1
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Phan HAT, Giannakoulias SG, Barrett TM, Liu C, Petersson EJ. Rational design of thioamide peptides as selective inhibitors of cysteine protease cathepsin L. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10825-10835. [PMID: 35355937 PMCID: PMC8901119 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00785h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant levels of cathepsin L (Cts L), a ubiquitously expressed endosomal cysteine protease, have been implicated in many diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Significantly, Cts L has been identified as a potential target for the treatment of COVID-19 due to its recently unveiled critical role in SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells. However, there are currently no clinically approved specific inhibitors of Cts L, as it is often challenging to obtain specificity against the many highly homologous cathepsin family cysteine proteases. Peptide-based agents are often promising protease inhibitors as they offer high selectivity and potency, but unfortunately are subject to degradation in vivo. Thioamide substitution, a single-atom O-to-S modification in the peptide backbone, has been shown to improve the proteolytic stability of peptides addressing this issue. Utilizing this approach, we demonstrate herein that good peptidyl substrates can be converted into sub-micromolar inhibitors of Cts L by a single thioamide substitution in the peptide backbone. We have designed and scanned several thioamide stabilized peptide scaffolds, in which one peptide, RS 1A, was stabilized against proteolysis by all five cathepsins (Cts L, Cts V, Cts K, Cts S, and Cts B) while inhibiting Cts L with >25-fold specificity against the other cathepsins. We further showed that this stabilized RS 1A peptide could inhibit Cts L in human liver carcinoma lysates (IC50 = 19 μM). Our study demonstrates that one can rationally design a stabilized, specific peptidyl protease inhibitor by strategic placement of a thioamide and reaffirms the place of this single-atom modification in the toolbox of peptide-based rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Anh T Phan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Sam G Giannakoulias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Taylor M Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing University of Agriculture Beijing 102206 P. R. China
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
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2
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Zhao Y, Feng Q, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Lukman M, Jiang J, Ruiz-Carrillo D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis puromycin hydrolase displays a prolyl oligopeptidase fold and an acyl aminopeptidase activity. Proteins 2021; 89:614-622. [PMID: 33426726 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Puromycin-hydrolizing peptidases have been described as members of the prolyl oligopeptidase peptidase family. These enzymes are present across all domains of life but still little is known of the homologs found in the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The crystal structure of a M. tuberculosis puromycin hydrolase peptidase has been determined at 3 Angstrom resolution, revealing a conserved prolyl oligopeptidase fold, defined by α/β-hydrolase and β-propeller domains with two distinctive loops that occlude access of large substrates to the active site. The enzyme displayed amino peptidase activity with a substrate specificity preference for hydrophobic residues in the decreasing order of phenylalanine, leucine, alanine and proline. The enzyme's active site is lined by residues Glu564 for the coordination of the substrates amino terminal moiety and His561, Val608, Tyr78, Trp306, Phe563 and Ty567 for the accommodation of hydrophobic substrates. The availability of a crystal structure for puromycin hydrolase of M. tuberculosis shall facilitate the development of inhibitors with therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuanHao Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoli Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maxwell Lukman
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - David Ruiz-Carrillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Barrett TM, Chen XS, Liu C, Giannakoulias S, Phan HAT, Wang J, Keenan EK, Karpowicz RJ, Petersson EJ. Studies of Thioamide Effects on Serine Protease Activity Enable Two-Site Stabilization of Cancer Imaging Peptides. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:774-779. [PMID: 32141733 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thioamide substitutions in peptides can be used as fluorescence quenchers in protease sensors and as stabilizing modifications of hormone analogs. To guide these applications in the context of serine proteases, we here examine the cleavage of several model substrates, scanning a thioamide between the P3 and P3' positions, and identify perturbing positions for thioamide substitution. While all serine proteases tested were affected by P1 thioamidation, certain proteases were also significantly affected by other thioamide positions. We demonstrate how these findings can be applied by harnessing the combined P3/P1 effect of a single thioamide on kallikrein proteolysis to protect two key positions in a neuropeptide Y-based imaging probe, increasing its serum half-life to >24 h while maintaining potency for binding to Y1 receptor expressing cells. Such stabilized peptide probes could find application in imaging cell populations in animal models or even in clinical applications such as fluorescence-guided surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M. Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Xing S. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sam Giannakoulias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hoang Anh T. Phan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jieliang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - E. Keith Keenan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Richard J. Karpowicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - E. James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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4
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Zessin M, Kutil Z, Meleshin M, Nováková Z, Ghazy E, Kalbas D, Marek M, Romier C, Sippl W, Bařinka C, Schutkowski M. One-Atom Substitution Enables Direct and Continuous Monitoring of Histone Deacylase Activity. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4777-4789. [PMID: 31682411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We developed a one-step direct assay for the determination of histone deacylase (HDAC) activity by substituting the carbonyl oxygen of the acyl moiety with sulfur, resulting in thioacylated lysine side chains. This modification is recognized by class I HDACs with different efficiencies ranging from not accepted for HDAC1 to kinetic constants similar to that of the parent oxo substrate for HDAC8. Class II HDACs can hydrolyze thioacylated substrates with approximately 5-10-fold reduced kcat values, which resembles the effect of thioamide substitution in metallo-protease substrates. Class IV HDAC11 accepts thiomyristoyl modification less efficiently with an ∼5-fold reduced specificity constant. On the basis of the unique spectroscopic properties of thioamide bonds (strong absorption in spectral range of 260-280 nm and efficient fluorescence quenching), HDAC-mediated cleavage of thioamides could be followed by ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy in a continuous manner. The HDAC activity assay is compatible with microtiter plate-based screening formats up to 1536-well plates with Z' factors of >0.75 and signal-to-noise ratios of >50. Using thioacylated lysine residues in p53-derived peptides, we optimized substrates for HDAC8 with a catalytic efficiency of >250000 M-1 s-1, which are more than 100-fold more effective than most of the known substrates. We determined inhibition constants of several inhibitors for human HDACs using thioacylated peptidic substrates and found good correlation with the values from the literature. On the other hand, we could introduce N-methylated, N-acylated lysine residues as inhibitors for HDACs with an IC50 value of 1 μM for an N-methylated, N-myristoylated peptide derivative and human HDAC11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthes Zessin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , 06120 Halle/Saale , Germany
| | - Zsófia Kutil
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic
| | - Marat Meleshin
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Charles-Tanford-Protein Center , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , 06120 Halle/Saale , Germany
| | - Zora Nováková
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic
| | - Ehab Ghazy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , 06120 Halle/Saale , Germany
| | - Diana Kalbas
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Charles-Tanford-Protein Center , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , 06120 Halle/Saale , Germany
| | - Martin Marek
- Departement de Biologie Structurale Integrative, Institut de Genetique et Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) , Universite de Strasbourg (UDS), CNRS, INSERM , 1 rue Laurent Fries, B.P. 10142 , 67404 Illkirch Cedex IGBMC, France
| | - Christophe Romier
- Departement de Biologie Structurale Integrative, Institut de Genetique et Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) , Universite de Strasbourg (UDS), CNRS, INSERM , 1 rue Laurent Fries, B.P. 10142 , 67404 Illkirch Cedex IGBMC, France
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , 06120 Halle/Saale , Germany
| | - Cyril Bařinka
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic
| | - Mike Schutkowski
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Charles-Tanford-Protein Center , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , 06120 Halle/Saale , Germany
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5
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Liu C, Barrett TM, Chen X, Ferrie JJ, Petersson EJ. Fluorescent Probes for Studying Thioamide Positional Effects on Proteolysis Reveal Insight into Resistance to Cysteine Proteases. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2059-2062. [PMID: 30950552 PMCID: PMC7021225 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thioamide substitutions of the peptide backbone have been shown to reduce proteolytic degradation, and this property can be used to generate competitive protease inhibitors and to stabilize peptides toward degradation in vivo. Here, we present a straightforward sensor design that allows a systematic study of the positional effects of thioamide substitution by using real-time fluorescence. Thioamide scanning in peptide substrates of five papain family cysteine proteases demonstrates that a thioamide at or near the scissile bond can slow proteolysis in all cases, but that the magnitude of the effects varies with position and protease in spite of high sequence homology. Mechanistic investigation of papain proteolysis reveals that the thioamide effects derive from reductions in both affinity (KM ) and turnover number (kcat ). Computational modeling allows these effects to be understood based on disruption of key enzyme-substrate hydrogen bonds, providing a model for future rational use of thioamides to confer cysteine protease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Taylor M Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John J Ferrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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6
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De Zotti M, Peggion C, Biondi B, Crisma M, Formaggio F, Toniolo C. Endothioxopeptides: A conformational overview. Biopolymers 2016; 106:697-713. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Cristina Peggion
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Barbara Biondi
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Marco Crisma
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; Padova 35131 Italy
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Padova 35131 Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova Unit, CNR; Padova 35131 Italy
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7
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Batjargal S, Huang Y, Wang YJ, Petersson EJ. Synthesis of thioester peptides for the incorporation of thioamides into proteins by native chemical ligation. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:87-91. [PMID: 24408658 PMCID: PMC4199922 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Thioamides can be used as photoswitches, as reporters of local environment, as inhibitors of enzymes, and as fluorescence quenchers. We have recently demonstrated the incorporation of thioamides into polypeptides and proteins using native chemical ligation (NCL). In this protocol, we describe procedures for the synthesis of a thioamide precursor and an NCL-ready thioamide-containing peptide using Dawson's N-acyl-benzimidazolinone (Nbz) process. We include a description of the synthesis by NCL of a thioamide-labeled fragment of the neuronal protein α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solongo Batjargal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yanxin J. Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E. James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Goldberg JM, Chen X, Meinhardt N, Greenbaum DC, Petersson EJ. Thioamide-based fluorescent protease sensors. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2086-93. [PMID: 24472041 PMCID: PMC3985465 DOI: 10.1021/ja412297x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Thioamide
quenchers can be paired with compact fluorophores to
design “turn-on” fluorescent protease substrates. We
have used this method to study a variety of serine-, cysteine-, carboxyl-,
and metallo-proteases, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin, thermolysin,
papain, and calpain. Since thioamides quench some fluorophores red-shifted
from those naturally occurring in proteins, this technique can be
used for real time monitoring of protease activity in crude preparations
of virtually any protease. We demonstrate the value of this method
in three model applications: (1) characterization of papain enzyme
kinetics using rapid-mixing experiments, (2) selective monitoring
of cleavage at a single site in a peptide with multiple proteolytic
sites, and (3) analysis of the specificity of an inhibitor of calpain
in cell lysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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9
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Vishwanatha TM, Narendra N, Chattopadhyay B, Mukherjee M, Sureshbabu VV. Synthesis of Selenoxo Peptides and Oligoselenoxo Peptides Employing LiAlHSeH. J Org Chem 2012; 77:2689-702. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2024703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Vishwanatha
- Peptide Research Laboratory,
Department of Studies in Chemistry, Central College Campus, Bangalore University, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi, Bangalore
560001, India
| | - N. Narendra
- Peptide Research Laboratory,
Department of Studies in Chemistry, Central College Campus, Bangalore University, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi, Bangalore
560001, India
| | - Basab Chattopadhyay
- Department
of Solid State Physics, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science,
Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Monika Mukherjee
- Department
of Solid State Physics, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science,
Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Vommina V. Sureshbabu
- Peptide Research Laboratory,
Department of Studies in Chemistry, Central College Campus, Bangalore University, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi, Bangalore
560001, India
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10
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Sharma I, Crich D. Direct Fmoc-chemistry-based solid-phase synthesis of peptidyl thioesters. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6518-24. [PMID: 21718046 DOI: 10.1021/jo200497j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of a growing peptide chain to a glycylaminomethyl resin via a thioglycinamide bond is compatible with Fmoc-chemistry solid-phase peptide synthesis. Subsequent S-alkylation of the thioamide gives a thioimide that, on treatment with aqueous trifluoroacetic acid, releases the peptide from the resin in the form of a C-terminal thioester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajeet Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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11
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Zhang W, Li J, Liu LW, Wang KR, Song JJ, Yan JX, Li ZY, Zhang BZ, Wang R. A novel analog of antimicrobial peptide Polybia-MPI, with thioamide bond substitution, exhibits increased therapeutic efficacy against cancer and diminished toxicity in mice. Peptides 2010; 31:1832-8. [PMID: 20600424 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Polybia-MPI (MPI), a short cationic α-helical antimicrobial peptide, exhibited excellent anticancer activity and selectivity in vitro in our previous studies. To improve its in vivo application, we synthesized an analog (MPI-1) of MPI by replacing the C terminal amide -[CO-NH(2)] with thioamide -ψ[CS-NH(2)]. Although there is just one atom difference, the MPI-1 exhibited some surprising properties. In vitro studies revealed that MPI-1 exhibited relatively high lytic activity over MPI, whereas its stability to enzymatic degradation in serum was improved remarkably. Despite the enhanced toxicity in vitro, MPI-1 exhibited significantly lower mortality to mice than MPI at 75 mg/kg. Importantly, in vivo anticancer activity study indicated that MPI-1 could remarkably suppress the growth of sarcoma xenograft tumors more efficiently than MPI. Therefore, the significantly improved anticancer activity and predominantly lower in vivo toxicity might allow MPI-1 to be a good candidate for future anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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12
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Huang Y, Cong Z, Yang L, Dong S. A photoswitchable thioxopeptide bond facilitates the conformation-activity correlation study of insect kinin. J Pept Sci 2008; 14:1062-8. [PMID: 18523967 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thioxopeptide bond psi[CS-N], a nearly isosteric modification of the native peptide bond, was introduced into insect kinin active core pentapeptide to evaluate the impact of backbone cis/trans photoswitching on bioactivity. The thioxo analog Phe(1)-Tyr(2)-psi[CS-N]-Pro(3)-Trp(4)-Gly(5)-NH(2) (psi[CS-N](2)-kinin), was synthesized by Fmoc solid-phase peptide strategy. The reversible photoswitching property was characterized via spectroscopic methods and HPLC, which showed that the cis conformer increased from 15.7 to 47.7% after 254 nm UV irradiation. A slow thermal reisomerization (t(1/2) = 40 min) permitted us to determine the cockroach hindgut myotropic activity of the thioxopeptide in the photostationary state. The results indicated that the activity increased significantly after UV irradiation and recovered to the ground level after thermal re-equilibration. In the present study, by utilizing the phototriggered isomerization in a specific position of peptide backbone, we revealed that the cis psi[CS-N](2)-kinin conformer is the active conformation when interacting with kinin receptor on cockroach hindgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Huang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
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13
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Budzowski A, Linden A, Heimgartner H. The ‘Azirine/Oxazolone Approach’ to the Synthesis of Aib-Pro Endothiopeptides. Helv Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200890160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Bailey PD, Boyd CAR, Collier ID, Kellett GL, Meredith D, Morgan KM, Pettecrew R, Price RA. Probing dipeptide trans/cis stereochemistry using pH control of thiopeptide analogues, and application to the PepT1 transporter. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:4038-9. [PMID: 16267577 DOI: 10.1039/b513274f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stereochemistry of thiodipeptides of proline [e.g. Ala-Psi[CS-N]-Pro] can be controlled using pH, allowing the trans-preference for substrates of the peptide transporter PepT1 to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Bailey
- School of Chemistry, Faraday Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UKM60 1QD.
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15
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Stöckel-Maschek A, Mrestani-Klaus C, Stiebitz B, Demuth H, Neubert K. Thioxo amino acid pyrrolidides and thiazolidides: new inhibitors of proline specific peptidases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1479:15-31. [PMID: 11004527 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase P (APP), dipeptidyl peptidase II (DP II), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV) and prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) are proline specific peptidases. Hence, they are able to cleave peptide bonds containing the imino acid proline. Amino acid pyrrolidides (Pyrr) and thiazolidides (Thia) are well-known product analogue inhibitors of DP IV and POP. For the first time we describe the influence of a thioxo amide bond, incorporated into these compounds, on the inhibition of the proline specific peptidases. Taking into account the substrate specificity of these peptidases, we have synthesized Xaa-psi[CS-N]-Pyrr and Xaa-psi[CS-N]-Thia of the amino acids Ala, Phe, Val and Ile. The inhibition constants were determined for the above mentioned proline specific peptidases isolated from different sources. As a result, the serine proteases DP II, DP IV and POP were inhibited competitively, whereas metal-dependent APP displayed a linear mixed-type inhibition with inhibition constants up to 10(-4) M. Thioxylation of Xaa-Pyrr and Xaa-Thia led to a slight decrease of inhibition of DP IV and POP compared to Xaa-Pyrr and Xaa-Thia, though the inhibition constants were still in the range up to 10(-7) M. As Xaa-Thia exist as two isomers, we investigated isomer specific inhibition with regard to DP IV. Thus, our studies have revealed that DP IV was only inhibited by the Z isomer of the Xaa-psi[CS-N]-Thia. For the first time, Xaa-Pyrr and Xaa-Thia were characterized as inhibitors of DP II with inhibition constants in the micromolar range. In contrast to DP IV inhibition, the Xaa-psi[CS-N]-Pyrr and Xaa-psi[CS-N]-Thia have proven to be more potent inhibitors of DP II than the corresponding Xaa-Pyrr and Xaa-Thia. Thus, these Xaa-psi[CS-N]-Thia are new potent inhibitors especially suitable for DP II with K(i) values ranging in the upper nanomolar concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stöckel-Maschek
- Fachbereich Biochemie/Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
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Frank R, Jakob M, Thunecke F, Fischer G, Schutkowski M. Ein-Atom-Substitution in Peptiden: Bildung eines photoschaltbaren Elements im Peptidrückgrat durch Thioxylierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(20000317)112:6<1163::aid-ange1163>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Brandsch M, Thunecke F, Küllertz G, Schutkowski M, Fischer G, Neubert K. Evidence for the absolute conformational specificity of the intestinal H+/peptide symporter, PEPT1. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:3861-4. [PMID: 9461567 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.7.3861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was initiated to determine whether the intestinal H+/peptide symporter PEPT1 differentiates between the peptide bond conformers of substrates. We synthesized a modified dipeptide where the peptide bond is replaced by the isosteric thioxo peptide bond. The Ala-Pro derivative Ala-psi[CS-N]-Pro exists as a mixture of cis and trans conformation in aqueous solution and is characterized by a low cis/trans isomerization rate. The compound was recognized by PEPT1 with high affinity. The Ki value of Ala-psi[CS-N]-Pro for the inhibition of the uptake of radiolabeled glycylsarcosine in Caco-2 cells was 0.30 +/- 0.02 mM, determined in solution with 96% trans conformation. In contrast, the Ki value was 0.51 +/- 0.02 mM when uptake media with 62% trans conformer were used. We conclude that only the trans conformer interacts with the transport system. From our data, a significant affinity of the cis conformer at PEPT1 cannot be derived. In a second approach, conformer-specific uptake of Ala-psi[CS-N]-Pro was studied by analyzing the intracellular content of Caco-2 cells following transport as well as the composition of the extracellular medium using capillary electrophoresis. The percentage of trans conformer that was 62% in the uptake medium increased to 92% inside the cells. This is the first direct evidence that an H+/peptide cotransport system selectively binds and transports the trans conformer of a peptide derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brandsch
- Biozentrum,Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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