1
|
Chen YT, Hong PF, Wen L, Lin CT. Molecular cloning and characterization of a thioredoxin from Taiwanofungus camphorata. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2014; 55:77. [PMID: 28510955 PMCID: PMC5432747 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-014-0077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thioredoxin (Trx) is reduced by thioredoxin reductase. Trx is used in ribonucleoide reduction, assimilatory sulfate reduction, in modulation of protein sulfhydryl groups, and refolding proteins. RESULTS A TcTrx (Tc: Taiwanofungus camphorata) cDNA (640 bp, GenBank AY838902.1) encoding a putative thioredoxin (Trx) of 135 amino acid residues with calculated molecular mass of 16.17 kDa was cloned from Taiwanofungus c amphorata. The deduced amino acid sequence containing a motif (Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys) that is highly conserved among the reported Trxs. A three dimensional structural model of the TcTrx has been created based on the known structure of Malassezia sympodialis Trx (MsTrx, PDB ID: 2j23). To characterize the TcTrx, the codon optimized coding region was subcloned into an expression vector and transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The recombinant His8-tagged TcTrx was expressed and purified by Ni affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme showed a band of approximately 32 kDa (expected dimeric form) on a 12% SDS-PAGE. The molecular mass determined by MALDI-TOF is 33.16 kDa which suggests that the purified enzyme is a dimeric enzyme. Furthermore, the enzyme exhibited TcTrx activity via insulin assay. The Michaelis constant (K M ) value for insulin was 3.78 × 10-2 mM. The enzyme's half-life of deactivation was 13 min at 45°C. The enzyme was most active at pH 7. CONCLUSIONS A three dimensional structural model of T. camphorata Trx based on its TcTrx cDNA sequence. The active form of the TcTrx has been successfully expressed in yeast. The enzyme possesses Trx activity and is capable of reduction of disulfide bonds during the formation of newly synthesized proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Chen
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Feng Hong
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Rd, Keelung, 202 Taiwan
| | - Lisa Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Western Illinois University, 1 University Circle, Macomb, 61455-1390 IL USA
| | - Chi-Tsai Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Rd, Keelung, 202 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park JH, Lee SY, Kim WY, Jung YJ, Chae HB, Jung HS, Kang CH, Shin MR, Kim SY, Su'udi M, Yun DJ, Lee KO, Kim MG, Lee SY. Heat-induced chaperone activity of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 5 enhances thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 191:692-705. [PMID: 21564098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
• This study reports that Arabidopsis thaliana protein serine/threonine phosphatase 5 (AtPP5) plays a pivotal role in heat stress resistance. A high-molecular-weight (HMW) form of AtPP5 was isolated from heat-treated A. thaliana suspension cells. AtPP5 performs multiple functions, acting as a protein phosphatase, foldase chaperone, and holdase chaperone. The enzymatic activities of this versatile protein are closely associated with its oligomeric status, ranging from low oligomeric protein species to HMW complexes. • The phosphatase and foldase chaperone functions of AtPP5 are associated primarily with the low-molecular-weight (LMW) form, whereas the HMW form exhibits holdase chaperone activity. Transgenic over-expression of AtPP5 conferred enhanced heat shock resistance to wild-type A. thaliana and a T-DNA insertion knock-out mutant was defective in acquired thermotolerance. A recombinant phosphatase mutant (H290N) showed markedly increased holdase chaperone activity. • In addition, enhanced thermotolerance was observed in transgenic plants over-expressing H290N, which suggests that the holdase chaperone activity of AtPP5 is primarily responsible for AtPP5-mediated thermotolerance. • Collectively, the results from this study provide the first evidence that AtPP5 performs multiple enzymatic activities that are mediated by conformational changes induced by heat-shock stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ho Park
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Sun Yong Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Woe Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Young Jun Jung
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Ho Byoung Chae
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Division of Electron Microscopic Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, 52 Eoeun-dong, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Mi Rim Shin
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Mukhamad Su'udi
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-856, Korea
| | - Dae Jin Yun
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Kyun Oh Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Min Gab Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-856, Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Balmer Y, Vensel WH, Tanaka CK, Hurkman WJ, Gelhaye E, Rouhier N, Jacquot JP, Manieri W, Schürmann P, Droux M, Buchanan BB. Thioredoxin links redox to the regulation of fundamental processes of plant mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:2642-7. [PMID: 14983062 PMCID: PMC357003 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308583101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria contain thioredoxin (Trx), a regulatory disulfide protein, and an associated flavoenzyme, NADP/Trx reductase, which provide a link to NADPH in the organelle. Unlike animal and yeast counterparts, the function of Trx in plant mitochondria is largely unknown. Accordingly, we have applied recently devised proteomic approaches to identify soluble Trx-linked proteins in mitochondria isolated from photosynthetic (pea and spinach leaves) and heterotrophic (potato tubers) sources. Application of the mitochondrial extracts to mutant Trx affinity columns in conjunction with proteomics led to the identification of 50 potential Trx-linked proteins functional in 12 processes: photorespiration, citric acid cycle and associated reactions, lipid metabolism, electron transport, ATP synthesis/transformation, membrane transport, translation, protein assembly/folding, nitrogen metabolism, sulfur metabolism, hormone synthesis, and stress-related reactions. Almost all of these targets were also identified by a fluorescent gel electrophoresis procedure in which reduction by Trx can be observed directly. In some cases, the processes targeted by Trx depended on the source of the mitochondria. The results support the view that Trx acts as a sensor and enables mitochondria to adjust key reactions in accord with prevailing redox state. These and earlier findings further suggest that, by sensing redox in chloroplasts and mitochondria, Trx enables the two organelles of photosynthetic tissues to communicate by means of a network of transportable metabolites such as dihydroxyacetone phosphate, malate, and glycolate. In this way, light absorbed and processed by means of chlorophyll can be perceived and function in regulating fundamental mitochondrial processes akin to its mode of action in chloroplasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Balmer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Winter J, Klappa P, Freedman RB, Lilie H, Rudolph R. Catalytic activity and chaperone function of human protein-disulfide isomerase are required for the efficient refolding of proinsulin. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:310-7. [PMID: 11694508 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107832200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI) catalyzes the formation, rearrangement, and breakage of disulfide bonds and is capable of binding peptides and unfolded proteins in a chaperone-like manner. In this study we examined which of these functions are required to facilitate efficient refolding of denatured and reduced proinsulin. In our model system, PDI and also a PDI mutant having only one active site increased the rate of oxidative folding when present in catalytic amounts. PDI variants that are completely devoid of isomerase activity are not able to accelerate proinsulin folding, but can increase the yield of refolding, indicating that they act as a chaperone. Maximum refolding yields, however, are only achieved with wild-type PDI. Using genistein, an inhibitor for the peptide-binding site, the ability of PDI to prevent aggregation of folding proinsulin was significantly suppressed. The present results suggest that PDI is acting both as an isomerase and as a chaperone during folding and disulfide bond formation of proinsulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Winter
- Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Biotechnologie, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cheung PY, Churchich JE. Recognition of protein substrates by protein-disulfide isomerase. A sequence of the b' domain responds to substrate binding. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:32757-61. [PMID: 10551835 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.46.32757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Refolding of partially folded mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) is assisted by protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI). The addition of a 20-fold molar excess of PDI over denatured protein (0. 1 microM) accelerates the recovery of catalytic activity. PDI fluorescence measurements show that 1 mol of PDI binds 1 mol of denatured mMDH when their concentrations approach 1 microM. The binding of PDI, derivatized with the fluorescence probe iodoacetamide fluorescein, to partially folded mMDH is characterized by a dissociation constant of 0.2 microM. It is shown that the fluorescence probe is covalently attached to a SH residue located in the b' domain. Based on the fluorescence measurements of native and derivatized PDI, it is suggested that recognition of the unfolded substrate involves conformational changes propagated to several domains of PDI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Y Cheung
- Department of Applied Biology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lau CK, Churchich JE. Binding of polylysine to GroEL. Inhibition of the refolding of mMDH. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1431:282-9. [PMID: 10350605 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Luminescence techniques have been used to investigate the interaction of GroEL with polylysine tagged with a fluorescent probe. The fluorescence emitted by anthraniloyl-polylysine, upon excitation at 320 nm, is enhanced by the addition of stoichiometric amounts of GroEL. The equilibrium dissociation constant of the complex (Kd=50 nM) was determined by fluorometric titrations. The rate and extent of recovery of the catalytic activity of denatured mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase, assisted by GroEL, is influenced by either polylysine or anthraniloyl-polylysine. It is suggested that interaction of the positively charged poly-amino acid with the apical domain of GroEL prevents binding of the unfolded protein substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C K Lau
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, General Office, GH 602, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Churchich JE. Recognition of partially-folded mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase by GroEL. Steady and time-dependent emission anisotropy measurements. Protein Sci 1998; 7:2587-94. [PMID: 9865953 PMCID: PMC2143879 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560071212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The binding of partially-folded mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) to GroEL was assessed by steady and nanosecond emission spectroscopy. Partially-folded intermediates of mMDH show significant residual secondary structure when examined by CD spectroscopy in the far UV. They bind the extrinsic fluorescent probe ANS and the protein-ANS complexes display a rotational correlation time of 19 ns. Similar rotational correlation time (phi = 18.6 ns) was determined for partially-folded species tagged with anthraniloyl. GroEL recognizes partially-folded species with a K(D) approximately 60 nM. The rotational correlation time of the complex, i.e., GroEL-mMDH-ANT, approaches a value of 280 ns in the absence of ATP. Reactivation of mMDH-ANT by addition of GroEL and ATP brings about a significant decrease in the observed rotational correlation time. The results indicate that partially-folded malate dehydrogenase is rigidly trapped by GroEL in the absence of ATP, whereas addition of ATP facilitates reactivation and release of folded conformations endowed with catalytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Churchich
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-0840, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Oxidation-reduction (redox) based regulation of signal transduction and gene expression is emerging as a fundamental regulatory mechanism in cell biology. Electron flow through side chain functional CH2-SH groups of conserved cysteinyl residues in proteins account for their redox-sensing properties. Because in most intracellular proteins thiol groups are strongly "buffered" against oxidation by the highly reduced environment inside the cell, only accessible protein thiol groups with high thiol-disulfide oxidation potentials are likely to be redox sensitive. The list of redox-sensitive signal transduction pathways is steadily growing, and current information suggests that manipulation of the cell redox state may prove to be an important strategy for the management of AIDS and some forms of cancer. The endogenous thioredoxin and glutathione systems are of central importance in redox signaling. Among the thiol agents tested for their efficacy to modulate cellular redox status, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and alpha-lipoic acid hold promise for clinical use. A unique advantage of lipoate is that it is able to utilize cellular reducing equivalents, and thus it harnesses the metabolic power of the cell to continuously regenerate its reductive vicinal dithiol form. Because lipoate can be readily recycled in the cell, it has an advantage over N-acetyl-L-cysteine on a concentration:effect basis. Our current knowledge of redox regulated signal transduction has led to the unfolding of the remarkable therapeutic potential of cellular thiol modulating agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C K Sen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3200, USA.
| |
Collapse
|