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Lehtoranta L, Koskinen A, Vuolteenaho O, Laine J, Kytö V, Soukka H, Ekholm E, Räsänen J. Gestational hyperglycemia reprograms cardiac gene expression in rat offspring. Pediatr Res 2017; 82:356-361. [PMID: 28288147 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundRat fetuses with maternal pregestational hyperglycemia develop cardiac dysfunction, and their cardiac gene expression differs from that of healthy control fetuses near term. We hypothesized that cardiac gene expression and morphologic abnormalities of rat fetuses with maternal pregestational hyperglycemia become normal after birth.MethodsNine rats were preconceptually injected with streptozotocin to induce maternal hyperglycemia and nine rats served as controls. The hyperglycemia group comprised 82 mice and the control group 74 offspring fed by euglycemic dams. Hearts of the offspring were collected on postnatal days 0, 7, and 14, and processed for histologic and gene expression analyses.ResultsOn day 0, heart weight was increased, and expression of cardiac genes involved in contractility, growth, and metabolism was decreased in the hyperglycemia group. On day 7, although cardiomyocyte apoptosis was enhanced, most of the changes in gene expression had normalized in the hyperglycemia group. By day 14, the expression of genes important for myocardial growth, function, and metabolism was again abnormal in the hyperglycemia group.ConclusionMost cardiac gene expression abnormalities become transiently normal during the first week of life of offspring to hyperglycemic rats. However, by day 14, cardiac expressions of genes involved in growth, function, and metabolism are again abnormal in relation to control offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Lehtoranta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna Koskinen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Vuolteenaho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Laine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Kytö
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hanna Soukka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eeva Ekholm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha Räsänen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Yahyazedeh A, Altunkaynak BZ, Akgül N, Akgül HM. A histopathological and stereological study of liver damage in female rats caused by mercury vapor. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:338-346. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1312527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Yahyazedeh
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun
| | - BZ Altunkaynak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun
| | - N Akgül
- Departments of Restorative Dentistry
| | - HM Akgül
- Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Bekar E, Altunkaynak BZ, Balcı K, Aslan G, Ayyıldız M, Kaplan S. Effects of high fat diet induced obesity on peripheral nerve regeneration and levels of GAP 43 and TGF-β in rats. Biotech Histochem 2014; 89:446-56. [PMID: 24665937 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2014.894575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing frequency of obesity is important because of its accompanying related health problems. The effects of obesity on peripheral nerves have not been elucidated. We investigated the effects of obesity on sciatic nerve regeneration using electrophysiology, stereology, immunohistochemistry, histopathology and functional tests. We used control, obese, control injured and obese injured groups of rats. Electrophysiological results showed that nerve conduction velocity and EMG were same in the experimental groups, but the amplitude of the compound action potential of the control group was significantly higher than that of the obese group. Examination of the nerves showed that the control and obese groups had both larger axon diameters and thicker myelin sheaths. The number of myelinated axons was decreased in both of the injured groups. Axon diameters and myelin sheath thicknesses of the control injured group were significantly greater those of the obese injured group. There were no significant differences in functional tests among the groups. Although growth associated protein 43 immunostaining in the control injured group was significantly greater than that of the obese injured group, no significant difference was observed between the control and obese groups. There was no significant difference in immunohistochemical staining for transforming growth factor beta 3 between the control injured and obese injured groups. Our results suggest that obesity may affect peripheral nerve regeneration negatively after crush injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bekar
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey
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Piskin A, Altunkaynak BZ, Çitlak A, Sezgin H, Yazιcι O, Kaplan S. Immediate versus delayed primary nerve repair in the rabbit sciatic nerve. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:3410-5. [PMID: 25206663 PMCID: PMC4146006 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.36.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that peripheral nerve injury should be treated immediately in the clinic, but in some instances, repair can be delayed. This study investigated the effects of immediate versus delayed (3 days after injury) neurorrhaphy on repair of transected sciatic nerve in New Zealand rabbits using stereological, histomorphological and biomechanical methods. At 8 weeks after immediate and delayed neurorrhaphy, axon number and area in the sciatic nerve, myelin sheath and epineurium thickness, Schwann cell morphology, and the mechanical property of nerve fibers did not differ obviously. These results indicate that delayed neurorrhaphy do not produce any deleterious effect on sciatic nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Piskin
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Berrin Zühal Altunkaynak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Atilla Çitlak
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Hicabi Sezgin
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ozgür Yazιcι
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Lehtoranta L, Vuolteenaho O, Laine VJ, Koskinen A, Soukka H, Kytö V, Määttä J, Haapsamo M, Ekholm E, Räsänen J. Maternal hyperglycemia leads to fetal cardiac hyperplasia and dysfunction in a rat model. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E611-9. [PMID: 23839525 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00043.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated fetal myocardial growth with altered cardiac function is a well-documented complication of human diabetic pregnancy, but its pathophysiology is still largely unknown. Our aim was to explore the mechanisms of fetal cardiac remodeling and cardiovascular hemodynamics in a rat model of maternal pregestational streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia. The hyperglycemic group comprised 107 fetuses (10 dams) and the control group 219 fetuses (20 dams). Fetal cardiac function was assessed serially by Doppler ultrasonography. Fetal cardiac to thoracic area ratio, newborn heart weight, myocardial cell proliferative and apoptotic activities, and cardiac gene expression patterns were determined. Maternal hyperglycemia was associated with increased cardiac size, proliferative, apoptotic and mitotic activities, upregulation of genes encoding A- and B-type natriuretic peptides, myosin heavy chain types 2 and 3, uncoupling proteins 2 and 3, and the angiogenetic tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 12A. The genes encoding Kv channel-interacting protein 2, a regulator of electrical cardiac phenotype, and the insulin-regulated glucose transporter 4 were downregulated. The heart rate was lower in fetuses of hyperglycemic dams. At 13-14 gestational days, 98% of fetuses of hyperglycemic dams had holosystolic atrioventricular valve regurgitation and decreased outflow mean velocity, indicating diminished cardiac output. Maternal hyperglycemia may lead to accelerated fetal myocardial growth by cardiomyocyte hyperplasia. In fetuses of hyperglycemic dams, expression of key genes that control and regulate cardiomyocyte electrophysiological properties, contractility, and metabolism are altered and may lead to major functional and clinical implications on the fetal heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Lehtoranta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Zhu Y, Pires KMP, Whitehead KJ, Olsen CD, Wayment B, Zhang YC, Bugger H, Ilkun O, Litwin SE, Thomas G, Kozma SC, Abel ED. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (Mtor) is essential for murine embryonic heart development and growth. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54221. [PMID: 23342106 PMCID: PMC3544830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (Mtor) is required for embryonic inner cell mass proliferation during early development. However, Mtor expression levels are very low in the mouse heart during embryogenesis. To determine if Mtor plays a role during mouse cardiac development, cardiomyocyte specific Mtor deletion was achieved using α myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) driven Cre recombinase. Initial mosaic expression of Cre between embryonic day (E) 10.5 and E11.5 eliminated a subset of cardiomyocytes with high Cre activity by apoptosis and reduced overall cardiac proliferative capacity. The remaining cardiomyocytes proliferated and expanded normally. However loss of 50% of cardiomyocytes defined a threshold that impairs the ability of the embryonic heart to sustain the embryo's circulatory requirements. As a result 92% of embryos with cardiomyocyte Mtor deficiency died by the end of gestation. Thus Mtor is required for survival and proliferation of cardiomyocytes in the developing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Karla M. P. Pires
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Morphometry and Cardiovascular Morphology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kevin J. Whitehead
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Curtis D. Olsen
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Wayment
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Yi Cheng Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Heiko Bugger
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Olesya Ilkun
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Sheldon E. Litwin
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - George Thomas
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sara C. Kozma
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - E. Dale Abel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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