1
|
Lin BQ, Chen F, Gu L, Wu ZX, Ye J, Zhang L, Huang BJ, Yu ZY, Lai GX, Lan XP, Zhao H, Liu W. CDT1, transcriptionally regulated by E2F2, promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression. Heliyon 2024; 10:e36557. [PMID: 39262963 PMCID: PMC11388403 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
CDT1, a gene that shows excessive expression in various malignancies, functions as a pivotal regulator of replication licensing. In this study, we observed a positive correlation in expression between CDT1 and E2F2 among patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Our findings substantiated that E2F2 directly interacted with the promoter region of CDT1, as confirmed by ChIP-qPCR assays, and depletion of E2F2 resulted in a downregulation of CDT1 expression in LUAD cell lines by gene interference technology. Furthermore, we identified an upregulation of CDT1 mRNA level in Chinese LUAD samples. Notably, in the loss-of-function assays, depletion of CDT1 in LUAD cell lines inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Concurrently, it promoted cell apoptosis and induced G0/G1 phase arrest using MTT, flow cytometry, and Transwell assays, reinforcing its role as an oncogene.Furthermore, enhanced tumor ablation was determined in a CDT1-downregulated LUAD tumor-bearing nude mouse model. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that E2F2 positively regulates CDT1 expression and actively participates in the progression of lung adenocarcinoma, thereby providing valuable insights into identifying novel therapeutic targets for LUAD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Quan Lin
- Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Department, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, The 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Fuzong Teaching Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (The 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
| | - Lei Gu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zai-Xin Wu
- Medical Service Management Office, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, The 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
| | - Jia Ye
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzong Teaching Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (The 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, The 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzong Teaching Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (The 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, The 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
| | - Bing-Jing Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiamen Haicang Hospital, No. 89 Haiyu Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361026, China
| | - Zong-Yang Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzong Teaching Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (The 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, The 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
| | - Guo-Xiang Lai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzong Teaching Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (The 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, The 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Lan
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, The 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, 900TH Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
- Department of General Surgery, Dongfang Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 900TH Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzong Teaching Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (The 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, The 900th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pavlov KH, Tadić V, Palković PB, Sasi B, Magdić N, Petranović MZ, Klasić M, Hančić S, Gršković P, Matulić M, Gašparov S, Dominis M, Korać P. Different expression of DNMT1, PCNA, MCM2, CDT1, EZH2, GMNN and EP300 genes in lymphomagenesis of low vs. high grade lymphoma. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 239:154170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
3
|
Karantzelis N, Petropoulos M, De Marco V, Egan DA, Fish A, Christodoulou E, Will DW, Lewis JD, Perrakis A, Lygerou Z, Taraviras S. Small Molecule Inhibitor Targeting CDT1/Geminin Protein Complex Promotes DNA Damage and Cell Death in Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:860682. [PMID: 35548337 PMCID: PMC9083542 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.860682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication initiation requires the loading of MCM2-7 complexes at the origins of replication during G1. Replication licensing renders chromatin competent for DNA replication and its tight regulation is essential to prevent aberrant DNA replication and genomic instability. CDT1 is a critical factor of licensing and its activity is controlled by redundant mechanisms, including Geminin, a protein inhibitor of CDT1. Aberrant CDT1 and Geminin expression have been shown to promote tumorigenesis in vivo and are also evident in multiple human tumors. In this study, we developed an in vitro AlphaScreen™ high-throughput screening (HTS) assay for the identification of small-molecule inhibitors targeting the CDT1/Geminin protein complex. Biochemical characterization of the most potent compound, AF615, provided evidence of specific, dose-dependent inhibition of Geminin binding to CDT1 both in-vitro and in cells. Moreover, compound AF615 induces DNA damage, inhibits DNA synthesis and reduces viability selectively in cancer cell lines, and this effect is CDT1-dependent. Taken together, our data suggest that AF615 may serve as a useful compound to elucidate the role of CDT1/Geminin protein complex in replication licensing and origin firing as well as a scaffold for further medicinal chemistry optimisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michalis Petropoulos
- Department of General Biology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Valeria De Marco
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David A Egan
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Fish
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - David W Will
- Chemical Biology Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joe D Lewis
- Chemical Biology Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of General Biology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Winter C, Camarão AAR, Steffen I, Jung K. Network meta-analysis of transcriptome expression changes in different manifestations of dengue virus infection. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:165. [PMID: 35220956 PMCID: PMC8882220 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Several studies have been performed to study transcriptome profiles after dengue virus infections with partly different results. Due to slightly different settings of the individual studies, different genes and enriched gene sets are reported in these studies. The main aim of this network meta-analysis was to aggregate a selection of these studies to identify genes and gene sets that are more generally associated with dengue virus infection, i.e. with less dependence on the individual study settings.
Methods
We performed network meta-analysis by different approaches using publicly available gene expression data of five selected studies from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The study network includes dengue fever (DF), hemorrhagic fever (DHF), shock syndrome (DSS) patients as well as convalescent and healthy control individuals. After data merging and missing value imputation, study-specific batch effects were removed. Pairwise differential expression analysis and subsequent gene-set enrichment analysis were performed between the five study groups. Furthermore, mutual information networks were derived from the top genes of each group comparison, and the separability between the three patient groups was studied by machine learning models.
Results
From the 10 possible pairwise group comparisons in the study network, six genes (IFI27, TPX2, CDT1, DTL, KCTD14 and CDCA3) occur with a noticeable frequency among the top listed genes of each comparison. Thus, there is an increased evidence that these genes play a general role in dengue virus infections. IFI27 and TPX2 have also been highlighted in the context of dengue virus infection by other studies. A few of the identified gene sets from the network meta-analysis overlap with findings from the original studies. Mutual information networks yield additional genes for which the observed pairwise correlation is different between the patient groups. Machine learning analysis shows a moderate separability of samples from the DF, DHF and DSS groups (accuracy about 80%).
Conclusions
Due to an increased sample size, the network meta-analysis could reveal additional genes which are called differentially expressed between the studied groups and that may help to better understand the molecular basis of this disease.
Collapse
|
5
|
Exacerbated AIDS progression by PD-1 blockade during therapeutic vaccination in chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques after ART treatment interruption. J Virol 2021; 96:e0178521. [PMID: 34818070 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01785-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of latent HIV-1-infected cells, named the latent reservoir, is the major barrier to HIV-1 eradication, and the formation and maintenance of latent reservoir might be exacerbated by activation of the immunoinhibitory pathway and dysfunction of CD8+ T cells during HIV-1 infection. Our previous findings demonstrated that prophylactic vaccination combined with PD-1 blockade generated distinct immune response profiles and conferred effective control of highly pathogenic SIVmac239 infection in rhesus macaques. However, to our surprise, herein we found that a therapeutic vaccination in combination with PD-1 blockade resulted in activation of the viral reservoir, faster viral rebound after treatment interruption, accelerated acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) progression and ultimately death in chronically SIV-infected macaques after ART treatment interruption. Our study further demonstrated that the SIV provirus was preferentially enriched in PD-1+CD4+ T cells due to their susceptibility to viral entry, potent proliferation ability and inability to perform viral transcription. In addition, the viral latency was effectively reactivated upon PD-1 blockade. Together, these results suggest that PD-1 blockade may be a double-edged sword for HIV-1 immunotherapy, and they provide important insight for the rational design of immunotherapy strategies toward an HIV-1 cure. Importance As one of the most challenging public health problems, there is no clinically effective cure strategies against HIV-1 infection yet. We have demonstrated that prophylactic vaccination combined with PD-1 blockade generated distinct immune response profiles and conferred better control of highly pathogenic SIVmac239 infection in rhesus macaques. In the present study, to our surprise, PD-1 blockade during therapeutic vaccination accelerated the reactivation of latent reservoir and then AIDS progression in chronically SIV-infected macaques after ART treatment interruption. Our further study demonstrated that the latent SIV provirus was preferentially enriched in PD-1+CD4+ T cells because of its susceptibility of viral entry, inhibition of SIV transcription and potent ability of proliferation, and the viral latency was effectively reactivated by PD-1 blockade. Therefore, PD-1 blockade might be a double-edged sword for AIDS therapy. These findings provoke extensive interests to further exploit novel therapeutic treatment against HIV-1 infection and other emerging infectious diseases.
Collapse
|
6
|
Marescal O, Cheeseman IM. Cellular Mechanisms and Regulation of Quiescence. Dev Cell 2021; 55:259-271. [PMID: 33171109 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quiescence is a state of reversible proliferative arrest in which cells are not actively dividing and yet retain the capacity to reenter the cell cycle upon receiving an appropriate stimulus. Quiescent cells are remarkably diverse-they reside in different locations throughout the body, serve distinct roles, and are activated by a variety of signals. Despite this diversity, all quiescent cells must be able to persist in a nondividing state without compromising their proliferative potential, which requires changes to core cellular programs. How drastically different cell types are able to implement extensive changes to their gene-expression programs, metabolism, and cellular structures to induce a common cellular state is a fascinating question in cell and developmental biology. In this review, we explore the diversity of quiescent cells and highlight the unifying characteristics that define the quiescent state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Océane Marescal
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Iain M Cheeseman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reduced replication origin licensing selectively kills KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer cells via mitotic catastrophe. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:499. [PMID: 32612138 PMCID: PMC7330027 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To unravel vulnerabilities of KRAS-mutant CRC cells, a shRNA-based screen specifically inhibiting MAPK pathway components and targets was performed in CaCo2 cells harboring conditional oncogenic KRASG12V. The custom-designed shRNA library comprised 121 selected genes, which were previously identified to be strongly regulated in response to MEK inhibition. The screen showed that CaCo2 cells expressing KRASG12V were sensitive to the suppression of the DNA replication licensing factor minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (MCM7), whereas KRASwt CaCo2 cells were largely resistant to MCM7 suppression. Similar results were obtained in an isogenic DLD-1 cell culture model. Knockdown of MCM7 in a KRAS-mutant background led to replication stress as indicated by increased nuclear RPA focalization. Further investigation showed a significant increase in mitotic cells after simultaneous MCM7 knockdown and KRASG12V expression. The increased percentage of mitotic cells coincided with strongly increased DNA damage in mitosis. Taken together, the accumulation of DNA damage in mitotic cells is due to replication stress that remained unresolved, which results in mitotic catastrophe and cell death. In summary, the data show a vulnerability of KRAS-mutant cells towards suppression of MCM7 and suggest that inhibiting DNA replication licensing might be a viable strategy to target KRAS-mutant cancers.
Collapse
|
8
|
Siril YJ, Kouketsu A, Oikawa M, Takahashi T, Kumamoto H. Immunohistochemical assessment of chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1, geminin, and γ‐H2A.X in oral epithelial precursor lesions and squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2019; 48:888-896. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Junior Siril
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry Sendai Japan
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry Sendai Japan
| | - Atsumu Kouketsu
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry Sendai Japan
| | - Mariko Oikawa
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry Sendai Japan
| | - Tetsu Takahashi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry Sendai Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kumamoto
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry Sendai Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Al-Hazmi N, Alhazzazi T, Williams G, Stoeber K, Al-Dabbagh R. DNA replication licensing factor MCM2, geminin, and Ki67 define proliferative state and are linked with survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Oral Sci 2019; 126:186-196. [PMID: 29745471 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is still an unabated global killer with little advancement in its survival rate. DNA replication licensing proteins and Aurora kinase A are biomarkers that play important roles in genomic stability. The expression profile of minichromosomal maintenance protein 2 (MCM2), Ki67, geminin, and Aurora-A were linked to clinicopathological and outcome parameters, survival, and DNA content in 125 cases of OSCC. Oral fibroepithelial polyps (OFEP) were controls. The OSCC tumour cells were in a rapidly proliferating state, as assessed by the increased expression profile of MCM2, Ki67, geminin, and Aurora-A and of the geminin/Ki67 ratio, and the decrease of the MCM2/Ki67 ratio, in OSCC compared with OFEP (P < 0.000). There was an association between expression of MCM2, Ki67, and geminin and tumour histologic and invasive front grade (P < 0.05). A total of 82% of the OSCC assessed had aneuploid DNA content, which was associated with increased expression intensity of Aurora-A (P = 0.01). Geminin and the geminin/Ki67 ratio were associated with TNM staging (P < 0.05), and weak expression of MCM2, Ki67, geminin, and Aurora-A were predictive of OSCC survival (P < 0.05). Dysregulation of the origin licensing pathway and the mitotic pathway are important events in OSCC, and the combined analysis of these proteins may contribute to improved treatment decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Al-Hazmi
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Alhazzazi
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gareth Williams
- Oncologica, London, UK.,Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kai Stoeber
- Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Raghad Al-Dabbagh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Petropoulos M, Champeris Tsaniras S, Taraviras S, Lygerou Z. Replication Licensing Aberrations, Replication Stress, and Genomic Instability. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:752-764. [PMID: 31054805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Strict regulation of DNA replication is of fundamental significance for the maintenance of genome stability. Licensing of origins of DNA replication is a critical event for timely genome duplication. Errors in replication licensing control lead to genomic instability across evolution. Here, we present accumulating evidence that aberrant replication licensing is linked to oncogene-induced replication stress and poses a major threat to genome stability, promoting tumorigenesis. Oncogene activation can lead to defects in where along the genome and when during the cell cycle licensing takes place, resulting in replication stress. We also discuss the potential of replication licensing as a specific target for novel anticancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Petropoulos
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | | | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece.
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jones KB, Furukawa S, Marangoni P, Ma H, Pinkard H, D'Urso R, Zilionis R, Klein AM, Klein OD. Quantitative Clonal Analysis and Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveal Division Kinetics, Hierarchy, and Fate of Oral Epithelial Progenitor Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:183-192.e8. [PMID: 30472156 PMCID: PMC6320295 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The oral mucosa is one of the most rapidly dividing tissues in the body and serves as a barrier to physical and chemical insults from mastication, food, and microorganisms. Breakdown of this barrier can lead to significant morbidity and potentially life-threatening infections for patients. Determining the identity and organization of oral epithelial progenitor cells (OEPCs) is therefore paramount to understanding their roles in homeostasis and disease. Using lineage tracing and label retention experiments, we show that rapidly dividing OEPCs are located broadly within the basal layer of the mucosa throughout the oral cavity. Quantitative clonal analysis demonstrated that OEPCs undergo population-asymmetrical divisions following neutral drift dynamics and that they respond to chemotherapy-induced damage by altering daughter cell fates. Finally, using single-cell RNA-seq, we establish the basal layer population structure and propose a model that defines the organization of cells within the basal layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B Jones
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sachiko Furukawa
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Pauline Marangoni
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hongfang Ma
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Henry Pinkard
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Biological Imaging Development Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Computational Biology Graduate Group, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca D'Urso
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rapolas Zilionis
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Vilnius University Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Allon M Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang S, Li S, Li XJ. Shortening the Half-Life of Cas9 Maintains Its Gene Editing Ability and Reduces Neuronal Toxicity. Cell Rep 2018; 25:2653-2659.e3. [PMID: 30517854 PMCID: PMC6314484 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-mediated expression of CRISPR/Cas9 is commonly used for genome editing in animal brains to model or treat neurological diseases, but the potential neurotoxicity of overexpressing bacterial Cas9 in the mammalian brain remains unknown. Through RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, we find that virus-mediated expression of Cas9 influences the expression of genes involved in neuronal functions. Reducing the half-life of Cas9 by tagging with geminin, whose expression is regulated by the cell cycle, maintains the genome editing capacity of Cas9 but significantly alleviates neurotoxicity. Thus, modification of Cas9 by shortening its half-life can help develop CRISPR/Cas9-based therapeutic approaches for treating neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Yang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Room 355, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Shihua Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Room 355, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Room 355, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aygun N, Altungoz O. MYCN is amplified during S phase, and c‑myb is involved in controlling MYCN expression and amplification in MYCN‑amplified neuroblastoma cell lines. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:345-361. [PMID: 30483774 PMCID: PMC6297758 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma derived from primitive sympathetic neural precursors is a common type of solid tumor in infants. MYCN proto-oncogene bHLH transcription factor (MYCN) amplification and 1p36 deletion are important factors associated with the poor prognosis of neuroblastoma. Expression levels of MYCN and c-MYB proto-oncogene transcription factor (c-myb) decline during the differentiation of neuroblastoma cells; E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) activates the MYCN promoter. However, the underlying mechanism of MYCN overexpression and amplification requires further investigation. In the present study, potential c-Myb target genes, and the effect of c-myb RNA interference (RNAi) on MYCN expression and amplification were investigated in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell lines. The mRNA expression levels and MYCN gene copy number in five neuroblastoma cell lines were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, variations in potential target gene expression and MYCN gene copy number between pre- and post-c-myb RNAi treatment groups in MYCN-amplified Kelly, IMR32, SIMA and MHH-NB-11 cell lines, normalized to those of non-MYCN-amplified SH-SY5Y, were examined. To determine the associations between gene expression levels and chromosomal aberrations, MYCN amplification and 1p36 alterations in interphases/metaphases were analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Statistical analyses revealed correlations between 1p36 alterations and the expression of c-myb, MYB proto-oncogene like 2 (B-myb) and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21). Additionally, the results of the present study also demonstrated that c-myb may be associated with E2F1 and L3MBTL1 histone methyl-lysine binding protein (L3MBTL1) expression, and that E2F1 may contribute to MYCN, B-myb, p21 and chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1 (hCdt1) expression, but to the repression of geminin (GMNN). On c-myb RNAi treatment, L3MBTL1 expression was silenced, while GMNN was upregulated, indicating G2/M arrest. In addition, MYCN gene copy number increased following treatment with c-myb RNAi. Notably, the present study also reported a 43.545% sequence identity between upstream of MYCN and Drosophila melanogaster amplification control element 3, suggesting that expression and/or amplification mechanisms of developmentally-regulated genes may be evolutionarily conserved. In conclusion, c-myb may be associated with regulating MYCN expression and amplification. c-myb, B-myb and p21 may also serve a role against chromosome 1p aberrations. Together, it was concluded that MYCN gene is amplified during S phase, potentially via a replication-based mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nevim Aygun
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Oguz Altungoz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arbi M, Pefani DE, Taraviras S, Lygerou Z. Controlling centriole numbers: Geminin family members as master regulators of centriole amplification and multiciliogenesis. Chromosoma 2017; 127:151-174. [PMID: 29243212 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-017-0652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To ensure that the genetic material is accurately passed down to daughter cells during mitosis, dividing cells must duplicate their chromosomes and centrosomes once and only once per cell cycle. The same key steps-licensing, duplication, and segregation-control both the chromosome and the centrosome cycle, which must occur in concert to safeguard genome integrity. Aberrations in genome content or centrosome numbers lead to genomic instability and are linked to tumorigenesis. Such aberrations, however, can also be part of the normal life cycle of specific cell types. Multiciliated cells best exemplify the deviation from a normal centrosome cycle. They are post-mitotic cells which massively amplify their centrioles, bypassing the rule for once-per-cell-cycle centriole duplication. Hundreds of centrioles dock to the apical cell surface and generate motile cilia, whose concerted movement ensures fluid flow across epithelia. The early steps that control the generation of multiciliated cells have lately started to be elucidated. Geminin and the vertebrate-specific GemC1 and McIdas are distantly related coiled-coil proteins, initially identified as cell cycle regulators associated with the chromosome cycle. Geminin is required to ensure once-per-cell-cycle genome replication, while McIdas and GemC1 bind to Geminin and are implicated in DNA replication control. Recent findings highlight Geminin family members as early regulators of multiciliogenesis. GemC1 and McIdas specify the multiciliate cell fate by forming complexes with the E2F4/5 transcription factors to switch on a gene expression program leading to centriole amplification and cilia formation. Positive and negative interactions among Geminin family members may link cell cycle control to centriole amplification and multiciliogenesis, acting close to the point of transition from proliferation to differentiation. We review key steps of centrosome duplication and amplification, present the role of Geminin family members in the centrosome and chromosome cycle, and discuss links with disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Arbi
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Dafni-Eleftheria Pefani
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Patras, Greece.,CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Patras, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nakazaki Y, Tsuyama T, Azuma Y, Takahashi M, Tada S. Mutant analysis of Cdt1's function in suppressing nascent strand elongation during DNA replication in Xenopus egg extracts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:1375-1380. [PMID: 28694193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of DNA replication is strictly regulated by multiple mechanisms to ensure precise duplication of chromosomes. In higher eukaryotes, activity of the Cdt1 protein is temporally regulated during the cell cycle, and deregulation of Cdt1 induces DNA re-replication. In previous studies, we showed that excess Cdt1 inhibits DNA replication by suppressing progression of replication forks in Xenopus egg extracts. Here, we investigated the functional regions of Cdt1 that are required for the inhibition of DNA replication. We constructed a series of N-terminally or C-terminally deleted mutants of Cdt1 and examined their inhibitory effects on DNA replication in Xenopus egg extracts. Our results showed that the region spanning amino acids (a. a.) 255-620 is required for efficient inhibition of DNA replication, and that, within this region, a. a. 255-289 have a critical role in inhibition. Moreover, one of the Cdt1 mutants, Cdt1 R285A, was compromised with respect to the licensing activity but still inhibited DNA replication. This result suggests that Cdt1 has an unforeseen function in the negative regulation of DNA replication, and that this function is located within a molecular region that is distinct from those required for the licensing activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nakazaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8530, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuyama
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yutaro Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Mikiko Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8530, Japan
| | - Shusuke Tada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Taouki I, Tasiudi E, Lalioti ME, Kyrousi C, Skavatsou E, Kaplani K, Lygerou Z, Kouvelas ED, Mitsacos A, Giompres P, Taraviras S. Geminin Participates in Differentiation Decisions of Adult Neural Stem Cells Transplanted in the Hemiparkinsonian Mouse Brain. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1214-1222. [PMID: 28557659 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells have been considered as a source of stem cells that can be used for cell replacement therapies in neurodegenerative diseases, as they can be isolated and expanded in vitro and can be used for autologous grafting. However, due to low percentages of survival and varying patterns of differentiation, strategies that will enhance the efficacy of transplantation are under scrutiny. In this article, we have examined whether alterations in Geminin's expression, a protein that coordinates the balance between self-renewal and differentiation, can improve the properties of stem cells transplanted in 6-OHDA hemiparkinsonian mouse model. Our results indicate that, in the absence of Geminin, grafted cells differentiating into dopaminergic neurons were decreased, while an increased number of oligodendrocytes were detected. The number of proliferating multipotent cells was not modified by the absence of Geminin. These findings encourage research related to the impact of Geminin on transplantations for neurodegenerative disorders, as an important molecule in influencing differentiation decisions of the cells composing the graft.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Taouki
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Eve Tasiudi
- 2 Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Lalioti
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Christina Kyrousi
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Skavatsou
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantina Kaplani
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- 3 Department of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Elias D Kouvelas
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Adamantia Mitsacos
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Giompres
- 2 Department of Physiology, School of Biology, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Replication forks encounter obstacles that must be repaired or bypassed to complete chromosome duplication before cell division. Proteomic analysis of replication forks suggests that the checkpoint and repair machinery travels with unperturbed forks, implying that they are poised to respond to stalling and collapse. However, impaired fork progression still generates aberrations, including repeat copy number instability and chromosome rearrangements. Deregulated origin firing also causes fork instability if a newer fork collides with an older one, generating double-strand breaks (DSBs) and partially rereplicated DNA. Current evidence suggests that multiple mechanisms are used to repair rereplication damage, yet these can have deleterious consequences for genome integrity.
Collapse
|
18
|
Patmanidi AL, Champeris Tsaniras S, Karamitros D, Kyrousi C, Lygerou Z, Taraviras S. Concise Review: Geminin-A Tale of Two Tails: DNA Replication and Transcriptional/Epigenetic Regulation in Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 35:299-310. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dimitris Karamitros
- Department of Physiology; Medical School, University of Patras; Rio Patras Greece
| | - Christina Kyrousi
- Department of Physiology; Medical School, University of Patras; Rio Patras Greece
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of Biology; Medical School, University of Patras; Rio Patras Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology; Medical School, University of Patras; Rio Patras Greece
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hu Y, Huang M, Wang W, Guan J, Kong J. Characterization of gonadal transcriptomes from the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Genome 2016; 59:1-10. [PMID: 26745327 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2014-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying sexual reproduction and sex ratio determination remains unclear in turbot, a flatfish of great commercial value. And there is limited information in the turbot database regarding genes related to the reproductive system. Here, we conducted high-throughput transcriptome profiling of turbot gonad tissues to better understand their reproductive functions and to supply essential gene sequence information for marker-assisted selection programs in the turbot industry. In this study, two gonad libraries representing sex differences in Scophthalmus maximus yielded 453 818 high-quality reads that were assembled into 24 611 contigs and 33 713 singletons by using 454 pyrosequencing, 13 936 contigs and singletons (CS) of which were annotated using BLASTx. GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analyses revealed that various biological functions and processes were associated with many of the annotated CS. Expression analyses showed that 510 genes were differentially expressed in males versus females; 80% of these genes were annotated. In addition, 6484 and 6036 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in male and female libraries, respectively. This transcriptome resource will serve as the foundation for cDNA or SNP microarray construction, gene expression characterization, and sex-specific linkage mapping in turbot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Hu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Huang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Weiji Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiantao Guan
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Kong
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Arbi M, Pefani DE, Kyrousi C, Lalioti ME, Kalogeropoulou A, Papanastasiou AD, Taraviras S, Lygerou Z. GemC1 controls multiciliogenesis in the airway epithelium. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:400-13. [PMID: 26882546 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells are terminally differentiated, post-mitotic cells that form hundreds of motile cilia on their apical surface. Defects in multiciliated cells lead to disease, including mucociliary clearance disorders that result from ciliated cell disfunction in airways. The pathway controlling multiciliogenesis, however, remains poorly characterized. We showed that GemC1, previously implicated in cell cycle control, is a central regulator of ciliogenesis. GemC1 is specifically expressed in ciliated epithelia. Ectopic expression of GemC1 is sufficient to induce early steps of multiciliogenesis in airway epithelial cells ex vivo, upregulating McIdas and FoxJ1, key transcriptional regulators of multiciliogenesis. GemC1 directly transactivates the McIdas and FoxJ1 upstream regulatory sequences, and its activity is enhanced by E2F5 and inhibited by Geminin. GemC1-knockout mice are born with airway epithelia devoid of multiciliated cells. Our results identify GemC1 as an essential regulator of ciliogenesis in the airway epithelium and a candidate gene for mucociliary disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Arbi
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Christina Kyrousi
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Lalioti
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | | | - Stavros Taraviras
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Excess Cdt1 inhibits nascent strand elongation by repressing the progression of replication forks in Xenopus egg extracts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:405-410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
22
|
Stathopoulou A, Natarajan D, Nikolopoulou P, Patmanidi AL, Lygerou Z, Pachnis V, Taraviras S. Inactivation of Geminin in neural crest cells affects the generation and maintenance of enteric progenitor cells, leading to enteric aganglionosis. Dev Biol 2015; 409:392-405. [PMID: 26658318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells comprise a multipotent, migratory cell population that generates a diverse array of cell and tissue types, during vertebrate development. Enteric Nervous System controls the function of the gastrointestinal tract and is mainly derived from the vagal and sacral neural crest cells. Deregulation on self-renewal and differentiation of the enteric neural crest cells is evident in enteric nervous system disorders, such as Hirschsprung disease, characterized by the absence of ganglia in a variable length of the distal bowel. Here we show that Geminin is essential for Enteric Nervous System generation as mice that lacked Geminin expression specifically in neural crest cells revealed decreased generation of vagal neural crest cells, and enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs). Geminin-deficient ENCCs showed increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation during the early stages of gut colonization. Furthermore, decreased number of committed ENCCs in vivo and the decreased self-renewal capacity of enteric progenitor cells in vitro, resulted in almost total aganglionosis resembling a severe case of Hirschsprung disease. Our results suggest that Geminin is an important regulator of self-renewal and survival of enteric nervous system progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipa Natarajan
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC/National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of Biology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Vassilis Pachnis
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC/National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hesketh EL, Knight JRP, Wilson RHC, Chong JPJ, Coverley D. Transient association of MCM complex proteins with the nuclear matrix during initiation of mammalian DNA replication. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:333-41. [PMID: 25659032 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.980647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The minichromosome maintenance complex (MCM2-7) is the putative DNA helicase in eukaryotes, and essential for DNA replication. By applying serial extractions to mammalian cells synchronized by release from quiescence, we reveal dynamic changes to the sub-nuclear compartmentalization of MCM2 as cells pass through late G1 and early S phase, identifying a brief window when MCM2 becomes transiently attached to the nuclear-matrix. The data distinguish 3 states that correspond to loose association with chromatin prior to DNA replication, transient highly stable binding to the nuclear-matrix coincident with initiation, and a post-initiation phase when MCM2 remains tightly associated with chromatin but not the nuclear-matrix. The data suggests that functional MCM complex loading takes place at the nuclear-matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Hesketh
- a Department of Biology ; University of York ; York , UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Caillat C, Fish A, Pefani DE, Taraviras S, Lygerou Z, Perrakis A. The structure of the GemC1 coiled coil and its interaction with the Geminin family of coiled-coil proteins. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2015; 71:2278-86. [PMID: 26527144 PMCID: PMC4631479 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715016892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
GemC1, together with Idas and Geminin, an important regulator of DNA-replication licensing and differentiation decisions, constitute a superfamily sharing a homologous central coiled-coil domain. To better understand this family of proteins, the crystal structure of a GemC1 coiled-coil domain variant engineered for better solubility was determined to 2.2 Å resolution. GemC1 shows a less typical coiled coil compared with the Geminin homodimer and the Geminin-Idas heterodimer structures. It is also shown that both in vitro and in cells GemC1 interacts with Geminin through its coiled-coil domain, forming a heterodimer that is more stable that the GemC1 homodimer. Comparative analysis of the thermal stability of all of the possible superfamily complexes, using circular dichroism to follow the unfolding of the entire helix of the coiled coil, or intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of a unique conserved N-terminal tryptophan, shows that the unfolding of the coiled coil is likely to take place from the C-terminus towards the N-terminus. It is also shown that homodimers show a single-state unfolding, while heterodimers show a two-state unfolding, suggesting that the dimer first falls apart and the helices then unfold according to the stability of each protein. The findings argue that Geminin-family members form homodimers and heterodimers between them, and this ability is likely to be important for modulating their function in cycling and differentiating cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Caillat
- Department of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Fish
- Department of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stavros Taraviras
- Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26505 Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26505 Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Department of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chang C, Niu Z, Gu N, Zhao W, Wang G, Jia Y, Li D, Xu C. Analysis of the ways and methods of signaling pathways in regulating cell cycle of NIH3T3 at transcriptional level. BMC Cell Biol 2015; 16:25. [PMID: 26511608 PMCID: PMC4625951 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-015-0071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To analyze the ways and methods of signaling pathways in regulating cell cycle progression of NIH3T3 at transcriptional level, we modeled cell cycle of NIH3T3 and found that G1 phase of NIH3T3 cell cycle was at 5-15 h after synchronization, S phase at 15-21 h, G2 phase at 21-22 h, M phase at 22-25 h. RESULTS Mouse Genome 430 2.0 microarray was used to detect the gene expression profiles of the model, and results showed remarkable changes in the expressions of 64 cell cycle genes and 960 genes associated with other physiological activity during the cell cycle of NIH3T3. For the next step, IPA software was used to analyze the physiological activities, cell cycle genes-associated signal transduction activities and their regulatory roles of these genes in cell cycle progression, and our results indicated that the reported genes were involved in 17 signaling pathways in the regulation of cell cycle progression. Newfound genes such as PKC, RAS, PP2A, NGR and PI3K etc. belong to the functional category of molecular mechanism of cancer, cyclins and cell cycle regulation HER-2 signaling in breast cancer signaling pathways. These newfound genes could promote DNA damage repairment and DNA replication progress, regulate the metabolism of protein, and maintain the cell cycle progression of NIH3T3 modulating the reported genes CCND1 and C-FOS. CONCLUSION All of the aforementioned signaling pathways interacted with the cell cycle network, indicating that NIH3T3 cell cycle was regulated by a number of signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuifang Chang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, No. 46, Construction East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China.
| | - Zhipeng Niu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, No. 46, Construction East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China.
| | - Ningning Gu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, No. 46, Construction East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China.
| | - Weiming Zhao
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, No. 46, Construction East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China.
| | - Gaiping Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, No. 46, Construction East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China.
| | - Yifeng Jia
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, No. 46, Construction East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China.
| | - Deming Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, No. 46, Construction East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China.
| | - Cunshuan Xu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, No. 46, Construction East Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan Province, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Cell Differentiation Regulation, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tabata T, Petitt M, Zydek M, Fang-Hoover J, Larocque N, Tsuge M, Gormley M, Kauvar LM, Pereira L. Human cytomegalovirus infection interferes with the maintenance and differentiation of trophoblast progenitor cells of the human placenta. J Virol 2015; 89:5134-47. [PMID: 25741001 PMCID: PMC4403461 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03674-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major cause of birth defects that include severe neurological deficits, hearing and vision loss, and intrauterine growth restriction. Viral infection of the placenta leads to development of avascular villi, edema, and hypoxia associated with symptomatic congenital infection. Studies of primary cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) revealed that HCMV infection impedes terminal stages of differentiation and invasion by various molecular mechanisms. We recently discovered that HCMV arrests earlier stages involving development of human trophoblast progenitor cells (TBPCs), which give rise to the mature cell types of chorionic villi-syncytiotrophoblasts on the surfaces of floating villi and invasive CTBs that remodel the uterine vasculature. Here, we show that viral proteins are present in TBPCs of the chorion in cases of symptomatic congenital infection. In vitro studies revealed that HCMV replicates in continuously self-renewing TBPC lines derived from the chorion and alters expression and subcellular localization of proteins required for cell cycle progression, pluripotency, and early differentiation. In addition, treatment with a human monoclonal antibody to HCMV glycoprotein B rescues differentiation capacity, and thus, TBPCs have potential utility for evaluation of the efficacies of novel antiviral antibodies in protecting and restoring placental development. Our results suggest that HCMV replicates in TBPCs in the chorion in vivo, interfering with the earliest steps in the growth of new villi, contributing to virus transmission and impairing compensatory development. In cases of congenital infection, reduced responsiveness of the placenta to hypoxia limits the transport of substances from maternal blood and contributes to fetal growth restriction. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading cause of birth defects in the United States. Congenital infection can result in permanent neurological defects, mental retardation, hearing loss, visual impairment, and pregnancy complications, including intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery, and stillbirth. Currently, there is neither a vaccine nor any approved treatment for congenital HCMV infection during gestation. The molecular mechanisms underlying structural deficiencies in the placenta that undermine fetal development are poorly understood. Here we report that HCMV replicates in trophoblast progenitor cells (TBPCs)-precursors of the mature placental cells, syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts, in chorionic villi-in clinical cases of congenital infection. Virus replication in TBPCs in vitro dysregulates key proteins required for self-renewal and differentiation and inhibits normal division and development into mature placental cells. Our findings provide insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms by which HCMV replication interferes with placental maturation and transport functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Tabata
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew Petitt
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Martin Zydek
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - June Fang-Hoover
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Larocque
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA The Eli & Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mitsuru Tsuge
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew Gormley
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA The Eli & Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Lenore Pereira
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Takayasu T, Hama S, Yamasaki F, Saito T, Watanabe Y, Nosaka R, Sugiyama K, Kurisu K. p16 Gene Transfer Induces Centrosome Amplification and Abnormal Nucleation Associated with Survivin Downregulation in Glioma Cells. Pathobiology 2015; 82:1-8. [PMID: 25765578 DOI: 10.1159/000368196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In human glioma cells, p16 gene transfer induced G1/S arrest, increased radiosensitivity and abnormal nucleation (especially bi- and multinucleation). Survivin suppression caused G2/M arrest, radiosensitization and an increase in aneuploidy accompanied by centrosome amplification. Abnormal nucleation and aneuploidy represent chromosome instability (CIN), and it is well known that centrosome amplification leads to CIN. However, little has been reported that suggests that transferring p16 causes centrosome overduplication during the G1/S phase. METHODS The p16 gene was transferred into p16-null human glioma cell lines (U251MG and D54MG) using adenovirus with or without irradiation. Centrosome amplification was evaluated by immunofluorescence. We also investigated the DNA replication licensing factor CDT1, its inhibitor geminin and survivin expression as regulators of chromosomal segregation. RESULTS p16 gene transfer with radiation initiated the greatest degree of centrosome overduplication. CDT1 showed low levels, geminin was unchanged and survivin decreased in Ax-hp16-infected cells with radiation. Those changes of factors affecting DNA licensing or chromosomal segregation might contribute to CIN. CONCLUSION p16 transfer caused centrosome amplification even in G1/S phase-arrested cells. This suggests that p16 is involved in abnormal nucleation and radiosensitization in human glioma cells. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Takayasu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dellino GI, Pelicci PG. Next-generation sequencing and DNA replication in human cells: the future has arrived. Future Oncol 2015; 10:683-93. [PMID: 24754597 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate regulation of DNA replication ensures faithful transmission of eukaryotic genomes and maintenance of genomic stability and chromatin organization. However, by itself the replication process is a threat for both DNA and chromatin integrity. This becomes particularly relevant in cancer cells, where activated oncogenes induce replication-stress, including unscheduled initiation, fork stalling and collapse and, ultimately, genomic instability. Studies addressing the relationship between (epi)genome integrity and disease have been hampered by our poor knowledge of the mechanisms regulating where and when eukaryotic replication initiates. Recently developed genome-scale methods for the analysis of DNA replication in mammals will contribute to the identification of missing links between replication, chromatin regulation and genome stability in normal and cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Ivan Dellino
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tomono A, Itoh T, Yanagita E, Imagawa N, Kakeji Y. Cell cycle kinetic analysis of colorectal neoplasms using a new automated immunohistochemistry-based cell cycle detection method. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e501. [PMID: 25634203 PMCID: PMC4602971 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently developed a new method called the immunohistochemistry-based cell cycle detection (iCCD), which allows the determination of cell cycle phases on a cell-by-cell basis. This automated procedure can be performed on tissue sections and involves triple immunostaining for geminin, cdt1, and γ H2A.X, which are nuclear proteins expressed sequentially, with a few overlaps, during the cell cycle. In the current study, we applied this technique to resected specimens of colorectal neoplasm to determine the usefulness of iCCD for the pathological examination of colorectal cancers. We examined 141 cases of colorectal cancers. Normal mucosa and adenomas were analyzed as controls. In nonneoplastic mucosa, we observed a pattern of distribution of the cells positive for these cell cycle markers. Adenomas showed a slight distortion in this pattern, the geminin-positive cells, indicative of S/G2/M phase, were localized in the upper one-third region of the crypts. In neoplastic mucosa, the marker expression pattern was disorganized. Compared with normal mucosa, colorectal neoplasms showed an increased proportion of geminin-positive cells and decreased percentages of cdt1-positive cells (G1 phase). However, we did not find significant difference in the expression pattern between adenomas and carcinomas. Cellular proportions were correlated with clinicopathological parameters such as microscopic vascular invasion and pT stages. In cases of preoperative adjuvant therapy, the proportion of geminin-positive cells decreased, whereas that of γ H2A.X-positive cells (indicative of apoptosis/degeneration) increased significantly. We believe that this novel method can be applied to clinical samples to evaluate cell cycle kinetics and the effects of preoperative adjuvant therapy in colorectal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Tomono
- From the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery (AT, YK), Department of Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Diagnostic Pathology (AT, TI, EY, NI); and Kobe Advanced Tissue Staining Center (TI, EY, NI), Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
McCann MJ, Rowland IR, Roy NC. The anti-proliferative effects of enterolactone in prostate cancer cells: evidence for the role of DNA licencing genes, mi-R106b cluster expression, and PTEN dosage. Nutrients 2014; 6:4839-55. [PMID: 25372501 PMCID: PMC4245566 DOI: 10.3390/nu6114839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian lignan, enterolactone, has been shown to reduce the proliferation of the earlier stages of prostate cancer at physiological concentrations in vitro. However, efficacy in the later stages of the disease occurs at concentrations difficult to achieve through dietary modification. We have therefore investigated what concentration(s) of enterolactone can restrict proliferation in multiple stages of prostate cancer using an in vitro model system of prostate disease. We determined that enterolactone at 20 μM significantly restricted the proliferation of mid and late stage models of prostate disease. These effects were strongly associated with changes in the expression of the DNA licencing genes (GMNN, CDT1, MCM2 and 7), in reduced expression of the miR-106b cluster (miR-106b, miR-93, and miR-25), and in increased expression of the PTEN tumour suppressor gene. We have shown anti-proliferative effects of enterolactone in earlier stages of prostate disease than previously reported and that these effects are mediated, in part, by microRNA-mediated regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McCann
- Food Nutrition & Health, Food and Bio-based Products, AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Ian R Rowland
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Food Nutrition & Health, Food and Bio-based Products, AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Iwakura T, Fujigaki Y, Fujikura T, Ohashi N, Kato A, Yasuda H. A high ratio of G1 to G0 phase cells and an accumulation of G1 phase cells before S phase progression after injurious stimuli in the proximal tubule. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e12173. [PMID: 25293601 PMCID: PMC4254098 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proximal tubule (PT) cells can proliferate explosively after injurious stimuli. To investigate this proliferative capacity, we examined cell cycle status and the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27, a G1 phase mediator, in PT cells after a proliferative or injurious stimulus. Rats were treated with lead acetate (proliferative stimulus) or uranyl acetate (UA; injurious stimulus). Isolated tubular cells were separated into PT and distal tubule (DT) cells by density-gradient centrifugation. Cell cycle status was analyzed with flow cytometry by using the Hoechst 33342/pyronin Y method. Most PT and DT cells from control rats were in G0/G1 phase, with a higher percentage of PT cells than DT cells in G1 phase. Lead acetate and UA administration promoted the G0-G1 transition and the accumulation of G1 phase cells before S phase progression. In PT cells from rats treated with lead acetate or a subnephrotoxic dose of UA, p27 levels increased or did not change, possibly reflecting G1 arrest. In contrast, p27 became undetectable before the appearance of apoptotic cells in rats treated with a nephrotoxic dose of UA. The decrease in p27 might facilitate rapid cell cycling. The decreased number of p27-positive cells was associated with PT cell proliferation in renal tissues after a proliferative or injurious stimulus. The findings suggest that a high ratio of G1 to G0 phase cells and a rapid accumulation of G1 phase cells before S phase progression in the PT is a biological strategy for safe, timely, and explosive cell proliferation in response to injurious stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Iwakura
- Internal Medicine I, Division of Nephrology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Fujigaki
- Internal Medicine I, Division of Nephrology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujikura
- Internal Medicine I, Division of Nephrology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naro Ohashi
- Internal Medicine I, Division of Nephrology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kato
- Blood Purification Unit, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideo Yasuda
- Internal Medicine I, Division of Nephrology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
DNA replication must be tightly regulated to ensure that the genome is accurately duplicated during each cell cycle. When these regulatory mechanisms fail, replicative stress and DNA damage ensue. Activated oncogenes promote replicative stress, inducing a DNA damage response (DDR) early in tumorigenesis. Senescence or apoptosis result, forming a barrier against tumour progression. This may provide a selective pressure for acquisition of mutations in the DDR pathway during tumorigenesis. Despite its potential importance in early cancer development, the precise nature of oncogene-induced replicative stress remains poorly understood. Here, we review our current understanding of replication initiation and its regulation, describe mechanisms by which activated oncogenes might interfere with these processes and discuss how replicative stress might contribute to the genomic instability seen in cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Hills
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts, EN6 3LD, UK
| | - John F X Diffley
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Herts, EN6 3LD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Johansson P, Jeffery J, Al-Ejeh F, Schulz RB, Callen DF, Kumar R, Khanna KK. SCF-FBXO31 E3 ligase targets DNA replication factor Cdt1 for proteolysis in the G2 phase of cell cycle to prevent re-replication. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18514-25. [PMID: 24828503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.559930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
FBXO31 was originally identified as a putative tumor suppressor gene in breast, ovarian, hepatocellular, and prostate cancers. By screening a set of cell cycle-regulated proteins as potential FBXO31 interaction partners, we have now identified Cdt1 as a novel substrate. Cdt1 DNA replication licensing factor is part of the pre-replication complex and essential for the maintenance of genomic integrity. We show that FBXO31 specifically interacts with Cdt1 and regulates its abundance by ubiquitylation leading to subsequent degradation. We also show that Cdt1 regulation by FBXO31 is limited to the G2 phase of the cell cycle and is independent of the pathways previously described for Cdt1 proteolysis in S and G2 phase. FBXO31 targeting of Cdt1 is mediated through the N terminus of Cdt1, a region previously shown to be responsible for its cell cycle regulation. Finally, we show that Cdt1 stabilization due to FBXO31 depletion results in re-replication. Our data present an additional pathway that contributes to the FBXO31 function as a tumor suppressor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Johansson
- From the Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Bruna Stråket 16, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jessie Jeffery
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Fares Al-Ejeh
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Renèe B Schulz
- Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine and Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - David F Callen
- Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine and Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Raman Kumar
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health and Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide and Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia, and
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Champeris Tsaniras S, Kanellakis N, Symeonidou IE, Nikolopoulou P, Lygerou Z, Taraviras S. Licensing of DNA replication, cancer, pluripotency and differentiation: an interlinked world? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 30:174-80. [PMID: 24641889 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings provide evidence for a functional interplay between DNA replication and the seemingly distinct areas of cancer, development and pluripotency. Protein complexes participating in DNA replication origin licensing are now known to have roles in development, while their deregulation can lead to cancer. Moreover, transcription factors implicated in the maintenance of or reversal to the pluripotent state have links to the pre-replicative machinery. Several studies have shown that overexpression of these factors is associated to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Champeris Tsaniras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Rio, 26504 Patras, Greece.
| | - N Kanellakis
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Rio, 26504 Patras, Greece.
| | - I E Symeonidou
- Department of Biology, Medical School, University of Patras, Rio, 26504 Patras, Greece.
| | - P Nikolopoulou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Rio, 26504 Patras, Greece.
| | - Z Lygerou
- Department of Biology, Medical School, University of Patras, Rio, 26504 Patras, Greece.
| | - S Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Rio, 26504 Patras, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tsanov N, Kermi C, Coulombe P, Van der Laan S, Hodroj D, Maiorano D. PIP degron proteins, substrates of CRL4Cdt2, and not PIP boxes, interfere with DNA polymerase η and κ focus formation on UV damage. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:3692-706. [PMID: 24423875 PMCID: PMC3973308 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a well-known scaffold for many DNA replication and repair proteins, but how the switch between partners is regulated is currently unclear. Interaction with PCNA occurs via a domain known as a PCNA-Interacting Protein motif (PIP box). More recently, an additional specialized PIP box has been described, the « PIP degron », that targets PCNA-interacting proteins for proteasomal degradation via the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4Cdt2. Here we provide evidence that CRL4Cdt2-dependent degradation of PIP degron proteins plays a role in the switch of PCNA partners during the DNA damage response by facilitating accumulation of translesion synthesis DNA polymerases into nuclear foci. We show that expression of a nondegradable PIP degron (Cdt1) impairs both Pol η and Pol κ focus formation on ultraviolet irradiation and reduces cell viability, while canonical PIP box-containing proteins have no effect. Furthermore, we identify PIP degron-containing peptides from several substrates of CRL4Cdt2 as efficient inhibitors of Pol η foci formation. By site-directed mutagenesis we show that inhibition depends on a conserved threonine residue that confers high affinity for PCNA-binding. Altogether these findings reveal an important regulative role for the CRL4Cdt2 pathway in the switch of PCNA partners on DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Tsanov
- Genome Surveillance and Stability Laboratory, Department of Molecular Bases of Human Diseases, CNRS-UPR1142, Institute of Human Genetics, 141, rue de la cardonille, 34396 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France and Replication and Genome Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Genome Dynamics, CNRS-UPR1142, Institute of Human Genetics, 141, rue de la cardonille, 34396 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dimaki M, Xouri G, Symeonidou IE, Sirinian C, Nishitani H, Taraviras S, Lygerou Z. Cell cycle-dependent subcellular translocation of the human DNA licensing inhibitor geminin. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23953-63. [PMID: 23814078 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.453092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Once per cell cycle replication is crucial for maintaining genome integrity. Geminin interacts with the licensing factor Cdt1 to prevent untimely replication and is controlled by APC/C-dependent cell cycle specific proteolysis during mitosis and in G1. We show here that human geminin, when expressed in human cells in culture under a constitutive promoter, is excluded from the nucleus during part of the G1 phase and at the transition from G0 to G1. The N-terminal 30 amino acids of geminin, which contain its destruction box, are essential for nuclear exclusion. In addition, 30 amino acids within the central domain of geminin are required for both nuclear exclusion and nuclear accumulation. Cdt1 overexpression targets geminin to the nucleus, while reducing Cdt1 levels by RNAi leads to the appearance of endogenous geminin in the cytoplasm. Our data propose a novel means of regulating the balance of Cdt1/geminin in human cells, at the level of the subcellular localization of geminin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dimaki
- Laboratory of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26500 Rio, Patras, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The cell cycle ensures genome maintenance by coordinating the processes of DNA replication and chromosome segregation. Of particular importance is the irreversible transition from the G1 phase of the cell cycle to S phase. This transition marks the switch from preparing chromosomes for replication ("origin licensing") to active DNA synthesis ("origin firing"). Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is essential for restricting DNA replication to only once per cell cycle and is the major mechanism regulating the G1 to S phase transition. Although some changes in protein levels are attributable to regulated mRNA abundance, protein degradation elicits very rapid changes in protein abundance and is critical for the sharp and irreversible transition from one cell cycle stage to the next. Not surprisingly, regulation of the G1-to-S phase transition is perturbed in most cancer cells, and deregulation of key molecular events in G1 and S phase drives not only cell proliferation but also genome instability. In this review we focus on the mechanisms by which E3 ubiquitin ligases control the irreversible transition from G1 to S phase in mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay F Rizzardi
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lane KR, Yu Y, Lackey PE, Chen X, Marzluff WF, Cook JG. Cell cycle-regulated protein abundance changes in synchronously proliferating HeLa cells include regulation of pre-mRNA splicing proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58456. [PMID: 23520512 PMCID: PMC3592840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation involves dramatic changes in DNA metabolism and cell division, and control of DNA replication, mitosis, and cytokinesis have received the greatest attention in the cell cycle field. To catalogue a wider range of cell cycle-regulated processes, we employed quantitative proteomics of synchronized HeLa cells. We quantified changes in protein abundance as cells actively progress from G1 to S phase and from S to G2 phase. We also describe a cohort of proteins whose abundance changes in response to pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome. Our analysis reveals not only the expected changes in proteins required for DNA replication and mitosis but also cell cycle-associated changes in proteins required for biological processes not known to be cell-cycle regulated. For example, many pre-mRNA alternative splicing proteins are down-regulated in S phase. Comparison of this dataset to several other proteomic datasets sheds light on global mechanisms of cell cycle phase transitions and underscores the importance of both phosphorylation and ubiquitination in cell cycle changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen R. Lane
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yanbao Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Patrick E. Lackey
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William F. Marzluff
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeanette Gowen Cook
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Slawny N, O'Shea KS. Geminin promotes an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in an embryonic stem cell model of gastrulation. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1177-89. [PMID: 23249188 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminin is a nuclear protein that performs the related functions of modulating cell cycle progression by binding Cdt1, and controlling differentiation by binding transcription factors. Since embryonic stem cells (ESC) and the epiblast share a similar gene expression profile and an attenuated cell cycle, ESC form an accessible and tractable model system to study lineage choice at gastrulation. We derived several ESC lines in which Geminin can be inducibly expressed, and employed short hairpin RNAs targeting Geminin. As in the embryo, a lack of Geminin protein resulted in DNA damage and cell death. In monolayer culture, in defined medium, Geminin supported neural differentiation; however, in three-dimensional culture, overexpression of Geminin promoted mesendodermal differentiation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In vitro, ESC overexpressing Geminin rapidly recolonized a wound, downregulated E-cadherin expression, and activated Wnt signaling. We suggest that Geminin may promote differentiation via binding Groucho/TLE proteins and upregulating canonical Wnt signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Slawny
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Laurent J, Frongia C, Cazales M, Mondesert O, Ducommun B, Lobjois V. Multicellular tumor spheroid models to explore cell cycle checkpoints in 3D. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:73. [PMID: 23394599 PMCID: PMC3598667 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MultiCellular Tumor Spheroid (MCTS) mimics the organization of a tumor and is considered as an invaluable model to study cancer cell biology and to evaluate new antiproliferative drugs. Here we report how the characteristics of MCTS in association with new technological developments can be used to explore the regionalization and the activation of cell cycle checkpoints in 3D. METHODS Cell cycle and proliferation parameters were investigated in Capan-2 spheroids by immunofluorescence staining, EdU incorporation and using cells engineered to express Fucci-red and -green reporters. RESULTS We describe in details the changes in proliferation and cell cycle parameters during spheroid growth and regionalization. We report the kinetics and regionalized aspects of cell cycle arrest in response to checkpoint activation induced by EGF starvation, lovastatin treatment and etoposide-induced DNA damage. CONCLUSION Our data present the power and the limitation of spheroids made of genetically modified cells to explore cell cycle checkpoints. This study paves the way for the investigation of molecular aspects and dynamic studies of the response to novel antiproliferative agents in 3D models.
Collapse
|
41
|
Jimenez-Hernandez M, Hughes C, Bassan P, Ball F, Brown MD, Clarke NW, Gardner P. Exploring the spectroscopic differences of Caki-2 cells progressing through the cell cycle while proliferating in vitro. Analyst 2013; 138:3957-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00507k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
42
|
McCann MJ, Rowland IR, Roy NC. Anti-proliferative effects of physiological concentrations of enterolactone in models of prostate tumourigenesis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 57:212-24. [PMID: 23148045 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE There is evidence that a mammalian lignan, enterolactone (ENL), decreases the proliferation rate of prostate cancer cells, although previous studies have used concentrations difficult to achieve through dietary modification. We have therefore investigated the anti-proliferative effects of ENL in an in vitro model of prostate tumourigenesis at concentrations reported to occur in a range of male populations. METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of 0.1 and 1 μM ENL on three markers of viability and proliferation (metabolic activity, growth kinetics, and cell cycle progression) were assessed in the RWPE-1, WPE1-NA22, WPE1-NB14, WPE1-NB11, WPE1-NB26, LNCaP, and PC-3 cell lines over 72 h. Based on these data, we quantified the expression levels of 12 genes involved in the control of DNA replication initiation using TaqMan real-time PCR in the WPE1-NA22, WPE1-NB14, WPE1-NB11, and WPE1-NB26 cell lines. ENL significantly inhibited the abnormal proliferation of the WPE1-NB14 and WPE1-NB11 cell lines and appears to be a consequence of decreased expression of abnormal chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1. CONCLUSION In contrast to previous studies, concentrations of ENL that are reported after dietary intervention restrict the proliferation of early-stage tumourigenic prostate cell lines by inhibiting the abnormal formation of complexes that initiate DNA replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J McCann
- Food Nutrition & Health, Food and Bio-based Products, AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Iliou MS, Kotantaki P, Karamitros D, Spella M, Taraviras S, Lygerou Z. Reduced Geminin levels promote cellular senescence. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 134:10-23. [PMID: 23142824 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a permanent out-of-cycle state regulated by molecular circuits acting during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Cdt1 is a central regulator of DNA replication licensing acting during the G1 phase and it is negatively controlled by Geminin. Here, we characterize the cell cycle expression pattern of Cdt1 and Geminin during successive passages of primary fibroblasts and compare it to tumour-derived cell lines. Cdt1 and Geminin are strictly expressed in distinct subpopulations of young fibroblasts, similarly to cancer cells, with Geminin accumulating shortly after the onset of S phase. Cdt1 and Geminin are down-regulated when primary human and mouse fibroblasts undergo replicative or stress-induced senescence. RNAi-mediated Geminin knock-down in human cells enhances the appearance of phenotypic and molecular features of senescence. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts heterozygous for Geminin exhibit accelerated senescence compared to control fibroblasts. In contrast, ectopic expression of Geminin in mouse embryonic fibroblasts delays the appearance of the senescent phenotype. Taken together, our data suggest that changes in Geminin expression levels affect the establishment of senescence pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Iliou
- Laboratory of General Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio, Patras, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Emmett LSD, O'Shea KS. Geminin is required for epithelial to mesenchymal transition at gastrulation. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2395-409. [PMID: 22335560 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminin is a multifunctional protein previously suggested to both maintain the bone morphogenetic protein inhibition required for neural induction and to control cell-cycle progression and cell fate in the early embryo. Since Geminin is required in the blastocyst on E3.5, we employed shRNA to examine its role during postimplantation development. Geminin knockdown inhibited the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) required at gastrulation and neural crest delamination, resulting in anterior-posterior axis and patterning defects, while overexpression promoted EMT at both locations. Geminin was negatively correlated with expression of E-cadherin, which is critically involved in controlling epithelial architecture. In addition, Geminin expression level was correlated with Wnt signaling and expression of the Wnt target gene Axin2 and with Msx2, and negatively correlated with the expression of Bmp4 and Neurog1 in quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of RNAs from individual embryos. These results suggest that in addition to patterning the early embryo, Geminin plays a previously unrecognized role in EMT via its ability to affect Wnt signaling and E-cadherin expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S D Emmett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Stathopoulou A, Roukos V, Petropoulou C, Kotsantis P, Karantzelis N, Nishitani H, Lygerou Z, Taraviras S. Cdt1 is differentially targeted for degradation by anticancer chemotherapeutic drugs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34621. [PMID: 22479651 PMCID: PMC3316709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintenance of genome integrity is crucial for the propagation of the genetic information. Cdt1 is a major component of the pre-replicative complex, which controls once per cell cycle DNA replication. Upon DNA damage, Cdt1 is rapidly targeted for degradation. This targeting has been suggested to safeguard genomic integrity and prevent re-replication while DNA repair is in progress. Cdt1 is deregulated in tumor specimens, while its aberrant expression is linked with aneuploidy and promotes tumorigenesis in animal models. The induction of lesions in DNA is a common mechanism by which many cytotoxic anticancer agents operate, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING In the present study we examine the ability of several anticancer drugs to target Cdt1 for degradation. We show that treatment of HeLa and HepG2 cells with MMS, Cisplatin and Doxorubicin lead to rapid proteolysis of Cdt1, whereas treatment with 5-Fluorouracil and Tamoxifen leave Cdt1 expression unaffected. Etoposide affects Cdt1 stability in HepG2 cells and not in HeLa cells. RNAi experiments suggest that Cdt1 proteolysis in response to MMS depends on the presence of the sliding clamp PCNA. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that treatment of tumor cells with commonly used chemotherapeutic agents induces differential responses with respect to Cdt1 proteolysis. Information on specific cellular targets in response to distinct anticancer chemotherapeutic drugs in different cancer cell types may contribute to the optimization of the efficacy of chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vassilis Roukos
- Department of General Biology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Kotsantis
- Department of General Biology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Hideo Nishitani
- Department of Biological Signaling, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of General Biology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Spella M, Kyrousi C, Kritikou E, Stathopoulou A, Guillemot F, Kioussis D, Pachnis V, Lygerou Z, Taraviras S. Geminin regulates cortical progenitor proliferation and differentiation. Stem Cells 2011; 29:1269-82. [PMID: 21681860 DOI: 10.1002/stem.678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During cortical development, coordination of proliferation and differentiation ensures the timely generation of different neural progenitor lineages that will give rise to mature neurons and glia. Geminin is an inhibitor of DNA replication and it has been proposed to regulate cell proliferation and fate determination during neurogenesis via interactions with transcription factors and chromatin remodeling complexes. To investigate the in vivo role of Geminin in the maintenance and differentiation of cortical neural progenitors, we have generated mice that lack Geminin expression in the developing cortex. Our results show that loss of Geminin leads to the expansion of neural progenitor cells located at the ventricular and subventricular zones of the developing cortex. Early cortical progenitors lacking Geminin exhibit a longer S-phase and a reduced ability to generate early born neurons, consistent with a preference on self-renewing divisions. Overexpression of Geminin in progenitor cells of the cortex reduces the number of neural progenitor cells, promotes cell cycle exit and subsequent neuronal differentiation. Our study suggests that Geminin has an important role during cortical development in regulating progenitor number and ultimately neuron generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Spella
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sasaki T, Li A, Gillespie PJ, Blow JJ, Gilbert DM. Evidence for a mammalian late-G1 phase inhibitor of replication licensing distinct from geminin or Cdk activity. Nucleus 2011; 2:455-64. [PMID: 21983086 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.2.5.17859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-replication complexes (pre-RCs) are assembled onto DNA during late mitosis and G1 to license replication origins for use in S phase. In order to prevent re-replication of DNA, licensing must be completely shutdown prior to entry into S phase. While mechanisms preventing re-replication during S phase and mitosis have been elucidated, the means by which cells first prevent licensing during late G1 phase are poorly understood. We have employed a hybrid mammalian / Xenopus egg extract replication system to dissect activities that inhibit replication licensing at different stages of the cell cycle in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. We find that soluble extracts from mitotic cells inhibit licensing through a combination of geminin and Cdk activities, while extracts from S-phase cells inhibit licensing predominantly through geminin alone. Surprisingly however, geminin did not accumulate until after cells enter S phase. Unlike extracts from cells in early G1 phase, extracts from late G1 phase and early S phase cells contained an inhibitor of licensing that could not be accounted for by either geminin or Cdk. Moreover, inhibiting cyclin and geminin protein synthesis or inhibiting Cdk activity early in G1 phase did not prevent the appearance of inhibitory activity. These results suggest that a soluble inhibitor of replication licensing appears prior to entry into S phase that is distinct from either geminin or Cdk activity. Our hybrid system should permit the identification of this and other novel cell cycle regulatory activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayo Sasaki
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pefani DE, Dimaki M, Spella M, Karantzelis N, Mitsiki E, Kyrousi C, Symeonidou IE, Perrakis A, Taraviras S, Lygerou Z. Idas, a novel phylogenetically conserved geminin-related protein, binds to geminin and is required for cell cycle progression. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:23234-46. [PMID: 21543332 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.207688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms relies on an intricate balance between cell proliferation and differentiation. Geminin regulates the cell cycle by directly binding and inhibiting the DNA replication licensing factor Cdt1. Geminin also interacts with transcriptional regulators of differentiation and chromatin remodelling factors, and its balanced interactions are implicated in proliferation-differentiation decisions during development. Here, we describe Idas (Idas being a cousin of the Gemini in Ancient Greek Mythology), a previously uncharacterised coiled-coil protein related to Geminin. We show that human Idas localizes to the nucleus, forms a complex with Geminin both in cells and in vitro through coiled-coil mediated interactions, and can change Geminin subcellular localization. Idas does not associate with Cdt1 and prevents Geminin from binding to Cdt1 in vitro. Idas depletion from cells affects cell cycle progression; cells accumulate in S phase and are unable to efficiently progress to mitosis. Idas protein levels decrease in anaphase, whereas its overexpression causes mitotic defects. During development, we show that Idas exhibits high level expression in the choroid plexus and the cortical hem of the mouse telencephalon. Our data highlight Idas as a novel Geminin binding partner, implicated in cell cycle progression, and a putative regulator of proliferation-differentiation decisions during development.
Collapse
|
49
|
Gueiros L, Coletta R, Kowalski L, Lopes M. Clinicopathological features and proliferation markers in tongue squamous cell carcinomas. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 40:510-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
50
|
Guarino E, Shepherd MEA, Salguero I, Hua H, Deegan RS, Kearsey SE. Cdt1 proteolysis is promoted by dual PIP degrons and is modulated by PCNA ubiquitylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:5978-90. [PMID: 21493688 PMCID: PMC3152358 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdt1 plays a critical role in DNA replication regulation by controlling licensing. In Metazoa, Cdt1 is regulated by CRL4Cdt2-mediated ubiquitylation, which is triggered by DNA binding of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). We show here that fission yeast Cdt1 interacts with PCNA in vivo and that DNA loading of PCNA is needed for Cdt1 proteolysis after DNA damage and in S phase. Activation of this pathway by ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage requires upstream involvement of nucleotide excision repair or UVDE repair enzymes. Unexpectedly, two non-canonical PCNA-interacting peptide (PIP) motifs, which both have basic residues downstream, function redundantly in Cdt1 proteolysis. Finally, we show that poly-ubiquitylation of PCNA, which occurs after DNA damage, reduces Cdt1 proteolysis. This provides a mechanism for fine-tuning the activity of the CRL4Cdt2 pathway towards Cdt1, allowing Cdt1 proteolysis to be more efficient in S phase than after DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estrella Guarino
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|