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Di Y, Wasan EK, Cawthray J, Syeda J, Ali M, Cooper DML, Al-Dissi A, Ashjaee N, Cheng W, Johnston J, Weekes DM, Kostelnik TI, Orvig C, Wasan KM. Evaluation of La(XT), a novel lanthanide compound, in an OVX rat model of osteoporosis. Bone Rep 2021; 14:100753. [PMID: 33665236 PMCID: PMC7905442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.100753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of a novel lanthanum compound, La(XT), in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of osteoporosis. Methods Twenty-four ovariectomized female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups receiving a research diet with/without treatment compounds (alendronate: 3 mg/kg; La(XT) 100 mg/kg) for three months. At the time of sacrifice, the kidney, liver, brain, lung and spleen were collected for histological examination. The trabecular bone structure of the tibiae was evaluated using micro-CT and a three-point metaphyseal mechanical test was used to evaluate bone failure load and stiffness. Results No significant differences were noted in plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) between the La(XT) treatment compared to the non-treated OVX group. Alendronate-treated animals (positive control) showed higher BV/TV, Tb.N and lower Tb.Th and Tb.Sp when compared to the non-treated OVX group. Mechanical analysis indicated that stiffness was higher in the alendronate (32.88%, p = 0.04) when compared to the non-treated OVX group. Failure load did not differ among the groups. Conclusions No kidney or liver toxicities of La(XT) treatments were found during the three-month study. The absence of liver and kidney toxicity with drug treatment for 3 months, as well as the increased trabecular bone stiffness are encouraging for the pursuit of further studies with La(XT) for a longer duration of time.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BMD, bone mineral density
- BV/TV, bone volume fraction
- CRF, chronic renal failure
- Ca2+, calcium
- Cr, creatinine
- HAP, hydroxyapatite
- La(XT)
- La3+, lanthanum
- Lanthanum
- OVX
- OVX, ovariectomized
- Osteoporosis
- SD, Sprague Dawley
- Tb.N, trabecular number
- Tb.Sp, trabecular separation
- Tb.Th, trabecular thickness
- Toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Di
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Ellen K Wasan
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Cawthray
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Jaweria Syeda
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Munawar Ali
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - David M L Cooper
- Department of Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Ahmad Al-Dissi
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Nima Ashjaee
- College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Wubin Cheng
- College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - James Johnston
- College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - David M Weekes
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Thomas I Kostelnik
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kishor M Wasan
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Wieszczycka K, Staszak K, Woźniak-Budych MJ, Jurga S. Lanthanides and tissue engineering strategies for bone regeneration. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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3
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Panahifar A, Chapman LD, Weber L, Samadi N, Cooper DML. Biodistribution of strontium and barium in the developing and mature skeleton of rats. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:385-398. [PMID: 29923023 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-018-0936-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone acts as a reservoir for many trace elements. Understanding the extent and pattern of elemental accumulation in the skeleton is important from diagnostic, therapeutic, and toxicological perspectives. Some elements are simply adsorbed to bone surfaces by electric force and are buried under bone mineral, while others can replace calcium atoms in the hydroxyapatite structure. In this article, we investigated the extent and pattern of skeletal uptake of barium and strontium in two different age groups, growing, and skeletally mature, in healthy rats. Animals were dosed orally for 4 weeks with either strontium chloride or barium chloride or combined. The distribution of trace elements was imaged in 3D using synchrotron K-edge subtraction micro-CT at 13.5 µm resolution and 2D electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Bulk concentration of the elements in serum and bone (tibiae) was also measured by mass spectrometry to study the extent of uptake. Toxicological evaluation did not show any cardiotoxicity or nephrotoxicity. Both elements were primarily deposited in the areas of active bone turnover such as growth plates and trabecular bone. Barium and strontium concentration in the bones of juvenile rats was 2.3 times higher, while serum levels were 1.4 and 1.5 times lower than adults. In all treatment and age groups, strontium was preferred to barium even though equal molar concentrations were dosed. This study displayed spatial co-localization of barium and strontium in bone for the first time. Barium and strontium can be used as surrogates for calcium to study the pathological changes in animal models of bone disease and to study the effects of pharmaceutical compounds on bone micro-architecture and bone remodeling in high spatial sensitivity and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Panahifar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - L Dean Chapman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lynn Weber
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Nazanin Samadi
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - David M L Cooper
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Weekes DM, Cawthray JF, Rieder M, Syeda J, Ali M, Wasan E, Kostelnik TI, Patrick BO, Panahifar A, Al-Dissi A, Cooper D, Wasan KM, Orvig C. La(iii) biodistribution profiles from intravenous and oral dosing of two lanthanum complexes, La(dpp) 3 and La(XT), and evaluation as treatments for bone resorption disorders. Metallomics 2018; 9:902-909. [PMID: 28561856 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00133a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trivalent lanthanum (La3+) has the potential to treat bone resorption disorders (such as osteoporosis) by eliciting a bone-building response in the cells which control skeletal remodelling. Because La3+ suffers from extremely poor intestinal absorption, specifically designed chelators are required in order that a biologically active form of lanthanum can be administered orally. Two such chelators, 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone (Hdpp) and bis-{[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]methy}phosphinic acid (H5XT), have previously been the subjects of extensive physical, in vitro, and in vivo testing as the tris- and mono-lanthanum(iii) complexes La(dpp)3 and La(XT), respectively. In this manuscript, we expand upon those studies to include 4-week intravenous (IV) and oral La3+ biodistribution profiles, which show that the metal ion initially accumulates in the liver followed by preferential redistribution and retention by bone. Of the two compounds, La(XT) demonstrates the more favourable in vivo characteristics, therefore dose-dependent oral biodistribution studies were carried out with this complex. These show drug saturation above a dose of 100 mg kg-1 day-1, so liver histology was performed in order to assess any potential toxicity. Finally, we improve upon the physical characterization of La(dpp)3 to include a single crystal X-ray structure, which exhibits an 8-coorindate La3+ centre with two bound water molecules, and a disordered exoclathrate-type hydrogen bonded network.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Weekes
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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Cawthray J, Wasan E, Wasan K. Bone-seeking agents for the treatment of bone disorders. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 7:466-481. [PMID: 28589453 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The targeting and delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents to bone tissue presents both a challenge and opportunity. Osteoporosis, Paget's disease, cancer, and bone metastases are all skeletal diseases whose treatment would benefit from new targeted therapeutic strategies. Osteoporosis, in particular, is a very prevalent disease, affecting over one in three women and one in five men in Canada alone with the cost to the healthcare system estimated at over $2.3 billion in 2010. Bone tissue is often considered a rigid structure when in reality there is a process of continuous remodeling that takes place via complex endocrine-regulated cell signaling pathways in addition to the signaling pathways unique to bone tissue. It is these specific boneremodeling processes that provide unique targeting opportunities but also present a number of challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Cawthray
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Ellen Wasan
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kishor Wasan
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Weekes DM, Ramogida CF, Jaraquemada-Peláez MDG, Patrick BO, Apte C, Kostelnik TI, Cawthray JF, Murphy L, Orvig C. Dipicolinate Complexes of Gallium(III) and Lanthanum(III). Inorg Chem 2016; 55:12544-12558. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Weekes
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Caterina F. Ramogida
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Maria de Guadalupe Jaraquemada-Peláez
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chirag Apte
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Thomas I. Kostelnik
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jacqueline F. Cawthray
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Lisa Murphy
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Weekes DM, Orvig C. Harnessing the bone-seeking ability of Ca(ii)-like metal ions in the treatment of metastatic cancer and resorption disorders. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:2024-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00712g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this tutorial review, we explore how a special relationship between metal ions and bones has been exploited to target therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Weekes
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - C. Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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8
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Cawthray JF, Weekes DM, Sivak O, Creagh AL, Ibrahim F, Iafrate M, Haynes CA, Wasan KM, Orvig C. In vivo study and thermodynamic investigation of two lanthanum complexes, La(dpp) 3 and La(XT), for the treatment of bone resorption disorders. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6439-6447. [PMID: 30090262 PMCID: PMC6054118 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01767j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone density diseases such as osteoporosis affect a significant number of people worldwide. Lanthanide ions are functional mimics of calcium ions, able to substitute for Ca2+ in the bone mineral component, hydroxyapatite (HAP). Bone undergoes a continuous remodelling cycle and lanthanides can affect this cycle, exerting a positive influence on bone mineral. We have been engaged in efforts to find new lanthanide containing complexes as active agents for treatment of these diseases and have identified two lead compounds, 3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethylpyridin-4(1H)-one (Hdpp) and a phosphinate-EDTA derivative, bis[[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]-methyl]phosphinate (H5XT). In this paper, we report in vivo data for the first time for the two lead compounds. The pharmacokinetics of La(dpp)3 suggest the complex is rapidly cleared from plasma. We demonstrate that La3+ accumulates in the bone following IV dose of either La(dpp)3 or La(XT) and we have investigated the influence of each chelating ligand on the incorporation of La3+ into HAP using ITC and HAP-binding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Cawthray
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Saskatchewan , 104 Clinic Place , Saskatoon , SK S7N 2Z4 , Canada .
| | - D M Weekes
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group , Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1 , Canada .
| | - O Sivak
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of British Columbia , 2146 East Mall , Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z3 , Canada
| | - A L Creagh
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z4 , Canada
| | - F Ibrahim
- Pfizer Inc. , Eastern Point Road , Groton , CT 06340 , USA
| | - M Iafrate
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group , Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1 , Canada .
| | - C A Haynes
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z4 , Canada
| | - K M Wasan
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Saskatchewan , 104 Clinic Place , Saskatoon , SK S7N 2Z4 , Canada .
| | - C Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group , Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , BC V6T 1Z1 , Canada .
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Jiang C, Shang J, Li Z, Qin A, Ouyang Z, Qu X, Li H, Tian B, Wang W, Wu C, Wang J, Dai M. Lanthanum Chloride Attenuates Osteoclast Formation and Function Via the Downregulation of Rankl-Induced Nf-κb and Nfatc1 Activities. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:142-51. [PMID: 26060084 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Jiangyinzi Shang
- Department of Orthopaedics; The First Affiliated Hospital; Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi Province China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Orthopaedics; The First Affiliated Hospital; Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi Province China
| | - An Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Zhengxiao Ouyang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Xinhua Qu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Haowei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Bo Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Wengang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Chuanlong Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Jinwu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics; The First Affiliated Hospital; Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi Province China
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Cawthray JF, Creagh AL, Haynes CA, Orvig C. Ion Exchange in Hydroxyapatite with Lanthanides. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:1440-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502425e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline F. Cawthray
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - A. Louise Creagh
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Charles A. Haynes
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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Liu L, Wang Y, Chen H, Zhu X, Zhou L, Yang Y. The effects of non-calcium-based phosphate binders versus calcium-based phosphate binders on cardiovascular calcification and bone remodeling among dialysis patients: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Ren Fail 2014; 36:1244-52. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2014.938544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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DAI M, JIANG C, LIU X, LI Z, CHENG X, ZOU Y, NIE T. Wear particle-mediated expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB and RANK were impacted by lanthanum chloride in RAW264.7 cells. J RARE EARTH 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1002-0721(12)60315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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JIANG C, ZOU Y, LIU X, SHANG J, CHENG M, DAI M. Dose-dependent effects of lanthanum chloride on wear particle-induced aseptic inflammation in a murine air-pouch model. J RARE EARTH 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1002-0721(12)60298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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