumori Y, Tomita F. Enhancement of glucose metabolism in a pyruvic acid-hyperproducing Escherichia coli mutant defective in F1-ATPase activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(97)83571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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