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Zheng X, Chen J, Nie R, Miao H, Chen Z, He J, Xie Y, Zhang H. Differential expression of ASIP transcripts reveals genetic mechanism underpinning black-tail independence from body plumage in yellow-bodied chickens. Anim Genet 2024; 55:249-256. [PMID: 38194424 DOI: 10.1111/age.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The genetic foundation of chicken body plumage color has been extensively studied. However, little attention has been paid to the inheritance patterns and molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of distal feather colors (tail and wingtip). Differences in these colors are common; for example, the Chinese Huiyang Beard chicken has black tail feathers, but yellow body plumage. Here, the hybrid offspring of Huiyang Beard and White Leghorn chickens were used to study the inheritance patterns of tail-feather color. The expression levels of pigment genes in differently colored feather follicles were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that genetic regulation of tail-feather color was independent of body-plumage color. The Dominant White locus inhibited eumelanin synthesis in tail feathers without affecting the formation of yellow body plumage, whereas the Silver locus had the opposite effect. The expression of agouti signaling protein (ASIP) gene class 1 transcripts was significantly lower in black tail-feather follicles than in yellow body follicles, whereas tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) gene expression was significantly higher in black tail feathers. These differentially expressed genes were confirmed to exert an effect on eumelanin and pheomelanin formation in feathers, thus influencing the regulation of chicken tail-feather color. In conclusion, this study lays the foundation for further research on the genetic mechanisms of regional differences in feather color, contributing to a better understanding of plumage pigmentation in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ruixue Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huanhuan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiaheng He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yinku Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Watkins-Chow DE, Incao AA, Rivas C, Elliott G, Garrett LJ, Pavan WJ. The MFSD12 p.Tyr182His common variant is sufficient to alter mouse agouti coat color. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2024; 37:259-264. [PMID: 37874775 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
MFSD12 functions as a transmembrane protein required for import of cysteine into melanosomes and lysosomes. The MFSD12 locus has been associated with phenotypic variation in skin color across African, Latin American, and East Asian populations. The frequency of a particular MFSD12 coding variant, rs2240751 (MAF = 0.08), has been reported to correlate with solar radiation and occur at highest frequency in Peruvian (PEL MAF = 0.48) and Han Chinese (CHB MAF = 0.40) populations, suggesting it could be causative for associated phenotypic variation in skin color. We have generated a mouse knock-in allele, Mfsd12Y182H , to model the human missense p.Tyr182His human variant. We demonstrate that the variant transcript is stably expressed and that agouti mice homozygote for the variant allele are viable with an altered coat color. This in vivo data confirms that the MFSD12 p.Tyr182His variant functions as a hypomorphic allele sufficient to alter mammalian pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn E Watkins-Chow
- Genomics, Development and Disease Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arturo A Incao
- Genomics, Development and Disease Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cecelia Rivas
- Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenic Mouse Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gene Elliott
- Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenic Mouse Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa J Garrett
- Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenic Mouse Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William J Pavan
- Genomics, Development and Disease Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Godino-Gimeno A, Leal E, Chivite M, Tormos E, Rotllant J, Vallone D, Foulkes NS, Míguez JM, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Role of melanocortin system in the locomotor activity rhythms and melatonin secretion as revealed by agouti-signalling protein (asip1) overexpression in zebrafish. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12939. [PMID: 38241679 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Temporal signals such as light and temperature cycles profoundly modulate animal physiology and behaviour. Via endogenous timing mechanisms which are regulated by these signals, organisms can anticipate cyclic environmental changes and thereby enhance their fitness. The pineal gland in fish, through the secretion of melatonin, appears to play a critical role in the circadian system, most likely acting as an element of the circadian clock system. An important output of this circadian clock is the locomotor activity circadian rhythm which is adapted to the photoperiod and thus determines whether animals are diurnal or nocturnal. By using a genetically modified zebrafish strain known as Tg (Xla.Eef1a1:Cau.asip1)iim04, which expresses a higher level of the agouti signalling protein 1 (Asip1), an endogenous antagonist of the melanocortin system, we observed a complete disruption of locomotor activity patterns, which correlates with the ablation of the melatonin daily rhythm. Consistent with this, in vitro experiments also demonstrated that Asip1 inhibits melatonin secretion from the zebrafish pineal gland, most likely through the melanocortin receptors expressed in this gland. Asip1 overexpression also disrupted the expression of core clock genes, including per1a and clock1a, thus blunting circadian oscillation. Collectively, these results implicate the melanocortin system as playing an important role in modulating pineal physiology and, therefore, circadian organisation in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Godino-Gimeno
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, Fish Neurobehaviour Lab, Castellon, Spain
| | - Esther Leal
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, Fish Neurobehaviour Lab, Castellon, Spain
| | - Mauro Chivite
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Tormos
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, Fish Neurobehaviour Lab, Castellon, Spain
| | - Josep Rotllant
- Department of Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM-CSIC, Vigo, Spain
| | - Daniela Vallone
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Department of Physiological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nicholas S Foulkes
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Department of Physiological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, Fish Neurobehaviour Lab, Castellon, Spain
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Shen XR, Zhang HL, Zhao XB, Wang YG, Tan XY, Gao L, Sun R, Liao XH. A Cre knockin mouse reveals specific expression of Agouti gene in mesenchymal lineage cells in multiple organs and provides a unique tool for conditional gene targeting. Transgenic Res 2023; 32:143-152. [PMID: 36637628 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-023-00334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mouse Agouti gene encodes a paracrine signaling factor which promotes melanocytes to produce yellow instead of black pigment. It has been reported that Agouti mRNA is confined to the dermal papilla after birth in various mammalian species. In this study, we created and characterized a knockin mouse strain in which Cre recombinase was expressed in-frame with endogenous Agouti coding sequence. The Agouti-Cre mice were bred with reporter mice (Rosa26-tdTomato or Rosa26-ZsGreen) to trace the lineage of Agouti-expressing cells during development. In skin, the reporter was detected in some dermal fibroblasts at the embryonic stage and in all dermal fibroblasts postnatally. It was also expressed in all mesenchymal lineage cells in other organs/tissues, including eyes, tongue, muscle, intestine, adipose, prostate and testis. Interestingly, the reporter expression was excluded from epithelial cells in the above organs/tissues. In brain, the reporter was observed in the outermost meningeal fibroblasts. Our work helps to illustrate the Agouti expression pattern during development and provides a valuable mouse strain for conditional gene targeting in mesenchymal lineage cells in multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Ru Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - He-Li Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xu-Bo Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yang-Ge Wang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Lipeng Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ruilin Sun
- Shanghai Model Organisms Center, Inc., Shanghai, 201318, China.
| | - Xin-Hua Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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Izyurov AE, Plyusnina AV, Kulikova EA, Kulikov AV, Khotskin NV. Lethal Yellow Mutation Causes Anxiety, Obsessive-compulsive Behavior and Affects the Brain Melanocortin System in Males and Females of Mice. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2023; 24:329-338. [PMID: 36941814 DOI: 10.2174/1389203724666230320145556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain melanocortin system regulates numerous physiological functions and kinds of behavior. The agouti protein inhibits melanocortin receptors in melanocytes. The lethal yellow (AY) mutation puts the Agouti gene under the control of the Raly gene promotor and causes the agouti protein expression in the brain. In the present article, we investigated the effects of the AY mutation on brain mRNA levels of Agouti, Raly, and melanocortin-related genes such as Agrp, Pomc, Mc3r, Mc4r, and their relationship to behavior. METHODS The experiment was performed on 6-month-old males and females of AY/a and a/a (control) mice. Anxiety and obsessive-compulsive behavior were studied in elevated plus-maze and marble- burying tests. The mRNA levels were quantified by qPCR. RESULTS AY mutation caused anxiety in males and obsessive-compulsive behavior in females. Positive correlation between Agouti and Raly genes mRNA levels were shown in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and frontal cortex in AY/a mice. Reduced RNA concentrations of Mc3r and Mc4r genes were found respectively in the hypothalamus and frontal cortex in AY/a males. The Raly gene expression positively correlates with mRNA concentrations of the Mc3r gene in the hypothalamus and the Mc4r gene in the hypothalamus and frontal cortex. CONCLUSION Possible association of obsessive-compulsive behavior with reduced Raly, Mc3r, or Mc4r gene expression is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseniy E Izyurov
- Department of Genetic Collections of Neural Disorders, Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetic Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Plyusnina
- Department of Genetic Collections of Neural Disorders, Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetic Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elizabeth A Kulikova
- Department of Psychoneuropharmacology, Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetic Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kulikov
- Department of Genetic Collections of Neural Disorders, Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetic Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikita V Khotskin
- Department of Genetic Collections of Neural Disorders, Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetic Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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6
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Froguel P, Bonnefond A. The discovery of human agouti-induced obesity and its implication for genetic diagnosis. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1614-1615. [PMID: 36536131 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Froguel
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
- Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Department of Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.
- Université de Lille, Lille, France.
- Department of Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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7
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Kempf E, Landgraf K, Stein R, Hanschkow M, Hilbert A, Abou Jamra R, Boczki P, Herberth G, Kühnapfel A, Tseng YH, Stäubert C, Schöneberg T, Kühnen P, Rayner NW, Zeggini E, Kiess W, Blüher M, Körner A. Aberrant expression of agouti signaling protein (ASIP) as a cause of monogenic severe childhood obesity. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1697-1712. [PMID: 36536132 PMCID: PMC9771800 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a heterozygous tandem duplication at the ASIP (agouti signaling protein) gene locus causing ubiquitous, ectopic ASIP expression in a female patient with extreme childhood obesity. The mutation places ASIP under control of the ubiquitously active itchy E3 ubiquitin protein ligase promoter, driving the generation of ASIP in patient-derived native and induced pluripotent stem cells for all germ layers and hypothalamic-like neurons. The patient's phenotype of early-onset obesity, overgrowth, red hair and hyperinsulinemia is concordant with that of mutant mice ubiquitously expressing the homolog nonagouti. ASIP represses melanocyte-stimulating hormone-mediated activation as a melanocortin receptor antagonist, which might affect eating behavior, energy expenditure, adipocyte differentiation and pigmentation, as observed in the index patient. As the type of mutation escapes standard genetic screening algorithms, we rescreened the Leipzig Childhood Obesity cohort of 1,745 patients and identified four additional patients with the identical mutation, ectopic ASIP expression and a similar phenotype. Taken together, our data indicate that ubiquitous ectopic ASIP expression is likely a monogenic cause of human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kempf
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Landgraf
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Stein
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martha Hanschkow
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Hilbert
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- University Medical Center Leipzig, Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paula Boczki
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gunda Herberth
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Kühnapfel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claudia Stäubert
- Division of Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Division of Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kühnen
- Institute for Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - N William Rayner
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- TUM School of Medicine, Translational Genomics, Technical University of Munich and Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
- LIFE-Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Demars J, Labrune Y, Iannuccelli N, Deshayes A, Leroux S, Gilbert H, Aymard P, Benitez F, Riquet J. A genome-wide epistatic network underlies the molecular architecture of continuous color variation of body extremities. Genomics 2022; 114:110361. [PMID: 35378242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the molecular architecture of coat coloration for a better understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying pigmentation still remains a challenge. We took advantage of a rabbit French experimental population in which both a pattern and a gradient of coloration from white to brown segregated within the himalayan phenotype. The whole experimental design was genotyped using the high density Affymetrix® AxiomOrcun™ SNP Array and phenotyped into 6 different groups ordered from the lighter to the darker. Genome-wide association analyses pinpointed an oligogenic determinism, under recessive and additive inheritance, involving genes already known in melanogenesis (ASIP, KIT, MC1R, TYR), and likely processed pseudogenes linked to ribosomal function, RPS20 and RPS14. We also identified (i) gene-gene interactions through ASIP:MC1R affecting light cream/beige phenotypes while KIT:RPS responsible of dark chocolate/brown colors and (ii) a genome-wide epistatic network involving several others coloration genes such as POT1 or HPS5. Finally, we determined the recessive inheritance of the English spotting phenotype likely involving a copy number variation affecting at least the end of the coding sequence of the KIT gene. Our analyses of coloration as a continuous trait allowed us to go beyond much of the established knowledge through the detection of additional genes and gene-gene interactions that may contribute to the molecular architecture of the coloration phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Demars
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse INP, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Yann Labrune
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse INP, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Nathalie Iannuccelli
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse INP, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Alice Deshayes
- UMR967, CEA, INSERM, Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Télomères et réparation du chromosome, F- 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Sophie Leroux
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse INP, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Hélène Gilbert
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse INP, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Patrick Aymard
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse INP, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Florence Benitez
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse INP, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Juliette Riquet
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse INP, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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9
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Li J, Lee MO, Chen J, Davis BW, Dorshorst BJ, Siegel PB, Inaba M, Jiang TX, Chuong CM, Andersson L. Cis-acting mutation affecting GJA5 transcription is underlying the Melanotic within-feather pigmentation pattern in chickens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2109363118. [PMID: 34607956 PMCID: PMC8521658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109363118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanotic (Ml) is a mutation in chickens that extends black (eumelanin) pigmentation in normally brown or red (pheomelanin) areas, thus affecting multiple within-feather patterns [J. W. Moore, J. R. Smyth Jr, J. Hered. 62, 215-219 (1971)]. In the present study, linkage mapping using a back-cross between Dark Cornish (Ml/Ml) and Partridge Plymouth Rock (ml+/ml+ ) chickens assigned Ml to an 820-kb region on chromosome 1. Identity-by-descent mapping, via whole-genome sequencing and diagnostic tests using a diverse set of chickens, refined the localization to the genomic region harboring GJA5 encoding gap-junction protein 5 (alias connexin 40) previously associated with pigmentation patterns in zebrafish. An insertion/deletion polymorphism located in the vicinity of the GJA5 promoter region was identified as the candidate causal mutation. Four different GJA5 transcripts were found to be expressed in feather follicles and at least two showed differential expression between genotypes. The results showed that Melanotic constitutes a cis-acting regulatory mutation affecting GJA5 expression. A recent study established the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) locus and the interaction between the MC1R receptor and its antagonist agouti-signaling protein as the primary mechanism underlying variation in within-feather pigmentation patterns in chickens. The present study advances understanding the mechanisms underlying variation in plumage color in birds because it demonstrates that the activity of connexin 40/GJA5 can modulate the periodic pigmentation patterns within individual feathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Mi-Ok Lee
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brian W Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Benjamin J Dorshorst
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Paul B Siegel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Masafumi Inaba
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Ting-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Leif Andersson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843;
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Khumpeerawat P, Duangjinda M, Phasuk Y. Factors affecting gene expression associated with the skin color of black-bone chicken in Thailand. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101440. [PMID: 34547619 PMCID: PMC8463778 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of breed, sex, and age on the gene expression level of melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), DOPA chrome tautomerase (DCT), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), tyrosinase (TYR), and agouti signaling protein (ASIP) genes in Thai commercial chicken lines. All chicken have received Newscastle vaccination, and no antibiotics or any drugs were used in this study. Four chicken breeds including Black-Chinese, KU-Phuparn, Sri Mok, and Pradu Hang Dam were used in this study. These breeds can be classified by their skin color into 3 group including black (Black Chinese and KU-Phuparn), light black (Sri Mok), and yellowish white (Pradu Hang Dam). One hundred chickens per breed were used in this study. Breast skin tissue was randomly collected from 8 chickens (4 males, 4 females) per breed at 4, 8, 12, and 16 wk of age. The mRNA expression was analyzed using qRT-PCR and the gene expression level was calculated as 2-ΔΔCT. From the results, breed significantly (P < 0.01) affected the expression level for the 5 genes evaluated. Birds with the black skin color had greater TYRP1 and TYR gene expression when compared to chickens with light black and yellowish-white skin color, respectively. Whereas, chickens with yellowish-white skin color had greater ASIP gene expression when compared to chickens having the other skin colors. Sex significantly affected DCT, TYRP1, and TYR gene expression where the gene expression in males was greater when compared to females (P < 0.05). Age affected all gene expression levels (P < 0.01). At 4 wk of age, MC1R, DCT, TYRP1, and TYR gene expression was the highest and decreased as bird age increased (P < 0.05); however, ASIP gene expression was greatest at 8 wk of age. After 8 wk of age all gene expression for the genes evaluated in this study decreased as age increased. In addition, an interaction between breed and sex (P < 0.05) impacted DCT and ASIP gene expression. The results from this study showed that all genes evaluated can be used as candidate markers to further improve the blackness of the chicken's skin because the most desired skin color is black in the Thai black-bone chicken population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panuwat Khumpeerawat
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Khon Kaen University, Mueang Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
| | - Monchai Duangjinda
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Khon Kaen University, Mueang Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand; Network Center for Animal Breeding and Omics Research, Faculty of Agricultural, Khon Kaen University, Mueang Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand.
| | - Yupin Phasuk
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Khon Kaen University, Mueang Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand; Network Center for Animal Breeding and Omics Research, Faculty of Agricultural, Khon Kaen University, Mueang Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand
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11
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Bonilla C, Bertoni B, Min JL, Hemani G, Elliott HR. Investigating DNA methylation as a potential mediator between pigmentation genes, pigmentary traits and skin cancer. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:892-904. [PMID: 33248005 PMCID: PMC8518056 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pigmentation characteristics are well-known risk factors for skin cancer. Polymorphisms in pigmentation genes have been associated with these traits and with the risk of malignancy. However, the functional relationship between genetic variation and disease is still unclear. This study aims to assess whether pigmentation SNPs are associated with pigmentary traits and skin cancer via DNA methylation (DNAm). Using a meta-GWAS of whole-blood DNAm from 36 European cohorts (N = 27,750; the Genetics of DNA Methylation Consortium, GoDMC), we found that 19 out of 27 SNPs in 10 pigmentation genes were associated with 391 DNAm sites across 30 genomic regions. We examined the effect of 25 selected DNAm sites on pigmentation traits, sun exposure phenotypes and skin cancer and on gene expression in whole blood. We uncovered an association of DNAm site cg07402062 with red hair in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We also found that the expression of ASIP and CDK10 was associated with hair colour, melanoma and basal cell carcinoma. Our results indicate that DNAm and expression of pigmentation genes may play a role as potential mediators of the relationship between genetic variants, pigmentation phenotypes and skin cancer and thus deserve further scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bonilla
- Departamento de Medicina PreventivaFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Population Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Bernardo Bertoni
- Departamento de GenéticaFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad de la RepúblicaMontevideoUruguay
| | - Josine L. Min
- Population Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- Population Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | | | - Hannah R. Elliott
- Population Health SciencesBristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology UnitUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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12
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Liang D, Zhao P, Si J, Fang L, Pairo-Castineira E, Hu X, Xu Q, Hou Y, Gong Y, Liang Z, Tian B, Mao H, Yindee M, Faruque MO, Kongvongxay S, Khamphoumee S, Liu GE, Wu DD, Barker JSF, Han J, Zhang Y. Genomic Analysis Revealed a Convergent Evolution of LINE-1 in Coat Color: A Case Study in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1122-1136. [PMID: 33212507 PMCID: PMC7947781 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible pigmentation phenotypes can be used to explore the regulation of gene expression and the evolution of coat color patterns in animals. Here, we performed whole-genome and RNA sequencing and applied genome-wide association study, comparative population genomics and biological experiments to show that the 2,809-bp-long LINE-1 insertion in the ASIP (agouti signaling protein) gene is the causative mutation for the white coat phenotype in swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). This LINE-1 insertion (3' truncated and containing only 5' UTR) functions as a strong proximal promoter that leads to a 10-fold increase in the transcription of ASIP in white buffalo skin. The 165 bp of 5' UTR transcribed from the LINE-1 is spliced into the first coding exon of ASIP, resulting in a chimeric transcript. The increased expression of ASIP prevents melanocyte maturation, leading to the absence of pigment in white buffalo skin and hairs. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the white buffalo-specific ASIP allele originated from a recent genetic transposition event in swamp buffalo. Interestingly, as a similar LINE-1 insertion has been identified in the cattle ASIP gene, we discuss the convergent mechanism of coat color evolution in the Bovini tribe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of MOAR, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengju Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of MOAR, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingfang Si
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of MOAR, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhao Fang
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit at the Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Erola Pairo-Castineira
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit at the Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Hou
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Guizhou Domestic Animal Genetic Resources Management Station, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhengwen Liang
- Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau of Fenggang County, Zunyi, China
| | - Bing Tian
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Station of Zunyi City, Zunyi, China
| | - Huaming Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Marnoch Yindee
- Akkhararatchakumari Veterinary College (AVC), Walailak University, Nakorn Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Md Omar Faruque
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Siton Kongvongxay
- Livestock Research Center, National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Souksamlane Khamphoumee
- Livestock Research Center, National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - George E Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - James Stuart F Barker
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Jianlin Han
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- CAAS-ILRI Joint Laboratory on Livestock and Forage Genetic Resources, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Reproduction of MOAR, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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13
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Corbin LJ, Pope J, Sanson J, Antczak DF, Miller D, Sadeghi R, Brooks SA. An Independent Locus Upstream of ASIP Controls Variation in the Shade of the Bay Coat Colour in Horses. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E606. [PMID: 32486210 PMCID: PMC7349280 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel coat colour phenotypes often emerge during domestication, and there is strong evidence of genetic selection for the two main genes that control base coat colour in horses-ASIP and MC1R. These genes direct the type of pigment produced, red pheomelanin (MC1R) or black eumelanin (ASIP), as well as the relative concentration and the temporal-spatial distribution of melanin pigment deposits in the skin and hair coat. Here, we describe a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify novel genic regions involved in the determination of the shade of bay. In total, 126 horses from five different breeds were ranked according to the extent of the distribution of eumelanin: spanning variation in phenotype from black colour restricted only to the extremities to the presence of some black pigment across nearly all the body surface. We identified a single region associated with the shade of bay ranking spanning approximately 0.5 MB on ECA22, just upstream of the ASIP gene (p = 9.76 × 10-15). This candidate region encompasses the distal 5' end of the ASIP transcript (as predicted from other species) as well as the RALY gene. Both loci are viable candidates based on the presence of similar alleles in other species. These results contribute to the growing understanding of coat colour genetics in the horse and to the mapping of genetic determinants of pigmentation on a molecular level. Given pleiotropic phenotypes in behaviour and obesity for ASIP alleles, especially those in the 5' regulatory region, improved understanding of this new Shade allele may have implications for health management in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Corbin
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK;
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jessica Pope
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK;
| | - Jacqueline Sanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Douglas F. Antczak
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (D.F.A.); (D.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Donald Miller
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (D.F.A.); (D.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Raheleh Sadeghi
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (D.F.A.); (D.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Samantha A. Brooks
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
- UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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14
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Xiong Q, Tao H, Zhang N, Zhang L, Wang G, Li X, Suo X, Zhang F, Liu Y, Chen M. Skin transcriptome profiles associated with black- and white-coated regions in Boer and Macheng black crossbred goats. Genomics 2019; 112:1853-1860. [PMID: 31678151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To increase the current understanding of the gene-expression profiles in different skin regions associated with different coat colors and identify key genes for the regulation of color patterns in goats, we used the Illumina RNA-Seq method to compare the skin transcriptomes of the black- and white-coated regions containing hair follicles from the Boer and Macheng Black crossbred goat, which has a black head and a white body. Six cDNA libraries derived from skin samples of the white-coated region (n = 3) and black-coated region (n = 3) were constructed from three full-sib goats. On average, we obtained approximately 76.5 and 73.5 million reads for skin samples from black- and white-coated regions, respectively, of which 75.39% and 76.05% were covered in the genome database. A total of 165 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between these two color regions, among which 110 were upregulated and 55 were downregulated in the skin samples of white- vs. black-coated regions. The results of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses revealed that some of these DEGs may play an important role in controlling the pigmentation of skin or hair follicles. We identified three key DEGs, i.e., Agouti, DCT, and TYRP1, in the pathway related to melanogenesis in the different skin regions of the crossbred goat. DCT and TYRP1 were downregulated and Agouti was upregulated in the skin of the white-coated region, suggesting a lack of mature melanocytes in this region and that Agouti might play a key developmental role in color-pattern formation. All data sets (Gene Expression Omnibus) are available via public repositories. In addition, MC1R was genotyped in 200 crossbred goats with a black head and neck. Loss-of-function mutations in MC1R as well as homozygosity for the mutant alleles were widely found in this population. The MC1R gene did not seem to play a major role in determining the black head and neck in our crossbred goats. Our study provides insights into the transcriptional regulation of two distinct coat colors, which might serve as a key resource for understanding coat color pigmentation in goats. The region-specific expression of Agouti may be associated with the distribution of pigments across the body in Boer and Macheng Black crossbred goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430064, China
| | - Hu Tao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430064, China
| | - Nian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430064, China
| | - Liqing Zhang
- Hubei Livestock and Poultry Breeding Centre, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guiqiang Wang
- Hubei Livestock and Poultry Breeding Centre, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430064, China
| | - Xiaojun Suo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430064, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430064, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430064, China
| | - Mingxin Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430064, China.
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15
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Suto JI. Genetic analysis of the mandible morphology in DDD.Cg- Ay/Sgn and C57BL/6J inbred mice. J Genet 2019; 98:89. [PMID: 31544793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping analysis was performed for the mandible morphology in DDD.Cg-Ay/Sgn and C57BL/6J inbred mice. The size and shape of the mandible was analysed by landmark-based geometric morphometrics as the centroid size and principal components (PCs), respectively. The Ay allele at the agouti locus significantly reduced the mandible size in DDD/Sgn background, and substantially altered the mandible shape in both strain backgrounds. Single-QTL scans, by including the agouti locus genotype (Ay or non-Ay) as an additive covariate, identified three significant QTL for the centroid size on chromosomes 5, 6 and 17, along with four suggestive QTL on chromosomes 2, 12, 18 and 19. These QTLs explained 46.85% of the centroid size variation in F2 mice. When the F2Ay and F2 non-Ay mice were analysed separately, additional significant QTL were identified on chromosomes 12 and 15 in F2 non-Ay mice. Single-QTL scans also identified 15 significant QTL for the PC1, PC2 and PC3. When the agouti locus genotype was included as an interactive covariate, nine significant QTLs were identified. Unexpectedly, these agouti-interacting QTLs were identified for relatively minor PCs, for which no significant single-QTL were identified. Therefore, it was suggested that the alteration of the mandible shape in Ay mice was the consequence of interactions between the Ay allele and genes that themselves have relatively small phenotypic effect. Although further in vivo studies are required, we postulated Pkd1 as a possible candidate gene underlying QTL for the centroid size on chromosome 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Suto
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634,
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16
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Abstract
Black coat color (nonagouti) is a widespread classical mutation in laboratory mouse strains. The intronic insertion of endogenous retrovirus VL30 in the nonagouti (a) allele of agouti gene was previously reported as the cause of the nonagouti phenotype. Here, we report agouti mouse strains from East Asia that carry the VL30 insertion, indicating that VL30 alone does not cause the nonagouti phenotype. We find that a rare type of endogenous retrovirus, β4, was integrated into the VL30 region at the a allele through nested retrotransposition, causing abnormal splicing. Targeted complete deletion of the β4 element restores agouti gene expression and agouti coat color, whereas deletion of β4 except for a single long terminal repeat results in black-and-tan coat color. Phylogenetic analyses show that the a allele and the β4 retrovirus originated from an East Asian mouse lineage most likely related to Japanese fancy mice. These findings reveal the causal mechanism and historic origin of the classical nonagouti mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Tanave
- Mouse Genomics Resource Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540 Japan
- Present Address: Laboratory for Mouse Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1–3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuji Imai
- Mouse Genomics Resource Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Koide
- Mouse Genomics Resource Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540 Japan
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540 Japan
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17
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Grilz-Seger G, Neuditschko M, Ricard A, Velie B, Lindgren G, Mesarič M, Cotman M, Horna M, Dobretsberger M, Brem G, Druml T. Genome-Wide Homozygosity Patterns and Evidence for Selection in a Set of European and Near Eastern Horse Breeds. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10070491. [PMID: 31261764 PMCID: PMC6679042 DOI: 10.3390/genes10070491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensive artificial and natural selection have shaped substantial variation among European horse breeds. Whereas most equine selection signature studies employ divergent genetic population structures in order to derive specific inter-breed targets of selection, we screened a total of 1476 horses originating from 12 breeds for the loss of genetic diversity by runs of homozygosity (ROH) utilizing a 670,000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping array. Overlapping homozygous regions (ROH islands) indicating signatures of selection were identified by breed and similarities/dissimilarities between populations were evaluated. In the entire dataset, 180 ROH islands were identified, whilst 100 islands were breed specific, all other overlapped in 36 genomic regions with at least one ROH island of another breed. Furthermore, two ROH hot spots were determined at horse chromosome 3 (ECA3) and ECA11. Besides the confirmation of previously documented target genes involved in selection for coat color (MC1R, STX17, ASIP), body size (LCORL/NCAPG, ZFAT, LASP1, HMGA2), racing ability (PPARGC1A), behavioral traits (GRIN2B, NTM/OPCML) and gait patterns (DMRT3), several putative target genes related to embryonic morphogenesis (HOXB), energy metabolism (IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3), hair follicle morphogenesis (KRT25, KRT27, INTU) and autophagy (RALB) were highlighted. Furthermore, genes were pinpointed which might be involved in environmental adaptation of specific habitats (UVSSA, STXBP4, COX11, HLF, MMD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud Grilz-Seger
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Sciences Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Markus Neuditschko
- Agroscope, Swiss National Stud Farm, Les Longs Prés, CH-1580 Avenches, Switzerland.
| | - Anne Ricard
- UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, Bat 211, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Brandon Velie
- Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 26, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Eastern Ave, 2006 NSW Sydney, Australia.
| | - Gabriella Lindgren
- Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 26, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
- Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Matjaz Mesarič
- Clinic for Reproduction and Large Animals, University of Ljubljana, Veterinary, Faculty, Cesta v Mestni log 47, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marko Cotman
- Institute for Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Michaela Horna
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia.
| | - Max Dobretsberger
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Sciences Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gottfried Brem
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Sciences Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thomas Druml
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Sciences Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Robic A, Morisson M, Leroux S, Gourichon D, Vignal A, Thebault N, Fillon V, Minvielle F, Bed’Hom B, Zerjal T, Pitel F. Two new structural mutations in the 5' region of the ASIP gene cause diluted feather color phenotypes in Japanese quail. Genet Sel Evol 2019; 51:12. [PMID: 30987584 PMCID: PMC6466734 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-019-0458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In quail, two feather colour phenotypes i.e. fawn-2/beige and yellow are associated with the ASIP locus. The aim of our study was to characterize the structural modifications within this locus that explain the yellow mutation (large deletion) and the fawn-2/beige mutation (assumed to be caused by a different structural modification). RESULTS For the yellow phenotype, we identified a complex mutation that involves a 141,162-bp long deletion. For the fawn-2/beige phenotype, we identified a 71-kb tandem duplication that comprises one unchanged copy of ASIP and one copy present in the ITCH-ASIP fusion gene, which leads to a transcript coding for a normal ASIP protein. Although this agrees with previous reports that reported an increased level of ASIP transcripts in the skin of mutant animals, we show that in the skin from fawn-2/beige embryos, this level is higher than expected with a simple duplication of the ASIP gene. Thus, we hypothesize that the 5' region of the ITCH-ASIP fusion gene leads to a higher transcription level than the 5' region of the ASIP gene. CONCLUSIONS We were able to conclude that the fawn-2 and beige phenotypes are caused by the same allele at the ASIP locus. Both of the associated mutations fawn-2/beige and yellow lead to the formation of a fusion gene, which encodes a transcript for the ASIP protein. In both cases, transcription of ASIP depends on the promoter of a different gene, which includes alternative up-regulating sequences. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that the loss of the 5' region of the ASIP gene itself has additional impacts, especially for the fawn-2/beige mutation. In addition, in several other species including mammals, the existence of other dominant gain-of-function structural modifications that are localized upstream of the ASIP coding sequences has been reported, which supports our hypothesis that repressors in the 5' region of ASIP are absent in the fawn-2/beige mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Robic
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Mireille Morisson
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sophie Leroux
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Alain Vignal
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Noémie Thebault
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Valérie Fillon
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Francis Minvielle
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bertrand Bed’Hom
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tatiana Zerjal
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Frédérique Pitel
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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19
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Kazachenka A, Bertozzi TM, Sjoberg-Herrera MK, Walker N, Gardner J, Gunning R, Pahita E, Adams S, Adams D, Ferguson-Smith AC. Identification, Characterization, and Heritability of Murine Metastable Epialleles: Implications for Non-genetic Inheritance. Cell 2018; 175:1259-1271.e13. [PMID: 30454646 PMCID: PMC6242299 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Generally repressed by epigenetic mechanisms, retrotransposons represent around 40% of the murine genome. At the Agouti viable yellow (Avy) locus, an endogenous retrovirus (ERV) of the intracisternal A particle (IAP) class retrotransposed upstream of the agouti coat-color locus, providing an alternative promoter that is variably DNA methylated in genetically identical individuals. This results in variable expressivity of coat color that is inherited transgenerationally. Here, a systematic genome-wide screen identifies multiple C57BL/6J murine IAPs with Avy epigenetic properties. Each exhibits a stable methylation state within an individual but varies between individuals. Only in rare instances do they act as promoters controlling adjacent gene expression. Their methylation state is locus-specific within an individual, and their flanking regions are enriched for CTCF. Variably methylated IAPs are reprogrammed after fertilization and re-established as variable loci in the next generation, indicating reconstruction of metastable epigenetic states and challenging the generalizability of non-genetic inheritance at these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tessa M Bertozzi
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | | | - Nic Walker
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Joseph Gardner
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Richard Gunning
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elena Pahita
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Sarah Adams
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - David Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
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20
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Matsuda N, Kasagi S, Nakamaru T, Masuda R, Takahashi A, Tagawa M. Left-right pigmentation pattern of Japanese flounder corresponds to expression levels of melanocortin receptors (MC1R and MC5R), but not to agouti signaling protein 1 (ASIP1) expression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 262:90-98. [PMID: 29574149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Body coloration in flatfish is one of the most distinctive asymmetries in the animal kingdom, although the fundamental molecular mechanism of the pigmentation is unclear. In the dorso-ventral coloration (countershading) of other teleost fishes, ventral-specific expression of agouti signaling protein 1 (ASIP1), an endogenous antagonist of melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), has been reported to play a pivotal role. Contribution of ASIP1 is also suggested in the asymmetrical pigmentation of flatfish. In order to confirm the contribution of ASIP1 and further examine receptor function in the body coloration of Japanese flounder, expression levels of asip1, mc1r, melanocortin 5 receptor (mc5r), and melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2 (mchr2) were measured in the normally pigmented area of the left side, the normally non-pigmented area of the right side, and the abnormally pigmented (exhibiting hypermelanosis) area of the right side. Measurement was also carried out under conditions of hypermelanosis stimulated by cortisol and during the transition from non-pigmentation to pigmentation in areas of hypermelanosis. Contrary to our expectations, no difference was detected in asip1 expression between pigmented and non-pigmented areas. There was also no difference between normal and hormonally stimulated pigmented conditions in areas of hypermelanosis or during the transition process. Instead, the expression levels of mc1r, mc5r, and mchr2 were consistently higher in pigmented areas, and were especially increased under hormonally stimulated conditions. In addition, expressions of these receptor genes increased prior to pigmentation in areas of future hypermelanosis. Our results suggest that MC1Rand MC5R, but not necessarily ASIP1, contribute to pigmentation and hypermelanosis in Japanese flounder. We propose a yet unknown molecular mechanism for asymmetrical pigmentation in flatfish that is distinct from that of countershading in other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Matsuda
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kasagi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Toru Nakamaru
- Futtu Laboratory, Institute of Seed Production, Chiba Prefectural Fisheries Research Center, 2568-38, Kokubo, Futtsu, Chiba 293-0042, Japan.
| | - Reiji Masuda
- Maizuru Fisheries Research Station, Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Nagahama, Maizuru, Kyoto 625-0086, Japan.
| | - Akiyoshi Takahashi
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Masatomo Tagawa
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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21
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Cal L, Megías M, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Postlethwait JH, Braasch I, Rotllant J. BAC Recombineering of the Agouti Loci from Spotted Gar and Zebrafish Reveals the Evolutionary Ancestry of Dorsal-Ventral Pigment Asymmetry in Fish. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2017; 328:697-708. [PMID: 28544213 PMCID: PMC5653409 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dorsoventral pigment patterning, characterized by a light ventrum and a dark dorsum, is one of the most widespread chromatic adaptations in vertebrate body coloration. In mammals, this countershading depends on differential expression of agouti-signaling protein (ASIP), which drives a switch of synthesis of one type of melanin to another within melanocytes. Teleost fish share countershading, but the pattern results from a differential distribution of multiple types of chromatophores, with black-brown melanophores most abundant in the dorsal body and reflective iridophores most abundant in the ventral body. We previously showed that Asip1 (a fish ortholog of mammalian ASIP) plays a role in patterning melanophores. This observation leads to the surprising hypothesis that agouti may control an evolutionarily conserved pigment pattern by regulating different mechanisms in mammals and fish. To test this hypothesis, we compared two ray-finned fishes: the teleost zebrafish and the nonteleost spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus). By examining the endogenous pattern of asip1 expression in gar, we demonstrate a dorsoventral-graded distribution of asip1 expression that is highest ventrally, similar to teleosts. Additionally, in the first reported experiments to generate zebrafish transgenic lines carrying a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) from spotted gar, we show that both transgenic zebrafish lines embryos replicate the endogenous asip1 expression pattern in adult zebrafish, showing that BAC transgenes from both species contain all of the regulatory elements required for regular asip1 expression within adult ray-finned fishes. These experiments provide evidence that the mechanism leading to an environmentally important pigment pattern was likely in place before the origin of teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC. Vigo, 36208, Spain
| | - Manuel Megías
- Neurolam Group, Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, 36310-Vigo, Spain
| | | | | | - Ingo Braasch
- Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Josep Rotllant
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC. Vigo, 36208, Spain
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22
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Zhang X, Li W, Liu C, Peng X, Lin J, He S, Li X, Han B, Zhang N, Wu Y, Chen L, Wang L, MaYila, Huang J, Liu M. Alteration of sheep coat color pattern by disruption of ASIP gene via CRISPR Cas9. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8149. [PMID: 28811591 PMCID: PMC5557758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coat color is an important characteristic and economic trait in domestic sheep. Aiming at alteration of Chinese merino sheep coat color by genome manipulation, we disrupted sheep agouti signaling protein gene by CRISPR/Cas9. A total of seven indels were identified in 5 of 6 born lambs. Each targeted lamb happened at least two kinds of modifications, and targeted lambs with multiple modifications displayed variety of coat color patterns. Three lambs with 4 bp deletion showed badgerface with black body coat color in two lambs, and brown coat color with light ventral pigmentation in another one. The black-white spotted color was observed in two lambs with 2 bp deletion. Further analysis unraveled that modifications happened in one or more than two copies of ASIP gene, and moreover, the additional spontaneous mutations of D9 and/or D5 preceding the targeting modification could also involve the formation of coat color patterns. Taken together, the entanglement of ASIP modifications by CRISPR/Cas9, spontaneous D9/D5 mutations, and ASIP gene duplications contributed to the variety of coat color patterns in targeted lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Wenrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Xinrong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Jiapeng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Sangang He
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Xuejiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Bing Han
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Yangsheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - MaYila
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Juncheng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China
| | - Mingjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Grass-Feeding Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture(MOA), Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of Xinjiang, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China.
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830026, China.
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23
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Gluckman TL, Mundy NI. The differential expression of MC1R regulators in dorsal and ventral quail plumages during embryogenesis: Implications for plumage pattern formation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174714. [PMID: 28355309 PMCID: PMC5371383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin pigmentation patterns are ubiquitous in animals and function in crypsis, physical protection, thermoregulation and signalling. In vertebrates, pigmentation patterns formed over large body regions as well as within appendages (hair/feathers) may be due to the differential distribution of pigment producing cells (melanocytes) and/or regulation of the melanin synthesis pathway. We took advantage of the pigmentation patterns of Japanese quail embryos (pale ventrum and patterned feathers dorsally) to explore the role of genes and their transcripts in regulating the function of the melanocortin-1-receptor (MC1R) via 1. activation: pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), endoproteases prohormone convertase 1 (PC1) and 2 (PC2), and 2. inhibition—agouti signaling and agouti-related protein (ASIP and AGRP, respectively). Melanocytes are present in all feather follicles at both 8 and 12 days post-fertilisation (E8/E12), so differential deposition of melanocytes is not responsible for pigmentation patterns in embryonic quail. POMC transcripts expressed were a subset of those found in chicken and POMC expression within feather follicles was strong. PC1 was not expressed in feather follicles. PC2 was strongly expressed in all feather follicles at E12. ASIP transcript expression was variable and we report four novel ASIP transcripts. ASIP is strongly expressed in ventral feather follicles, but not dorsally. AGRP expression within feather follicles was weak. These results demonstrate that the pale-bellied quail phenotype probably involves inhibition of MC1R, as found previously. However, quail may require MC1R activation for eumelanogenesis in dorsal feathers which may have important implications for an understanding of colour pattern formation in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Lan Gluckman
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicholas I. Mundy
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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24
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Guillot R, Cortés R, Navarro S, Mischitelli M, García-Herranz V, Sánchez E, Cal L, Navarro JC, Míguez JM, Afanasyev S, Krasnov A, Cone RD, Rotllant J, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Behind melanocortin antagonist overexpression in the zebrafish brain: A behavioral and transcriptomic approach. Horm Behav 2016; 82:87-100. [PMID: 27156808 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin signaling is regulated by the binding of naturally occurring antagonists, agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) and agouti-related protein (AGRP) that compete with melanocortin peptides by binding to melanocortin receptors to regulate energy balance and growth. Using a transgenic model overexpressing ASIP, we studied the involvement of melanocortin system in the feeding behaviour, growth and stress response of zebrafish. Our data demonstrate that ASIP overexpression results in enhanced growth but not obesity. The differential growth is explained by increased food intake and feeding efficiency mediated by a differential sensitivity of the satiety system that seems to involve the cocaine- and amphetamine- related transcript (CART). Stress response was similar in both genotypes. Brain transcriptome of transgenic (ASIP) vs wild type (WT) fish was compared using microarrays. WT females and males exhibited 255 genes differentially expressed (DEG) but this difference was reduced to 31 after ASIP overexpression. Statistical analysis revealed 1122 DEG when considering only fish genotype but 1066 and 981 DEG when comparing ASIP males or females with their WT counterparts, respectively. Interaction between genotype and sex significantly affected the expression of 97 genes. Several neuronal systems involved in the control of food intake were identified which displayed a differential expression according to the genotype of the fish that unravelling the flow of melanocortinergic information through the central pathways that controls the energy balance. The information provided herein will help to elucidate new central systems involved in control of obesity and should be of invaluable use for sustaining fish production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Guillot
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiolgy and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain, 12595
| | - Raúl Cortés
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiolgy and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain, 12595
| | - Sandra Navarro
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiolgy and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain, 12595
| | - Morena Mischitelli
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiolgy and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain, 12595
| | - Víctor García-Herranz
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiolgy and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain, 12595
| | - Elisa Sánchez
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiolgy and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain, 12595
| | - Laura Cal
- Aquatic Molecular Pathobiology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Navarro
- Lipid Group, Department of Biology, Culture and Pathology of Marine Species, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain, 12595
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain, 36310
| | - Sergey Afanasyev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, M. Toreza Av. 44, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Aleksei Krasnov
- Nofima Marine, Norwegian Institutes of Food, Fisheries & Aquaculture Research, 5010 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Roger D Cone
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 702 Light Hall (0165),, Nashville, TN 37232-0165, United States
| | - Josep Rotllant
- Aquatic Molecular Pathobiology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
| | - Jose Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiolgy and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain, 12595.
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25
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Osadchuk LV, Kleschev MA, Baklanov AV, Bazhan NM. [TESTICULAR FUNCTION AND LIPID METABOLISM IN MALE MICE WITH HEREDITARY PREDISPOSITION TO OBESITY]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2016; 102:340-350. [PMID: 30188668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Parameters of spermatogenesis, androgen status and lipid metabolism (amount of abdominal fat, cholesterol and triglycerides plasma levels) in male mice with the mutation yellow at the locus agouti (Ay mice), which results in obesity after puberty were studied. Their lean littermate's mice of standard C57BL/6J strain genotype (a/a mice) were used as a control. At the age of 15 and 30 weeks the body weight, triglyceride levels, and at the age of 30 weeks - abdominal fat mass in Ay males were higher than that of a/a males. These data confirm the development of obesity and disturbance of lipid metabolism in Ay males. There were no changes in the number of sperm in the caudal epididymis, the proportion of mobile and morphologically abnormal sperm, the concentration of testosterone and its content in the testes in Ay mice at the reproductively active period (age 15 and 30 weeks). It is assumed that the ectopic expression of agouti protein in Ay males may be involved in the protection of the testicular function from the negative impact of obesity.
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Baklanov AV, Bazhan NM. [STUDY RELATIVE EXPRESSION OF GENES THAT CONTROL GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN THE LIVER IN MICE WITH DEVELOPMENT OF MELANOCORTIN OBESITY]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2015; 101:689-699. [PMID: 26470488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The relative gene expressions of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P), phosphoenolpyruvate carbo- xykinase (PEPCK)--markers of gluconeogenesis, glucokinase (GK)--a marker of glycolysis, glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2)--a marker of input and output of glucose in the liver were measured during the development of melanocortin (MC) obesity in male mice of C57BL/6J strain with mutation yellow in the Agouti locus (Ay/a mice). The mutation decreases MC receptor activity and induces hyperphagia and MC obesity. The males of the same line with mutation nonagouti were used as control. Tissue samples were taken at age 10 (before obesity), 15 (moderate obesity) and 30 (developed obesity) weeks. It has been shown that Ay/a mice had decreased glucose tolerance since 10-week age. There were age-related changes in mRNA levels in the liver of Ay/a mice, unlike a/a mice. In Ay/a mice the mRNA GLUT2 levels at the age of 10 weeks, mRNA GK levels at the age of 15 weeks, and mRNA G6P levels at the age of 3O weeks were higher than those in Ada mice of other ages. InAYfa mice the mRNA GK levels at the age of 15 weeks and mRNA G6F levels at the age of 30 weeks were increased relatively to those in a/a mice. Thus, Ay/a mice before the development of MK obesity had changes in the mRNA levels genes of proteins that regulate hepatic glucose metabolism, which may contribute to the compensation of glucose metabolism disorders caused by a hereditary decrease of MK system activity
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27
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Schneider A, Henegar C, Day K, Absher D, Napolitano C, Silveira L, David VA, O’Brien SJ, Menotti-Raymond M, Barsh GS, Eizirik E. Recurrent evolution of melanism in South American felids. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004892. [PMID: 25695801 PMCID: PMC4335015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological variation in natural populations is a genomic test bed for studying the interface between molecular evolution and population genetics, but some of the most interesting questions involve non-model organisms that lack well annotated reference genomes. Many felid species exhibit polymorphism for melanism but the relative roles played by genetic drift, natural selection, and interspecies hybridization remain uncertain. We identify mutations of Agouti signaling protein (ASIP) or the Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) as independent causes of melanism in three closely related South American species: the pampas cat (Leopardus colocolo), the kodkod (Leopardus guigna), and Geoffroy’s cat (Leopardus geoffroyi). To assess population level variation in the regions surrounding the causative mutations we apply genomic resources from the domestic cat to carry out clone-based capture and targeted resequencing of 299 kb and 251 kb segments that contain ASIP and MC1R, respectively, from 54 individuals (13–21 per species), achieving enrichment of ~500–2500-fold and ~150x coverage. Our analysis points to unique evolutionary histories for each of the three species, with a strong selective sweep in the pampas cat, a distinctive but short melanism-specific haplotype in the Geoffroy’s cat, and reduced nucleotide diversity for both ancestral and melanism-bearing chromosomes in the kodkod. These results reveal an important role for natural selection in a trait of longstanding interest to ecologists, geneticists, and the lay community, and provide a platform for comparative studies of morphological variation in other natural populations. Color polymorphism in closely related animal species provides an opportunity to study how the balance between natural selection and genetic drift shapes the evolution of appearance and form. The cat family, Felidae, is especially interesting; 13 of 37 extant species exhibit polymorphism for melanism, but evidence for any adaptive role is lacking, in part because the potential benefits of melanism to felid predators are not clear, and in part because the tools for genomic analysis of natural populations are limited. We identify the mutations responsible for melanism in three closely related South American wild felids, the pampas cat, the kodkod, and Geoffroy’s cat, then adapt a new approach for targeted genome sequencing to characterize molecular variation in the region surrounding each melanism mutation. We find that each mutation has developed independently, with strong evidence for natural selection in the black pampas cat, and reduced genetic variation in the entire population of kodkods. Our results demonstrate that some “black cats” are black not by chance, but by selection for a mutation that provides increased fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexsandra Schneider
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Corneliu Henegar
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Day
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Constanza Napolitano
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular & Instituto de Ecologia y Biodiversidad, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leandro Silveira
- Jaguar Conservation Fund, Instituto Onça-Pintada, Mineiros, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Victor A. David
- Basic Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. O’Brien
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Informatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marilyn Menotti-Raymond
- Basic Research Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Barsh
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GSB); (EE)
| | - Eduardo Eizirik
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (GSB); (EE)
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Cortés R, Navarro S, Agulleiro MJ, Guillot R, García-Herranz V, Sánchez E, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Evolution of the melanocortin system. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 209:3-10. [PMID: 24768673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system is one of the most complex of the hormonal systems. It involves different agonists encoded in the multiplex precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC) or in different genes as β-defensins, endogenous antagonist, like agouti-signalling protein (ASIP) or agouti-related protein (AGRP), and five different melanocortin receptors (MCRs). Rounds of whole genome duplication events have preceded the functional and molecular diversification of the family in addition some co-evolutionary and tandem duplication processes have been proposed. The evolutionary patterns of the different partners are controversial and different hypotheses have emerged from a study of the sequenced genomes. In this review, we summarize the different evolutionary hypotheses proposed for the different melanocortin partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Cortés
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Sandra Navarro
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Maria Josep Agulleiro
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Raúl Guillot
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Víctor García-Herranz
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Elisa Sánchez
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
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Stathopoulou A, Lucchiari G, Ooi SKT. DNA methylation is dispensable for suppression of the agouti viable yellow controlling element in murine embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107355. [PMID: 25191835 PMCID: PMC4156423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The agouti viable (Avy) locus is considered a model to understand how retroelements function as controlling elements in mammals. Epigenetic factors, principally CpG methylation, are widely held to play a dominant regulatory role in controlling the locus' activity. The purpose of this study was to examine its behavior in ES cells and determine if this locus could be exploited for use in screen-based investigations. We have derived multiple Avy ES cell lines from the C57BL/6 strain and generated a cell line carrying a GFP-reporter gene (Avy/AGFP). Use of the DNA demethylating drug 5-azacitidine on various ES cell lines does not induce either agouti or GFP expression. Methylation analysis reveals that although most lines display normal methylation at IAP elements in general, the Avy IAP element is essentially unmethylated. In addition, we find that different repeat compartments are epigenetically unstable in a number of derived cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Stathopoulou
- Department of Cancer Biology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Lucchiari
- Department of Cancer Biology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steen K. T. Ooi
- Department of Cancer Biology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Yoshimi K, Kaneko T, Voigt B, Mashimo T. Allele-specific genome editing and correction of disease-associated phenotypes in rats using the CRISPR-Cas platform. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4240. [PMID: 24967838 PMCID: PMC4083438 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial CRISPR/Cas system has proven to be an efficient gene-targeting tool in various organisms. Here we employ CRISPR/Cas for accurate and efficient genome editing in rats. The synthetic chimeric guide RNAs (gRNAs) discriminate a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) difference in rat embryonic fibroblasts, allowing allele-specific genome editing of the dominant phenotype in (F344 × DA)F1 hybrid embryos. Interestingly, the targeted allele, initially assessed by the allele-specific gRNA, is repaired by an interallelic gene conversion between homologous chromosomes. Using single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides, we recover three recessive phenotypes: the albino phenotype by SNP exchange; the non-agouti phenotype by integration of a 19-bp DNA fragment; and the hooded phenotype by eliminating a 7,098-bp insertional DNA fragment, evolutionary-derived from an endogenous retrovirus. Successful in vivo application of the CRISPR/Cas system confirms its importance as a genetic engineering tool for creating animal models of human diseases and its potential use in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Yoshimi
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - T. Kaneko
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - B. Voigt
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - T. Mashimo
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Cortés R, Agulleiro MJ, Navarro S, Guillot R, Sánchez E, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2) interplays with the zebrafish melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) but has no effect on its pharmacological profile. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 201:30-6. [PMID: 24709359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system is probably one of the most complex hormonal systems since it integrates agonist, encoded in the proopiomelanocortin precursor, endogenous antagonist, agouti signaling protein and agouti-related protein, five different G-protein coupled receptors and two accessory proteins. These accessory proteins interact with melanocortin receptors to allow traffic to the plasma membrane or to regulate the pharmacological profile. The MC1R fill the extension locus, which is primarily responsible for the regulation of pigmentation. In zebrafish, both MC1R and MRAP2 system are expressed in the skin. We demonstrate that zebrafish MC1R physically, or closely, interacts with the MRAP2 system, although this interaction did not result in modification of the studied pharmacological profile. However, progressive fasting induced skin darkening but also an upregulation of the MRAP2 expression in the skin, suggesting an unknown role for MRAP2a that could involve receptor desensitization processes. We also demonstrate that crowding stress induces skin darkening and a downregulation of MC1R expression in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Cortés
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Maria Josep Agulleiro
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Sandra Navarro
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Raúl Guillot
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Elisa Sánchez
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
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Iakovleva TV, Makarova EN, Bazhan NM. [Effect of ovariectomy on GLUT4 mRNA levels in adipose and muscle tissues in females of mice C57BL/6J-Agouti Yellow]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2014; 100:602-612. [PMID: 25669099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutation Yellow at the agouti locus in mice (AY/a-mice) causes the increase of food intake and development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In AY/a-females the disturbances of glucose and fat metabolisms occur after puberty. Previously we demonstrated that in AY/a-females regulation of blood glucose levels by estradiol was impaired. To investigate the mechanisms of estradiol regulatory action disturbance we determined the effects of ovariectomy and estradiol treatment on mRNA GLUT4 levels in adipose tissue and muscles in AY/a-females. C57BL/6J females, not carrying the Yellow mutation at the agouti locus (a/a-mice), were used as a control. The data suggest that one of the reasons for violations of estradiol regulation of glucose metabolism in AY/a-females is decreasing GLUT4 gene transcription activity in muscle tissue.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue/physiopathology
- Agouti Signaling Protein/genetics
- Agouti Signaling Protein/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glucose Transporter Type 4/genetics
- Glucose Transporter Type 4/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Ovariectomy
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Zevnik B, Uyttersprot NC, Perez AV, Bothe GWM, Kern H, Kauselmann G. C57BL/6N albino/agouti mutant mice as embryo donors for efficient germline transmission of C57BL/6 ES cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90570. [PMID: 24599260 PMCID: PMC3944090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated C57BL/6NTac mice carrying a tyrosinase loss-of function mutation and a reversion of the nonagouti locus to agouti. This strain has a high superovulation response, allows visual detection of chimeric coat color contribution of C57BL/6 ES-cells and provides a simplified breeding format that generates black G1 offspring of pure inbred C57BL/6 background in one step, providing the ideal host for genetically manipulated C57BL/6 ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branko Zevnik
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Ana V. Perez
- Taconic, Hudson, New York, United States of America
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Loite U, Kingo K, Reimann E, Reemann P, Vasar E, Silm H, Kõks S. Gene expression analysis of the corticotrophin-releasing hormone-proopiomelanocortin system in psoriasis skin biopsies. Acta Derm Venereol 2013; 93:400-5. [PMID: 23303587 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The corticotrophin-releasing hormone-proopiomelanocortin (CRH-POMC) system in the skin coordinates pigmentation and the immune response. The aim of this study was to evaluate the regulatory role of the neuroendocrine system in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Using quantitative real-time-PCR, mRNA expression levels of 15 genes related to the CRH-POMC system were measured in punch biopsies from lesional and non-lesional skin of patients with psoriasis and from skin of healthy control subjects. Statistically significant up-regulation of POMC, CRH receptor type 1, melanin-concentrating hormone receptor (MCHR1) and melanocortin receptors 2, 3 and 4 mRNA expression in lesional and in non-lesional skin compared with healthy control samples were established. Tyrosinase (TYR), T(Y)RP-1 and ASIP genes were statistically significantly down-regulated in lesional and non-lesional skin of psoriasis samples compared with healthy subjects. The up-regulation of POMC, melanocortin receptors, CRH receptor type 1 and MCHR1 in the lesional and non-lesional skin of psoriasis patients supports the importance of the local CRH-POMC system in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulvi Loite
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Guillot R, Ceinos RM, Cal R, Rotllant J, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Transient ectopic overexpression of agouti-signalling protein 1 (asip1) induces pigment anomalies in flatfish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48526. [PMID: 23251332 PMCID: PMC3519472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While flatfish in the wild exhibit a pronounced countershading of the dorso-ventral pigment pattern, malpigmentation is commonly observed in reared animals. In fish, the dorso-ventral pigment polarity is achieved because a melanization inhibition factor (MIF) inhibits melanoblast differentiation and encourages iridophore proliferation in the ventrum. A previous work of our group suggested that asip1 is the uncharacterized MIF concerned. In order to further support this hypothesis, we have characterized asip1 mRNAs in both turbot and sole and used deduced peptide alignments to analyze the evolutionary history of the agouti-family of peptides. The putative asip precursors have the characteristics of a secreted protein, displaying a putative hydrophobic signal. Processing of the potential signal peptide produces mature proteins that include an N-terminal region, a basic central domain with a high proportion of lysine residues as well as a proline-rich region that immediately precedes the C-terminal poly-cysteine domain. The expression of asip1 mRNA in the ventral area was significantly higher than in the dorsal region. Similarly, the expression of asip1 within the unpigmented patches in the dorsal skin of pseudoalbino fish was higher than in the pigmented dorsal regions but similar to those levels observed in the ventral skin. In addition, the injection/electroporation of asip1 capped mRNA in both species induced long term dorsal skin paling, suggesting the inhibition of the melanogenic pathways. The data suggest that fish asip1 is involved in the dorsal-ventral pigment patterning in adult fish, where it induces the regulatory asymmetry involved in precursor differentiation into mature chromatophore. Adult dorsal pseudoalbinism seems to be the consequence of the expression of normal developmental pathways in an inaccurate position that results in unbalanced asip1 production levels. This, in turn, generates a ventral-like differentiation environment in dorsal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Guillot
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Ceinos
- Aquatic Molecular Pathobiology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Rosa Cal
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía de Vigo (IEO), Vigo, Spain
| | - Josep Rotllant
- Aquatic Molecular Pathobiology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Oribe E, Fukao A, Yoshihara C, Mendori M, Rosal KG, Takahashi S, Takeuchi S. Conserved distal promoter of the agouti signaling protein (ASIP) gene controls sexual dichromatism in chickens. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 177:231-7. [PMID: 22554923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Brilliant plumage is typical of male birds, thus sexual plumage dichromatism is seen in many avian species; however, the molecular mechanism underlying this remains unclear. The agouti signaling protein (ASIP) is a paracrine factor that stimulates yellow/red pigment (pheomelanin) synthesis and inhibits black/brown pigment (eumelanin) synthesis in follicular melanocytes. In mammals, the distal promoter of the ASIP gene acts exclusively on the ventral side of the body to create a countershading pigmentation pattern by stimulating pheomelanin synthesis in the ventrum. Here, we examined the role of the distal ASIP promoter in controlling estrogen-dependent sexual dichromatism in chickens. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that ASIP class 1 mRNAs transcribed by the distal promoter were expressed exclusively on the ventral side of chicks and adult females displaying countershading. In showy adult males, the ASIP class 1 mRNAs were expressed in gold-colored ornamental feathers grown on the back. In the presence of estrogen, males molted into female-like plumage and ASIP class 1 mRNAs expression was altered to female patterns. These results suggest that the distal ASIP promoter produces countershading in chicks and adult females, similar to the ventral-specific ASIP promoter in mammals. In addition, the class 1 promoter plays an important role for creating sexual plumage dichromatism controlled by estrogen. This is the first evidence for a pigmentation gene having been modified in its expression during evolution to develop phenotypic diversity between individuals of different sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Oribe
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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38
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Iakovleva TV, Makarova EN, Kazantseva AI, Bazhan NM. [Effect of estradiol on food intake, glucose and fat metabolism in mice C57BL/6J with mutation yellow at the agouti locus]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2012; 98:636-645. [PMID: 22838198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mutation yellow at the agouti locus in mice (A(y)/a-mice) causes the increase of food intake and development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In A(y)/a-females the disturbances of glucose and fat metabolisms occur after puberty. We have assumed that the mutation yellow violates the regulatory effect of estradiol on glucose and fat metabolism in mice. We investigated the effects of ovariectomy and estradiol treatment on body weight, food intake, glucose tolerance, plasma levels of glucose, insulin and etherified fatty acids in A(y)/a-females. C57Bl/6J females, not carrying yellow mutation at the agouti locus (a/a-mice), were used as a control. The data suggest that the yellow mutation did not affect estradiol regulation of food intake and glucose blood levels after a night of fasting, but, apparently, prevented estradiol participation in the regulation of glucose and fat metabolisms in the muscle and fat tissues.
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Yoshihara C, Fukao A, Ando K, Tashiro Y, Taniuchi S, Takahashi S, Takeuchi S. Elaborate color patterns of individual chicken feathers may be formed by the agouti signaling protein. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 175:495-9. [PMID: 22202606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Hair and feather pigmentation is mainly determined by the distribution of two kinds of melanin, eumelanin and pheomelanin, which produce brown to black and yellow to red colorations, respectively. The agouti signaling protein (ASIP) acts as an antagonist or an inverse agonist of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), a G protein-coupled receptor for α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). This antagonism of the MC1R by ASIP on melanocytes initiates a switch of melanin synthesis from eumelanogenesis to pheomelanogenesis in mammals. In the present study, we isolated multiple ASIP mRNA variants generated by alternative splicing and promoters in chicken feather follicles. The mRNA variants showed a discrete tissue distribution. However, mRNAs were expressed predominantly in the feather pulp of follicles. Paralleling mRNA distribution, ASIP immunoreactivity was observed in feather pulp. Interestingly, ASIP was stained with pheomelanin but not eumelanin in pulp areas that face developing barbs. We suggest that the elaborate color pattern of individual feathers is formed in part by the antagonistic action of ASIP that is produced by multiple mRNA variants in chicken feather follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yoshihara
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Kitaku Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Chatzinasiou F, Lill CM, Kypreou K, Stefanaki I, Nicolaou V, Spyrou G, Evangelou E, Roehr JT, Kodela E, Katsambas A, Tsao H, Ioannidis JPA, Bertram L, Stratigos AJ. Comprehensive field synopsis and systematic meta-analyses of genetic association studies in cutaneous melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103:1227-35. [PMID: 21693730 PMCID: PMC4719704 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although genetic studies have reported a number of loci associated with cutaneous melanoma (CM) risk, a comprehensive synopsis of genetic association studies published in the field and systematic meta-analysis for all eligible polymorphisms have not been reported. METHODS We systematically annotated data from all genetic association studies published in the CM field (n = 145), including data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and performed random-effects meta-analyses across all eligible polymorphisms on the basis of four or more independent case-control datasets in the main analyses. Supplementary analyses of three available datasets derived from GWAS and GWAS-replication studies were also done. Nominally statistically significant associations between polymorphisms and CM were graded for the strength of epidemiological evidence on the basis of the Human Genome Epidemiology Network Venice criteria. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Forty-two polymorphisms across 18 independent loci evaluated in four or more datasets including candidate gene studies and available GWAS data were subjected to meta-analysis. Eight loci were identified in the main meta-analyses as being associated with a risk of CM (P < .05) of which four loci showed a genome-wide statistically significant association (P < 1 × 10(-7)), including 16q24.3 (MC1R), 20q11.22 (MYH7B/PIGU/ASIP), 11q14.3 (TYR), and 5p13.2 (SLC45A2). Grading of the cumulative evidence by the Venice criteria suggested strong epidemiological credibility for all four loci with genome-wide statistical significance and one additional gene at 9p23 (TYRP1). In the supplementary meta-analyses, a locus at 9p21.3 (CDKN2A/MTAP) reached genome-wide statistical significance with CM and had strong epidemiological credibility. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive field synopsis and systematic meta-analysis to identify genes associated with an increased susceptibility to CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Chatzinasiou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Dragoumi 5, Athens 161 21, Greece
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Västermark A, Schiöth HB. The early origin of melanocortin receptors, agouti-related peptide, agouti signalling peptide, and melanocortin receptor-accessory proteins, with emphasis on pufferfishes, elephant shark, lampreys, and amphioxus. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:61-9. [PMID: 21208605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There are conflicting theories about the evolution of melanocortin MC receptors while only few studies have addressed the evolution of agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), which are antagonists at the melanocortin receptors (MCRs), or the melanocortin MC(2) receptor accessory proteins (MRAP1 and MRAP2). Previously we have cloned melanocortin MC receptors (MC(a) and MC(b)) genes in river lamprey and here we identify orthologues to these melanocortin MC receptor sequences in the sea lamprey. We investigate the putative presence of the melanocortin MC receptor genes in lancelet (amphioxus; Branchiostoma floridae) but we find it unlikely that such gene exists, due to a sharp drop in sequence similarity beyond sequence clusters of known receptors. We show the presence of AgRP and ASIP in elephant shark, a cartilaginous fish belonging to the subclass of Elasmobranchii. However, we do not find any of these genes in lamprey or lancelet after detailed analysis of both targeted and whole proteome regular expression scans. We found MRAP2, but not MRAP1, to be present in elephant shark and sea lamprey while Fugu (T. rubripes) has both genes. This study shows that the most ancient presence of these melanocortin-related sequences is found in elephant shark and lampreys considering the current available sequence data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ake Västermark
- Department of Neuroscience, BMC, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Mayorov AV, Cai M, Palmer ES, Liu Z, Cain JP, Vagner J, Trivedi D, Hruby VJ. Solid-phase peptide head-to-side chain cyclodimerization: discovery of C(2)-symmetric cyclic lactam hybrid α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)/agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) analogues with potent activities at the human melanocortin receptors. Peptides 2010; 31:1894-905. [PMID: 20688117 PMCID: PMC3041174 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel hybrid melanocortin pharmacophore was designed based on the pharmacophores of the agouti-signaling protein (ASIP), an endogenous melanocortin antagonist, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), an endogenous melanocortin agonist. The designed hybrid ASIP/MSH pharmacophore was explored in monomeric cyclic, and cyclodimeric templates. The monomeric cyclic disulfide series yielded peptides with hMC3R-selective non-competitive binding affinities. The direct on-resin peptide lactam cyclodimerization yielded nanomolar range (25-120 nM) hMC1R-selective full and partial agonists in the cyclodimeric lactam series which demonstrates an improvement over the previous attempts at hybridization of MSH and agouti protein sequences. The secondary structure-oriented pharmacophore hybridization strategy will prove useful in development of unique allosteric and orthosteric melanocortin receptor modulators. This report also illustrates the utility of peptide cyclodimerization for the development of novel GPCR peptide ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minying Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Erin S. Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - James P. Cain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Josef Vagner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Dev Trivedi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Cropley JE, Suter CM, Beckman KB, Martin DIK. CpG methylation of a silent controlling element in the murine Avy allele is incomplete and unresponsive to methyl donor supplementation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9055. [PMID: 20140227 PMCID: PMC2816220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The viable yellow allele of agouti (Avy) is remarkable for its unstable and partially heritable epigenetic state, which produces wide variation in phenotypes of isogenic mice. In the Avy allele an inserted intracisternal A particle (IAP) acts as a controlling element which deregulates expression of agouti by transcription from the LTR of the IAP; the phenotypic state has been linked to CpG methylation of the LTR. Phenotypic variation between Avy mice indicates that the epigenetic state of the IAP is unstable in the germline. Principal Findings We have made a detailed examination of somatic methylation of the IAP using bisulphite allelic sequencing, and find that the promoter is incompletely methylated even when it is transcriptionally silent. In utero exposure to supplementary methyl donors, which alters the spectrum of Avy phenotypes, does not increase the density of CpG methylation in the silent LTR. Conclusions Our findings suggest that, contrary to previous supposition, methyl donor supplementation acts through an indirect mechanism to silence Avy. The incomplete cytosine methylation we observe at the somatically silent Avy allele may reflect its unstable germline state, and the influence of epigenetic modifications underlying CpG methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Cropley
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Suter
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Kenneth B. Beckman
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - David I. K. Martin
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li XL, Zhao JW, Tang CJ, Zhou RY, Zheng G, Li LH, Guo XL. Sequencing of part of the goat agouti gene and SNP identification. Biochem Genet 2009; 48:152-6. [PMID: 20094847 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-009-9307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-long Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China.
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Bazhan NM, Makarova EN. [The effect of the "yellow" mutation at the mouse agouti locus on the hormonal profile of pregnancy and lactation]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2009; 95:1254-1257. [PMID: 20058824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The "yellow" mutation at the mouse agouti locus (A(y)/a-mice) results in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Maternal obesity in A(y)-mice impaired glucose tolerance in adult Agouti-negative offspring. Changes of hormone pattern during pregnancy and lactation are known to disregulate glucose metabolism in the adult progeny. The aim of the study was to assay blood levels of glucose, insulin, corticosterone and leptin during pregnancy (days 7, 13, 18) and lactation (days 1, 10, 21) in C57B1/6J mice of a/a (normal metabolism) and A(y)/a genotypes. A(y)/a-mice did not differ from a/a-mice in insulin and glucose levels during pregnancy and lactation, in corticosterone levels during pregnancy, but had higher leptin levels in pregnancy and lactation and increased corticosterone levels during lactation. A(y)/a-mice may be considered as a genetic model for studying impact of maternal leptin and corticosterone in developmental programming.
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Abstract
Adaptation is a central focus of biology, although it can be difficult to identify both the strength and agent of selection and the underlying molecular mechanisms causing change. We studied cryptically colored deer mice living on the Nebraska Sand Hills and show that their light coloration stems from a novel banding pattern on individual hairs produced by an increase in Agouti expression caused by a cis-acting mutation (or mutations), which either is or is closely linked to a single amino acid deletion in Agouti that appears to be under selection. Furthermore, our data suggest that this derived Agouti allele arose de novo after the formation of the Sand Hills. These findings reveal one means by which genetic, developmental, and evolutionary mechanisms can drive rapid adaptation under ecological pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Linnen
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Abstract
Identifying the molecular basis of phenotypes that have evolved independently can provide insight into the ways genetic and developmental constraints influence the maintenance of phenotypic diversity. Melanic (darkly pigmented) phenotypes in mammals provide a potent system in which to study the genetic basis of naturally occurring mutant phenotypes because melanism occurs in many mammals, and the mammalian pigmentation pathway is well understood. Spontaneous alleles of a few key pigmentation loci are known to cause melanism in domestic or laboratory populations of mammals, but in natural populations, mutations at one gene, the melanocortin-1 receptor (Mc1r), have been implicated in the vast majority of cases, possibly due to its minimal pleiotropic effects. To investigate whether mutations in this or other genes cause melanism in the wild, we investigated the genetic basis of melanism in the rodent genus Peromyscus, in which melanic mice have been reported in several populations. We focused on two genes known to cause melanism in other taxa, Mc1r and its antagonist, the agouti signaling protein (Agouti). While variation in the Mc1r coding region does not correlate with melanism in any population, in a New Hampshire population, we find that a 125-kb deletion, which includes the upstream regulatory region and exons 1 and 2 of Agouti, results in a loss of Agouti expression and is perfectly associated with melanic color. In a second population from Alaska, we find that a premature stop codon in exon 3 of Agouti is associated with a similar melanic phenotype. These results show that melanism has evolved independently in these populations through mutations in the same gene, and suggest that melanism produced by mutations in genes other than Mc1r may be more common than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Kingsley
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Maliarchuk BA, Perkova MA, Derenko MV. [Polymorphism of pigmentation genes (OCA2 and ASIP) in some populations of Russia]. Genetika 2009; 45:401-405. [PMID: 19382693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In Russian populations, polymorphism of two pigmentation system genes, OCA2 (loci 305, 355, and 419, tested in Russians, Buryats, Chukchi, Koryaks, and Evens) and ASIP (locus 8818, tested in Russians and Buryats) was examined. Pairwise comparisons of the F(ST) distances between the populations showed that only the populations from Northeast Asia (Chukchi, Koryaks, and Evens) were statistically significantly different from all other populations, at least relative to one of the OCA2 locus. In Russians from Pskov oblast and Novgorod oblast, increased frequency (up to 6%) of the OCA2 allele 419A was revealed. In earlier studies, as association of this allele with green eye color was demonstrated. The data obtained in terms of their application for ethnic population genetics.
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Abstract
To confirm my previous findings that the A(y) allele at the agouti locus reduced the mandible size and therefore altered the mandible shape in a KK mouse strain background, I further investigated the effects of the A(y) allele on mandible morphology on different strain backgrounds, DDD and B6. Principal component analysis revealed that the mandible was significantly smaller in A(y) mice (DDD-A(y) and B6-A(y)) than in corresponding non-A(y) mice (DDD and B6, respectively). Discriminant and canonical discriminant analyses revealed that most mice were classified correctly in their own strains, and misclassification was not observed between DDD (-A(y)) and B6 (-A(y)). The results confirmed that the A(y) allele reduced the mandible size and altered the mandible shape regardless of the strain background. However, the difference in mandible morphology between A(y) mice and the corresponding non-A(y) mice within a strain was not as large as that which intrinsically underlay the two strains. Possible mechanisms of the A(y) action are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Suto
- Division of Animal Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan.
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