Postmortem computed tomography of barium peritonitis due to descending colon perforation

We describe herein the findings from postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) of barium peritonitis due to descending colon perforation. The patient was a woman in her 60s who underwent upper gastrointestinal series with barium swallow for the purpose of physical examination. The patient developed abdominal pain the next day and visited a clinic, but was sent home for later follow-up. She was found dead at home 8 days after upper gastrointestinal series. Based on the corpse phenomena and police investigations of the scene of death, the patient was estimated to have died 6 days after the upper gastrointestinal series. PMCT revealed free gas within the peritoneal cavity. Barium and fat stranding were also observed around a diverticulum in the descending colon. A large amount of residual barium was seen in the ascending colon and was considered to represent antemortem constipation and delayed barium excretion. No gas was detected in the abdominal wall, cardiac chambers or hepatic vasculature. The pancreas and adrenal glands had a normal appearance. We diagnosed barium peritonitis due to descending colon perforation as the cause of death. Diverticular perforation was suspected because barium retention and fat stranding were particularly noticeable around the descending colon diverticulum. In conclusion, we have presented a rare case of postmortem diagnosis of barium peritonitis. In PMCT interpretation, distinguishing between ante- and postmortem intestinal perforations is important.

Metal Vapour Synthesis of an Organometallic Barium(0) Synthon

A hydrocarbon-soluble barium anthracene complex was prepared by means of metal vapour synthesis. Reaction of 9,10-bis(trimethylsilyl)anthracene (Anth'') with barium vapour gave deep purple Ba(Anth'') which after extraction with diethyl ether crystallised as the cyclic octamer [Ba(Anth'')⋅Et2 O]8 . Dissolution in benzene or toluene led to replacement of the Et2 O ligand with a softer arene ligand and isolation of Ba(Anth'')⋅arene. Diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY NMR ) measurements in benzene-d6 indicate solution species with a molecular weight that equals a trimeric constitution. Natural population analysis (NPA) assigned charges of +1.70 and -1.70 to Ba and Anth'', respectively, relating to highly ionic Ba2+ /Anth''2- bonding. Preliminary reactivity studies with air, Ph2 C=NPh, or H2 show that the complex reacts as a Ba0 synthon by release of neutral Anth''. This soluble molecular Ba0 /BaII redox synthon provides new routes for the syntheses of barium complexes under mild conditions.

Esophageal Radiography Interpretation: a Primer for the Gastroenterologist

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Radiological studies can be helpful when evaluating patients with suspect esophageal disorders. From benign strictures to malignancy and motility disorders such as achalasia, imaging modalities play a significant role in diagnosis. This review explores the role of different imaging modalities in the most frequently encountered esophageal pathologies.

RECENT FINDINGS

Conventional barium esophagram has long been considered the primary imaging modality of the esophagus. In the same fashion, a timed barium esophagram is a valuable tool in the evaluation of achalasia and esophagogastric junction outlet obstruction. Over the last few decades there has been an increase in CT and MRI studies, which also play a role in the evaluation of esophageal pathologies. However, not infrequently, these newer imaging techniques can result in incidental esophageal findings. It is important that gastroenterologists appreciate the value of different modalities and recognize key imaging features. The diagnosis and management of esophageal disorders is evolving. A basic understanding of esophageal radiology is essential to any gastroenterologist caring for patients with esophageal complaints.

Novel barium-doped-baghdadite incorporated PHBV-PCL composite fibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Bioceramic/polymer composites have dragged a lot of attention for treating hard tissue damage in recent years. In this study, we synthesized barium-doped baghdadite (Ba-BAG), as a novel bioceramic, and later developed fibrous composite poly (hydroxybutyrate) co (hydroxyvalerate)- polycaprolactone (PHBV-PCL) scaffolds containing different amounts of baghdadite (BAG) and Ba-BAG, intended to be used in bone regeneration. Our results demonstrated that BAG and Ba-doped BAG powders were synthesized successfully using the sol-gel method and their microstructural, physicochemical, and cytotoxical properties results were evaluated. In the following, PHBV/PCL composite scaffolds containing different amounts of BAG and Ba-BAG (1, 3, and 5 wt%) were produced by the wet electrospinning method. The porosity of scaffolds decreased from 78% to 72% in Ba-BAG-incorporated PHBV/PCL scaffolds. The compressive strength of the scaffolds was between 4.69 and 9.28 kPa, which was increased to their maximum values in the scaffolds with Ba-BAG. The presence of BAG and Ba-BAG in the polymer scaffolds resulted in increasing bioactivity, and it was introduced as a suitable way to control the degradation rate of scaffolds. The presence of the BAG component was a major reason for higher cell proliferation in reinforced PHBV/PCL polymeric scaffolds, while Ba existence played its influential role in the higher osteogenic activity of cells on Ba-BAG incorporated PHBV/PCL scaffolds. Thus, the incorporation of Ba-BAG bioceramic materials into the structure of polymeric PHBV/PCL scaffolds promoted their various properties, and allow these scaffolds to be used as promising candidates in bone tissue engineering applications.

Modern Achalasia: Diagnosis, Classification, and Treatment

Achalasia is a major esophageal motor disorder featured by the altered relaxation of the esophagogastric junction in the absence of effective peristaltic activity. As a consequence of the esophageal outflow obstruction, achalasia patients present with clinical symptoms of dysphagia, chest pain, weight loss, and regurgitation of indigested food. Other less specific symptoms can also present including heartburn, chronic cough, and aspiration pneumonia. The delay in diagnosis, particularly when the presenting symptoms mimic those of gastroesophageal reflux disease, may be as long as several years. The widespread use of high-resolution manometry has permitted earlier detection and uncovered achalasia phenotypes which can have prognostic and therapeutic implications. Other tools have also emerged to help define achalasia severity and which can be used as objective measures of response to therapy including the timed barium esophagogram and the functional lumen imaging probe. Such diagnostic innovations, along with the increased awareness by clinicians and patients due to the availability of alternative therapeutic approaches (laparoscopic and robotic Heller myotomy, and peroral endoscopic myotomy) have radically changed the natural history of the disorder. Herein, we report the most recent advances in the diagnosis, classification, and management of esophageal achalasia and underline the still-grey areas that needs to be addressed by future research to reach the goal of personalizing treatment.

Combined cone-beam CT imaging and microsurgical dissection of cadaver specimens to study cerebral venous anatomy: a technical note

PURPOSE

Cadaver dissections and X-ray based 3D angiography are considered gold standards for studying neurovascular anatomy. We sought to develop a model that utilize the combination of both these techniques to improve current tools for anatomical research, teaching and preoperative surgical planning, particularly addressing the venous system of the brain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seven ethanol-fixed human cadaveric heads and one arm were injected with a latex-barium mixture into the internal jugular veins and the brachial artery. After the ethanol-based fixation, specimens were scanned by high-resolution cone-beam CT and images were post-processed on a 3D-workstation. Subsequent, microsurgical dissections were performed by an experienced neurosurgeon and venous anatomy was compared with relevant 3D venograms.

RESULTS

Latex-barium mixtures resulted in a homogenous cast with filling of the cerebral venous structures down to 150 μm in diameter. The ethanol-based preparation of the cadaveric brains allowed for near-realistic microsurgical maneuverability during dissection. The model improves assessment of the venous system for anatomical education and hands-on surgical training.

CONCLUSION

To our knowledge we describe the first preparation method which combines near-realistic microsurgical dissection of human heads with high-resolution 3D imaging of the cerebral venous system in the same specimens.

A State-of-the-Science Review on Metal Biomarkers

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Biomarkers are commonly used in epidemiological studies to assess metals and metalloid exposure and estimate internal dose, as they integrate multiple sources and routes of exposure. Researchers are increasingly using multi-metal panels and innovative statistical methods to understand how exposure to real-world metal mixtures affects human health. Metals have both common and unique sources and routes of exposure, as well as biotransformation and elimination pathways. The development of multi-element analytical technology allows researchers to examine a broad spectrum of metals in their studies; however, their interpretation is complex as they can reflect different windows of exposure and several biomarkers have critical limitations. This review elaborates on more than 500 scientific publications to discuss major sources of exposure, biotransformation and elimination, and biomarkers of exposure and internal dose for 12 metals/metalloids, including 8 non-essential elements (arsenic, barium, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, tin, uranium) and 4 essential elements (manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc) commonly used in multi-element analyses.

RECENT FINDINGS

We conclude that not all metal biomarkers are adequate measures of exposure and that understanding the metabolic biotransformation and elimination of metals is key to metal biomarker interpretation. For example, whole blood is a good biomarker of exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and tin, but it is not a good indicator for barium, nickel, and uranium. For some essential metals, the interpretation of whole blood biomarkers is unclear. Urine is the most commonly used biomarker of exposure across metals but it should not be used to assess lead exposure. Essential metals such as zinc and manganese are tightly regulated by homeostatic processes; thus, elevated levels in urine may reflect body loss and metabolic processes rather than excess exposure. Total urinary arsenic may reflect exposure to both organic and inorganic arsenic, thus, arsenic speciation and adjustment for arsebonetaine are needed in populations with dietary seafood consumption. Hair and nails primarily reflect exposure to organic mercury, except in populations exposed to high levels of inorganic mercury such as in occupational and environmental settings. When selecting biomarkers, it is also critical to consider the exposure window of interest. Most populations are chronically exposed to metals in the low-to-moderate range, yet many biomarkers reflect recent exposures. Toenails are emerging biomarkers in this regard. They are reliable biomarkers of long-term exposure for arsenic, mercury, manganese, and selenium. However, more research is needed to understand the role of nails as a biomarker of exposure to other metals. Similarly, teeth are increasingly used to assess lifelong exposures to several essential and non-essential metals such as lead, including during the prenatal window. As metals epidemiology moves towards embracing a multi-metal/mixtures approach and expanding metal panels to include less commonly studied metals, it is important for researchers to have a strong knowledge base about the metal biomarkers included in their research. This review aims to aid metals researchers in their analysis planning, facilitate sound analytical decision-making, as well as appropriate understanding and interpretation of results.

Subway station dust-induced pulmonary inflammation may be due to the dysfunction of alveolar macrophages: Possible contribution of bound elements

With its increasing value as a means of public transportation, the health effects of the air in subway stations have attracted public concern. In the current study, we investigated the pulmonary toxicity of dust collected from an air purifier installed on the platform of the busiest subway station in Seoul. We found that the dust contained various elements which are attributable to the facilities and equipment used to operate the subway system. Particularly, iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), zirconium (Zr), barium (Ba), and molybdenum (Mo) levels were more notable in comparison with those in dust collected from the ventilation chamber of a subway station. To explore the health effects of inhaled dust, we first instilled via the trachea in ICR mice for 13 weeks. The total number of pulmonary macrophages increased significantly with the dose, accompanying hematological changes. Dust-laden alveolar macrophages and inflammatory cells accumulated in the perivascular regions in the lungs of the treated mice, and pulmonary levels of CXCL-1, TNF-α, and TGF-β increased clearly compared with the control. The CCR5 and CD54 level expressed on BAL cell membranes was also enhanced following exposure to dust, whereas the CXCR2 level tended to decrease in the same samples. In addition, we treated the dust to alveolar macrophages (known as dust cells), lysosomal and mitochondrial function decreased, accompanied by cell death, and NO production was rapidly elevated with concentration. Moreover, the expression of autophagy- (p62) and anti-oxidant (SOD-2)-related proteins increased, and the expression of inflammation-related genes was dramatically up-regulated in the dust-treated cells. Therefore, we suggest that dysfunction of alveolar macrophages may importantly contribute to dust-induced inflammatory responses and that the exposure concentrations of Cr, Fe, Mo, Zr, and Ba should be considered carefully when assessing the health risks associated with subway dust. We also hypothesize that the bound elements may contribute to dust-induced macrophage dysfunction by inhibiting viability.

Distribution, Source Identification, and Output flux of Barium in Surface Waters in the Sanjiangyuan Region and Qilian Mountain Region of Tibetan Plateau

Water safety concerning Barium (Ba) has become a public issue worldwide. As the "Asian water tower", Tibetan Plateau is the birthplace of many rivers. However, the distribution, source, and output flux of Ba are largely unknown. In this study, surface water samples were collected from different catchments in the Sanjiangyuan Region (SJY) and the Qilian Mountain Region (QLM) in Tibetan Plateau. The concentration of Ba was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, the source of Ba was discussed by a Gibbs diagram, and the output flux of Ba was estimated using the observation data from different hydrological stations. The results showed that the Ba concentrations were less than 160 µg/L, which is much lower than the guideline value of 700 µg/L for surface waters. The main sources of Ba were rock weathering and evaporation concentration. The total Ba output flux from SJY and QLM to downstream waters was 1,240 t/yr, which accounts for about 0.01% of the global freshwater Ba output flux to the ocean. The Ba production rate in Tibetan Plateau was comparable with that in the Arctic rivers. Under the scenario of global warming, water safety issues concerning Ba will be more serious since the output flux of Ba to downstream waters will be increased by intensified rock weathering, evaporation concentration, glacial retreat, and permafrost thawing. This study reveals the Ba flux and production rate in Tibetan Plateau, which will provide important information for evaluating the environmental impact of global warming on public health.

Effect of metabolic rate on time-lags change in otolith microchemistry - An experimental approach using Salmo trutta

Over decades ecologists have long been interested in relevant techniques to track the field movement patterns of fish. Elemental composition of otolith represents a permanent record of the growing habitats experienced by the fish throughout its entire lifetime that is increasingly used in the literature. The lack of a predictive and mechanistic understanding of the individual kinematics underlying ion incorporation/depletion still limits our fine-scale temporal interpretation of the chemical signal recorded in the otolith. In particular, the rate at which elements are incorporated into otoliths is hypothesized to depend on fish physiology. However, to date, time-lags have mostly been quantified at a population scale. Here, we report results from controlled experiments (translocation and artificially enriched environment) on individual trace element incorporation/depletion rates in Salmo trutta (Salmonidae). We reported significant lags (i.e. weeks to months) between changes in water chemistry and subsequent change in otolith composition and highlighted substantial inter-individual variations in the timing and magnitude of Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca responses. These differences are partially linked to the energetic status (i.e. metabolic rate) of the individuals. It, therefore, appears that individuals with the highest metabolic rate are more likely to record detailed (i.e. brief) temporal changes than individuals having lower metabolic values. The time taken for environmental changes to be reflected in the growing otolith thus can no longer be assumed to remain a constant within populations. Results from the current study are a step towards fine reconstructing environmental histories in dynamic environments.

Assessment of barium diffusion from therapeutic mud wrapped in micro-perforated polyethylene bags towards the human organism

Barium is present within the clay-derived therapeutic mud packs deposed on the patient's skin for treating some rheumatologic conditions. We studied in twenty-four young healthy volunteers the diffusion of Ba from mud wrapped in micro-perforated polyethylene bags and soaked in mineral water. No significant systematic increase in plasma or urine Ba levels was evidenced when comparing pre- and post-treatment samples using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. These levels were markedly inferior to the recommended thresholds in nearly all the participants. Noticeably variability in blood and especially urine Ba concentrations was large and mainly explained by environmental exposure (alimentation). Interestingly, we evidenced an intense Ba accumulation within the therapeutic mud at the end of the regimen. Because we chose a clay with one of the highest Ba content available in France for medical therapy and participants with an optimal transcutaneous diffusion capacity (young individuals with low-fat mass), we conclude unambiguously that there is no risk of Ba overexposure in patients receiving pelotherapy according to the procedure used in French medical spas.

Association between barium exposed, CYP19A1 and central obesity: A cross-sectional study in rural China

BACKGROUND

obesity is a major risk factor for many metabolic diseases such as diabetes and cardiometabolic diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the association of plasma and urinary barium concentrations, CYP19A1 gene polymorphisms, and their interaction with central obesity in a rural Chinese population.

METHODS

restricted cubic spline model was used to explore the dose-response relationship between barium and the risk of developing central obesity and waist circumference; logistic regression model was used to assess the association between barium, CYP19A1 gene polymorphisms and their interaction with central obesity.

RESULTS

the results of the restricted cubic spline model showed that plasma barium concentration was linearly associated with the risk of developing central obesity and non-linearly associated with waist circumference. Logistic regression analysis showed that participants with Q4 plasma barium concentration exhibited a higher risk of central obesity compared to participants with Q1 barium concentration; participants carrying the rs10046-AA gene exhibited a lower risk of central obesity than those carrying the rs10046-G(GG+GA) gene; participants carrying the rs10046-GA genotype showed 1.754 times higher risk of central obesity than those carrying rs10046-GG+AA genotype. There was a significant interaction between plasma barium and CYP19A1 gene polymorphism on central obesity.

CONCLUSION

the development of central obesity was associated with plasma barium and CYP19A1.

Association of maternal and cord blood barium exposure with preschoolers' intellectual function: Evidence from the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort (MABC) study

OBJECTIVES

Barium is widely involved in drilling fluids, plastics, and personal care products. Although the neurodevelopmental toxicity of barium has been reported in animals, human data are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the effect of prenatal barium concentrations on preschoolers' intellectual function based on a birth cohort study.

METHODS

A total of 2164 mother-child pairs from Ma'anshan city, China were included in this study. We measured serum barium concentrations in the first, second, and third trimesters and in cord blood. Intellectual function in children aged 3.0-6.0 years old was assessed using the Chinese version of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition (WPPSI-IV). Linear regression models were used to analyze the association between averaged barium exposure during pregnancy and intellectual function. Multiple informant models were performed to jointly test for differences in associations between four repeated barium exposure and intellectual function. All models were further stratified by child sex.

RESULTS

Collectively, we observed significant inverse associations of average maternal barium exposure levels with verbal comprehension index (VCI), visual spatial index (VSI), processing speed index (PSI), and full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) scores. Maternal serum log₁₀-transformed barium levels in the second trimester were inversely associated with VCI [-2.33 (95%CI: -4.02, -0.64)], VSI [-2.30 (95%CI: -4.08, -0.52)], working memory index (WMI) [-2.09 (95%CI: -3.71, -0.46)], PSI [-2.23 (95%CI: -3.82, -0.65)], and FSIQ scores [-2.73 (95%CI: -4.23, -1.22)]. Prenatal barium exposure was inversely associated with VCI, VSI, WMI, PSI, and FSIQ in girls, except for the fluid reasoning index (FRI). Additionally, inverse associations were found between prenatal barium exposure and VSI, PSI, and FSIQ in boys.

CONCLUSIONS

Prenatal barium exposure had detrimental effects on intellectual function in preschoolers and girls drove these inverse associations more than boys. The second trimester may be the critical window of neurotoxicity to barium exposure.

'Green firecrackers' with reduced barium emissions in particulate matter

Ambient air quality is affected due to the emission of pollutants on a large scale after the bursting of firecrackers. Traditionally in all firecrackers, barium (Ba) compounds are used as oxidizers and also to impart green colour flame. Combustion products of barium compounds are water soluble and readily absorbed by the body affecting human health. Thus, the inherent risk of Ba pollution due to the bursting of firecrackers has consequent health effects. To reduce the ambient air pollution caused due to burning of conventional firecrackers, CSIR NEERI has developed reduced emission firecrackers (green crackers). This is achieved by reducing the amount of chemicals, barium nitrate, shell size and addition of additives such as zeolite and iron oxide. This study aims to specifically investigate the influence of additives on the level of barium in reduced emission firecrackers. Four types of conventional and reduced emission firecrackers were selected and tested inside a firecracker emission testing facility to check the levels of barium in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. The measured mean concentrations of all types of reduced emission crackers (green crackers) provided by fireworks manufacturers show significantly reduced barium concentration by 30-60% compared to conventional crackers depending on the type of firecrackers, shell size and amount of chemicals used. The possible reason for reduced Ba level is attributed to i) reduced usage of Ba(NO₃)₂ and ii) formation of heavy density compounds, leading to soil fallout.

Increased barium levels in recent marine sediments from the Norwegian and Barents Seas suggest impact of hydrocarbon drilling and production

Barium (Ba) in recent marine sediments can originate from natural and anthropogenic sources including discharges from the oil and gas industry. In this study, we use data from the Norwegian and Barents Seas to assess whether Ba in recent marine sediments has increased due to these discharges. To account for Ba in detrital material, we normalise all samples with respect to aluminosilicate by calculating an enrichment factor. We use statistical modelling to control for parameters related to sedimentation. We present results that suggest increased Ba levels in recent sediments that coincide with the timing of hydrocarbon drilling and production. This is supported by geographical differences on a large scale that relate to proximity to hydrocarbon drilling and production. Among 243 sampling stations, we identify 73 locations exhibiting enrichment of Ba in the upper 6 of sediment. At these locations, Ba is 1.55 to 3.55 times higher than the levels that can be expected from the shale average when Ba in detrital matter is accounted for. Excess Ba is reported in sediment surface samples in areas important to fisheries like the Lofoten area and the western Barents Sea.

Insights into coastal phytoplankton variations from 1979 to 2018 derived from Ba/Ca records in scallop shells (Chlamys islandica) from a fishing ground in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence

Bivalve growth is affected by phytoplankton quality and availability, but long-term, coastal environmental time series related to these parameters are often lacking. Therefore, it is crucial to develop methods to accurately quantify trends in phytoplankton dynamics over time. This would be especially important for the fished scallop beds in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, where landings sharply declined since the early-2000s. Over the past decade, many studies have highlighted the potential of Ba/Ca ratios in bivalve shells as an environmental proxy for phytoplankton dynamics. This study presents records of Ba/Ca ratios in 31 young Chlamys islandica shells sampled in the Mingan Archipelago from 1979 to 2018. The Ba/Ca master chronology showed a decreasing trend since 2002, which could reflect changes in local phytoplankton bloom taxonomic composition, and coincides with the aforementioned decline in scallop landings. Investigations of environmental controls on barium incorporation into the shells highlight the importance of bottom, nutrient-rich waters to support diatom production or export in this fishing area. The use of such high-resolution seasonal records extracted from bio-archives may identify essential environmental mechanisms that will then assist with the development of an ecosystem-based fishery management strategy.

Exposure to barium and blood pressure in children and adolescents: results from the 2003-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Barium (Ba) is ubiquitous in the environment, and humans are primarily exposed to it through ingestion of drinking water. Previous studies focused on the exposure to lead, cadmium, and arsenic, but have not focused on exposure to Ba. Recent studies found a significant association between Ba exposure and elevated blood pressure in pregnant women and adults. However, there are no studies regarding the effect of Ba exposure on blood pressure in children and adolescents, and the potential biological mechanisms remain unclear. We evaluated the associations between urinary Ba and systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse pressure (PP) among 8- to 17-year-old participants (n = 3707) of the 2003-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Furthermore, the potential roles of inflammation in these associations were explored. Weighted linear regression was used to analyze the association between urinary Ba and blood pressure, and mediation analyses were used to estimate the potential role of white blood cell count (WBC) in these associations. Quantile g-computation models were used to explore the effect of co-exposure to Ba and other metals on blood pressure. After adjusting for covariates, a two-fold increase in urinary Ba concentration was associated with a 0.41 (95% CI 0.12, 0.70) mmHg increase in SBP, a 1.04 (95% CI 0.55, 1.53) mmHg increase in PP, but a -0.63 (95% CI -1.04, -0.22) mmHg decrease in DBP. WBC significantly mediated 6% of the association between urinary Ba and SBP. Quantile g-computation models suggested that urinary Ba was the main contributor to the elevation of SBP and PP in the urinary metal mixture. Our findings revealed that exposure to Ba was associated with elevated SBP and PP among children and adolescents. Inflammation may play an important role in the associations of Ba exposure with SBP.

Relationship between maternal heavy metal exposure and congenital heart defects: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are one of the major causes of death in infants and young children, and heavy metal exposure during pregnancy is one of the possible risk factors. However, the effect of heavy metal exposure on CHDs is still controversial. We searched English (PubMed, Web of Science) and Chinese (CNKI and WanFang database) databases for relevant articles. The summarized effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by pooling estimates using the random-effects model. Egger's test was used to estimate publication bias. Heterogeneity among studies was indicated by p-values and I². Finally, we conducted subgroup analyses to elucidate the causes of heterogeneity. Thirteen studies were included in this meta-analysis. A positive association between maternal exposure to heavy metals and CHDs was found. Pooling odds ratios (ORs) for arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead were 2.12, 1.30, 1.22, and 2.30, respectively for total CHDs. Regarding CHD subtypes, arsenic was associated with an increased risk of septal defects (OR: 1.82), barium with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) (OR: 1.15) and septal defects (OR: 1.21), and lead with conotruncal defects (OR: 2.34) and LVOTO (OR: 1.93). A heterogeneous relationship was found between studies using different methods of measurement, which were mainly due to differences in actual exposure levels to heavy metals. This meta-analysis suggests significant associations between arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead exposure during pregnancy and an increased risk of specific CHDs in offspring. These findings underscore the importance of heavy metal exposure during pregnancy in the risk of CHDs in offspring.

Life-threatening barium carbonate poisoning managed with intravenous potassium, continuous veno-venous haemodialysis and endoscopic removal of retained ceramic glazes

INTRODUCTION

Barium poisoning is rare but potentially severe. We describe a case of acute barium carbonate poisoning with cardiac arrest, managed with intravenous potassium, dialysis and endoscopic removal of retained ceramic glazes.

CASE REPORT

A 38-year-old woman presented with vomiting 90 min after ingesting 3 cups of barium and strontium carbonate. Initial bloods noted potassium 2.8 mmol/L and creatinine 53 μmol/L. Electrocardiogram demonstrated prolonged corrected QT interval 585msec. Initial management included intravenous potassium. Four hours post-ingestion she developed proximal muscle weakness in upper limbs with a potassium of 2.2 mmol/L. At 15 h post-ingestion she developed profound muscle weakness, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and cardiac arrest. Treatment included defibrillation, endotracheal intubation and continuous veno-venous haemodialysis (CVVHD) for metabolic derangement and enhanced elimination of barium. Chest X-ray 17 h post-ingestion demonstrated a large radio-opaque mass in the stomach, thought to be the ceramic glaze. Endoscopy removed the retained material 41 h post-ingestion. She was extubated 58 h post-ingestion and CVVHD was ceased on day 3. Serum creatinine peaked at 348 μmol/L on day 7, but normalised by discharge. Biphasic barium concentrations were noted, notably 94 μmol/L on admission, 195 μmol/L at 16 h, 95 μmol/L at 20 h, and 193 μmol/L at 30 h post-ingestion.

CONCLUSION

In barium poisoning with hypokalaemia, prompt potassium supplementation is required but rebound hyperkalaemia can occur. Endoscopic removal of ceramic glazes may be useful more than 12 h post-ingestion. Consider extracorporeal methods to enhance barium elimination in severe cases.

Habitat transitions by a large coastal sciaenid across life history stages, resolved using otolith chemistry

Many coastal species move between estuarine and coastal environments throughout their life. Migration patterns develop as a result of ecology and evolution and must be understood to effectively manage harvested stocks. This study examined movements across estuarine and coastal marine habitats in adult Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus); a commercially, indigenous and recreationally harvested sciaenid of south-eastern Australia. Chemical profiles across the otolith (ear bone) were used to examine transitions between estuary and marine habitats over life history. Patterns in otolith Ba:Ca concentrations indicated that the majority of fish migrated between estuary and marine habitats, but a small proportion of fish appeared to remain in either the estuary or the marine habitat. Such movements may potentially be driven by a range of biological and environmental factors. This approach allows questions about the life history and habitat use of Mulloway to be addressed, which will aid management and provide a platform for future research on Mulloway, other sciaenid's and coastal migratory species.

Same day barium esophagography and high-resolution manometry during the COVID-19 pandemic

PURPOSE

Double contrast barium esophagography (BAS) and high-resolution manometry (HRM) are traditionally performed on separate days to allow for pre-procedural fasting. In an effort to minimize COVID-19 exposure and improve appointment efficiency with required pre-procedure testing, we permitted same day HRM prior to BAS. Our study aimed to evaluate the adequacy of barium mucosal coating with same day HRM prior to BAS compared to BAS alone.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective pilot cohort study including 14 patients undergoing same day HRM prior to BAS and 20 patients undergoing BAS alone over an 8-month interval during the COVID-19 pandemic. Three abdominal imaging subspecialty-trained radiologists blindly reviewed the images and graded adequacy of esophageal coating on a 4-point scale with a score of 1 representing inadequate coating and 4 representing optimal coating.

RESULTS

For the cohort studied thus far, the mean grade of the HRM and BAS group was 3.17 with a standard deviation of 0.66. The mean grade of the BAS alone group was 3.13 with a standard deviation of 0.79. There was no statistical difference in the adequacy of esophageal coating between the two groups (p-value 0.97).

CONCLUSION

Same day HRM prior to BAS has no detrimental effect on barium mucosal coating compared to BAS alone. Though created to limit patient exposures during the COVID pandemic, same day BAS and HRM may prevent delays in care and improve convenience towards improved patient-centered care beyond the pandemic.

Oesophageal IGRT considerations for SBRT of LA-NSCLC: barium-enhanced CBCT and interfraction motion

Background

To determine the optimal volume of barium for oesophageal localisation on cone-beam CT (CBCT) for locally-advanced non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and quantify the interfraction oesophageal movement relative to tumour.

Methods

Twenty NSCLC patients with mediastinal and/or hilar disease receiving radical radiotherapy were recruited. The first five patients received 25 ml of barium prior to their planning CT and alternate CBCTs during treatment. Subsequent five patient cohorts, received 15 ml, 10 ml and 5 ml. Six observers contoured the oesophagus on each of the 107 datasets and consensus contours were created. Overall 642 observer contours were generated and interobserver contouring reproducibility was assessed. The kappa statistic, dice coefficient and Hausdorff Distance (HD) were used to compare barium-enhanced CBCTs and non-enhanced CBCTs. Oesophageal displacement was assessed using the HD between consensus contours of barium-enhanced CBCTs and planning CTs.

Results

Interobserver contouring reproducibility was significantly improved in barium-enhanced CBCTs compared to non-contrast CBCTs with minimal difference between barium dose levels. Only 10 mL produced a significantly higher kappa (0.814, p = 0.008) and dice (0.895, p = 0.001). The poorer the reproducibility without barium, the greater the improvement barium provided. The median interfraction HD between consensus contours was 4 mm, with 95% of the oesophageal displacement within 15 mm.

Conclusions

10 mL of barium significantly improves oesophageal localisation on CBCT with minimal image artifact. The oesophagus moves substantially and unpredictably over a course of treatment, requiring close daily monitoring in the context of hypofractionation.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13014-021-01946-8.

What the presence of regulated chemical elements in beached lacustrine plastics can tell us: the case of Swiss lakes

Plastics (n = 3880) have been sampled from 39 beaches of ten Swiss lakes of varying sizes, hydrodynamics, and catchments, with a selection (n = 598) analysed for potentially hazardous (and regulated) chemical elements (As, Ba, Br, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Sb, Se) by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Plastic objects and fragments with identifiable or unidentifiable origins were present on all beaches surveyed, and were often most abundant in proximity to major riverine inputs. Chemical elements were detected in between two (Hg) and 340 (Ba) samples with maximum concentrations exceeding 2% by weight for Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Sb. Inter-element relationships and characteristics of the samples suggest that elements are largely present as various additives, including pigments (e.g., Cd₂SSe, PbCrO₄), stabilizers (in polyvinyl chloride), and flame retardants (Br). Observations are similar to, and complement, those previously reported in Switzerland's largest lake (Lake Geneva). Comparison of concentrations of targeted chemical elements in beached plastic with currently used plastics illustrate the interest of these types of measurements in providing an insight into the persistence of plastics in standing stocks and in lakes. This information could help to introduce management schemes that consider whether plastic pollution is new or old and act accordingly.

Pseudo isotope dilution (PID) as an approach for correcting barium-related spectral interferences on the measurement of europium by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

Pseudo isotope dilution (PID) was suggested as a simple and practical approach for the correction of barium-related spectral interferences on the measurement of europium by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The interferents, i.e. oxides and hydroxides of barium, were regarded as pseudo europium isotopes. An equation for calculating the concentration of europium was deduced and the net contribution of europium isotopes can be obtained by measuring the signal intensity ratios of ¹⁵¹I/¹⁵³I in a sample, a europium standard, and a barium standard, respectively. The validity of the approach was confirmed by the determination of europium in standard solutions with different concentrations of barium. Determination of europium in river water and seawater certified reference materials was carried out, whose results were in coincidence with reference values.

Trace elements in children with autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis based on case-control studies

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder that may be related to trace elements. However, reports on the relationship between them are still inconsistent. In this article, we conducted a meta-analysis on this issue. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases as of November 15, 2019. A random-effects model was used, and subgroups of studies were analyzed using samples of different measurements. Twenty-two original articles were identified (18 trace elements, including a total of 1014 children with ASD and 999 healthy controls). In autistic children, the overall levels of barium (Ba), mercury (Hg), lithium (Li), and lead (Pb) were higher. There were significant differences in the levels of copper (Cu) in the hair and serum between autistic children and the control group. The levels of Hg, Li, Pb and selenium (Se) in the hair of autistic children were higher than those of healthy children, while the levels of zinc (Zn) in the blood were lower. Excessive exposure to toxic heavy metals and inadequate intake of essential metal elements may be associated with ASD. Preventing excessive exposure to toxic metals and correcting poor dietary behaviors may be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of the disease.

A single column separation method for barium isotope analysis of geologic and hydrologic materials with complex matrices

The increasing significance of barium (Ba) in environmental and geologic research in recent years has led to interest in the application of the Ba isotopic composition as a tracer for natural materials with complex matrices. Most Ba isotope measurement techniques require separation of Ba from the rest of sample prior to analysis. This paper presents a method using readily available materials and disposable columns that effectively separates Ba from a range of geologic and hydrologic materials, including carbonate minerals, silicate rocks, barite, river water, and fluids with high total dissolved solids and organic content such as oil and gas brines, rapidly and without need for an additional cleanup column. The technique involves off-the-shelf columns and cation exchange resin and a two-reagent elution that uses 2.5 N HCl followed by addition of 2.0 N HNO₃. We present data to show that major matrix elements from almost any natural material are separated from Ba in a single column pass, and that the method also effectively reduces or eliminates isobaric interferences from lanthanum and cerium.

Corrosive injuries of the upper gastrointestinal tract: A pictorial review of the imaging features

Corrosive ingestion is a common form of poisoning. Corrosive agents cause severe damage to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The most severe forms of injury can lead to mortality; however, the major concern with this type of injury is life-long morbidity. Upper GI endoscopy is the test of choice for assessing severity in the acute phase of the disease. The long-term management is based on the site, length, number, location, and tightness of the stricture. This information is best provided by the barium contrast studies. In this pictorial review, a spectrum of findings in patients with corrosive injuries of the esophagus and stomach is illustrated. The role of various imaging modalities including barium studies, endoscopic ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging is discussed.

Optimizing detection of postoperative leaks on upper gastrointestinal fluoroscopy: a step-by-step guide

Postoperative leaks after gastrointestinal surgery are important to identify to decrease patient morbidity and mortality. Fluoroscopic studies are commonly employed to detect postoperative leak. While the literature addresses the sensitivity and specificity of these examinations, there is generally a lack of description of the fluoroscopic technique itself and there may be variability between radiologists in how these studies are performed. It is important to balance a standardized fluoroscopy protocol while tailoring the exam for each surgical and patient situation. Here we will briefly review common postoperative anatomy in the upper gastrointestinal tract, propose fluoroscopic techniques to improve postoperative leak detection, and illustrate teaching points with clinical cases.

Environmental barium: potential exposure and health-hazards

The relatively widespread presence of environmental barium is raising a growing public awareness as it can lead to different health conditions. Its presence in humans may produce several effects, especially among those chronically exposed from low to moderate doses. Barium accumulation can mainly occur by exposure in the workplace or from drinking contaminated water. However, this element is also assumed with the diet, mainly from plant foods. The average amount of barium intake worldwide and its geographical variation is little known due to the lack of research attention. Barium was never considered as an essential nutrient for humans, although it is undoubtedly naturally abundant enough and distinctive in its chemical properties that it might well have some biochemical function, e.g., for regulatory purposes, both in animals and plants. The information on the potential health effects of barium exposure is primarily based on animal studies and reported as comprising kidney diseases, neurological, cardiovascular, mental, and metabolic disorders. The present paper considers exposure and potential health concerns on environmental barium, giving evidence to information that can be used in future epidemiological and experimental studies.

Prenatal exposure to barium and the occurrence of neural tube defects in offspring

Neural tube defects (NTDs) have a complex etiology. Few studies have assessed alkaline earth metals exposures and occurrence of NTDs. We examined the association between prenatal exposure to magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) and risk for NTDs in a case-control study, and assessed the teratogenic effects of Ba on mice. Placentas were collected from 408 women with NTD-affected pregnancies and 593 women who delivered healthy infants, and concentrations of these metals were determined as prenatal exposure markers. The single effect of individual exposure and joint effect of coexposure to these metals were evaluated with logistic regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), respectively. Barium chloride (BaCl₂) was intragastrically administered to pregnant ICR mice and fetal mice were examined for NTDs. Median concentrations of Mg and Ba were higher in NTD cases than in controls (P_all < 0.001). In logistic regression, higher levels of Ba were associated with 1.6-fold increased risk for NTDs (95% confidence interval: 1.06-2.43). In BKMR, the joint effect of the four-metal mixture on NTD risk increased steadily with the levels of the mixture. A change in Ba concentration from the 25^th to 75^th percentile displayed a risk effect when the other three metals were fixed at the 25^th, 50^th or 75^th percentile, while such a change in Ca concentration showed a protective effect when the other metals were held at the 25^th or 50^th percentile. No interactions among metals were found. In the mouse experiment, dams treated with 200 mg/kg BaCl₂ showed 16.8% of NTDs in fetal mice, compared to 2.6% in the untreated control group (P < 0.01). Taken together, higher mixture levels of the four alkaline earth metals were associated with increased risk for NTDs, with Ba being the major contributor for the joint effect. Intragastric administration of Ba can induce NTDs in mice.

Correlation between Kir4.1 expression and barium-sensitive currents in rat and human glioma cell lines

Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors and often become apparent through symptomatic epileptic seizures. Glial cells express the inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir4.1 playing a major role in K+ buffering, and are presumably involved in facilitating epileptic hyperexcitability. We therefore aimed to investigate the molecular and functional expression of Kir4.1 channels in cultured rat and human glioma cells. Quantitative PCR showed reduced expression of Kir4.1 in rat C6 and F98 cells as compared to control. In human U-87MG cells and in patient-derived low-passage glioblastoma cultures, Kir4.1 expression was also reduced as compared to autopsy controls. Testing Kir4.1 function using whole-cell patch-clamp experiments on rat C6 and two human low-passage glioblastoma cell lines (HROG38 and HROG05), we found a significantly depolarized resting membrane potential (RMP) in HROG05 (-29 ± 2 mV, n = 11) compared to C6 (-71 ± 1 mV, n = 12, P < 0.05) and HROG38 (-60 ± 2 mV, n = 12, P < 0.05). Sustained K+ inward or outward currents were sensitive to Ba2+ added to the bath solution in HROG38 and C6 cells, but not in HROG05 cells, consistent with RMP depolarization. While immunocytochemistry confirmed Kir4.1 in all three cell lines including HROG05, we found that aquaporin-4 and Kir5.1 were also significantly reduced suggesting that the Ba2+-sensitive K+ current is generally impaired in glioma tissue. In summary, we demonstrated that glioma cells differentially express functional inwardly rectifying K+ channels suggesting that impaired K+ buffering in cells lacking functional Ba2+-sensitive K+ currents may be a risk factor for increased excitability and thereby contribute to the differential epileptogenicity of gliomas.

Association of plasma trace element levels with neovascular age-related macular degeneration

Although the triggers causing angiogenesis in the context of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) are not fully understood, oxidative stress is likely involved. Oxidative stress in the eye can occur through exposure of macular tissues to sunlight and local or systemic exposure to oxidative stressors associated with environmental or lifestyle factors. Because trace elements have been implicated as regulators of oxidative stress and cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms, we hypothesized that they may play a role as a risk factor, modifying the progression toward nAMD. Herein, we determined whether levels of human plasma trace elements are different in 236 individuals with nAMD compared to 236 age-matched controls without AMD. Plasma levels of 16 trace elements including arsenic, barium, calcium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, lead, antimony, selenium, vanadium and zinc were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Associations of trace elements with demographic, environmental and lifestyle factors and AMD-associated genetic variants were assessed. Elevated levels of barium and cadmium and reduced levels of chromium were observed in nAMD patients compared to controls. Mean plasma concentrations of barium were 1.35 μg/L (standard deviation [SD] 0.71) in nAMD and 1.15 μg/L (SD 0.63) in controls (P = 0.001). Mean levels of chromium were 0.37 μg/L (SD 0.22) in nAMD and 0.46 μg/L (SD 0.34) in controls (P = 0.001). Median levels for cadmium, which were not normally distributed, were 0.016 μg/L (interquartile range [IQR] 0.001-0.026) in nAMD and 0.012 μg/L (IQR 0.001-0.022) in controls (P = 0.002). Comparison of the Spearman's correlation coefficients between nAMD patients and controls identified a difference in correlations for 8 trace elements. Cadmium levels were associated with the smoking status (P < 0.001), while barium levels showed a trend of association with the usage of antihypertensive drugs. None of the AMD-associated genetic variants were associated with any trace element levels. In conclusion, in this case-control study we detected elevated plasma levels of barium and cadmium and reduced plasma levels of chromium in nAMD patients. An imbalance in plasma trace elements, which is most likely driven by environmental and lifestyle factors, might have a role in the pathogenesis of AMD. These trace elements may be incorporated as biomarkers into models for prediction of disease risk and progression. Additionally, population-based preventive strategies to decrease Cd exposure, especially by the cessation of smoking, could potentially reduce the burden of nAMD. Future studies are warranted to investigate whether supplementation of Cr would have a beneficial effect on nAMD.

Association of electronic cigarette use with lead, cadmium, barium, and antimony body burden: NHANES 2015-2016

BACKGROUND

Exposure of toxic metals from e-cigarette use is a cause for public health concern because youth, young adults, and non-smokers are the target population rapidly adopting e-cigarette use. The purpose of this research is to determine the association of the body burden of heavy metals with e-cigarette use using NHANES (U.S.) 2015-2016 data.

METHODS

Blood lead (N = 1899) and urinary cadmium, barium, and antimony (N = 1302) data were extracted from NHANES, 2015-2016; geometric means were calculated and bivariate and multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted. Participants were categorized as having neither e-cigarette nor cigarette use; smoking history (including dual use with e-cigarettes); and only e-cigarette (current or former).

RESULTS

In multivariable analyses adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, age, and poverty levels, current or former e-cigarette use failed to reach a statistical significance in the association with metals. However, participants with a smoking history were more likely to have higher blood lead and urinary cadmium than participants who neither used e-cigarettes nor cigarettes.

CONCLUSION

Blood lead levels, and urinary cadmium, barium, and antimony levels were similar between participants who used e-cigarettes and participants who did not.

An unwitnessed case of foreign body aspiration of barium from an unknown source

Foreign body (FB) aspiration is potentially life-threatening in children. A variety of sources and objects have been noted in aspiration events with possible complications ranging from mild to life-threatening. While rare, barium aspiration can cause severe complications, and removal is particularly challenging. Complications of retained barium include acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonitis, sepsis, even death. Regardless of the foreign body's identity, substance removal is critical in management. Resourcefulness of removal techniques and an interdisciplinary approach may allow for maximally effective management. We present a case of a pediatric barium aspiration from an unknown source and review evaluation and management strategies.

Fluoroscopy: An essential diagnostic modality in the age of high-resolution cross-sectional imaging

The importance of fluoroscopy as an imaging modality has been minimized relative to other cross-sectional modalities, including high-resolution computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound. Fluoroscopy examinations have decreased in clinical practice due to reduced appreciation of its usefulness, insufficient training of residents, fewer staff with adequate expertise, and poor reimbursements relative to other modalities. We revisit and build upon the prior literature and history of this decreased utilization. We then seek to prove continued value, through categorized examples and within multiple subspecialties, wherein fluoroscopy plays an integral part toward clinical diagnoses as well as optimizing patient outcomes. This is particularly true for motility and esophageal disorders, where structure and function with real-time evaluation is essential.  We additionally show several post-operative cases where the synergy of fluoroscopy with CT and endoscopy is apparent.  The fluoroscopic radiologist also has the unique ability to vary patient positioning, as opposed to traditional CT or MRI, where orthogonal views are employed without positional or temporal changes. We turn attention to the modern era, with synergistic and novel cases demonstrating that fluoroscopy remains instrumental toward achieving a diagnosis alongside other modalities. Our cases stress the need to maintain expertise in fluoroscopy skill, and underline its continued importance in residency training programs.  We conclude that fluoroscopy is a relatively inexpensive modality that is often under-appreciated in diagnostic radiology. We suggest that competency in fluoroscopy is crucial for future generations of radiologists to both work with their peers, as well as to aid clinicians in the optimal treatment of patients.

Determination of Aluminum, Chromium, and Barium Concentrations in Infant Formula Marketed in Lebanon

ABSTRACT

Infant formula is a major nutritional component for many infants and toddlers. However, the presence of contaminants, such as toxic metals, may pose increased health risks to infants. An investigation of the total concentrations of the metals aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), and chromium (Cr) in infant formulae marketed in Lebanon was performed. Powdered dairy and nondairy infant formula samples were collected from all commercially available brands (n = 39) in the Lebanese market on two production dates (78 samples in total) and analyzed for these three metals with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. All brands contained detectable concentrations of Al and Ba, Cr was detected in 95% of brands. Mean (±standard deviation) concentrations of the metals were estimated as 1.54 ± 1.43 (Al), 0.256 ± 0.593 (Ba), and 0.168 ± 0.143 (Cr) (μg/g). The concentration ranges in the powdered formula were 0.080 to 7.93 (Al), 0.038 to 5.35 (Ba), and 0.041 to 0.348 (Cr) μg/g. A significant difference in the mean concentrations of Al, Ba, and Cr for the two production dates of a single brand was observed in 92, 59, and 83% of samples, respectively. The mean concentration of Al in the soy-based formula was significantly higher than that of aluminum in milk-based and corn-based formulas (P = 0.018). Cr concentrations in the continuation special formulations were significantly higher than those in the beginner formulations (P = 0.008). Our study provides the first publicly available information on metal contamination in infant formulas in Lebanon and reveals the need for frequent monitoring and surveillance of these products intended for infant consumption.

HIGHLIGHTS

Water Quality for Cattle: Metalloid and Metal Contamination of Water

Water is the most important nutrient for rangeland livestock. However, competition with municipalities, industry, and other water users often results in grazing livestock being forced to use water supplies that are less than perfect. Surface water in western rangleands are often contaminated by mineral extraction, irrigation runoff and other human activities. Mineral contaminants in drinking water are additive with similar contaminants in feedstuffs. The goal of this article is to provide producers and veterinarians with the basic background to make informed decisions about whether a given water supply is "safe" for livestock.

The influence of additives on the fate of plastics in the marine environment, exemplified with barium sulphate

With an inherent density marginally below that of seawater, polyolefins (polyethylene-polypropylene) are predicted to float or undergo beaching in the marine environment. Polyolefins commonly observed on the seabed, therefore, require additional considerations that are usually based around increasing density through fouling or packaging into sinking faecal matter. Here, however, we propose that the presence of additives is of least equal significance to the behaviour of such plastics in marine systems. We compared barium, present largely as the filler, BaSO₄ (density = 4.5 g cm^-3), in consumer and beached plastics and established that the metal was more abundant and occurred at higher concentrations in the former samples, consistent with the environmental fractionation of plastics based on additive content. Significantly, the Ba content of polyolefins required to confer a density above seawater is about 13,000 mg kg^-1, a value that was exceeded in many consumer plastics but never observed in beached samples.

Bioprinting of radiopaque constructs for tissue engineering and understanding degradation behavior by use of Micro-CT

Bioprinting has emerged as a potential technique to fabricate tissue engineering constructs and in vitro models directly using living cells as a raw material for fabrication, conforming to the heterogeneity and architectural complexity of the tissues. In several of tissue engineering and in vitro disease modelling or surgical planning applications, it is desirable to have radiopaque constructs for monitoring and evaluation. In the present work, enhanced radiopaque constructs are generated by substituting Calcium ions with Barium ions for crosslinking of alginate hydrogels. The constructs are characterized for their structural integrity and followed by cell culture studies to evaluate their biocompatibility. This was followed by the radiopacity evaluation. The radiological images obtained by micro-CT technique was further applied to investigate the degradation behavior of the scaffolds. In conclusion, it is observed that barium crosslinking can provide a convenient means to obtain radiopaque constructs with potential for multi-faceted applications.

Reactive transport modeling of produced water disposal into dolomite saline aquifers: Controls of barium transport

Experimental results on barium transport in dolomite are used to formulate, calibrate, and validate a reactive transport model of produced water disposal into dolomite saline aquifers. The model accounts for sorption, dissolution/precipitation reactions of minerals (dolomite, calcite, barite, gypsum, and witherite) and complexation and acid-base reactions of most abundant ionic species (H⁺, HCO₃^-, SO₄^2-, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Cl^-) in produced waters including Ba²⁺ which is the most common and abundant heavy metal present in produced water from oil and gas reservoirs. The model is applied to determine the chemical controls of barium transport in Arbuckle dolomite aquifers. The simulated scenario corresponds to produced water disposal through a Class II injection well located near an abandoned well that can facilitate the transport of barium to underground sources of drinking water (USDW). Simulation results reveal that most suitable dolomite aquifers to prevent the contamination of USDW by barium are dolomite aquifers of high SO₄^2- content (>1000 mg/L). The mobility of barium which is promoted by the formation of Ba(Cl)⁺ and competition of cations (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) for hydration sites of dolomite can be suppressed by the precipitation of barium as barite in dolomite saline aquifers of high SO₄^2- content. A sensitivity analysis conducted using a two-level factorial design of experiments indicates that barium transport can be controlled by the initial concentration of a single ionic specie (mostly SO₄^2-) or the concentration of various ionic species (e.g., SO₄^2-, Cl^-, and Mg²⁺). This depends on the chemical composition of both the dolomite saline aquifer and injection produced water. This work highlights the potentiality of a reactive transport simulation approach to conduct compatibility analysis of dolomite saline aquifers and produced waters to select dolomite aquifers and/or decide on treatment methods to prevent the contamination of USDW by barium.

Multidisciplinary approach to assess the toxicities of arsenic and barium in drinking water

Well water could be a stable source of drinking water. Recently, the use of well water as drinking water has been encouraged in developing countries. However, many kinds of disorders caused by toxic elements in well drinking water have been reported. It is our urgent task to resolve the global issue of element-originating diseases. In this review article, our multidisciplinary approaches focusing on oncogenic toxicities and disturbances of sensory organs (skin and ear) induced by arsenic and barium are introduced. First, our environmental monitoring in developing countries in Asia showed elevated concentrations of arsenic and barium in well drinking water. Then our experimental studies in mice and our epidemiological studies in humans showed arsenic-mediated increased risks of hyperpigmented skin and hearing loss with partial elucidation of their mechanisms. Our experimental studies using cultured cells with focus on the expression and activity levels of intracellular signal transduction molecules such as c-SRC, c-RET, and oncogenic RET showed risks for malignant transformation and/or progression arose from arsenic and barium. Finally, our original hydrotalcite-like compound was proposed as a novel remediation system to effectively remove arsenic and barium from well drinking water. Hopefully, comprehensive studies consisting of (1) environmental monitoring, (2) health risk assessments, and (3) remediation will be expanded in the field of environmental health to prevent various disorders caused by environmental factors including toxic elements in drinking water.

The spectroscopic search for water in barite group sulfates

This study examines the mid and near infrared spectra of a suite of natural and synthetic powdered minerals of the isostructural barite mineral group. The mid-infrared (MIR) spectra are wholly compliant with anhydrous high purity anglesite, celestine and barite. The complementary near-infrared (NIR) spectra contain bands at ca 1.9  μm (5263 cm^-1) and ca 1.4  μm (7140 cm^-1) assigned to the (H₂O) v₂ (antisymmetric stretch) + v₃ (bending vibration) combination band and overtones of the fundamental OH stretching modes respectively. Peak-fitting of the ca 4660-6000 cm^-1 region of interest reveals four shoulders to the (H₂O) (v₂ + v₃) combination which are systematically ordered with respect to interstitial metal covalent radius: [PbSO₄] (lowest wave number) → [SrSO₄] → [BaSO₄] (highest wave number). These bands are assigned to (M²⁺-O-H) surface complexation of water with the sulfates. It is further interpreted that the two good-to-perfect cleavages in the mineral group with resultant variation in (M²⁺ - O - H) bond lengths accounts for the existence of the four bands and explain why absorption strength at ca 1.91  μm (5236 cm^-1) is not a reliable indication of the overall abundance of water in sulfate minerals. Spectral interpretation within the vicinity of the water combination ca 1.91  μm (5236 cm^-1) is further complicated by the presence of a higher wavenumber (v₁ + 4v₃) sulfate combination and the appearance of a band interpreted as the (5v₃) overtone of [SO₄^2-]. The results are discussed in the light of these findings.

Impact of drill cutting releases on benthic foraminifera at three exploration wells drilled between 1992 and 2012 in the SW Barents Sea, Norway

The aim of this study is to identify the environmental impact of drill cuttings (DC) released around three wells drilled in 1992, 2000 and 2012 in the SW Barents Sea. Foraminiferal assemblages are studied in cores taken along transects <250 m from wells. Well E-1992 shows no impact of DC on foraminifera indicating that low amounts of released DC limit environmental impact. Impact at wells G-2000 and S-2012, is confined to <30 m, and attributable to smothering of fauna, resulting in low foraminiferal density. We therefore argue that previous monitoring studies, mainly focusing on samples collected >250 m from wellheads, might not capture the full impact of DC. In well G-2000, a recovery layer indicates partial recovery 15 years after DC releases. In well S-2012, no recovery is observed, 3 years after release. Released DC did not result in faunal composition changes.

Infrared and Raman spectra of strontium and barium pimelates monohydrates

The salts of dicarboxylic acids with alkaline earth metals are not very thoroughly studied and only a few such compounds are well known and characterized. In this work a detailed examination of the infrared spectra recorded at room temperature (RT) and at the liquid nitrogen boiling temperature (LNT) and Raman spectra (at room temperature) of the monohydrates of strontium and barium pimelates, [Sr(μ₆-C₇H₁₀O₄)(H₂O)]n and [Ba(μ₆-C₇H₁₀O₄)(H₂O)]n respectively, has been carried on. These isostructural salts are important nucleating agents for processing of isotactic polypropylene (iPP). The vibrational spectra of the two salts have been interpreted by using factor group analysis. For more correct and unequivocal interpretation of the vibrational spectra, samples containing partially and almost fully deuterated crystallization water have also been prepared and studied. The effect of the metal ion on the vibrations of the pimelic acid ion as well as the strength of the hydrogen bonds formed by the crystallization water molecule has been discussed.

Spontaneous Resolution of Fourth Branchial Fistula Following Thyroid Surgery: Case Report

Fourth branchial pouch anomalies represent one of the rarest types of all branchial apparatus anomalies. They appear in the first lifedecade in a form of recurrent left-sided neck masses which demands surgical treatment. Accidental finding, appearance later in life and spontaneous resolving are really rare. We present a case of a 43-year-old man with accidental finding of asymptomatic fourth pouch cyst and fistula following follicular thyroid cancer surgery. The day after the surgery, suction bottle was filled with little white crumbs and the wound started to suppurate. Barium swallow revealed the presence of a fistulous canal that arose from the left pyriform sinus. Meanwhile, the pathologist confirmed the presence of a lateral neck cyst within this thyroid lobe. The patient was operated on but fistulous canal was not visualized. In the meantime, wound discharge ceased spontaneously. At 1-year follow up, the patient was still well and free from any symptoms. These anomalies may manifest not only in childhood but may stay asymptomatic for a long time. It seems that the fistula can resolve spontaneously and that conservative approach is an alternative to multiple surgical procedures.

Standard Recipes for the Preparation of Thickened Barium Liquids Used in the Diagnosis of Dysphagia

Barium sulfate is commonly used to prepare contrast media for videofluorograpy. The flow characteristics of thickened liquids formulated for oropharyngeal imaging are known to be greatly affected by the addition of barium. In this study, thickened barium liquids were prepared by mixing a commercial xanthan gum (XG)-based thickener (Visco-up^®) at different concentrations (0.1%-3.0%) with barium powder (Baritop HD^®), and differences in the viscosity between thickened non-barium and thickened barium liquids were investigated. In addition, the thickness levels of thickened barium liquids, which are based on the National Dysphagia Diet (NDD) and International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) guidelines, were classified by measuring the viscosity (NDD) and gravity flow through a syringe (IDDSI) with 0.1%-3.0% thickener concentrations. The apparent viscosity (η_a,50) values of thickened barium liquids were much higher than those of thickened non-barium liquids, indicating that the addition of barium to the XG-based thickener resulted in further thickening. Standard recipes for preparing thickened barium liquids with desirable thickness levels were also established, showing the different thickener concentrations corresponding to the different NDD and IDDSI levels.

Determination of antimony and barium in UK air quality samples as indicators of non-exhaust traffic emissions

The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of antimony and barium in air quality samples and assess the potential suitability of these metals as tracer elements for non-exhaust traffic emissions sources. Air quality filters sampled at monitoring sites around the UK for the purposes of the UK Heavy Metals Monitoring Network were subjected to microwave digestion in hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid, then analysed by ICP-MS for a suite of metals including antimony and barium. The average antimony concentration found across all the network sites was 1.84 ng m^-3; the average barium concentration was 6.33 ng m^-3. The range of antimony concentrations observed was 0.13-8.02 ng m^-3; barium concentrations ranged from levels below the detection limit of 0.18 to 39.9 ng m^-3. There are no legislative limits for antimony and barium in ambient air, but the maximum concentrations found are well below the Workplace Exposure Limits specified by the UK Health and Safety Executive. The highest concentrations were found at roadside sites situated to monitor traffic environments, supporting the suitability of antimony and barium to be considered tracer elements for traffic emissions sources. Strong correlations were observed between antimony, barium and copper, indicating they share a common traffic-related source. Based on the strong correlation with copper at urban and traffic locations, indicative annual UK atmospheric emission estimates for antimony and barium in brake and tyre wear were calculated as 6 and 19 tonnes respectively.

Barium Retention Following Examination for Pylorus Stenosis

Barium retention is a rare complication of upper gastrointestinal tract examination when using barium sulphate as a contrast agent. We present a case of rare barium retention and precipitation in the stomach in terrain of chronic gastrostasis and the review of literature on complications of barium sulphate administration. A 38-year-old patient was diagnosed with benign pylorostenosis. After consulting radiology department barium contrast-enhanced X-ray has been indicated. The diagnostic process and the resulting treatment of the complications are described. Patient’s informed consent was obtained. The use of barium sulphate as a contrast agent led to stasis and impaction of the contrast agent, which led to emergency surgery. Histology proved malignant stenosis of the pylorus. The resection edges proved insufficient and a repeated resection was performed. At the time of submission the patient has no confirmed metastatic lesions. In cases of suspected gastrostasis and serious stenosis of the intestine, use of barium sulphate should be avoided and iodine-based contrast agents should be used instead.

Biodistribution of strontium and barium in the developing and mature skeleton of rats

Bone acts as a reservoir for many trace elements. Understanding the extent and pattern of elemental accumulation in the skeleton is important from diagnostic, therapeutic, and toxicological perspectives. Some elements are simply adsorbed to bone surfaces by electric force and are buried under bone mineral, while others can replace calcium atoms in the hydroxyapatite structure. In this article, we investigated the extent and pattern of skeletal uptake of barium and strontium in two different age groups, growing, and skeletally mature, in healthy rats. Animals were dosed orally for 4 weeks with either strontium chloride or barium chloride or combined. The distribution of trace elements was imaged in 3D using synchrotron K-edge subtraction micro-CT at 13.5 µm resolution and 2D electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Bulk concentration of the elements in serum and bone (tibiae) was also measured by mass spectrometry to study the extent of uptake. Toxicological evaluation did not show any cardiotoxicity or nephrotoxicity. Both elements were primarily deposited in the areas of active bone turnover such as growth plates and trabecular bone. Barium and strontium concentration in the bones of juvenile rats was 2.3 times higher, while serum levels were 1.4 and 1.5 times lower than adults. In all treatment and age groups, strontium was preferred to barium even though equal molar concentrations were dosed. This study displayed spatial co-localization of barium and strontium in bone for the first time. Barium and strontium can be used as surrogates for calcium to study the pathological changes in animal models of bone disease and to study the effects of pharmaceutical compounds on bone micro-architecture and bone remodeling in high spatial sensitivity and precision.

Association between concentrations of barium and aluminum in placental tissues and risk for orofacial clefts

Natural exposure to and increasing use of barium and aluminum in various products, such as plastics, rubber, and food additives, raise concerns for their potential health impacts on pregnant women and vulnerable fetuses. We investigated whether there are associations between barium and aluminum concentrations in placental tissues and the risk for orofacial clefts (OFCs) in offspring. In this case-control study, we recruited 103 women with OFC-affected pregnancies and 206 women who delivered healthy newborns. Concentrations of barium and aluminum in placental tissues were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Information on maternal sociodemographic characteristics and diet was collected via face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Aluminum concentrations in placental tissues were not associated with OFC risk. However, a higher concentration of barium in placental tissues was associated with an increased risk for OFCs, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.42 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.34-4.40) for total cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL ± P), and 1.90 (95% CI 1.03-3.50) for isolated CL ± P. There was a positive dose-response relationship between placental barium concentrations and OFC risk. Maternal exposure to barium may increase the risk for OFCs in offspring.