1
|
Schnaider M, Heidemann M, Silva A, Taconeli C, Molento C. Cat vocalization in aversive and pleasant situations. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
2
|
Marín Navas C, Delgado Bermejo JV, McLean AK, León Jurado JM, de Torres ARDLBYR, Navas González FJ. One Hundred Years of Coat Colour Influences on Genetic Diversity in the Process of Development of a Composite Horse Breed. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020068. [PMID: 35202321 PMCID: PMC8879117 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity and demographic parameters were computed to evaluate the historic effects of coat colour segregation in the process of configuration of the Hispano-Arabian horse (Há). Pedigree records from 207,100 individuals born between 1884 and 2019 were used. Although coat colour is not a determinant for the admission of Hispano-Arabian individuals as apt for breeding, it may provide a representative visual insight into the gene contribution of Spanish Purebred horses (PRE), given many of the dilution genes described in Há are not present in the Arabian Purebred breed (PRá). The lack of consideration of coat colour inheritance patterns by the entities in charge of individual registration and the dodging behaviour of breeders towards the historic banning policies, may have acted as a buffer for diversity loss (lower than 8%). Inbreeding levels ranged from 1.81% in smokey cream horses to 8.80 for white horses. Contextually, crossbred breeding may increase the likelihood for double dilute combinations to occur as denoted by the increased number of Há horses displaying Pearl coats (53 Há against 3 PRE and 0 PRá). Bans against certain coat colours and patterns may have prevented an appropriate registration of genealogical information from the 4th generation onwards for decades. This may have brought about the elongation of generation intervals. Breeder tastes may have returned to the formerly officially-recognised coat colours (Grey and Bay) and Chestnut/Sorrel. However, coat colour conditioning effects must be evaluated timely for relatively short specific periods, as these may describe cyclic patterns already described in owners’ and breeders’ tastes over the centuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Marín Navas
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.M.N.); (J.V.D.B.)
| | - Juan Vicente Delgado Bermejo
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.M.N.); (J.V.D.B.)
| | - Amy Katherine McLean
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95617, USA;
| | - José Manuel León Jurado
- Centro Agropecuario Provincial de Córdoba, Diputación Provincial de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | | | - Francisco Javier Navas González
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.M.N.); (J.V.D.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-651-679-262
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
From the Eurasian Steppes to the Roman Circuses: A Review of Early Development of Horse Breeding and Management. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071859. [PMID: 34206575 PMCID: PMC8300240 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Horses were domesticated later than any other major livestock species. Their role in shaping ancient civilizations cannot be overestimated. As a primary means of transportation, an essential asset in warfare, and later one of the key elements of circus entertainment, horses quickly became luxurious goods. Vast amounts of money were invested in the horse industry resulted resulting in the rapid development of horse breeding and husbandry. This review examines paleogenetic, archeological, and classical studies on managing horses in antiquity. Many ancient approaches and practices in horse management are still relevant today and some of them, now abandoned, are worth re-examination. Abstract The domestication of the horse began about 5500 years ago in the Eurasian steppes. In the following millennia horses spread across the ancient world, and their role in transportation and warfare affected every ancient culture. Ownership of horses became an indicator of wealth and social status. The importance of horses led to a growing interest in their breeding and management. Many phenotypic traits, such as height, behavior, and speed potential, have been proven to be a subject of selection; however, the details of ancient breeding practices remain mostly unknown. From the fourth millennium BP, through the Iron Age, many literature sources thoroughly describe horse training systems, as well as various aspects of husbandry, many of which are still in use today. The striking resemblance of ancient and modern equine practices leaves us wondering how much was accomplished through four thousand years of horse breeding.
Collapse
|
4
|
Grilz-Seger G, Utzeri VJ, Ribani A, Taurisano V, Fontanesi L, Brem G. Known loci in the KIT and TYR genes do not explain the depigmented white coat colour of Austro-Hungarian Baroque donkey. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1790997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud Grilz-Seger
- Institut für Tierzucht und Genetik, University of Veterinary Sciences Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Valerio Joe Utzeri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anisa Ribani
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Taurisano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Fontanesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gottfried Brem
- Institut für Tierzucht und Genetik, University of Veterinary Sciences Vienna, Wien, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Corbin LJ, Pope J, Sanson J, Antczak DF, Miller D, Sadeghi R, Brooks SA. An Independent Locus Upstream of ASIP Controls Variation in the Shade of the Bay Coat Colour in Horses. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E606. [PMID: 32486210 PMCID: PMC7349280 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel coat colour phenotypes often emerge during domestication, and there is strong evidence of genetic selection for the two main genes that control base coat colour in horses-ASIP and MC1R. These genes direct the type of pigment produced, red pheomelanin (MC1R) or black eumelanin (ASIP), as well as the relative concentration and the temporal-spatial distribution of melanin pigment deposits in the skin and hair coat. Here, we describe a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify novel genic regions involved in the determination of the shade of bay. In total, 126 horses from five different breeds were ranked according to the extent of the distribution of eumelanin: spanning variation in phenotype from black colour restricted only to the extremities to the presence of some black pigment across nearly all the body surface. We identified a single region associated with the shade of bay ranking spanning approximately 0.5 MB on ECA22, just upstream of the ASIP gene (p = 9.76 × 10-15). This candidate region encompasses the distal 5' end of the ASIP transcript (as predicted from other species) as well as the RALY gene. Both loci are viable candidates based on the presence of similar alleles in other species. These results contribute to the growing understanding of coat colour genetics in the horse and to the mapping of genetic determinants of pigmentation on a molecular level. Given pleiotropic phenotypes in behaviour and obesity for ASIP alleles, especially those in the 5' regulatory region, improved understanding of this new Shade allele may have implications for health management in the horse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Corbin
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK;
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jessica Pope
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK;
| | - Jacqueline Sanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Douglas F. Antczak
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (D.F.A.); (D.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Donald Miller
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (D.F.A.); (D.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Raheleh Sadeghi
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (D.F.A.); (D.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Samantha A. Brooks
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
- UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Campbell MLH, McNamee MJ. Ethics, Genetic Technologies and Equine Sports: The Prospect of Regulation of a Modified Therapeutic Use Exemption Policy. SPORT ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17511321.2020.1737204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. H Campbell
- Department of Production and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, South Mymms, UK
| | - M. J. McNamee
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mendes L, Pereira L, Wenceslau R, Costa M, Jayme D, Maia H, Teixeira G, Oliveira N. Caracterização de pelagens em equinos da raça Campolina. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Desde tempos remotos, a pelagem é valorizada no agronegócio equestre. Em animais Campolina, objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de pelagens e a distribuição entre sexos nos estados do Brasil, assim como verificar a frequência desse fenótipo nos acasalamentos e associá-lo com medidas lineares e qualidade da marcha. Foram selecionados 44.437 registros definitivos e utilizaram-se testes de qui-quadrado para avaliar a distribuição de pelagens entre sexos, estados e décadas. Por análise descritiva, foi obtida frequência de acasalamento dos fenótipos e proporções resultantes nos filhos. Foram contabilizados os indivíduos acasalados e os mais usados por décadas de nascimento e de registro. Pelagens baia, alazã e castanha predominaram, com 20.422; 11.941 e 5.256 animais, respectivamente. O fenótipo baio representou 45,21% em Minas Gerais; 46,98% no Rio de Janeiro e 48,98% em São Paulo. Para machos e fêmeas constatou-se maior frequência de pelagens baia, alazã e castanha. Os acasalamentos mais frequentes foram alazã x baia, baia x baia e baia x castanha. Este é o primeiro artigo a avaliar a ocorrência das pelagens em equinos da raça Campolina, sendo baia a mais prevalente em ambos os sexos. A qualidade da marcha ao registro não está associada à pelagem. Esse fenótipo deve ser usado com cautela na seleção.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L.J. Mendes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - M.D. Costa
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - D.G. Jayme
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - H.G.O. Maia
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shang S, Yu Y, Zhao Y, Dang W, Zhang J, Qin X, Irwin DM, Wang Q, Liu F, Wang Z, Zhang S, Wang Z. Synergy between MC1R and ASIP for coat color in horses (Equus caballus)1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1578-1585. [PMID: 30785190 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Through domestication and human selection, horses have acquired various coat colors, including seven phenotypes: black, brown, dark bay, bay, chestnut, white, and gray. Here we determined the genotypes for melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) and agouti signaling protein (ASIP) in 709 horses from 15 breeds. We found that the EEEE genotype frequency at MC1R decreased from dark to light colors (black = 64.5%, brown = 67.5%, dark bay = 47.0%, bay = 16.5%, and chestnut = 0.0%), whereas the AAAA genotype frequency at ASIP increased as coat color lightened (black = 0.0%, brown = 22.9%, dark bay = 69.2%, and bay = 83.0%). When combined genotypes at MC1R and ASIP were examined, different advantage genotype combinations were found for each color: black EEEE-AaAa (64.5%), brown EEEE-AAAa (47.0%), dark bay EEEE-AAAA, and EEEe-AAAA (36.2% and 33.0%, totally 69.2%), bay EEEe-AAAA (69.6%), and chestnut EeEe-AAAA (62.6%). The χ2 test showed that the phenotypes of horse coat colors were significantly related with the genotypes of MC1R and ASIP (p < 0.001). Furthermore, in contrast to a previous study where AaAa was only found in black, chestnut, and gray horses, we also found this allele in brown, dark bay, bay, and white horses. These results indicated that MC1R and ASIP may synergistically affect the levels of melanin in equine coat colors and that additional genes are likely involved in regulating coat colors, especially for white and gray colors. Our research provides new data for further studies on the synergetic actions of MC1R and ASIP in coat color of horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songyang Shang
- Institute of Equine Sciences, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Institute of Equine Sciences, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- Institute of Equine Sciences, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wanyi Dang
- Institute of Equine Sciences, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junpeng Zhang
- Institute of Equine Sciences, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xia Qin
- Institute of Equine Sciences, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qin Wang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Shenyang Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenshan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- Institute of Equine Sciences, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute of Equine Sciences, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sevane N, Sanz CR, Dunner S. Explicit evidence for a missense mutation in exon 4 of
SLC45A2
gene causing the pearl coat dilution in horses. Anim Genet 2019; 50:275-278. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Sevane
- Departamento de Producción Animal Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Complutense Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - C. R. Sanz
- Departamento de Producción Animal Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Complutense Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - S. Dunner
- Departamento de Producción Animal Facultad de Veterinaria Universidad Complutense Madrid 28040 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Population study of the Pura Raza Español Horse regarding its coat colour. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Coat colour has always been a valuable trait for horse breeders. However, preferences for this feature have changed over the years. In this research, the Pura Raza Español horse (PRE) population was divided into four subpopulations (Grey, Bay, Black and Others), according to the most frequent coat colours and those of their ancestors. The purpose was to analyse genetic variability, reproductive parameters and distances among subpopulations during three key periods in the history of the breed: before 1960, from 1960 to 2000 and after 2000. The subpopulations composed of animals with ancestors with the same coat colour showed higher values of recent inbreeding (ranging from 7.13% to 10.44%) and a greater Nei’s minimum distance between them, as a result of more inbred matings than those carried out in families with members with different coat colours. Non-pure subpopulations also showed more similar recent inbreeding values (between 6.63% and 6.74%). Strikingly, the productive life of Pure bay, Pure black and other subpopulations with minority coat colours was considerably longer (10.79, 10.08 and 9.11 years, respectively) compared to the values of grey PRE horses (6.01 and 7.98 years), which is the subpopulation with the highest census. These results, together with shorter generation intervals of black stallion-offspring (5.51 years via father-son and 6.39 years via father-daughter) and the fact that this coat colour was not present in the breed until two decades ago, highlight the recent trend towards the breeding of black animals.
Collapse
|
11
|
Legnani S, Zini E, Roccabianca P, Funiciello B, Zanna G. Dermoscopic analysis of the skin of healthy warmblood horses: a descriptive study of 34 cases in Italy. Vet Dermatol 2017; 29:165-e61. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Legnani
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara; Strada Provinciale 9 28060 Granozzo con Monticello NO Italy
| | - Eric Zini
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara; Strada Provinciale 9 28060 Granozzo con Monticello NO Italy
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 260 8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Animal Medicine Production and Health; Università degli Studi di Padova; Viale dell'Università 16 35020 Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Paola Roccabianca
- DIMEVET-Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Via Celoria 10 20133 Milano Italy
| | | | - Giordana Zanna
- Istituto Veterinario di Novara; Strada Provinciale 9 28060 Granozzo con Monticello NO Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang L, Xu L, Zhu B, Niu H, Zhang W, Miao J, Shi X, Zhang M, Chen Y, Zhang L, Gao X, Gao H, Li L, Liu GE, Li J. Genome-wide analysis reveals differential selection involved with copy number variation in diverse Chinese Cattle. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14299. [PMID: 29085051 PMCID: PMC5662686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variations (CNVs) are defined as deletions, insertions, and duplications between two individuals of a species. To investigate the diversity and population-genetic properties of CNVs and their diverse selection patterns, we performed a genome-wide CNV analysis using high density SNP array in Chinese native cattle. In this study, we detected a total of 13,225 CNV events and 3,356 CNV regions (CNVRs), overlapping with 1,522 annotated genes. Among them, approximately 71.43 Mb of novel CNVRs were detected in the Chinese cattle population for the first time, representing the unique genomic resources in cattle. A new V i statistic was proposed to estimate the region-specific divergence in CNVR for each group based on unbiased estimates of pairwise V ST . We obtained 12 and 62 candidate CNVRs at the top 1% and top 5% of genome-wide V i value thresholds for each of four groups (North, Northwest, Southwest and South). Moreover, we identified many lineage-differentiated CNV genes across four groups, which were associated with several important molecular functions and biological processes, including metabolic process, response to stimulus, immune system, and others. Our findings provide some insights into understanding lineage-differentiated CNVs under divergent selection in the Chinese native cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bovine Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Lingyang Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bovine Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Bo Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bovine Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hong Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bovine Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wengang Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bovine Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Miao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bovine Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xinping Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bovine Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei, 071001, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bovine Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lupei Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bovine Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bovine Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huijiang Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bovine Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - George E Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA
| | - Junya Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bovine Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sakamoto T, Fawcett JA, Innan H. Evaluating the potential roles of the Gray and Extension loci in the coat coloration of Thoroughbred racing horses. J Equine Sci 2017; 28:61-65. [PMID: 28721125 PMCID: PMC5506451 DOI: 10.1294/jes.28.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Horses have substantial variation in coat color, and the genetic loci responsible for the coat color variations have been well investigated. It has been believed that some color variations should follow a single-locus Mendelian
law. Examples include the Gray locus that causes the gray phenotype and the Extension locus that specifies the chestnut phenotype. We reevaluated the roles of the Gray and Extension loci by using a large number of mating records
of Thoroughbred racing horses. We showed that the data indeed fits the Mendelian law extremely well for the two loci. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the Extension and Agouti loci might have an additional role in determining the
degree of melanin that should distinguish bay, dark bay, and brown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sakamoto
- Department of Agriculture, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jeffrey A Fawcett
- SOKENDAI, The Graduate University for Advance Studies, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Hideki Innan
- SOKENDAI, The Graduate University for Advance Studies, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Martin L, Damaso N, Mills D. Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in equine coat color genes using SNaPshot
TM
multiplex kit or pluronic F‐108 tri‐block copolymer and capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2862-2866. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University Miami FL USA
- International Forensic Research Institute Florida International University Miami FL USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami FL USA
| | - Natalie Damaso
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University Miami FL USA
- International Forensic Research Institute Florida International University Miami FL USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami FL USA
| | - DeEtta Mills
- International Forensic Research Institute Florida International University Miami FL USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Miami FL USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Distribution of coat-color-associated alleles in the domestic horse population and Przewalski's horse. J Appl Genet 2016; 57:519-525. [PMID: 27194311 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-016-0352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Considering the hidden mode of inheritance of some coat-color-associated alleles, we investigated the presence/absence of coat-color-associated alleles in 1093 domestic horses of 55 breeds and 20 specimens of Przewalski's horse. For coat-color genotyping, allele specific PCR, pyrosequencing and Li-Cor analyses were conducted on 12 coat-color-associated alleles of five genes. Our data provide deep insight into the distribution of coat-color-associated alleles within breeds. We found that the alleles for the basic colorations (bay, black, and chestnut) are widely distributed and occur in nearly all breeds. Alleles leading to dilutions or patterns are rare in domestic breeds and were not found in Przewalski's horse. Higher frequencies of these alleles are only found in breeds that are selected for their expressed phenotypes (e.g., Kinsky horse, Lewitzer, Tinker). Nevertheless, our study produced strong evidence that molecular testing of the coat color is necessary for well-defined phenotyping to avoid unexpected colorations of offspring that can result in legal action.
Collapse
|
16
|
Holl HM, Brooks SA, Archer S, Brown K, Malvick J, Penedo MCT, Bellone RR. Variant in theRFWD3gene associated withPATN1, a modifier of leopard complex spotting. Anim Genet 2015; 47:91-101. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H. M. Holl
- Department of Animal Science; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - S. A. Brooks
- Department of Animal Science; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | | | - K. Brown
- Department of Biology; University of Tampa; Tampa FL 33606 USA
| | - J. Malvick
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - M. C. T. Penedo
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - R. R. Bellone
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction; Veterinary Genetics Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Horses are valued for the beauty and variety of colouration and coat patterning. To date, eleven different genes have been characterized that contribute to the variation observed in the horse. Unfortunately, mutations involving pigmentation often lead to deleterious effects in other systems, some of which have been described in the horse. This review focuses on six such pleiotropic effects or associations with pigmentation genes. These include neurological defects (lethal white foal syndrome and lavender foal syndrome), hearing defects, eye disorders (congenital stationary night blindness and multiple congenital ocular anomalies), as well as horse-specific melanoma. The pigmentation phenotype, disorder phenotype, mode of inheritance, genetic or genomic methods utilized to identify the genes involved and, if known, the causative mutations, molecular interactions and other susceptibility loci are discussed. As our understanding of pigmentation in the horse increases, through the use of novel genomic tools, we are likely to unravel yet unknown pleiotropic effects and determine additional interactions between previously discovered loci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R R Bellone
- Department of Biology, University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) gene polymorphism and skin differential expression related to coat color in Mongolian horse. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
19
|
Signer-Hasler H, Neuditschko M, Koch C, Froidevaux S, Flury C, Burger D, Leeb T, Rieder S. A chromosomal region on ECA13 is associated with maxillary prognathism in horses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86607. [PMID: 24466169 PMCID: PMC3897735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary variations in head morphology and head malformations are known in many species. The most common variation encountered in horses is maxillary prognathism. Prognathism and brachygnathism are syndromes of the upper and lower jaw, respectively. The resulting malocclusion can negatively affect teeth wear, and is considered a non-desirable trait in breeding programs. We performed a case-control analysis for maxillary prognathism in horses using 96 cases and 763 controls. All horses had been previously genotyped with a commercially available 50 k SNP array. We analyzed the data with a mixed-model considering the genomic relationships in order to account for population stratification. Two SNPs within a region on the distal end of chromosome ECA 13 reached the Bonferroni corrected genome-wide significance level. There is no known prognathism candidate gene located within this region. Therefore, our findings in the horse offer the possibility of identifying a novel gene involved in the complex genetics of prognathism that might also be relevant for humans and other livestock species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Signer-Hasler
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | | | - Christoph Koch
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Froidevaux
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christine Flury
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Burger
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine ISME, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Rieder
- Swiss National Stud Farm, Agroscope, Avenches, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Linderholm A, Larson G. The role of humans in facilitating and sustaining coat colour variation in domestic animals. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:587-93. [PMID: 23567209 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Though the process of domestication results in a wide variety of novel phenotypic and behavioural traits, coat colour variation is one of the few characteristics that distinguishes all domestic animals from their wild progenitors. A number of recent reviews have discussed and synthesised the hundreds of genes known to underlie specific coat colour patterns in a wide range of domestic animals. This review expands upon those studies by asking how what is known about the causative mutations associated with variable coat colours, can be used to address three specific questions related to the appearance of non wild-type coat colours in domestic animals. Firstly, is it possible that coat colour variation resulted as a by-product of an initial selection for tameness during the early phases of domestication? Secondly, how soon after the process began did domestic animals display coat colour variation? Lastly, what evidence is there that intentional human selection, rather than drift, is primarily responsible for the wide range of modern coat colours? By considering the presence and absence of coat colour genes within the context of the different pathways animals travelled from wild to captive populations, we conclude that coat colour variability was probably not a pleiotropic effect of the selection for tameness, that coat colours most likely appeared very soon after the domestication process began, and that humans have been actively selecting for colour novelty and thus allowing for the proliferation of new mutations in coat colour genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Linderholm
- Durham Evolution and Ancient DNA, Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
A genome-wide association study reveals loci influencing height and other conformation traits in horses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37282. [PMID: 22615965 PMCID: PMC3353922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular analysis of genes influencing human height has been notoriously difficult. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for height in humans based on tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of samples so far revealed ∼200 loci for human height explaining only 20% of the heritability. In domestic animals isolated populations with a greatly reduced genetic heterogeneity facilitate a more efficient analysis of complex traits. We performed a genome-wide association study on 1,077 Franches-Montagnes (FM) horses using ∼40,000 SNPs. Our study revealed two QTL for height at withers on chromosomes 3 and 9. The association signal on chromosome 3 is close to the LCORL/NCAPG genes. The association signal on chromosome 9 is close to the ZFAT gene. Both loci have already been shown to influence height in humans. Interestingly, there are very large intergenic regions at the association signals. The two detected QTL together explain ∼18.2% of the heritable variation of height in horses. However, another large fraction of the variance for height in horses results from ECA 1 (11.0%), although the association analysis did not reveal significantly associated SNPs on this chromosome. The QTL region on ECA 3 associated with height at withers was also significantly associated with wither height, conformation of legs, ventral border of mandible, correctness of gaits, and expression of the head. The region on ECA 9 associated with height at withers was also associated with wither height, length of croup and length of back. In addition to these two QTL regions on ECA 3 and ECA 9 we detected another QTL on ECA 6 for correctness of gaits. Our study highlights the value of domestic animal populations for the genetic analysis of complex traits.
Collapse
|
22
|
Svensson EM, Telldahl Y, Sjöling E, Sundkvist A, Hulth H, Sjøvold T, Götherström A. Coat colour and sex identification in horses from Iron Age Sweden. Ann Anat 2012; 194:82-7. [PMID: 22154005 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Domestication of animals and plants marked a turning point in human prehistory. To date archaeology, archaeozoology and genetics have shed light on when and where all of our major livestock species were domesticated. Phenotypic changes associated with domestication have occurred in all farm animals. Coat colour is one of the traits that have been subjected to the strongest human selection throughout history. Here we use genotyping of coat colour SNPs in horses to investigate whether there were any regional differences or preferences for specific colours associated with specific cultural traditions in Iron Age Sweden. We do this by identifying the sex and coat colour of horses sacrificed at Skedemosse, Öland (Sweden) during the Iron Age, as well as in horses from two sites in Uppland, Ultuna and Valsgärde (dated to late Iron Age). We show that bay, black and chestnut colours were all common and two horses with tobiano spotting were found. We also show how the combination of sex identification with genotyping of just a few SNPs underlying the basic coat colours can be used to identify the minimum number of individuals at a site on a higher level than morphological methods alone. Although separated by 500 km and from significantly different archaeological contexts the horses at Skedemosse and Ultuna are quite homogenous when it comes to coat colour phenotypes, indicating that there were no clear geographical variation in coat colouration in Sweden during the late Iron Age and early Viking Age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Svensson
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, EBC, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
From genes to phenotypes - evaluation of two methods for the SNP analysis in archaeological remains: pyrosequencing and competitive allele specific PCR (KASPar). Ann Anat 2011; 194:74-81. [PMID: 22154270 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The amplification length of the DNA fragments is one major limitation of most paleogenetic analyses. Routinely, only fragments below 200 bp can be amplified, significantly reducing the content of genetic information. Although overlapping PCR strategies and next generation sequencing techniques have strongly improved data mining recently, these methods are still expensive and time consuming. In contrast, SNP analyses are easy to handle, fast and cheap. In this study, we compare two methods of SNP detection as to efficiency, cost and reliability for their use in ancient DNA applications: pyrosequencing and competitive allele specific PCR (KASPar). Our sample set consisted of 16 horse bones from two Scythian graves (600-800 BC). In conclusion, both approaches produced reliable results for most allelic patterns. But an indel of 11 bp (ASIP) could not be detected in the KASPar approach and produced problems in the pyrosequencing method (70% success rate). In such cases, we recommend checking allelic distribution using a gel approach or capillary sequencing. Overall, in comparison with the traditional mode of ancient DNA investigations (PCR, cloning, capillary sequencing), both approaches are superior for SNP analyses especially of large sample sets.
Collapse
|
24
|
Assessing diversity losses due to selection for coat colour in the endangered bay-Asturcón pony using microsatellites. Livest Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
25
|
Accurate determination of phenotypic information from historic thoroughbred horses by single base extension. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15172. [PMID: 21152043 PMCID: PMC2996296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Historic DNA data have the potential to identify phenotypic information otherwise invisible in the historical, archaeological and palaeontological record. In order to determine whether a single nucleotide polymorphism typing protocol based on single based extension (SNaPshot™) could produce reliable phenotypic data from historic samples, we genotyped three coat colour markers for a sample of historic Thoroughbred horses for which both phenotypic and correct genotypic information were known from pedigree information in the General Stud Book. Experimental results were consistent with the pedigrees in all cases. Thus we demonstrate that historic DNA techniques can produce reliable phenotypic information from museum specimens.
Collapse
|