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Marquetoux N, Vignes M, Burroughs A, Sumner E, Sawford K, Jones G. Evaluation of the accuracy of the IDvet serological test for Mycoplasma bovis infection in cattle using latent class analysis of paired serum ELISA and quantitative real-time PCR on tonsillar swabs sampled at slaughter. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285598. [PMID: 37167206 PMCID: PMC10174590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (Mbovis) was first detected in cattle in New Zealand (NZ) in July 2017. To prevent further spread, NZ launched a world-first National Eradication Programme in May 2018. Existing diagnostic tests for Mbovis have been applied in countries where Mbovis is endemic, for detecting infection following outbreaks of clinical disease. Diagnostic test evaluation (DTE) under NZ conditions was thus required to inform the Programme. We used Bayesian Latent Class Analysis on paired serum ELISA (ID Screen Mycoplasma bovis Indirect from IDvet) and tonsillar swabs (qPCR) for DTE in the absence of a gold standard. Tested samples were collected at slaughter between June 2018 and November 2019, from infected herds depopulated by the Programme. A first set of models evaluated the detection of active infection, i.e. the presence of Mbovis in the host. At a modified serology positivity threshold of SP%> = 90, estimates of animal-level ELISA sensitivity was 72.8% (95% credible interval 68.5%-77.4%), respectively 97.7% (95% credible interval 97.3%-98.1%) for specificity, while the qPCR sensitivity was 45.2% (95% credible interval 41.0%-49.8%), respectively 99.6% (95% credible interval 99.4%-99.8%) for specificity. In a second set of models, prior information about ELISA specificity was obtained from the National Beef Cattle Surveillance Programme, a population theoretically free-or very low prevalence-of Mbovis. These analyses aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the ELISA test targeting prior exposure to Mbovis, rather than active infection. The specificity of the ELISA for detecting exposure to Mbovis was 99.9% (95% credible interval 99.7%-100.0%), hence near perfect at the threshold SP%=90. This specificity estimate, considerably higher than in the first set of models, was equivalent to the manufacturer's estimate. The corresponding ELISA sensitivity estimate was 66.0% (95% credible interval 62.7%-70.7%). These results confirm that the IDvet ELISA test is an appropriate tool for determining exposure and infection status of herds, both to delimit and confirm the absence of Mbovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Marquetoux
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Matthieu Vignes
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Amy Burroughs
- Ministry for Primary Industries New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Emma Sumner
- Ministry for Primary Industries New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kate Sawford
- Ministry for Primary Industries New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
- Kate Sawford Epidemiol Consulting, Callala Bay, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoff Jones
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Ameni G, Bayissa B, Zewude A, Degefa BA, Mohteshamuddin K, Kalaiah G, Alkalbani MS, Eltahir YM, Elfatih Hamad M, Tibbo M. Retrospective study on bovine clinical mastitis and associated milk loss during the month of its peak occurrence at the National Dairy Farm in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1070051. [PMID: 36605769 PMCID: PMC9807804 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1070051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Commercial dairy establishments are relatively young in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and as a result, there is lack of epidemiological data on mastitis in dairy farms. Methods A retrospective data of seven years (2015-2021) were used to estimate the cumulative average monthly incidence rate of bovine clinical mastitis and evaluate associated milk loss at the National Dairy Farm. Data were extracted from the records of lactating dairy cows (n = 1300-1450) and analyzed using repeated measure and one-way ANOVA, non-parametric Spearman correlation, paired and unpaired t tests. Results The highest average cumulative monthly incidence rate was 49 cases per 1000 cows-year that was recorded in 2019 while the lowest was 19 cases per 1000 cows-year in 2021. The cumulative average monthly incidence rate of clinical mastitis significantly (p < 0.001) varied among the seven years. The cumulative average monthly incidence rate was associated with average monthly humidity (p < 0.01) and average monthly rainfall (p < 0.05); however, it was not associated with the average monthly temperature (p > 0.05). The average daily milk yield of cows with clinical mastitis (Mean ± SEM; 18.6 ± 0.54 kg) was significantly (p < 0.001) lower than the average daily milk yield of clinical mastitis free cows (40.5 ± 0.29 kg). The largest average monthly milk loss due to clinical mastitis was 5% of the average total monthly milk production in 2019 while the lowest was 2% of the average total monthly milk production in 2021. Conclusion The result of the study indicated the direct influence of weather conditions such as increased rainfall and humidity, which caused an upsurge in the incidence rate of clinical mastitis, leading to an increased loss in milk and hence the economy of the dairy farm. Proactive preventive measures along with good dairy farm practices that help mitigate the impacts of harsh weather conditions are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gobena Ameni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates,Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,*Correspondence: Gobena Ameni ✉; ✉
| | - Berecha Bayissa
- Vaccine Production and Drug Formulation Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Berhanu Adenew Degefa
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaja Mohteshamuddin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Meera Saeed Alkalbani
- Animal Health Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yassir Mohammed Eltahir
- Animal Health Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Elfatih Hamad
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Markos Tibbo
- Subregional Office for the Gulf-Cooperation Council States and Yemen, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Wang Y, Nan X, Zhao Y, Jiang L, Wang H, Zhang F, Hua D, Liu J, Yang L, Yao J, Xiong B. Discrepancies among healthy, subclinical mastitic, and clinical mastitic cows in fecal microbiome and metabolome and serum metabolome. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7668-7688. [PMID: 35931488 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is generally considered a local inflammatory disease caused by the invasion of exogenous pathogens and resulting in the dysbiosis of microbiota and metabolites in milk. However, the entero-mammary pathway theory may establish a possible link between some endogenous gut bacteria and the occurrence and development of mastitis. In the current study, we attempted to investigate differences in the gut microbiota profile and metabolite composition in gut and serum from healthy cows and those with subclinical mastitis and clinical mastitis. Compared with those of healthy cows, the microbial community diversities in the feces of cows with subclinical mastitis (SM) and clinical mastitis (CM) were lower. Lower abundance of Bifidobacterium, Romboutsia, Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, Coprococcus, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Ruminococcus, and Alistipes, and higher abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria and the genera Escherichia-Shigella and Streptococcus were observed in CM cows. Klebsiella and Paeniclostridium were significantly enriched in the feces of SM cows. Several similarities were observed in feces and serum metabolites in mastitic cows. Higher levels of proinflammatory lipid products (20-trihydroxy-leukotriene-B4, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2, and 9,10-dihydroxylinoleic acids) and lower levels of metabolites involved in secondary bile acids (deoxycholic acid, 12-ketolithocholic acid), energy (citric acid and 3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine), and purine metabolism (uric acid and inosine) were identified in both SM and CM cows. In addition, elevated concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and decreased concentrations of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were detected in the serum of SM and CM cows. Higher serum concentrations of triglyceride and total cholesterol and lower concentrations of high-density lipoproteins in mastitic cows might be related to changes in the gut microbiota and metabolites. These findings suggested a significant difference in the profile of feces microbiota and metabolites in cows with different udder health status, which might increase our understanding of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xuemei Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiguang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Linshu Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dengke Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Langfang Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Benhai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Hurri E, Ohlson A, Lundberg Å, Aspán A, Pedersen K, Tråvén M. Herd-level prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in Swedish dairy herds determined by antibody ELISA and PCR on bulk tank milk and herd characteristics associated with seropositivity. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:7764-7772. [PMID: 35879164 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen causing pneumonia, mastitis, and arthritis in cattle, leading to reduced animal welfare and economic losses worldwide. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the prevalence of M. bovis in bulk tank milk (BTM) and herd characteristics associated with a positive antibody test result in Swedish dairy herds. Bulk tank milk samples from all Swedish dairy herds (n = 3,144) were collected and analyzed with ID Screen antibody ELISA and PCR. Information on herd characteristics was collected from the national Dairy Herd Improvement database. To identify herd characteristics associated with the presence of antibodies in BTM, logistic regression was used in 4 different models. The apparent herd-level prevalence of M. bovis infection based on antibodies in BTM was 4.8%, with large regional differences ranging from 0 to 20%. None of the BTM samples was positive by PCR. All the antibody-positive herds were situated in the south of Sweden. The logistic regression model showed that larger herds had higher odds of detectable antibodies in BTM (herd size >120 cows, odds ratio = 8.8). An association was also found between antibodies in BTM and both a higher late calf mortality (2-6 mo) and a higher young stock mortality (6-15 mo). This study showed a clear regional difference in the apparent prevalence of M. bovis infection based on antibodies. The relatively low prevalence of M. bovis in Sweden is a strong motivator for the cattle industry to take steps to prevent further spread of the infection. It is essential that the M. bovis status of free herds be known, and the regional differences shown in this study suggest that testing is highly recommended when live cattle from high-prevalence areas are being introduced into herds. We do not recommend using PCR on BTM to detect infected herds, owing to the low detection frequency in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hurri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A Ohlson
- Section of Animal Health, Växa Sverige, SE-101 24 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Å Lundberg
- Section of Animal Health, Växa Sverige, SE-101 24 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Aspán
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Pedersen
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Tråvén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis Infection in Calves and Dairy Cows in Western Australia. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070351. [PMID: 35878368 PMCID: PMC9320095 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mycoplasma bovis is an emerging pathogen of economic and welfare concern for both adult and young cattle. A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of M. bovis in adult cows and calves in the southwest region of Western Australia. Nasal swabs and blood samples were collected from the animals and bulk tank milk samples were assessed for both seroprevalence and active infections of M. bovis infections in adult cows and calves. The study recorded a high seroprevalence of M. bovis in 699 apparently healthy adult lactating cows and 495 young calves on 29 dairy farms. The herd-level seroprevalence was also detected as being higher in both adult lactating cows and calves. No current active infections were recorded on the farms. The female calves and pure Holstein–Friesian animals were found to be twice as likely to be seropositive for M. bovis compared to male calves and the Holstein–Friesian crossbred calves. The high seroprevalence of M. bovis in both adult and young cattle in the southwest dairy farms of Western Australia warrants more effective farm biosecurity measures and further evaluation of the current prevention and management measures practiced on the farms. Abstract Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) can cause a multitude of diseases in cattle, with detrimental effects on the farm economy and the welfare of both adult and young cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of M. bovis in adult cows and calves in the south-west region of Western Australia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 29 dairy farms with 699 apparently healthy adult lactating cows and 495 young calves during 2019–2020. Nasal swabs and blood samples collected from the animals and bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were assessed for M. bovis-specific proteins and antibodies by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Mycoplasma immunogenic lipase A- Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (MilA ELISA). A seroprevalence of 42.5% (95% CI: 38.9–46.2) and 61% (95% CI: 56.6–65.2) was found in adult lactating cows and calves, respectively. The herd-level seroprevalence of M. bovis ranged from 4% (95% CI: 07–19.5) to 92% (95% CI: 75.0–97.8) in adult lactating cows and 25% (95% CI: 10.2–49.5) to 87% (95% CI: 67.9–95.5) for calves in these farms. None of the BTM and nasal swab samples were positive for M. bovis, indicating an absence of any current active infections on the farms. The female calves and pure Holstein–Friesian animals are twice as likely to be seropositive for M. bovis compared to male calves (OR 2.4; 95% CI: 1.7–3.5) and Holstein–Friesian crossbred calves (OR 2.4; 95% CI: 1.7–3.5). The high seroprevalence in both adult and young cattle in the southwest dairy farms of Western Australia warrants more effective farm biosecurity measures and further evaluation of the current prevention and management measures practiced on the farms.
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Salgadu A, Cheung A, Schibrowski ML, Wawegama NK, Mahony TJ, Stevenson MA, Browning GF, Barnes TS, Firestone SM. Bayesian latent class analysis to estimate the optimal cut-off for the MilA ELISA for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis antibodies in sera, accounting for repeated measures. Prev Vet Med 2022; 205:105694. [PMID: 35751981 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The MilA ELISA has been identified as a highly effective diagnostic tool for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis specific antibodies and has been validated for serological use in previous studies. This study aimed to estimate the optimal cut-off and corresponding estimates of diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and diagnostic specificity (DSp) of the MilA ELISA for testing bovine serum. Serum samples from 298 feedlot cattle from 14 feedlots across four Australian states were tested on entry into the feedlot and approximately 42 days later. The paired serum samples were tested with the MilA ELISA, BIO K302 (Bio-X Diagnostics, Belgium) and BIO K260 (Bio-X Diagnostics, Belgium). A cut-off of 135 AU was estimated to be optimal using Bayesian latent class analysis with three tests in multiple populations, accounting for conditional dependence between tests. At this cut-off, the DSe and DSp of the MilA ELISA were estimated to be 92.1 % (95 % highest probability density [HPD] interval: 87.4, 95.8) and 95.5 % (95 % HPD: 92.4, 97.8), respectively. The DSes of the BIO K260 and BIO K302 ELISAs were estimated to be 60.5 % (95 % HPD: 54.0, 66.9) and 44.6 % (95 % HPD: 38.7, 50.7), respectively. DSps were 95.6 % (95 % HPD: 92.9, 97.7) and 97.8 % (95 % HPD: 95.9, 99.0), respectively. Mycoplasma bovis seroprevalence was remarkably high at follow-up after 42 days on the feedlots. Overall, this study estimated a cut-off, DSe and DSp for the MilA ELISA with less dependence on prior information than previous analyses and demonstrated that the MilA ELISA has higher DSe than the BIO K260 and BIO K302 assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Salgadu
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allison Cheung
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meghan L Schibrowski
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, St Lucia and Gatton, Queensland, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nadeeka K Wawegama
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy J Mahony
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, St Lucia and Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark A Stevenson
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tamsin S Barnes
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, St Lucia and Gatton, Queensland, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Ali HR, Ali SF, Abd-Algawad RH, Sdeek FA, Arafa M, Kamel E, Shahein MA. Impact of udder infections on biochemical composition of milk in context of pesticides exposure. Vet World 2022; 15:797-808. [PMID: 35497945 PMCID: PMC9047129 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.797-808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Environmental contaminants such as pesticides have shown immunomodulatory effects that can make animals highly susceptible to pathogenic invasion. The current work aims to study the incidence of udder infections in a single dairy herd of 160 cows in Qalyoubia Governorate, in relation to the potential intoxication of dairy cattle with organochlorine (OCs) pesticides. The study also aims to investigate the impact of udder infections on milk composition. Materials and Methods: The dairy herd was screened for udder infections using the California mastitis test and measurement of somatic cell count (SCC), followed by bacteriological and molecular analysis. In parallel, the milk samples were also tested for residues of 15 OCs compounds using gas chromatographic analysis. Results: The examined herd showed a high prevalence of mastitis (37.5%) and Mycoplasma was identified as the main bacterial pathogen. OCs residues were detected in milk of 45 cows out of 160 with a higher incidence in mastitic (43.3%) than in healthy cows (19%). Further, the biochemical analysis of milk showed a significant drop in major electrolytes combined with a significant rise in blood-borne electrolytes (Na and Cl) and total protein. This was more extreme in the case of Mycoplasam mastitis compared to non-Mycoplasma mastitis. In addition, Mycoplasma mastitic milk revealed a high level of malondialdehyde associated with reduced antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase), compared to non-Mycoplasma mastitis. Conclusion: Mycoplasma mastitis was shown to be associated with increased SCC and, in turn, appeared significantly correlated with increased biochemical changes in milk, indicating the serious impact of Mycoplasma mastitis on the dairy industry. Our data also show a strong correlation between increased SCC and biochemical changes in milk, suggesting that tested biochemical parameters might serve as potential biomarkers for the early detection of mastitis. The study also suggested a potential relationship between poisoning with OCs and susceptibility to bacterial udder infections. However, further studies are required to examine the immune status of a dairy herd in relation to the level of OCs in cow’s blood, as well as the water sources used, grass forage and soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala R. Ali
- Bacteriology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Samah F. Ali
- Bacteriology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rania H. Abd-Algawad
- Mycoplasma Department, Animal Health Research Institute Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fayza A. Sdeek
- Pesticide Residue Department, CAPL, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Arafa
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Essam Kamel
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Momtaz A. Shahein
- Department of Virology Research, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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Gelgie AE, Korsa MG, Kerro Dego O. Mycoplasma bovis Mastitis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100123. [PMID: 35909617 PMCID: PMC9325741 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis mastitis (MBM) is highly contagious and causes significant economic losses through reduction in milk quantity and quality, culling and treatment costs. Adhesion and invasion are among the most important virulence mechanisms to establish infection in the mammary gland. M. bovis can elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses during mammary gland infection. There is no effective commercial vaccine against MBM to date and early detection and isolation/culling remains vital control measure for MBM in dairy farms.
Bovine mycoplasmoses, which is mostly caused by Mycoplasma bovis, is a significant problem in the dairy and beef industry. Mycoplasmal mastitis has a global occurrence with notable effects in the United States and Europe. The pathogen was first detected in a mastitis case in California, United States, and regarded as major contagious mastitis. It is highly contagious and resistant to antibiotics and lack cell wall rendering certain group of antibiotics ineffective. Outbreaks mostly originate from introduction of diseased dairy cows to a farm and poor hygienic practices that help to maintain cow to cow transmission. Rapid detection scheme is needed to be in place in dairy farms to devise preventive measures and stop future outbreaks. However; early detection is hampered by the fastidious growth of M. bovis and the need for specialized equipment and reagents in laboratory settings. Intramammary Mycoplasma bovis infections cause elevation in milk somatic cell count which is one of the important factors to determine milk quality for grading and hence dictates milk price. There are multiple attributes of M. bovis regarded as virulence factors such as adhesion to and invasion into host cells, avoidance of phagocytosis, resistance to killing by the alternative complement system, biofilm formation, and hydrogen peroxide production. Nevertheless, there are still undetermined virulence factors that hamper the development of sustainable control tools such as effective vaccine. To date, most vaccine trials have failed, and there is no commercial M. bovis mastitis vaccine. Mycoplasma bovis has been shown to modulate both humoral and cellular immune response during bovine mastitis. In the future, research seeking new immunogenic and protective vaccine targets are highly recommended to control this important dairy cattle disease worldwide.
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Chauhan K, Aly SS, Lehenbauer TW, Tonooka KH, Glenn K, Rossitto P, Marco ML. Development of a multiplex qPCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma species, and Acholeplasma laidlawii in milk. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11881. [PMID: 34447623 PMCID: PMC8364749 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious bovine mastitis caused by Mycoplasma bovis and other Mycoplasma species including Mycoplasma californicum, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Mycoplasma alkalescens, Mycoplasma arginini, and Mycoplasma canadense is an economical obstacle affecting many dairy herds throughout California and elsewhere. Routine bacteriological culture-based assays for the pathogens are slow and subject to false-positive results due to the presence of the related, non-pathogenic species Acholeplasma laidlawii. To address the need for rapid and accurate detection methods, a new TaqMan multiplex, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay was developed that targets the 16S rRNA gene of Mycoplasma, rpoB gene of M. bovis, and the 16S to 23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region of A. laidlawii. qPCR amplification efficiency and range of detection were similar for individual assays in multiplex as when performed separately. The multiplex assay was able to distinguish between M. bovis and A. laidlawii as well as detect Mycoplasma spp. collectively, including Mycoplasma californicum, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Mycoplasma canadense, Mycoplasma arginini and Mycoplasma alkalescens. In milk, the lower limit of detection of M. bovis, M. californicum, and A. laidlawii with the multiplex assay was between 120 to 250 colony forming units (CFU) per mL. The assay was also able to simultaneously detect both M. bovis and A. laidlawii in milk when present in moderate (103 to 104 CFU/mL) to high (106 to 107 CFU/mL) quantities. Compared to laboratory culture-based methods, the multiplex qPCR diagnostic specificity (Sp) was 100% (95% CI [86.8-100]; n = 26) and diagnostic sensitivity (Se) was 92.3% (95% CI [74.9-99.1]; n = 26) for Mycoplasma species in milk samples collected from California dairy farms. Similarly, the Sp was 100% (95% CI [90.5-100]; n = 37) and Se was 93.3% (95% CI [68.1-99.8]; n = 15) for M. bovis. Our assay can detect and distinguish among M. bovis, other prevalent Mycoplasma spp., and non-pathogenic Acholeplasma laidlawii for effective identification and control of mycoplasma mastitis, ultimately supporting dairy cattle health and high-quality dairy products in California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Chauhan
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sharif S. Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Terry W. Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Karen H. Tonooka
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
| | - Kathy Glenn
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
| | - Paul Rossitto
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching & Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
| | - Maria L. Marco
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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10
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Evaluation of in vitro Activation of Bovine Endometrial and Vaginal Epithelial and Blood Mononuclear Cells to Produce Nitric Oxide in Response to Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and Ureaplasma diversum. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2021-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Genital mycoplasmosis is a condition present in bovine production systems, and the most important agents involved are Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and Ureaplasma diversum. Some aspects of their pathogenesis remain unclear. This study was designed in order to evaluate their ability to stimulate mononuclear cells from the endometrium, vagina and peripheral blood of cycling and healthy cows to produce nitric oxide (NO). Cellular cultures of endometrial, vaginal and peripheral blood cells from 33 healthy cows were cultivated with Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and Ureaplasma diversum originated from the 4th passage in culture broth and the NO production was measured by the Greiss reaction. Confirmation of the presence of mononuclear cells and of the agents during and after the NO assay was done by Giemsa stained smears and further cultivation and detection by PCR reaction. Mononuclear cells from all samples produced NO. Mycoplasma bovigenitalium stimulated higher NO production than the others (p<0.05). Endometrial cells produced less NO than vaginal or blood cultured cells. In conclusion, it seems that Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, and Ureaplasma diversum are able to activate mononuclear cells and induce the production of NO, thus suggesting that this pathway is elicited in response to the primary infection by these agents. More studies are necessary to verify why these agents remain in the bovine reproductive tract for long periods and how they reassume deleterious effects.
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11
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Gioia G, Addis MF, Santisteban C, Gross B, Nydam DV, Sipka AS, Virkler PD, Watters RD, Wieland M, Zurakowski MJ, Moroni P. Mycoplasma species isolated from bovine milk collected from US dairy herds between 2016 and 2019. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4813-4821. [PMID: 33612245 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Determining the species of mycoplasma isolated from culture-positive milk samples is important for understanding the clinical significance of their detection. Between August 2016 and December 2019, 214,518 milk samples from 2,757 dairy herds were submitted to Quality Milk Production Services (QMPS) at Cornell University for mycoplasma culture. From these samples, 3,728 collected from 204 herds were culture positive. Based on the request of herd managers, owners, or veterinarians, 889 isolates from 98 herds were subjected to molecular identification by PCR and amplicon sequencing. The largest proportion of the identified isolates were from New York State (78.1%), while the others came from the eastern United States (17.8%), Texas (2.0%), and New Mexico (2.1%). As expected, Mycoplasma spp. were the most common (855 isolates, 96.2%) and Acholeplasma spp. accounted for the remainder (34 isolates, 3.8%). Mycoplasma bovis was the most prevalent Mycoplasma species (75.1%), followed by M. bovigenitalium (6.5%), M. canadense (5.9%), M. alkalescens (5%), M. arginini (1.7%), M. californicum (0.1%), and M. primatum (0.1%). A portion of the isolates were confirmed as Mycoplasma spp. other than M. bovis but were not identified at the species level (16 isolates, 1.8%) because further information was not requested by the manager, owner, or veterinarian. Mycoplasma bovis was the only species identified in 59 of the 98 herds. However, more than 1 Mycoplasma sp. was identified in 29 herds, suggesting that herd infection with 2 or more mycoplasmas is not uncommon. Moreover, a Mycoplasma sp. other than M. bovis was the only species identified in 8 herds. From the subset of 889 mycoplasma culture-positive isolates from 98 herds, we determined that over a third of the herds had either more than 1 Mycoplasma sp. or a Mycoplasma sp. other than M. bovis detected in their milk samples. In conclusion, we observed that M. bovis is the most common pathogenic Mycoplasma species found in mastitic milk, but other Mycoplasma species are not uncommon. Our results suggest that it is critical to test milk samples for mycoplasmas using diagnostic tests able to identify both the genus and the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gioia
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M F Addis
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - C Santisteban
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - B Gross
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - D V Nydam
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - A S Sipka
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - P D Virkler
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - R D Watters
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M Wieland
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M J Zurakowski
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - P Moroni
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy.
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12
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Development and application of a colloidal carbon test strip for the detection of antibodies against Mycoplasma bovis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:157. [PMID: 32964289 PMCID: PMC7508640 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is an important bovine mycoplasma implicated in economically important clinical diseases, such as respiratory diseases, otitis media, and mastitis. The prevalence of M. bovis-associated mastitis in both cattle and buffaloes has been increasingly recognized as a global problem. High morbidity rates and consequential economic losses have been devastating to the affected cattle and buffalo farms, especially those in developing countries. Therefore, a rapid and accurate method is urgently needed to detect M. bovis. In this study, a rapid and simple lateral flow strip for detecting antibodies against M. bovis was established that used carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) as the labelled materials. The results from the test strip were highly consistent with those from ELISA. The test showed high specificity (100%) and no cross-reaction with other bovine pathogens. The detection sensitivity of the test was also relatively high (97.67%). All the results indicated that the colloidal carbon test strip could serve as a simple, rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic method for detecting antibodies against M. bovis at cattle farms.
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13
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Bokma J, Vereecke N, De Bleecker K, Callens J, Ribbens S, Nauwynck H, Haesebrouck F, Theuns S, Boyen F, Pardon B. Phylogenomic analysis of Mycoplasma bovis from Belgian veal, dairy and beef herds. Vet Res 2020; 51:121. [PMID: 32967727 PMCID: PMC7510102 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
M. bovis is one of the leading causes of respiratory disease and antimicrobial use in cattle. The pathogen is widespread in different cattle industries worldwide, but highest prevalence is found in the veal industry. Knowledge on M. bovis strain distribution over the dairy, beef and veal industries is crucial for the design of effective control and prevention programs, but currently undocumented. Therefore, the present study evaluated the molecular epidemiology and genetic relatedness of M. bovis isolates obtained from Belgian beef, dairy and veal farms, and how these relate to M. bovis strains obtained worldwide. Full genomes of one hundred Belgian M. bovis isolates collected over a 5-year period (2014–2019), obtained from 27 dairy, 38 beef and 29 veal farms, were sequenced by long-read nanopore sequencing. Consensus sequences were used to generate a phylogenetic tree in order to associate genetic clusters with cattle sector, geographical area and year of isolation. The phylogenetic analysis of the Belgian M. bovis isolates resulted in 5 major clusters and 1 outlier. No sector-specific M. bovis clustering was identified. On a world scale, Belgian isolates clustered with Israeli, European and American strains. Different M. bovis clusters circulated for at least 1.5 consecutive years throughout the country, affecting all observed industries. Therefore, the high prevalence in the veal industry is more likely the consequence of frequent purchase from the dairy and beef industry, than that a reservoir of veal specific strains on farm would exist. These results emphasize the importance of biosecurity in M. bovis control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Bokma
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Nick Vereecke
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen De Bleecker
- DGZ (Animal Health Service-Flanders), Industrielaan 29, 8820, Torhout, Belgium
| | - Jozefien Callens
- DGZ (Animal Health Service-Flanders), Industrielaan 29, 8820, Torhout, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Ribbens
- DGZ (Animal Health Service-Flanders), Industrielaan 29, 8820, Torhout, Belgium
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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14
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Itoh M, Hirano Y, Yamakawa K, Yasutomi I, Kuramoto K, Furuoka M, Yamada K. Combination of procedure for ultra rapid extraction (PURE) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for rapid detection of Mycoplasma bovis in milk. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:875-880. [PMID: 32448815 PMCID: PMC7399326 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is typically used for the early detection of mycoplasma in bovine milk; it requires 3 days to obtain results because of the necessary enrichment
process. A more rapid, simple, and accurate detection method is required to directly detect the Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) gene in milk. In this
study, we assess the utility of combining the following two methods to achieve this goal: the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), which is more sensitive than PCR, and
the procedure for ultra rapid extraction (PURE), which adsorbs and filters components that inhibit DNA amplification/detection. LAMP was examined using DNA extracts obtained by
four methods. This showed that PURE had the highest sensitivity and specificity and that the combination of PURE and LAMP was able to detect M. bovis in milk. We
then showed that the detection limit of M. bovis was 102 colony-forming units per milliliter of milk using the PURE–LAMP. Finally, the respective
sensitivities of the PURE–LAMP and PCR were 57% and 86% for bulk tank milk, 89% and 74% for mature milk, 85% and 92% for colostrum/transitional milk, and 97% and 95% for mastitis
milk. The specificity was 100% for all milk samples in both LAMP and PCR. We conclude that PCR was suitable for detecting mycoplasma in bulk tank milk and that the PURE–LAMP could
detect mycoplasma within 2 hr and was also effective for mature and mastitis milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Itoh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirano
- Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Hokkaido 081-0038, Japan
| | | | - Ichiro Yasutomi
- Yubetsu Herd Management Service, Yubetsu, Hokkaido 093-0731, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuramoto
- Institute of Nobels, Nobels Company Limited, Kamishihoro, Hokkaido 080-1408, Japan
| | - Miyuki Furuoka
- Milk Testing Laboratory, Tokachi Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-0024, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Yamada
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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15
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Gille L, Evrard J, Callens J, Supré K, Grégoire F, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Deprez P, Pardon B. The presence of Mycoplasma bovis in colostrum. Vet Res 2020; 51:54. [PMID: 32299498 PMCID: PMC7164199 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00778-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In herds with Mycoplasma bovis circulation, colostrum is often considered infectious. However, in contrast to milk, the presence of M. bovis in colostrum was not previously evidenced. In this survey, the presence of M. bovis DNA was determined with real-time PCR in 368 colostrum samples from 17 herds, recently infected with M. bovis. Only 1.9% of the samples tested positive, with 13 herds having no positive samples and an overall within-herd prevalence of 3.2% (SD: 4.9%; Range: 0–30.0%). These results show that in infected herds M. bovis DNA can be retrieved in colostrum. To what extend colostrum is infectious remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linde Gille
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium. .,Clinical Department of Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Julien Evrard
- Regional Association for Animal Identification and Health (ARSIA), Ciney, Belgium
| | - Jozefien Callens
- Animal Health Service Flanders (DGZ-Vlaanderen), Torhout, Belgium
| | - Karlien Supré
- Flanders Milk Control Centre (MCC-Vlaanderen), Lier, Belgium.,Zoetis SA, Zaventem, Belgium
| | - Fabien Grégoire
- Regional Association for Animal Identification and Health (ARSIA), Ciney, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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16
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Hazelton MS, Morton JM, Parker AM, Sheehy PA, Bosward KL, Malmo J, House JK. Whole dairy herd sampling to detect subclinical intramammary Mycoplasma bovis infection after clinical mastitis outbreaks. Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108662. [PMID: 32402350 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
After clinical Mycoplasma bovis mastitis outbreaks in dairy herds, M. bovis can persist as subclinical intramammary infections. Identification and culling of sub-clinically infected cows may be warranted to reduce future pathogen transmission and disease. In this study, apparent cow-level prevalences of M. bovis intramammary infection within 4 milking herds immediately following outbreaks of clinical disease due to M. bovis were determined utilising PCR and culture. All clinically affected M. bovis cows had been culled from the herds prior to herd sampling. Composite milk samples were collected once from each cow (n = 2,258) using a routine milk recording sampling technique. These samples were pooled for PCR screening; positive pools were analysed in different sized pools as needed from large to small, until individual PCR-positive animals could be identified. Despite M. bovis seroprevalences of 76% (herd 1), 40% (herd 2), 20% (herd 3) and 16% (herd 4), apparent prevalences of intramammary infection in the main milking group based on PCR in herds 1 to 4 were 0.2% (1/497), 0.0% (0/475), 0.1% (1/816) and 0.0% (0/444), respectively. Due to the low apparent prevalences of subclinical intramammary mycoplasma infections in these herds and the high expense associated with milk sample collection and testing, the return on diagnostic investment was very limited, particularly considering that additional cows are likely to have been colonised with mycoplasma in other anatomical sites. The results of this study suggest that pursuing identification of cows with subclinical intramammary mycoplasma infections following resolution of clinical M. bovis disease outbreaks in dairy herds may be of minimal benefit in programs designed to control or eradicate M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Hazelton
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.
| | - J M Morton
- Jemora Pty Ltd, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - A M Parker
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - P A Sheehy
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - K L Bosward
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - J Malmo
- Maffra Veterinary Centre, Victoria 3860, Australia
| | - J K House
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
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17
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Timonen AAE, Autio T, Pohjanvirta T, Häkkinen L, Katholm J, Petersen A, Mõtus K, Kalmus P. Dynamics of the within-herd prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis intramammary infection in endemically infected dairy herds. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108608. [PMID: 32122612 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to identify the dynamics of the within-herd prevalence of Mycoplasma (M.) bovis intramammary infection (IMI) in four dairy herds, estimate prevalence of M. bovis in colostrum and clinical mastitis cases and compare M. bovis strains from calves' respiratory and cow clinical mastitis samples. Within a six-month study period, cow composite milk samples (CMS) were collected three times during routine milk recording, first milking colostrum samples from all calving cows and udder quarter milk samples from clinical mastitis cases. Calf respiratory samples were collected from calves with respiratory disease. Pooled milk samples were analysed for M. bovis with the Mastitis 4B polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test kit (DNA Diagnostic A/S). Prevalence estimates were calculated with Bayesian framework in R statistical programme. cg-MLST was used for M. bovis genotyping. In Herd I and II first testing M. bovis IMI within-herd prevalence (95 % credibility interval (CI)) was 4.7 % (2.9; 6.8) and 3.4 % (2.3; 4.6), changing to 1.0 % (0.1; 1.7) and 0.8 % (0.1; 1.4) in Herd I and 0.4 % (0.0; 0.7) in Herd II at the next samplings. In Herd III and IV first testing M. bovis IMI within-herd prevalence was 12.3 % (9.7; 15.2) and 7.8 % (6.2; 9.5), changing to 4.6 % (3.0; 6.4) and 3.2 % (1.9; 4.8) in Herd III and to 2.8 % (1.9; 3.8) and 4.9 % (3.6; 6.4) in Herd IV at the next samplings. The estimated prevalence of M. bovis in colostrum ranged between 1.7 % (0.2; 2.8) and 4.7 % (2.7; 7.1) and in clinical mastitis cases between 3.7 % (1.7; 6.4) and 11.0 % (7.5; 15.2) in the study herds. M. bovis strains isolated from cows and calves clustered within herds indicating possible transmission of M. bovis between dairy cows and calves. Prevalence of M. bovis in colostrum and clinical mastitis cases as well as the within-herd prevalence of M. bovis IMI was low in endemically infected dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anri A E Timonen
- Chair of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Tiina Autio
- Finnish Food Authority, Laboratory and Research Division, Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology Unit, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Tarja Pohjanvirta
- Finnish Food Authority, Laboratory and Research Division, Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology Unit, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Liidia Häkkinen
- Estonian Veterinary and Food Laboratory, Kreutzwaldi 30, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jørgen Katholm
- DNA Diagnostic A/S, Voldbjergvej 14, 8240 Risskov, Denmark
| | | | - Kerli Mõtus
- Chair of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Piret Kalmus
- Chair of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
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18
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Özdemir S, Altun S. Genome-wide analysis of mRNAs and lncRNAs in Mycoplasma bovis infected and non-infected bovine mammary gland tissues. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 50:101512. [PMID: 31972225 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) causes diseases such as arthritis, pneumonia, abortion, and mastitis, leading to great losses in the bovine dairy industries. RNA types such as messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play significant roles in regulating the immune responses triggered by bacteria. The expression profiles of mRNA and lncRNA as they occur in bovine mammary gland tissues infected with M. bovis are still not well understood. To illuminate this issue, transcription analysis of mRNA and LncRNAs were conducted on the mammary gland tissues belonging to Holstein cattle infected and not infected with M. bovis. The analysis revealed 1310 differentially expressed mRNAs and 57 differentially expressed lncRNAs in the bovine mammary gland tissues infected and not infected with M. bovis. In addition, 392 novel lncRNAs were detected, 19 of which were differentially expressed. Gene ontology analysis reveals that differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs play significant roles in such vital biological pathways as metabolic pathways, T-cell receptor signaling, TGF-beta signaling, pathways in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling, NF-kappa B signaling, mTOR signaling, and apoptosis, including in the immune response to cancer. Based on our literature review, this study is the first genome-wide lncRNA research conducted on bovine mammary gland tissues infected with M. bovis. Our results provide bovine mammary gland lncRNA and mRNA resources to understand their roles in the regulation of the immune response against the agent M. bovis in bovine mammary gland tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selçuk Özdemir
- Atatürk Üniversity Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Depertmant of Genetics, Erzurum, 25430, Turkey.
| | - Serdar Altun
- Atatürk Üniversity Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Depertmant of Pathology, Erzurum, 25430, Turkey
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19
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Appelt S, Aly SS, Tonooka K, Glenn K, Xue Z, Lehenbauer TW, Marco ML. Development and comparison of loop-mediated isothermal amplification and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis in milk. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1985-1996. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Gille L, Callens J, Supré K, Boyen F, Haesebrouck F, Van Driessche L, van Leenen K, Deprez P, Pardon B. Use of a breeding bull and absence of a calving pen as risk factors for the presence of Mycoplasma bovis in dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8284-8290. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Hazelton M, Morton J, Bosward K, Sheehy P, Parker A, Dwyer C, Niven P, House J. Isolation of Mycoplasma spp. and serological responses in bulls prior to and following their introduction into Mycoplasma bovis-infected dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7412-7424. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Manzi MP, Joaquim SF, Guimarães FF, Bruder-Nascimento ACM, Pantoja JCF, Langoni H. Prevalência de Mycoplasma bovis em rebanhos de vacas leiteiras. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: Mycoplasma é um patógeno altamente contagioso, podendo causar mastite, pneumonia, artrite, entre outras enfermidades. Seu isolamento requer meios e condições específicas devido ao seu crescimento fastidioso. Devido à complexidade do seu diagnóstico, acredita-se que a real prevalência de casos de mastite por micoplasma seja subestimada. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a prevalência de Mycoplasma bovis em diferentes rebanhos de bovinos leiteiros no estado de São Paulo. O estudo foi dividido em fase de triagem, na qual colheram-se amostras de 67 tanques de expansão e a coleta individual, na qual propriedades positivas para M. bovis foram visitadas e colhidas amostras de leite de todos os animais com mastite clínica e subclínica. O diagnóstico laboratorial foi feito por meio da PCR e cultivo microbiológico específico. A prevalência de M. bovis encontrada na fase de triagem foi de 1,4%. Na fase individual, todas as amostras de leite, procedentes de propriedade positiva para M. bovis no tanque de expansão, foram negativas, o que permite concluir pela baixa prevalência do agente nas condições do presente estudo.
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Lowe JL, Fox LK, Enger BD, Progar AA, Gay JM. Effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on the cultivation of bovine Mycoplasma species. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4660-4666. [PMID: 29477538 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recommendations for bovine mycoplasma culture CO2 concentrations are varied and were not empirically derived. The objective of this study was to determine whether the growth measures of bovine mycoplasma isolates differed when incubated in CO2 concentrations of 10 or 5% or in candle jars (2.7 ± 0.2% CO2). Growth of Mycoplasma bovis (n = 22), Mycoplasma californicum (n = 18), and other Mycoplasma spp. (n = 10) laboratory isolates was evaluated. Isolate suspensions were standardized to approximately 108 cfu/mL and serially diluted in pasteurized whole milk to achieve test suspensions of 102 and 106 cfu/mL. One hundred microliters of each test dilution was spread in duplicate onto the surface of a modified Hayflick's agar plate. Colony growth was enumerated on d 3, 5, and 7 of incubation. A mixed linear model included the fixed effects of CO2 treatment (2.7, 5, or 10%), species, day (3, 5, or 7), and their interactions, with total colony counts as the dependent variable. Carbon dioxide concentration did not significantly affect overall mycoplasma growth differences, but differences between species and day were present. Colony counts (log10 cfu/mL) of M. bovis were 2.6- and 1.6-fold greater than M. californicum and other Mycoplasma spp., respectively. Growth at 7 d of incubation was greater than d 3 and 5 for all species. These findings were confirmed using field isolates (n = 98) from a commercial veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Binary growth responses (yes/no) of the field isolates were not different between CO2 treatments but did differ between species and day of incubation. On average, 57% of all field isolates were detected by 3 d of incubation compared with 93% on d 7. These results suggest that the range of suitable CO2 culture conditions and incubation times for the common mastitis-causing Mycoplasma spp. may be broader than currently recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Lowe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
| | - L K Fox
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164.
| | - B D Enger
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - A Adams Progar
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
| | - J M Gay
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
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Zigo F, Vasiľ M, Elečko J, Farkašová Z, Zigová M. Occurence of Mastitis in Dairy Cows Situated in Marginal Parts of Slovakia. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/fv-2017-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A relatively large part of the Slovak territory consists of the “marginal regions”, which in terms of the economy of ruminants keeping can efficiently produce animal commodities only occasionally. The geographic, social and economic stability of these regions is strongly influenced by the rearing of ruminants and the associated market milk production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and aetiological agents of mastitis in two herds of dairy cows situated in the marginal parts of Slovakia. In total, 530 of the Slovak spotted breed and Holstein cows were involved in the study. The diagnosis of mastitis was performed on the basis of the clinical examination of the udder, macroscopic evaluation of the milk, determination of somatic cell count (SCC), and the bacteriological examination of the milk. The prevalence of mastitis in the two herds of dairy cows ranged from 34.7 % to 18.8 %, respectively. From the total of 2120 quarter milk samples, 36.3 % were positive to the California mastitis test (CMT). Also, pathogenic microorganisms causing intramammary infection (IMI) were isolated from 25.6 % of the samples, which accounted for most subclinical mastitis forms (23.3 %), with the SCC under 400 000, mainly caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and coliform bacteria E. coli and Enterobacter aerogenes. The clinical forms of mastitis accounted for 13.0 % of all infected cows and were caused mainly by the bacteria: Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus and coagulasenegative staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Zigo
- Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice , Slovakia
| | - M. Vasiľ
- Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice , Slovakia
| | - J. Elečko
- Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice , Slovakia
| | - Z. Farkašová
- Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice , Slovakia
| | - M. Zigová
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafarik University, 040 11 Košice , Slovakia
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Gille L, Boyen F, Van Driessche L, Valgaeren B, Haesebrouck F, Deprez P, Pardon B. Short communication: Effect of freezer storage time and thawing method on the recovery of Mycoplasma bovis from bovine colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:609-613. [PMID: 29102148 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important cause of mastitis in dairy cattle, and pneumonia, arthritis, and otitis in calves. Milk and colostrum are considered important sources of infection for calves. knowledge on the effect of on-farm freezing (-18°C) and thawing methods on the recovery of M. bovis from colostrum samples is missing. In this study, 2 separate experiments were performed. The first experiment consisted of a longitudinal study examining the survival [as measured by log(10) reduction] of 2 M. bovis strains in frozen colostrum over 14 wk. The second experiment examined the effect of different thawing temperatures (45 and 20°C), thawing frequencies (once or twice), and initial colostrum titer (104 or 106 cfu/mL) on M. bovis survival. A single freeze-thaw cycle led to an approximate 1 log reduction of M. bovis titer, independent of the thawing temperature. Freezing for 14 wk did not significantly further reduce the titer of bacteria compared with freezing for 2 wk. A second freeze-thaw cycle further reduced the M. bovis count by approximately 0.5 log compared with a single freeze-thaw cycle. Thawing temperature and initial bacterial concentration did not significantly affect M. bovis reduction. In conclusion, storage of colostrum samples in the freezer at -18°C during epidemiological studies, herd monitoring, or test and cull programs will probably have little influence on qualitative bacteriological test results for M. bovis. The epidemiological or clinical relevance of an approximate 1 log reduction of M. bovis in colostrum is currently unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gille
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - F Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Van Driessche
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Valgaeren
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Hazelton MS, Sheehy PA, Bosward KL, Parker AM, Morton JM, Dwyer CJ, Niven PG, House JK. Short communication: Shedding of Mycoplasma bovis and antibody responses in cows recently diagnosed with clinical infection. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:584-589. [PMID: 29055548 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis can have significant consequences when introduced into immunologically naïve dairy herds. Subclinically infected carrier animals are the most common way that M. bovis is introduced into herds. Although M. bovis udder infections can be detected by milk sampling lactating animals before their introduction, currently, no definitive way of identifying M. bovis carrier animals that are nonlactating (i.e., calves, heifers, dry cows, or bulls) is available. Understanding the prevalence of M. bovis shedding from various body sites in clinically infected animals could inform strategies for the detection of subclinical infection in nonlactating stock. The mucosal surfaces of the nose, eye, and vagina of 16 cows with recent clinical mastitis caused by M. bovis were examined for the presence of M. bovis shedding. Blood was collected for serological evaluation by a commercially available ELISA. Mycoplasma bovis was isolated from the vagina of only 3 (18.8%) of the cows and was not detected from the noses or eyes of any of the cows. Fifteen of the 16 (93.8%) cows were seropositive to the ELISA. With such low prevalence of detection of M. bovis from the vagina and no detections from the noses or eyes of recently clinically infected animals, it is very likely that sampling these sites would be ineffective for detecting subclinical infection in cattle. Serology using the ELISA may have some use when screening animals for biosecurity risk assessment. However, more information regarding time to seroconversion, antibody longevity, and test diagnostic sensitivity and specificity are required to define the appropriate use of this ELISA for biosecurity purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Hazelton
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.
| | - P A Sheehy
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - K L Bosward
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - A M Parker
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - J M Morton
- Jemora Pty Ltd., Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - C J Dwyer
- Smithton Veterinary Service, Tasmania 7330, Australia
| | - P G Niven
- Pure Source Dairy Farm Company Ltd., Qihe County, Dezhou City, Shandong Province 251100, China
| | - J K House
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
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Parker A, House J, Hazelton M, Bosward K, Morton J, Sheehy P. Bulk tank milk antibody ELISA as a biosecurity tool for detecting dairy herds with past exposure to Mycoplasma bovis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8296-8309. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Immunization Intraductal Fibronectin and Whole Cells of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae, in Cows to Dry in Puebla-Mexico. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.3.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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29
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Bottinelli M, Passamonti F, Rampacci E, Stefanetti V, Pochiero L, Coletti M, Rueca F, Hyatt DR, Schnee C. DNA microarray assay and real-time PCR as useful tools for studying the respiratory tract Mycoplasma populations in young dairy calves. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1342-1349. [PMID: 28868997 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE With more than 120 species, the genus Mycoplasma is one of the largest taxa in the class Mollicutes, a group of micro-organisms that are characterized by apparent simplicity and to which important animal pathogens belong. Mycoplasmabovis is the most frequently identified pathogenic Mycoplasma in cattle; however, the prevalence of other Mycoplasma species living in calves' airways is poorly understood. The aim of this work was to characterize the respiratory tract mycoplasma populations in calves on one of the largest dairy farms in Italy using a real-time PCR assay and a DNA microarray assay. METHODOLOGY A total of 49 nasal swabs and 49 trans-tracheal aspirations from non-vaccinated veal calves were analysed. Genomic DNA was extracted from the samples and then tested using a real-time PCR targeting the oppD gene of M. bovis and a DNA microarray that was able to identify more than 70 Mycoplasma species. RESULTS Forty-two out of 49 calves tested positive for Mycoplasma spp. (85.7 %). None of the samples tested positive for M. bovis. A majority (73.5 %) of the 98 samples tested positive for M. dispar, while 8 samples tested positive for M. bovirhinis (8.2 %). CONCLUSION Our results expand our knowledge regarding the diversity of Mycoplasma populations in the respiratory airways of very young veal calves and add data regarding M. bovis prevalence in the Italian cattle population. However, the importance of these species in the respiratory diseases of calves still remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bottinelli
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Passamonti
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisa Rampacci
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Stefanetti
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Coletti
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Rueca
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Doreene R Hyatt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christiane Schnee
- Laboratory/Working Group Chlamydiae and Mycoplasmas, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
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Timonen AAE, Katholm J, Petersen A, Mõtus K, Kalmus P. Within-herd prevalence of intramammary infection caused by Mycoplasma bovis and associations between cow udder health, milk yield, and composition. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:6554-6561. [PMID: 28601455 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Subclinical mastitis is one of the major health problems in dairy herds due to decreased milk production and reduced milk quality. The aim of this study was to examine the within-herd prevalence of subclinical intramammary infection caused by Mycoplasma bovis and to evaluate associations between M. bovis and cow daily milk yield, udder health, and milk composition. Individual cow composite milk samples (n = 522) were collected from all lactating dairy cows in 1 Estonian dairy farm in November 2014. Daily milk yield, days in milk, and parity were recorded. Collected milk samples were analyzed for somatic cell count, milk protein, fat, and urea content. The presence of M. bovis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis in the milk samples was confirmed by quantitative PCR analysis. The within-herd prevalence of M. bovis was 17.2% in the study herd. No association was observed between days in milk and parity to the presence of M. bovis in milk. According to linear regression analysis, the daily milk yield from cows positive for M. bovis was on average 3.0 kg lower compared with cows negative for M. bovis. In addition, the presence of M. bovis in milk samples was significantly associated with higher somatic cell count and lower fat and urea content compared with milk samples negative for M. bovis. In conclusion, subclinical M. bovis intramammary infection is associated with decreased milk yield and lower milk quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anri A E Timonen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia.
| | - Jørgen Katholm
- DNA Diagnostic A/S, Voldbjergvej 16, 8240 Risskov, Denmark
| | | | - Kerli Mõtus
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Piret Kalmus
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
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Perez-Casal J, Prysliak T, Maina T, Suleman M, Jimbo S. Status of the development of a vaccine against Mycoplasma bovis. Vaccine 2017; 35:2902-2907. [PMID: 28433326 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen of cattle and, despite numerous efforts an effective vaccine for control of the disease it causes remains elusive. Although we now know more about the biology of this pathogen, information is lacking about appropriate protective antigens, the type of immune response that confers protection and adjuvants selection. The use of conserved recombinant proteins, selected using in silico approaches, as components of a vaccine may be a better choice over bacterin-based vaccines due to the limited protection afforded by them and adverse reactions caused by them. More studies are needed on the characterization of host-pathogen interactions and to elucidate M. bovis products modulating these interactions. These products could be the basis for development of vaccines to control M. bovis infections in dairy farms and feedlots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Perez-Casal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre - VIDO-InterVac, 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Tracy Prysliak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre - VIDO-InterVac, 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Teresa Maina
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre - VIDO-InterVac, 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre - VIDO-InterVac, 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Steve Jimbo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre - VIDO-InterVac, 120 Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
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32
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Lima SF, Teixeira AGV, Lima FS, Ganda EK, Higgins CH, Oikonomou G, Bicalho RC. The bovine colostrum microbiome and its association with clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3031-3042. [PMID: 28161185 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to characterize colostrum microbial diversity and its potential associations with early-lactation clinical mastitis, we used high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to investigate the bovine colostrum microbiome. A prospective observational study was conducted that included 70 Holstein cows; colostrum samples were collected from all 4 mammary gland quarters. Colostrum samples were categorized according to whether the quarter was diagnosed (CMC) or not diagnosed (NCMC) with clinical mastitis during the first 30 d postpartum. Colostrum samples were dominated by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Tenericutes phyla, with the 6 most common taxa [order (o), family (f), and genus (g)] being g_Staphylococcus, g_Prevotella, f_Ruminococcaceae, o_Bacteroidales, o_Clostridiales, and g_Pseudomonas. The colostrum microbiota of primiparous cows was significantly richer (higher number of bacterial species) than that of multiparous cows, and differences in colostrum taxonomic structure between parities were also observed. The microbial community of NCMC samples of primiparous cows was significantly more diverse than that of CMC samples, and the relative abundances of the Tenericutes and Fusobacteria phyla as well as the Mycoplasma and Fusobacterium genera were significantly higher in NCMC than in CMC samples of primiparous cows. The colostrum core microbiome, defined as the bacterial taxa common to all colostrum samples examined, was composed of 20 taxa and included bacterial genera already known to be associated with mastitis (e.g., Staphylococcus, Mycoplasma, and Streptococcus spp.). Our results indicate that the colostrum microbiome of primiparous cows differs from that of multiparous cows, and it harbors some diversity and taxonomic markers of mammary gland health specific to primiparous cows only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana F Lima
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York
| | - Andre G V Teixeira
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York
| | - Fabio S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802
| | - Erika K Ganda
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York
| | - Catherine H Higgins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York
| | - Georgios Oikonomou
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853, New York.
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Li B, Zhou XZ, Niu JR, Wei XJ, Li JY, Yang YJ, Liu XW, Cheng FS, Zhang JY. EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF BAN HUANG ORAL LIQUID FOR TREATING BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASES. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2017; 14:47-59. [PMID: 28573221 PMCID: PMC5446465 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v14i2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ban Huang oral liquid was developed as a veterinary compound preparation by the Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS). The purpose of this study was to determine whether the oral liquid preparation of traditional Chinese medicine, Ban Huang, is safe and effective for treating respiratory diseases in cattle. MATERIALS AND METHODS Acute oral toxicity experiments were conducted in Wistar rats and Kunming mice via oral administration. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the drug against Mycoplasma bovis in vitro with the double dilution method was 500 mg/mL, indicating good sensitivity. The results of laboratory pathogen testing, analysis of clinical symptoms, and analysis of pathological anatomy were combined to diagnose bovine respiratory diseases in 147 Simmental cattle caused by mixed infections of M. bovis, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine parainfluenza virus type 3, and Mannheimia haemolytica. These cattle were randomly divided into three groups: drug treatment group 1 (treated via Tilmicosin injection), drug treatment group 2 (treated with Shuang Huang Lian oral liquid combined with Tilmicosin injection), and drug treatment group 3 (treated with Ban Huang oral liquid combined with Tilmicosin injection). Treatment effects were observed within 7 days. RESULTS The results showed no toxicity and a maximum tolerated dose greater than 20 g/kg BW. For the 87 cattle in drug-treatment group, the cure rate was 90.80%, whereas the response rate was 94.25%. The cure rate of drug treatment group was increased by 14.13% in comparison with that of drug control group 1 and by 7.47% in comparison with that of drug control group 2 (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that Ban Huang oral liquid is a safe and effective treatment for bovine respiratory diseases, especially for mixed infection caused by M. bovis, bacteria, and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xu-Zheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Jian-Rong Niu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Wei
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Jian-Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xi-Wang Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Ji-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
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Nielsen PK, Petersen MB, Nielsen LR, Halasa T, Toft N. Latent class analysis of bulk tank milk PCR and ELISA testing for herd level diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis. Prev Vet Med 2015; 121:338-42. [PMID: 26342789 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Mycoplasma bovis causes disease in cattle of all ages. An apparent increase in the occurrence of M. bovis associated outbreaks among Danish dairy cattle herds since 2011 has prompted a need for knowledge regarding herd-level diagnostic performance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the herd-level diagnostic performance of an indirect ELISA test by comparison to a real-time PCR test when diagnosing M. bovis in cattle herds of bulk tank milk. Bulk tank milk samples from Danish dairy herds (N=3437) were analysed with both the antibody detecting BIO K 302 M. bovis ELISA kit and the antigen detecting PathoProof Mastitis Major-3 kit. As none of these are considered a gold standard test for herd-level diagnostics we applied a series of Bayesian latent class analyses for a range of ELISA cut-off values. The negative and positive predictive values were calculated for hypothetical true national prevalences (1, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) of infected herds. We estimated that the ELISA test had a median sensitivity and specificity of 60.4 [37.5-96.2 95% Posterior Credibility Interval] and 97.3 [94.0-99.8 95% PCI] at the currently recommended cut-off (37% Optical density Coefficient). These changed to 43.5 [21.1-92.5 95% PCI] and 99.6 [98.8-100 95% PCI] if the cut-off was increased to 50 ODC%. In addition, herd-level diagnosis by ELISA would result in fewer false positives at a cut-off value of 50 ODC% compared to 37 ODC% without compromising the negative predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Kantsø Nielsen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Section for Epidemiology, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Mette Bisgaard Petersen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Liza Rosenbaum Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Grønnegårdsvej 8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Section for Epidemiology, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nils Toft
- Technical University of Denmark, National Veterinary Institute, Section for Epidemiology, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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35
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Aebi M, van den Borne BHP, Raemy A, Steiner A, Pilo P, Bodmer M. Mycoplasma bovis infections in Swiss dairy cattle: a clinical investigation. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:10. [PMID: 25884203 PMCID: PMC4347908 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis causes mastitis in dairy cows and is associated with pneumonia and polyarthritis in cattle. The present investigation included a retrospective case-control study to identify potential herd-level risk factors for M. bovis associated disease, and a prospective cohort study to evaluate the course of clinical disease in M. bovis infected dairy cattle herds in Switzerland. Eighteen herds with confirmed M. bovis cases were visited twice within an average interval of 75 d. One control herd with no history of clinical mycoplasmosis, matched for herd size, was randomly selected within a 10 km range for each case herd. Animal health data, production data, information on milking and feeding-management, housing and presence of potential stress- factors were collected. Composite quarter milk samples were aseptically collected from all lactating cows and 5% of all animals within each herd were sampled by nasal swabs. Organ samples of culled diseased cows were collected when logistically possible. All samples were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In case herds, incidence risk of pneumonia, arthritis and clinical mastitis prior to the first visit and incidence rates of clinical mastitis and clinical pneumonia between the two visits was estimated. Logistic regression was used to identify potential herd-level risk factors for M. bovis infection. In case herds, incidence risk of M. bovis mastitis prior to the first visit ranged from 2 to 15%, whereas 2 to 35% of the cows suffered from clinical pneumonia within the 12 months prior to the first herd visit. The incidence rates of mycoplasmal mastitis and clinical pneumonia between the two herd visits were low in case herds (0-0.1 per animal year at risk and 0.1-0.6 per animal year at risk, respectively). In the retrospective-case-control study high mean milk production, appropriate stimulation until milk-let-down, fore-stripping, animal movements (cattle shows and trade), presence of stress-factors, and use of a specific brand of milking equipment, were identified as potential herd-level risk factors. The prospective cohort study revealed a decreased incidence of clinical disease within three months and prolonged colonization of the nasal cavity by M. bovis in young stock.
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Murai K, Lehenbauer TW, Champagne JD, Glenn K, Aly SS. Cost-effectiveness of diagnostic strategies using quantitative real-time PCR and bacterial culture to identify contagious mastitis cases in large dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2014; 113:522-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Herlekar DA, Shashikant CS, Gurjar AA, Jayarao BM. Presence of viral and bacterial organisms in milk and their association with somatic cell counts. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:6336-46. [PMID: 23972495 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
About 20 to 35% of milk samples from cows with intramammary infection or high somatic cell count (SCC) are negative on bacteriological culture analysis. However, little is known about SCC in milk of cows infected with viruses. In the first part of our study, we developed a real-time PCR assay for detection of bovine herpesvirus (BHV) 1, BHV2, and BHV4, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in composite quarter milk samples. A total of 1,479 lactating cows of 1,964 cows in the dairy herd were initially selected because these cows had complete SCC data for at least 3 consecutive test results, of which 139 lactating cows from different lactation age groups were selected randomly and studied extensively. Composite quarter milk samples were collected on 3 alternate days and examined for viruses, SCC, and bacteriological analysis. In total, 10, 28, and 0.7% of the composite quarter milk samples from cows were positive for BHV1, BHV2, and BHV4, respectively; BVDV was not detected in composite quarter milk samples. Bovine herpesvirus was not associated with a particular bacterial species. Our study results indicate that cows positive for BHV in composite quarter milk samples alone are less likely to have elevated SCC compared with cows with bacterial intramammary infection; BHV1, BHV2, and BHV4 are probably not major udder pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Herlekar
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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38
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Kuehn JS, Gorden PJ, Munro D, Rong R, Dong Q, Plummer PJ, Wang C, Phillips GJ. Bacterial community profiling of milk samples as a means to understand culture-negative bovine clinical mastitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61959. [PMID: 23634219 PMCID: PMC3636265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and infection of bovine mammary glands, commonly known as mastitis, imposes significant losses each year in the dairy industry worldwide. While several different bacterial species have been identified as causative agents of mastitis, many clinical mastitis cases remain culture negative, even after enrichment for bacterial growth. To understand the basis for this increasingly common phenomenon, the composition of bacterial communities from milk samples was analyzed using culture independent pyrosequencing of amplicons of 16S ribosomal RNA genes (16S rDNA). Comparisons were made of the microbial community composition of culture negative milk samples from mastitic quarters with that of non-mastitic quarters from the same animals. Genomic DNA from culture-negative clinical and healthy quarter sample pairs was isolated, and amplicon libraries were prepared using indexed primers specific to the V1–V2 region of bacterial 16S rRNA genes and sequenced using the Roche 454 GS FLX with titanium chemistry. Evaluation of the taxonomic composition of these samples revealed significant differences in the microbiota in milk from mastitic and healthy quarters. Statistical analysis identified seven bacterial genera that may be mainly responsible for the observed microbial community differences between mastitic and healthy quarters. Collectively, these results provide evidence that cases of culture negative mastitis can be associated with bacterial species that may be present below culture detection thresholds used here. The application of culture-independent bacterial community profiling represents a powerful approach to understand long-standing questions in animal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S. Kuehn
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Daniel Munro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ruichen Rong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qunfeng Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Plummer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Fox LK. Mycoplasma mastitis: causes, transmission, and control. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2013; 28:225-37. [PMID: 22664205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mastitis is an emerging mastitis pathogen. Herd prevalence has increased over the past decade, and this increase parallels the increase in average dairy herd size. It has been documented that the importation of cattle into a herd can result in new cases of Mycoplasma disease in general and Mycoplasma mastitis specifically. Thus, expanding herds are likely to have a greater incidence of this disease. Transmission of the agent can result from either contact with diseased animals or with colonized or asymptomatically infected cattle. Initial transmission might occur via nose-to-nose contact and result in an outbreak of Mycoplasma mastitis, or it might occur during the milking time. This would suggest that new, incoming animals should be quarantined before being comingled with original herd animals. Quarantining does not seem to be a biosecurity strategy often practiced in control of Mycoplasma mastitis and may not be warranted in herds with excellent milking time hygiene practices. The ability to monitor for the incipient stages of an outbreak, often done through bulk tank milk culturing, is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence K Fox
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, 100 Grimes Way, ADBF 2043, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7060, USA.
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Stipkovits L, Somogyi M, Asvanyi B, Toth A, Szathmary S. Short communication: Role of Mycoplasma arginini in mastitis caused by Streptococcus dysgalactiae. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:1661-7. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Katholm J, Bennedsgaard TW, Koskinen MT, Rattenborg E. Quality of bulk tank milk samples from Danish dairy herds based on real-time polymerase chain reaction identification of mastitis pathogens. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:5702-8. [PMID: 22921631 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Results of a commercial real-time PCR analysis for 11 mastitis pathogens from bulk tank milk (BTM) samples from all 4,258 Danish dairy herds in November 2009 to January 2010 were compared with somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacteria count (TBC) estimates in BTM. For Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis, a low real-time PCR cycle threshold (Ct) value (corresponding to high bacterial DNA quantity) was correlated with higher SCC and higher TBC. For Staphylococcus aureus, low Ct values were correlated only with higher SCC. For the environmental mastitis pathogens Klebsiella spp., Enterococcus spp., and Escherichia coli, low Ct values had a correlation with higher TBC. Staphylococcus spp. were found in the BTM from all herds, Strep. uberis in 95%, Staph. aureus in 91%, and Strep. dysgalactiae in 86%, whereas E. coli, Klebsiella, and Strep. agalactiae were found in 61, 13, and 7% of the herds. It is concluded that the real-time PCR used provides results that are related to the milk quality in the herds. Real-time PCR can be used in the same way as culture for monitoring BTM samples, and is especially useful for bacteria with low prevalence (e.g., Strep. agalactiae).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Katholm
- Knowledge Center for Agriculture, Cattle, Skejby, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
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42
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Chopra-Dewasthaly R, Baumgartner M, Gamper E, Innerebner C, Zimmermann M, Schilcher F, Tichy A, Winter P, Jechlinger W, Rosengarten R, Spergser J. Role of Vpma phase variation in Mycoplasma agalactiae pathogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 66:307-22. [PMID: 22809092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.01010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Compared with other bacterial pathogens, the molecular mechanisms of mycoplasma pathogenicity are largely unknown. Several studies in the past have shown that pathogenic mycoplasmas are equipped with sophisticated genetic systems that allow them to undergo high-frequency surface antigenic variations. Although never clearly proven, these variable mycoplasma surface components are often implicated in host immune evasion and adaptation. Vpma surface lipoproteins of the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae are encoded on a genomic pathogenicity island-like locus and are considered as one of the well-characterized model systems of mycoplasma surface antigenic variation. The present study assesses the role of these phase-variable Vpmas in the molecular pathogenesis of M. agalactiae by testing the wild-type strain PG2 in comparison with the xer1-disrupted Vpma 'phase-locked' mutants in sheep infection models. The data clearly illustrate that although Xer1 recombinase is not a virulence factor of M. agalactiae and Vpma phase variation is not necessary for establishing an infection, it might critically influence the survival and persistence of the pathogen under natural field conditions, mainly due to a better capacity for dissemination and evoking systemic responses. This is the first study where mycoplasma 'phase-locked' mutants are tested in vivo to elucidate the role of phase variation during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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Pinho L, Thompson G, Machado M, Carvalheira J. Management practices associated with the bulk tank milk prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. in dairy herds in Northwestern Portugal. Prev Vet Med 2012; 108:21-7. [PMID: 22836035 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of some management practices on the prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. in Northwestern Portuguese dairy farms from bulk tank milk (BTM) samples. Additionally, the within-herd prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. was also determined, but only in BTM positive herds. From May 2007 to November 2008, 492 BTM samples from 164 dairies randomly chosen in a population of 1234 dairy farms were analyzed. Five herds (3.0%) had positive mycoplasmal culture results, from which 4 out of 164 (2.4%) were Mycoplasma bovis, with simultaneous presence of Mycoplasma bovigenitalium or Mycoplasma canadense in two of those samples. In one out of 164 (0.6%) herds Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum was also found. In BTM positive Mycoplasma spp. herds, the apparent intra-herd prevalence was low and varied between 2.5% and 4.5%. Multiple locus variable-number of tandem-repeat analysis was conducted in order to compare the genetic relationship between the isolates. Mycoplasma spp. was found to be present in cows with subclinical mastitis with or without California Mastitis Test positive results, hence all cows should be tested when the agent is isolated from bulk tank rather than selecting suspected cows. A multivariable logistic regression using the Firth's penalized maximum likelihood estimation was performed showing that increasing number of lactating cows (OR=1.05; P<0.01) was associated with a higher probability of isolating Mycoplasma spp. On the other hand, identifying problem cows was associated with a lower probability (OR=0.06; P<0.05). Particular importance was given to the prevalence of M. bovis, and the results obtained highlight the need to include this agent in mastitis control protocols in national dairies and in sanitary controls of transitioned animals between European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pinho
- ICBAS, Department of Veterinary Clinics, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, R. Padre Armando Quintas, 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
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44
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De Vliegher S, Fox LK, Piepers S, McDougall S, Barkema HW. Invited review: Mastitis in dairy heifers: nature of the disease, potential impact, prevention, and control. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1025-40. [PMID: 22365187 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-4074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heifer mastitis is a disease that potentially threatens production and udder health in the first and subsequent lactations. In general, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the predominant cause of intramammary infection and subclinical mastitis in heifers around parturition, whereas Staphylococcus aureus and environmental pathogens cause a minority of the cases. Clinical heifer mastitis is typically caused by the major pathogens. The variation in proportions of causative pathogens between studies, herds, and countries is considerable. The magnitude of the effect of heifer mastitis on an individual animal is influenced by the form of mastitis (clinical versus subclinical), the virulence of the causative pathogen(s) (major versus minor pathogens), the time of onset of infection relative to calving, cure or persistence of the infection when milk production has started, and the host's immunity. Intramammary infection in early lactation caused by CNS does not generally have a negative effect on subsequent productivity. At the herd level, the impact will depend on the prevalence and incidence of the disease, the nature of the problem (clinical, subclinical, nonfunctional quarters), the causative pathogens involved (major versus minor pathogens), the ability of the animals to cope with the disease, and the response of the dairy manager to control the disease through management changes. Specific recommendations to prevent and control mastitis in late gestation in periparturient heifers are not part of the current National Mastitis Council mastitis and prevention program. Control and prevention is currently based on avoidance of inter-sucking among young stock, fly control, optimal nutrition, and implementation of hygiene control and comfort measures, especially around calving. More risk factors for subclinical and clinical heifer mastitis have been identified (e.g., season, location of herd, stage of pregnancy) although they do not lend themselves to the development of specific intervention strategies designed to prevent the disease. Pathogen-specific risk factors and associated control measures need to be identified due to the pathogen-related variation in epidemiology and effect on future performance. Prepartum intramammary treatment with antibiotics has been proposed as a simple and effective way of controlling heifer mastitis but positive long-lasting effects on somatic cell count and milk yield do not always occur, ruling out universal recommendation of this practice. Moreover, use of antibiotics in this manner is off-label and results in an increased risk of antibiotic residues in milk. Prepartum treatment can be implemented only as a short-term measure to assist in the control of a significant heifer mastitis problem under supervision of the herd veterinarian. When CNS are the major cause of intramammary infection in heifers, productivity is not affected, making prepartum treatment redundant and even unwanted. In conclusion, heifer mastitis can affect the profitability of dairy farming because of a potential long-term negative effect on udder health and milk production and an associated culling risk, specifically when major pathogens are involved. Prevention and control is not easy but is possible through changes in young stock and heifer management. However, the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the disease remain largely unknown and more pathogen-specific risk factors should be identified to optimize current prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
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Aebi M, Bodmer M, Frey J, Pilo P. Herd-specific strains of Mycoplasma bovis in outbreaks of mycoplasmal mastitis and pneumonia. Vet Microbiol 2012; 157:363-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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46
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Boonyayatra S, Fox LK, Besser TE, Sawant A, Gay JM, Raviv Z. A PCR assay and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism combination identifying the 3 primary Mycoplasma species causing mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:196-205. [PMID: 22192198 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The focus of the current research was to develop real-time PCR assays with improved sensitivity and the capacity to simultaneously speciate the 3 most common mycoplasma mastitis agents: Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma californicum, and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium. Real-time PCR was chosen because it provides rapid results. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used as the gold standard for evaluating candidate real-time PCR assays. To ascertain the real-time PCR assay specificity, reference strains of Mycoplasma species, Acholeplasma axanthum, and common gram-positive and gram-negative mastitis pathogens were tested. No cross-reactions were observed. Mycoplasma spp. isolated from bovine milk samples (n=228) and other organ sites (n=40) were tested by the real-time PCR assays and the partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing assay. Overall accuracy of this novel real-time PCR was 98.51%; 4 of 228 isolates identified as M. bovis by the partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing assay were identified as both M. bovis and M. californicum by real-time PCR. Subsequent amplicon sequencing suggested the presence of both M. bovis and M. californicum in these 4 samples. Using a cycle threshold of 37, the detection limits for real-time PCR were 10 copies of DNA template for both M. bovis and M. bovigenitalium, and 1 copy for M. californicum. This real-time PCR assay is a diagnostic technique that may be used as a screening tool or as a confirmation test for mycoplasma mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boonyayatra
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Boonyayatra S, Fox LK, Gay JM, Sawant A, Besser TE. Discrimination between Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species of bovine origin using digitonin disc diffusion assay, nisin disc diffusion assay, and conventional polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 24:7-13. [PMID: 22362930 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711425936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiological culture of milk samples has been used as a standard diagnosis for Mycoplasma mastitis. This technique is effective in isolating mollicutes that are Mycoplasma-like; however, isolates may be misinterpreted as Acholeplasma species, which are indistinguishable from Mycoplasma species by culture. A study to contrast the abilities of 2 culture-based tests, digitonin and nisin disc diffusion assays and a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, to discriminate between Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma was performed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene partial sequencing as the gold standard of comparison. A total of 288 bovine mollicute field isolates (248 from milk and 40 from other organ sites) and 13 reference strains were tested. Results obtained from the digitonin disc diffusion assay when it was performed with all field isolates were 92.7% and 99.0% in agreement with the gold standard using 5 mm and 3 mm of zone of growth inhibition as thresholds, respectively. Considering only milk isolates, agreements between the digitonin disc diffusion assay with the gold standard were 97.2% and 100% using 5 mm and 3 mm of zone of growth inhibition as thresholds, respectively. Culture identification using the nisin disc diffusion assay and the PCR was in a 100% agreement with the gold standard. Comparable results using culture-based nisin and digitonin disc diffusion assays, and PCR, to distinguish Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species was found, especially for isolates from bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukolrat Boonyayatra
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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48
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Zadoks RN, Middleton JR, McDougall S, Katholm J, Schukken YH. Molecular epidemiology of mastitis pathogens of dairy cattle and comparative relevance to humans. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:357-72. [PMID: 21968538 PMCID: PMC3208832 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, inflammation of the mammary gland, can be caused by a wide range of organisms, including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, mycoplasmas and algae. Many microbial species that are common causes of bovine mastitis, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus also occur as commensals or pathogens of humans whereas other causative species, such as Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae or Staphylococcus chromogenes, are almost exclusively found in animals. A wide range of molecular typing methods have been used in the past two decades to investigate the epidemiology of bovine mastitis at the subspecies level. These include comparative typing methods that are based on electrophoretic banding patterns, library typing methods that are based on the sequence of selected genes, virulence gene arrays and whole genome sequencing projects. The strain distribution of mastitis pathogens has been investigated within individual animals and across animals, herds, countries and host species, with consideration of the mammary gland, other animal or human body sites, and environmental sources. Molecular epidemiological studies have contributed considerably to our understanding of sources, transmission routes, and prognosis for many bovine mastitis pathogens and to our understanding of mechanisms of host-adaptation and disease causation. In this review, we summarize knowledge gleaned from two decades of molecular epidemiological studies of mastitis pathogens in dairy cattle and discuss aspects of comparative relevance to human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK.
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Contreras GA, Rodríguez JM. Mastitis: comparative etiology and epidemiology. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2011; 16:339-56. [PMID: 21947764 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-011-9234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is broadly defined as the inflammation of the mammary gland; however, the concept of mastitis is customized to address its social and clinical impact in the case of humans and the health, welfare, and economic consequences for other mammals. There are many microbial, host, and environmental factors that influence the development of mastitis. Some are common to all mammals as well as inherent to each species. Together these factors influence the most prevalent etiological agents for each species and might determine the possibility of interspecies transmission with its consequences to public health. The present review will summarize and compare reports on mastitis etiology and its epidemiology in humans and food animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, D202 VMC, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Justice-Allen A, Trujillo J, Goodell G, Wilson D. Detection of multiple Mycoplasma species in bulk tank milk samples using real-time PCR and conventional culture and comparison of test sensitivities. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:3411-9. [PMID: 21700026 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to further validate a SYBR PCR protocol for Mycoplasma spp. by comparing it with standard microbial culture in the detection of Mycoplasma spp. in bulk tank milk samples. Additionally, we identified Mycoplasma spp. present by analysis of PCR-generated amplicons [dissociation (melt) temperature (T(m)), length, and DNA sequence]. The research presented herein tests the hypothesis that the SYBR PCR protocol is as sensitive as conventional culture for the detection of Mycoplasma spp. in bulk tank milk samples. Mycoplasmas cause several important disease syndromes in cattle, including mastitis in dairy cows. The standard diagnostic method at the herd level has been microbial isolation of mycoplasmas on 1 of several specialized media and speciation through biochemical or immunological techniques; repeated sampling schemes are recommended. The development of a real-time SYBR PCR protocol offers advantages in decrease of time to detection, cost, and complexity. The T(m) of the double-stranded DNA generated from the PCR reaction was used to detect the presence of and tentatively identify the species of mycoplasmas other than Mycoplasma bovis. In the SYBR PCR protocol, the presence of multiple species of mycoplasmas is indicated by an atypical dissociation curve. Gel electrophoresis and sequencing of the amplicons was used to confirm the mycoplasma species present when a non-M. bovis organism was detected (T(m) not equal to M. bovis) and used to identify all the mycoplasma species present for the samples with atypical dissociation curves. Mycoplasma bovis was identified in 83% of SYBR PCR mycoplasma-positive bulk tank samples. Another mycoplasma was identified either alone or in addition to M. bovis in 25% of SYBR PCR mycoplasma-positive bulk tank milk samples. Four species of mycoplasma other than M. bovis (Mycoplasma alkalescens, Mycoplasma arginini, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, and Mycoplasma gateae) were identified in bulk tank milk samples tested with this method. Five farms had 2 mycoplasma species occurring at different times in their bulk tanks. Two mycoplasma species were identified in the same bulk tank sample in 7 instances on 2 farms. The finding of multiple Mycoplasma spp. coexisting on a farm and even in the same bulk tank milk sample indicates that the clinical significance of multiple mycoplasma species in the pathology of intramammary infections should be investigated further. In comparison with conventional culture, the SYBR PCR protocol was slightly (but not statistically significantly) more sensitive in the detection of mycoplasmas in bulk tank milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Justice-Allen
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science, Utah Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan 84321, USA.
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