Impact of cytokine gene polymorphism on cardiovascular risk in renal transplant recipients

Association of Interleukin-10 -592 C > A gene polymorphism with coronary artery disease: A case-control study and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Coronary-artery-disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, and hence there is a need to identify reliable markers for identifying individuals at high risk of developing CAD. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that is associated with an increased risk of developing both atherosclerosis and acute coronary events. The study aimed to explore the association of a genetic variant in IL-10 with the risk of developing CAD and the severity of the disease. To further explore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. The cumulative results of the relationship between IL and 10 -592 C > A polymorphism and CAD in Iranian population have also been presented.

METHODS

In this cross sectional study, a total of 948 individuals including 307 healthy controls and 641 patients that among cases, four hundred and fifty-five of the patients had > 50% stenosis (angiogram positive group) and 186 patients had < 50% stenosis (angiogram negative group) were recruited from the Mashhad-Stroke and Heart-Atherosclerotic-Disorders cohort. Genotyping for the IL-10 -592 C > A polymorphism was performed using a PCR-RFLP technique, and statistical analysis undertaken by univariate and multivariate analyses. PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus were searched for papers related to this polymorphism up to October 2019. The Meta-analysiswas done based on the random effect model using a Meta-analysis.

RESULTS

In our study, the frequency of the variant A allele of the IL-10 -592 C > A was significantly higher in CAD patients than the control group (P value = 0.043). Moreover, subjects carrying AA genotype had a significantly higher risk of CAD (OR: 1.8, 95%CI: 1.04-3.16), p = 0.03), compared to those with the wild type genotype. The results of meta-analysis of 9336 cases and 8461 controls did not also show any significant association between IL and 10 -592 C > A and CAD in dominant and recessive genetic models but only in co-dominant model when fix effect was applied.

CONCLUSION

Although our research findings support a significant association of genetic polymorphism in the IL10 gene with cardiovascular diseases, this finding cannot be confirmed in meta-analysis. Further functional analysis and evaluation of this marker in a multicenter setting are needed to establish its value as a risk stratification marker.

Inflammation-related genes are associated with epigenetic aging in HIV

Chronic inflammation is characteristic of both HIV and aging ("inflammaging") and may contribute to the accelerated aging observed in people living with HIV (PLWH). We examined whether three inflammation-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were risk factors for accelerated aging and HIV-associated, non-AIDS (HANA) conditions among PLWH. We examined 155 postmortem cases with HIV (mean age = 47.3, 81% male, 68% self-reported White) from the National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium who had pre-mortem neurobehavioral/medical/virologic data and epigenomic data from occipital cortex tissue. Accelerated aging was measured according to the Epigenetic Clock; an aging biomarker based on DNA methylation levels. Past or current age-associated HANA conditions including cerebrovascular, liver and kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, and diabetes were determined via self-report. Epigenetic Aging Z-scores and likelihood of past/current HANA conditions were compared between major allele homozygotes and minor allele carriers for each SNP (IL-6 - 174G>C, IL-10 - 592C>A, TNF-α - 308 G>A) separately. Analyses were adjusted for relevant demographic/clinical factors. Epigenetic aging (e.g., higher Z-scores) was significantly greater in IL-6 C allele carriers (p = .002) and IL-10 CC homozygotes (p = .02) compared to other genotype groups. The likelihood of any past/current HANA condition did not differ by IL-10 genotype but was 3.36 times greater in IL-6 C allele carriers versus others (OR = 3.36, 95%CI = 1.09-10.34, p = .03). TNF-α genotype was not associated with epigenetic aging or HANA conditions. IL-6 and IL-10 SNPs may help to identify PLWH who are at high risk for accelerated aging. These insights into pathophysiological pathways may inform interventional approaches to treat rapid aging among PLWH.

Association of interleukin-10 promoter region polymorphisms with risk factors of Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is considered as an inflammatory disease, and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid plaque are generally used as intermediated phenotype of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether carotid IMT and plaque are associated with promoter region polymorphisms of interleukin 10 (IL-10) gene. We recruited 135 subjects from a rural area of south-eastern part of South Korea. Three polymorphisms in the promoter region of IL-10 (-1082 A/G, -819 T/C and -592 A/C) were genotyped by pyrosequencing. Carotid IMT was measured at common carotid arteries, and carotid bulbs and cardiovascular risk factors such as cholesterol, blood pressure, uric acid and homocysteine were measured using blood samples. Subjects with the minor allele (C) of -819 T/C or the minor allele (C) of -592 A/C showed lower values in carotid IMT than those with major allele homozygote of each polymorphism (P = 0.018 and P = 0.031, respectively). Subjects with carotid plaque were significantly older and showed higher values in carotid IMT, uric acid and homocysteine than those without plaque (P < 0.01, respectively). In conclusion, the promoter region polymorphisms of IL-10 gene associate with carotid IMT and plaque. Further studies with larger samples are needed to provide stronger evidence to justify anti-atheromatous properties of IL-10.

Associations of ABCB1 and IL-10 genetic polymorphisms with sirolimus-induced dyslipidemia in renal transplant recipients

BACKGROUND

Hyperlipidemia is a common adverse effect of sirolimus (SRL). We previously showed significant associations of ABCB1 3435C>T and IL-10 -1082G>A with log-transformed SRL dose-adjusted weighted-normalized trough. We further examined to see whether these polymorphisms were also associated with SRL-induced dyslipidemia.

METHODS

Genotyping was performed for ABCB1 1236C>T, 2677 G>T/A, and 3435C>T; CYP3A4 -392A>G; CYP3A5 6986A>G and 14690G>A; IL-10 -1082G>A; TNF -308G>A; and ApoE ε2, ε3, and ε4 alleles. The longitudinal changes of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) levels after SRL treatment before statin therapy were analyzed by a linear mixed-effects model, with adjustments for selected covariates for each lipid.

RESULTS

Under the dominant genetic model, ABCB1 3435C>T was associated with TC (P=0.0001) and LDL-C (P<0.0001) values after SRL administration. Mean TC and LDL-C levels were 26.9 and 24.9 mg/dL higher, respectively, in ABCB1 3435T carriers than 3435CC homozygotes at an average SRL trough concentration of 4 ng/mL without concomitant medication. ABCB1 1236C>T under the recessive model and IL-10 -1082G>A under the dominant model were associated with log-transformed TG values (P=0.0051 and 0.0436, respectively). Mean TG value was 25.1% higher in ABCB1 1236TT homozygotes compared with ABCB1 1236C carriers and was 12.4% higher in IL-10 -1082AA homozygotes than -1082G carriers.

CONCLUSIONS

ABCB1 polymorphisms were found to be associated with lipid responses to SRL treatment, confirming the role of ABCB1 gene in SRL pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Further studies are necessary to define the role of ABCB1 and IL-10 polymorphisms on SRL-induced dyslipidemia in renal transplantation.

Association of transforming growth factor-β1 gene C-509T and T869C polymorphisms with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction in the Chinese: a case-control study

Background

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in inflammation and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. There is scant information on the relation between variations within the TGF-β1 gene polymorphisms and risks of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, this case-controlled study was carried out to investigate the possible association of the TGF-β1 gene C-509T and T869C polymorphisms, and their combined genotypes with the risk of atherosclerotic cerebral infarction (CI) in the Chinese population.

Results

We recruited 164 CI patients and 167 healthy control subjects who were frequency-matched for age and gender. The frequencies of the -509TT genotype and T allele gene were significantly higher in the CI group (P = 0.007, P = 0.006). The frequencies of +869CC genotype and C allele were higher in the CI group (P = 0.002, P = 0.004). In the CI group, the individuals with -509TT genotype had a significantly higher level of plasma triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.017). +869CC genotype correlated significantly with higher level of plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) in the CI group (P = 0.015). With haplotype analysis, the frequency of the -509T/+869C combined genotype was significantly higher in the CI group than in controls (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our study suggests that C-509T and T869C gene polymorphisms in TGF-β1 may be a critical risk factor of genetic susceptibility to CI in the Chinese population.

Cardiovascular disease in kidney transplant recipients: the prognostic value of inflammatory cytokine genotypes

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the main cause of morbidity and mortality after renal transplantation. In view of the modern paradigm of atherosclerosis as an inflammatory disease, this study investigated the impact of inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms on posttransplant CVD.

METHODS

The association between cytokine polymorphisms and CVD was assessed in a case-control study to identify the differences in genotype distributions between kidney allografts with or without posttransplant CVD. To validate our results in two independent groups, we divided a cohort of 798 renal transplant recipients according to geographic area: an evaluation cohort of 478 patients from Emilia-Romagna and a validation cohort of 320 patients from the rest of Italy. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta1, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, interferon-gamma, and IL-8 polymorphisms were analyzed, and thereafter, the cytokine production genotype was assigned.

RESULTS

In the evaluation cohort, the patients in the CVD and no-CVD groups differed significantly in TNF-alpha and IL-10 genotype frequencies. Using multivariate analyses to test the association with CVD, the TNF-alpha high-producer genotype was associated with a significantly increased cardiovascular risk (odds ratio [OR]=4.41, 95% confidence interval (CI)=2.53-7.67). Conversely, the IL-10 high-producer genotype resulted protective against CVD (OR=0.07, 95% CI=0.02-0.29). These findings were confirmed in the validation cohort where the carriers of the TNF-alpha high-producer genotype proved to be at 2.45-fold increased cardiovascular risk (OR=2.45, 95% CI=1.29-4.63), whereas the IL-10 high-producer genotype was associated with a 0.08-fold reduced risk (OR=0.08, 95% CI=0.02-0.36).

CONCLUSIONS

This work suggests a prognostic value of TNF-alpha and IL-10 genotypes, which might represent cardiovascular risk markers in renal transplant.

Polymorphism in the IL10 promoter region and early markers of atherosclerosis: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

OBJECTIVE

Inflammatory factors modify the risk of coronary heart disease. Pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been suggested as modifying risk for atherosclerosis. Promoter region genetic polymorphism of IL-10 gene (IL10) is known to be associated with the variation of IL-10 production. We investigated whether single-base exchange polymorphisms -1082 G>A (rs1800896), -819 C>T (rs1800871) and -592 C>A (rs1800872) at IL10 gene are associated with risk factors and early markers of atherosclerosis in young subjects.

METHODS AND RESULTS

As a part of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, we determined carotid artery compliance (CAC), stiffness index (SI) and Young's elastic modulus (YEM), intima media thickness (IMT), IL10 genotype and atherosclerosis risk parameters for 2260 subjects aged 24-39 years. In male subjects CAC was lower in carriers of IL-10 high- to intermediate-producer haplotype -1082 G; -819 C; -592 C (GCC+, 1.96+/-0.67) than in noncarriers (GCC-, 2.10+/-0.62, %/10 mmHg, mean+/-SD, p=0.0010). An inverse association was observed in SI (GCC+, 5.76+/-2.12 and GCC-, 5.26+/-1.46, p=0.0034) and YEM (GCC+, 347+/-165 and GCC-, 305+/-110, mm Hg.mm, p=0.0005). Associations remained significant when adjusted to age, BMI, smoking and serum lipids as well as fasting glucose and insulin levels. The genetic effect size for these parameters was not significant in women.

CONCLUSIONS

IL10 promoter region high- to intermediate-producer haplotype GCC associates with decreased arterial elasticity in men. These results are in disconcordance with the supposed antiatheromatous properties of IL-10.