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Cai XS, Jiang H, Xiao J, Yan X, Xie P, Yu W, Lv WF, Wang J, Meng X, Chen CZ, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Yuan B, Zhang JB. Changes in bacterial community composition in the uterus of Holstein cow with endometritis before and after treatment with oxytetracycline. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9511. [PMID: 38664449 PMCID: PMC11045718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
It is important to study the bacteria that cause endometritis to identify effective therapeutic drugs for dairy cows. In this study, 20% oxytetracycline was used to treat Holstein cows (n = 6) with severe endometritis. Additional 10 Holstein cows (5 for healthy cows, 5 for cows with mild endometritis) were also selected. At the same time, changes in bacterial communities were monitored by high-throughput sequencing. The results show that Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and other common pathogenic bacteria could be detected by traditional methods in cows both with and without endometritis. However, 16S sequencing results show that changes in the abundance of these bacteria were not significant. Endometritis is often caused by mixed infections in the uterus. Oxytetracycline did not completely remove existing bacteria. However, oxytetracycline could effectively inhibit endometritis and had a significant inhibitory effect on the genera Bacteroides, Trueperella, Peptoniphilus, Parvimonas, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium but had no significant inhibitory effect on the bacterial genera Marinospirillum, Erysipelothrix, and Enteractinococcus. During oxytetracycline treatment, the cell motility, endocrine system, exogenous system, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, lipid metabolism, metabolism of terpenoids, polyketides, cofactors and vitamins, signal transduction, and transport and catabolism pathways were affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shi Cai
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
- College of Animal Husbandry Engineering, Henan Vocational College of Agriculture, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Xiangmin Yan
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Husbandry, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Penggui Xie
- Yili Vocational and Technical College, Yili, 835000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wenjie Yu
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Wen-Fa Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Animal Husbandry Development Service Center of Tongyu County, Baicheng, 137200, Jilin, China
| | - Cheng-Zhen Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Husbandry, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bao Yuan
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
- , Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Jia-Bao Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.
- , Changchun City, Jilin Province, China.
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Várhidi Z, Csikó G, Bajcsy ÁC, Jurkovich V. Uterine Disease in Dairy Cows: A Comprehensive Review Highlighting New Research Areas. Vet Sci 2024; 11:66. [PMID: 38393084 PMCID: PMC10893454 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Uterine disease is an intensely studied part of dairy cattle health management as it heavily affects many commercial dairy farms and has serious economic consequences. Forms of the disease, pathophysiology, pathogens involved and the effects of uterine disease on the health and performance of cows have already been well described by various authors. Lately, researchers' attention has shifted towards the healthy microbiome of the uterus and the vagina to put emphasis on prevention rather than treatment. This aligns with the growing demand to reduce the use of antibiotics or-whenever possible-replace them with alternative treatment options in farm animal medicine. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the last 20 years of uterine disease research and highlights promising new areas for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsóka Várhidi
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Csikó
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Árpád Csaba Bajcsy
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Viktor Jurkovich
- Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
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Eshghi D, Kafi M, Sharifiyazdi H, Azari M, Ahmadi N, Ghasrodashti AR, Sadeghi M. Intrauterine infusion of blood serum of dromedary camel improves the uterine health and fertility in high producing dairy cows with endometritis. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 240:106973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.106973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Embryo Transfer as an Option to Improve Fertility in Repeat Breeder Dairy Cows. J Vet Res 2021; 65:231-237. [PMID: 34250309 PMCID: PMC8256464 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeat breeding is a serious reproductive disorder in dairy cattle. The causes of repeat breeding are multifactorial and there are two main mechanisms: failure of fertilisation or early embryo death, mainly due to poor quality of oocytes and an inadequate uterine environment. Many methods have been used to increase the pregnancy rate for repeat breeder cows, such as intrauterine infusion of antibacterial agents or antibiotics, hormonal treatments for oestrus synchronisation and induction of ovulation, and progesterone supplementation or induction of accessory corpus luteum; however, the results were inconsistent between studies. Embryo transfer (ET) has the capability to minimalise the effects of poor oocyte quality and unfavourable uterine environments on early embryo development during the first seven days after ovulation in repeat breeder cows, and several studies showed that ET significantly improved the pregnancy rate in this group of animals. Thus, ET can be considered an option to increase the conception rate in repeat breeder dairy cows.
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Gilbert RO. Symposium review: Mechanisms of disruption of fertility by infectious diseases of the reproductive tract. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3754-3765. [PMID: 30772031 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diseases of postpartum dairy cows impair reproductive processes, resulting in prolonged anestrus, reduced conception, and increased pregnancy attrition, regardless of whether the initial disease precedes insemination (even by many weeks), occurs close to insemination, or follows fertilization. Bacteria and their products activate pattern recognition receptors that respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP). These receptors include toll-like receptors (TLR), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors and others, and their activation culminates in upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α. These may have direct effects on the uterus and conceptus. Importantly, however, these inflammatory mediators, as well as the bacterial products, make their way to the ovary via the general circulation (even from distant sites) or possibly by using the countercurrent vascular mechanism that normally transports endometrial prostaglandin to the ipsilateral ovary. Endotoxin reaches concentrations in follicular fluid that exceed those found in the circulation or even in the infected uterus. Ovarian follicular cells also express TLR and can respond directly to bacterial products including endotoxin, impairing their function. Inflammation is accompanied by increased oxidative stress. The process of oocyte development from activation of primordial oocytes to potential ovulation spans 4 mo. Competence by an oocyte encompasses the ability to undergo not only fertilization but also a complex cytoplasmic maturation that lays the foundation for completion of meiosis at the appropriate time, the transition to mitosis in the zygote, and further development of the conceptus. Oocyte maturation relies on intimate association between cumulus cells and the oocyte, characterized by gap junctions through which molecules of various sizes pass. Signaling also occurs in the oocyte-to-cumulus cell direction. Because both granulosa and theca interna cells are capable of responding to inflammatory mediators, with observed alterations in some functions, it seems likely that disturbed ovarian follicular function may contribute to failure of oocytes to become fully competent, even if the insult occurs well before ovulation. Therefore, interruption of normal fertility by uterine infections may be mediated at the level of the uterine environment but the effect on the ovary and oocyte is likely to be even more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Gilbert
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies.
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Marini MG, Perrini C, Esposti P, Corradetti B, Bizzaro D, Riccaboni P, Fantinato E, Urbani G, Gelati G, Cremonesi F, Lange-Consiglio A. Effects of platelet-rich plasma in a model of bovine endometrial inflammation in vitro. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14:58. [PMID: 27619959 PMCID: PMC5020481 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-016-0195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometritis reduces fertility and is responsible for major economic losses in beef and dairy industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate an alternative therapy using platelet-rich plasma (PRP). PRP was tested in vivo, after bovine intrauterine administration, and in vitro on endometrial cells. METHODS Bovine endometrial cells were cultured until passage (P) 10 with 5 % or 10 % PRP. Effect of PRP on endometrial cell proliferation and on the expression of genes [prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (COX2), tumor protein p53 (TP53), oestrogen receptors (ER-α and ER-β), progesterone receptor (PR) and c-Myc] involved in the regulation of oestrus cycle and fetal-maternal interaction were evaluated. Moreover, to evaluate the ability of PRP to counteract inflammation, 10 and 100 ng/ml of bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to inflame endometrial cells in vitro for 1, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. The expression of genes such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin-8 (IL-8), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (COX2/PTGS2), and the release of PGE-2, IL-1β and IL-8 were evaluated. RESULTS In vivo treatment with PRP increased the detection of PR. In vitro, 5 % PRP at passage 5 increased proliferation rate and induced a significant increase in the expression of all studied genes. Furthermore, the results revealed that 10 ng/ml of LPS is the most effective dose to obtain an inflammatory response, and that PRP treatment significantly down regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. CONCLUSION This study lays the foundations for the potential treatment of endometritis with PRP in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Marini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Claudia Perrini
- Large Animal Hospital, Reproduction Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Esposti
- Large Animal Hospital, Reproduction Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Bruna Corradetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Davide Bizzaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pietro Riccaboni
- Large Animal Hospital, Anatomo-Pathology Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fantinato
- Large Animal Hospital, Anatomo-Pathology Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | | | | | - Fausto Cremonesi
- Large Animal Hospital, Reproduction Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Anna Lange-Consiglio
- Large Animal Hospital, Reproduction Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Azawi OI, Omran SN, Hadad JJ. A Study of Endometritis Causing Repeat Breeding of Cycling Iraqi Buffalo Cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43:735-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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RUNCIMAN DJ, ANDERSON GA, MALMO J, DAVIS GM. Use of postpartum vaginoscopic (visual vaginal) examination of dairy cows for the diagnosis of endometritis and the association of endrometritis with reduced reproductive performance. Aust Vet J 2008; 86:205-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Azawi OI, Omran SN, Hadad JJ. A study on postpartum metritis in Iraqi buffalo cows: bacterial causes and treatment. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43:556-65. [PMID: 18363608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to determine the relationship between bacteriological findings, clinical signs and histopathological changes in postpartum metritis. Evaluation of the treatment efficiency of using systemic or intra-uterine infusion of antibiotics with some hormonal preparations for the treatment of postpartum metritis. Data were collected from 50 buffalo cows with history of calving of more than 1 month. All buffaloes were subjected to detailed clinical examination including external inspection, vaginoscopy and transrectal palpation of the cervix, uterus and ovaries. Swabs for bacteriology and biopsies for histopathology were collected from uterine lumen from each buffalo included in the present study. Bacteria identified using API systems following aerobic and anaerobic cultures. Vaginal mucus scored for character, odour and estimation of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). Treatment conducted using oxytetracycline in local intrauterine infusion or systemically with hormonal treatment including prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and oestradiol benzoate. Results revealed that the most predisposing factor for postpartum uterine infection was retained placenta and toxic puerperal metritis. The most prevalent bacteria in uterine lumen were Escherichia coli, Archanobacterium pyogenes, Bacteroides fragilis and Fusobacterium necrophorum the most prevalent bacteria in buffaloes with postpartum metritis. A. pyogenes and F. necrophorum were an important pathogens causing severe uterine inflammation as found in histopathological examinations. Buffaloes with postpartum metritis showed good clinical cure when oxytetracycline injected systemically with PGF2 alpha. Intrauterine infusion of oxytetracycline had no advantage for the treatment of uterine infection in buffalo cows with postpartum metritis. PGF2 alpha improved clinical cure of buffaloes with postpartum metritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Azawi
- Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.
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Azawi OI. Postpartum uterine infection in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 105:187-208. [PMID: 18280065 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum uterine infections results from uterine contamination with bacteria during parturition. The prevalence of uterine infections varies considerably among studies. Uterine infection implies adherence of pathogenic organisms to the mucosa, colonization or penetration of the epithelium, and/or release of bacterial toxins that lead to establishment of uterine disease. The development of uterine disease depends on the immune response of the cow, as well as the species and number (load or challenge) of bacteria. The postpartum uterus has a disrupted surface epithelium in contact with fluid and tissue debris that can support bacterial growth. A variety of species of bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobes and anaerobes, can be isolated from the early postpartum uterus. Most of these are environmental contaminants that are gradually eliminated during the first 6 weeks postpartum. A normal postpartum cow resolves uterine infection by rapid involution of the uterus and cervix, discharge of uterine content, and mobilization of natural host defenses, including mucus, antibodies and phagocytic cells. Clinical signs of uterine infection vary with the virulence of the causative organisms and the presence of factors that predispose to the disease. The treatment of endometritis and metritis in bovine should be directed towards improving fertility. The antibiotic should be active against the main uterine pathogens and should maintain its activity in the environment of the uterus. Also, should not inhibit the normal defense mechanisms and should be well tolerated and not induce irritation in the endometrium. Effective use of hormones in uterine infection requires knowledge of both normal reproductive endocrinology and the therapeutic characteristics of available hormonal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Azawi
- Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.
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