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Burrough ER, Magstadt DR, Petersen B, Timmermans SJ, Gauger PC, Zhang J, Siepker C, Mainenti M, Li G, Thompson AC, Gorden PJ, Plummer PJ, Main R. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Domestic Dairy Cattle and Cats, United States, 2024. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30. [PMID: 38683888 DOI: 10.3201/eid3007.240508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We report highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in dairy cattle and cats in Kansas and Texas, United States, which reflects the continued spread of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses that entered the country in late 2021. Infected cattle experienced nonspecific illness, reduced feed intake and rumination, and an abrupt drop in milk production, but fatal systemic influenza infection developed in domestic cats fed raw (unpasteurized) colostrum and milk from affected cows. Cow-to-cow transmission appears to have occurred because infections were observed in cattle on Michigan, Idaho, and Ohio farms where avian influenza virus-infected cows were transported. Although the US Food and Drug Administration has indicated the commercial milk supply remains safe, the detection of influenza virus in unpasteurized bovine milk is a concern because of potential cross-species transmission. Continued surveillance of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in domestic production animals is needed to prevent cross-species and mammal-to-mammal transmission.
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Buckley MP, Hayman KP, Burns L, Schrunk D, Gorden PJ. Pharmacokinetics of long-acting cephapirin and cloxacillin after intramammary administration in dairy goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 38573025 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Determining the pharmacokinetics of intramammary antimicrobials in goats can assist in predicting appropriate meat and milk withdrawal intervals for drugs that are effective at treating subclinical mastitis due to non-aureus Staphylococci during the dry period. Twenty-four healthy, lactating does were enrolled in this study. Half were administered 300 mg of cephapirin benzathine (ToMORROW, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Duluth, GA) via intramammary infusion into each half of the udder. The remaining does had 500 mg cloxacillin benzathine (Orbenin DC, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ) administered per half. Plasma was collected before treatment and for 7 days post-treatment followed by analysis via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectroscopy. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using noncompartmental methods via commercial software (MonolixSuite). The mean maximum concentration (Cmax) of cephapirin of 0.073 μg/mL was noted at 7.06 h post-administration (Tmax). The area under the plasma concentration curve based on the final sampling point (AUClast) was 1.06 h × μg/mL. The mean residence time until the final sampling point (MRTlast) was 13.55 h. Mean terminal half-life (T½) of cephapirin was 6.98 h. In CLOX does, Cmax was 0.074 μg/mL with a Tmax of 18 h, AUClast was 5.71 h × μg/mL, T½ was 77.45 h, and MRTlast was 65.36 h. Despite both products being formulated with benzathine salts, marked differences were noted in pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC, T1/2, and MRTlast. This data will be used to plan sampling schedules for milk and tissue residue depletion studies for both products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle P Buckley
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kristen P Hayman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Laura Burns
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Dwayne Schrunk
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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3
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Siberski-Cooper CJ, Mayes MS, Gorden PJ, Kramer L, Bhatia V, Koltes JE. The genetic architecture of complete blood counts in lactating Holstein dairy cows. Front Genet 2024; 15:1360295. [PMID: 38601075 PMCID: PMC11004310 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1360295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Complete blood counts (CBCs) measure the abundance of individual immune cells, red blood cells, and related measures such as platelets in circulating blood. These measures can indicate the health status of an animal; thus, baseline circulating levels in a healthy animal may be related to the productive life, resilience, and production efficiency of cattle. The objective of this study is to determine the heritability of CBC traits and identify genomic regions that are associated with CBC measurements in lactating Holstein dairy cattle. The heritability of CBCs was estimated using a Bayes C0 model. The study population consisted of 388 cows with genotypes at roughly 75,000 markers and 16 different CBC phenotypes taken at one to three time points (n = 33, 131, and 224 for 1, 2, and 3 time points, respectively). Heritabilities ranged from 0.00 ± 0.00 (red cell distribution width) to 0.68 ± 0.06 (lymphocytes). A total of 96 different 1-Mb windows were identified that explained more than 1% of the genetic variance for at least one CBC trait, with 10 windows explaining more than 1% of the genetic variance for two or more traits. Multiple genes in the identified regions have functions related to immune response, cell differentiation, anemia, and disease. Positional candidate genes include RAD52 motif-containing protein 1 (RDM1), which is correlated with the degree of immune infiltration of immune cells, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), which is critically involved in neutrophil bone marrow storage and release regulation and enhances neutrophil migration. Since animal health directly impacts feed intake, understanding the genetics of CBCs may be useful in identifying more disease-resilient and feed-efficient dairy cattle. Identification of genes responsible for variation in CBCs will also help identify the variability in how dairy cattle defend against illness and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary S. Mayes
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Patrick J. Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Luke Kramer
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Vishesh Bhatia
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - James E. Koltes
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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4
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Wickramasinghe HKJP, Stepanchenko N, Oconitrillo MJ, Goetz BM, Abeyta MA, Gorden PJ, Baumgard LH, Appuhamy JADRN. Effects of a phytogenic feed additive on weaned dairy heifer calves subjected to a diurnal heat stress bout. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6114-6127. [PMID: 37479578 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The study objective was to evaluate the effects of a phytogenic feed additive (PFA) on dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), inflammation, and oxidative stress markers of heifer calves exposed to a heat stress bout in the summer. A total of18 Holstein and 4 Jersey heifer calves (192 ± 5 kg of body weight at 162 ± 16 d of age) housed in indoor stalls were assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments (n = 11; 9 Holstein and 2 Jersey): (1) a basal total mixed ration (CTL), and (2) CTL top-dressed with 0.25 g/d of PFA. Following 7 d of acclimation, baseline measurements were made over 7 d under regular summer conditions [average temperature-humidity index (THI) = 79 from 0900 to 2000 h, and 75 from 2000 to 0900 h]. Calves were then subjected to a 7-d cyclic heat stress bout (HS) by turning on barn heaters and increasing the barn temperature to 33.0°C only during the daytime (the average THI = 85 from 0900 to 2000 h). The study continued for an extra 4-d period after HS ended (post-HS). The HS increased rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate from the baseline by 1.0°C, 4.0°C, and 49 breaths/min, respectively. The drinking water intake increased by 32% in response to HS, and calves continued to consume more water (44%) than the baseline consumption even after HS ended. The treatment × time interactions were not significant for feed intake, ADG, partial pressure of O2 in the blood, and blood concentrations of inflammation markers such as haptoglobin and lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), and antioxidant markers such as protein carbonyl and thiobarbituric acid (TBARS). The PFA tended to increase daytime DMI (0.24 kg/d) compared with CTL throughout the experiment but did not affect ADG, which decreased from 1.12 kg/d to 0.26 kg/d in response to HS. Both DMI (13%) and ADG (85%) increased during post-HS relative to baseline, indicating compensatory performances that were not affected by the PFA. Serum haptoglobin and plasma LBP concentrations of PFA calves were 44% and 38% lower than that of CTL calves across all time points. The PFA decreased O2 pressure and tended to decrease protein carbonyl concentration in the blood across all time points. The PFA tended to decrease TBARS concentration on the first day of HS and increase and decrease the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione in the blood during the baseline and post-HS periods, respectively. Despite the lack of growth improvements, feeding PFA seems to increase O2 levels in the blood and alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation of heifer calve exposed to diurnal heat waves (~7 d) in the summer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Stepanchenko
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - M J Oconitrillo
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - B M Goetz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - M A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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Fritz SA, Ensley SM, Lawrence JR, Van Engen N, Lin Z, Kleinhenz MD, Wulf LW, Rice S, Gorden PJ, Peterson J, Coetzee JF. Pharmacokinetics, Milk Residues, and Toxicological Evaluation of a Single High Dose of Meloxicam Administered at 30 mg/kg per os to Lactating Dairy Cattle. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040301. [PMID: 37104456 PMCID: PMC10144785 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse effects associated with overdose of NSAIDs are rarely reported in cattle, and the risk level is unknown. If high doses of NSAIDs can be safely administered to cattle, this may provide a longer duration of analgesia than using current doses where repeated administration is not practical. Meloxicam was administered to 5 mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows orally at 30 mg/kg, which is 30 times higher than the recommended 1 mg/kg oral dose. Plasma and milk meloxicam concentrations were determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS). Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed by using noncompartmental analysis. The geometric mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 91.06 µg/mL at 19.71 h (Tmax), and the terminal elimination half-life (T1/2) was 13.79 h. The geometric mean maximum milk concentration was 33.43 µg/mL at 23.74 h, with a terminal elimination half-life of 12.23 h. A thorough investigation into the potential adverse effects of a meloxicam overdose was performed, with no significant abnormalities reported. The cows were humanely euthanized at 10 d after the treatment, and no gross or histologic lesions were identified. As expected, significantly higher plasma and milk concentrations were attained after the administration of 30 mg/kg meloxicam with similar half-lives to previously published reports. However, no identifiable adverse effects were observed with a drug dose 30 times greater than the industry uses within 10 days of treatment. More research is needed to determine the tissue withdrawal period, safety, and efficacy of meloxicam after a dose of this magnitude in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Fritz
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Steve M Ensley
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jay R Lawrence
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Nicholas Van Engen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Larry W Wulf
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Somchai Rice
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jackie Peterson
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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6
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Siberski-Cooper CJ, Mayes MS, Gorden PJ, Hayman K, Hardie L, Shonka-Martin BN, Koltes DA, Healey M, Goetz BM, Baumgard LH, Koltes JE. The impact of health disorders on automated sensor measures and feed intake in lactating Holstein dairy cattle. Front Anim Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.1064205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal health and feed intake are closely interrelated, with the latter being an important indicator of an animal’s health status. Automated sensors for dairy cattle have been developed to detect changes in indicators of health, such as decreased rumination or activity. Previous studies have identified associations between sensor measurements and feed intake. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine if health disorders impact the associations identified between sensors and dry matter intake (DMI), and to measure the impact of health disorders on DMI. A total of 934 cows with health disorders (lameness, mastitis, and other), of which 57, 94, and 333 cows had observations for a rumen bolus and one of two ear tags, were analyzed to determine how health disorders impact the association of sensors with DMI. Eleven sensor measurements were collected across the three sensors, including total and point-in-time activity, rumination time, inner-ear temperature, rumen pH and rumen temperature. Associations of health disorders and sensor measures with DMI were evaluated when accounting for systematic effects (i.e., contemporary group, parity, and days in milk) and energy sinks accounted for in determination of feed efficiency (e.g., milk production, body weight and composition). In order to determine if inclusion of health disorders or sensor measures improved model fit, model AICs were assessed. Health disorders were significantly associated with all sensor measurements (P< 0.0001), with the direction of association dependent on sensor measure and health disorder. Moreover, DMI decreased with all health disorders, with larger impacts observed in animals in third and higher lactations. Numerous sensor measurements were associated with DMI, including when DMI was adjusted for energy sink variables and health. Inclusion of rumen bolus temperature, rumination or activity with health data reduced model AIC when evaluating DMI as the dependent variable. Some sensor measures, including measurements of activity, temperature and rumination, accounted for additional variation in feed intake when adjusted for health disorders. Results from the study indicate that feed intake and sensor measures are impacted by health disorders. These findings may have implications for use of sensors in genetic evaluations and precision feeding of dairy cattle.
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7
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Koester LR, Hayman K, Anderson CJ, Tibbs-Cortes BW, Daniels KM, Seggerman FM, Gorden PJ, Lyte M, Schmitz-Esser S. Influence of a sodium-saccharin sweetener on the rumen content and rumen epithelium microbiota in dairy cattle during heat stress. J Anim Sci 2022; 101:6894547. [PMID: 36511453 PMCID: PMC9838801 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a saccharin-based artificial sweetener was tested on animal performance measures and on the microbial communities associated with the rumen content and with the rumen epithelium during heat stress. Ten cannulated Holstein-Friesian milking dairy cattle were supplemented with 2 g of saccharin-based sweetener per day, top-dressed into individual feeders for a 7-day adaptation period followed by a 14-day heat stress period. A control group of ten additional cows subjected to the same environmental conditions but not supplemented with sweetener were included for comparison. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was performed on rumen content and rumen epithelium samples from all animals, and comparisons of rumen content microbiota and rumen epithelial microbiota were made between supplemented and control populations. Supplementation of the saccharin-based sweetener did not affect the rumen content microbiota, but differences in the rumen epithelial microbiota beta-diversity (PERMANOVA, P = 0.003, R2 = 0.12) and alpha-diversity (Chao species richness, P = 0.06 and Shannon diversity, P = 0.034) were detected between the supplemented and control experimental groups. Despite the changes detected in the microbial community, animal performance metrics including feed intake, milk yield, and short-chain fatty acid (acetic, propionic, and butyric acid) concentrations were not different between experimental groups. Thus, under the conditions applied, supplementation with a saccharin-based sweetener does not appear to affect animal performance under heat stress. Additionally, we detected differences in the rumen epithelial microbiota due to heat stress when comparing initial, prestressed microbial communities to the communities after heat stress. Importantly, the changes occurring in the rumen epithelial microbiota may have implications on barrier integrity, oxygen scavenging, and urease activity. This research adds insight into the impact of saccharin-based sweeteners on the rumen microbiota and the responsivity of the rumen epithelial microbiota to different stimuli, providing novel hypotheses for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R Koester
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA,Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kris Hayman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Chiron J Anderson
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Bienvenido W Tibbs-Cortes
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Karrie M Daniels
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Faith M Seggerman
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA,Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Mark Lyte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Siepker CL, Schwartz KJ, Feldhacker TJ, Magstadt DR, Sahin O, Almeida M, Li G, Hayman KP, Gorden PJ. Salmonella enterica serovar Brandenburg abortions in dairy cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:864-869. [PMID: 35762117 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221105890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two separate late-term abortion outbreaks in Jersey heifers in July 2020 and December 2020 were investigated by the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. We evaluated 3 whole fetuses and 11 sets of fresh and formalin-fixed fetal tissues during the course of the outbreaks. The late-term abortions were first identified at a heifer development site and subsequently observed at the dairy farm. Aborted fetuses had moderate-to-marked postmortem autolysis with no gross lesions identified. Observed clinical signs in cows at the dairy farm ranged from intermittent loose stools to acute post-abortion pyrexia and reduced feed intake. Routine histopathology and reproductive bacterial culture revealed acute, suppurative placentitis with moderate-to-heavy growth of Salmonella spp. group B from stomach contents, liver, placenta, and heifer fecal contents. Serotyping identified Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Brandenburg in all 14 fresh tissue cases, as well as individual and pooled heifer feces. Whole-genome sequencing analysis revealed that all isolates belonged to ST type 873 and possessed typhoid toxin genes, several fimbrial gene clusters, type III secretion system genes, and several pathogenicity islands. Abortions caused by Salmonella Brandenburg have not been reported previously in dairy cattle in the United States, to our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Siepker
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kent J Schwartz
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Drew R Magstadt
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Marcelo Almeida
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ganwu Li
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kristin P Hayman
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Meyer K, Hayman K, Baumgartner J, Gorden PJ. Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol Following Oral Administration of Cannabidiol Oil to Dairy Calves. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:789495. [PMID: 35141311 PMCID: PMC8818876 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.789495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), the non-psychotropic component of cannabis, has drawn increased interest amongst some medical professionals for its potential therapeutic effects. Human and canine work has been done to describe CBD where it is already widely used, however, little is known about the effects of CBD in livestock species. The purpose of this descriptive study was to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of CBD in calves after a single oral exposure to CBD oil. Seven male Holstein calves received a single oral dose of 25 mg/mL CBD oil to achieve 5 mg/kg dose of CBD. Blood samples were collected for 48 (h) after dosing. The CBD geometric mean maximum concentration of 0.05 ug/mL was reached 7.5 h after administration. The geometric mean half-life was 23.02 h. Cannabidiol administered orally to cattle is slowly absorbed and has an extended elimination half-life compared to other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Meyer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kristen Hayman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Patrick J. Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Patrick J. Gorden
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Warner R, Smith BC, Stalder KJ, Karriker LA, Plaengkaeo S, Ramirez BC, Gorden PJ. Embedded microcomputer-based force plate system validation when evaluating lameness severity differentiation under an induced synovitis model in lactating dairy cattle. Animal 2021; 15:100415. [PMID: 34875495 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine lameness has relatively large negative economic and welfare implications on the U.S. dairy industry. Due to the ramifications, early lameness detection will aid in assisting dairy producers to mitigate downstream effects through early treatment. The objective of this study was to determine the minimum standing time required among 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, and 10 min time intervals to obtain an accurate weight distribution estimate for each leg when attempting to detect lameness. An embedded microcomputer-based force plate system was developed to measure vertical forces from individual cow limb weight distribution to detect bovine lameness when utilizing an induced synovitis lameness model. The force plate has four quadrants, with each load cell quadrant measuring the force placed on it from a single limb. The force plate recorded weight (kg) every second from each load cell quadrant, after which, a 60 s moving average for weight distribution was calculated. A sequential study design was employed to evaluate non-lame and induced lameness to ensure time requirements were consistent. Prior to induction, the force plate system was used to measure weight distribution every second for 15 min. After lameness induction, additional 15 min increments were recorded every 24 h for seven days. Lameness was induced by injecting the left hind distal interphalangeal joint in three cows with amphotericin B, 12 h prior to the start of the study. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed effect that included the fixed effects of day relative to lameness induction, time period, foot and injected foot. Cow within replicate was included as a random effect. Cumulative minutes were assessed up to 15 min by comparing the least square rolling 60 s cumulative means expressed as a percentage of each animal's BW percentage placed on each leg for 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, and 10 min intervals. Results indicate that the minimum time needed for accurate lameness detection in cows was 2 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Warner
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - B C Smith
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - K J Stalder
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - L A Karriker
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - S Plaengkaeo
- Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - B C Ramirez
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Zheng Z, Gorden PJ, Xia X, Zheng Y, Li G. Whole-genome analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae from bovine mastitis milk in the U.S. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:1183-1199. [PMID: 34398526 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cattle mastitis has long been one of the most common and costly diseases in the dairy industry worldwide, due to its significant impact on milk production and animal welfare. Among all mastitis causing bacterial pathogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae causes the largest milk loss. To better understand the genomic features of this population, 180 K. pneumoniae strains isolated from dairy cattle mastitis milk in 11 U.S. states were sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis classified all mastitis-causing K. pneumoniae into two major phylogroups, with exclusive predominance in phylogroup KpI. Analysis of more than 61 sequence types, 51 capsular types and 12 lipopolysaccharide O-antigen types revealed great genomic diversity of this K. pneumoniae population. Approximately 100 gene units in accessory genomes were detected with significantly higher prevalence in bovine mastitis strains, compared to human-sourced or dairy environmental strains. The most notable genes were identified associated with ferric citrate uptake, lactose fermentation and resistance to heavy metals. The acquired antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in sporadic mastitis strains. This comprehensive genomic epidemiological study provides insights for a better understanding of the virulence of mastitis-causing K. pneumoniae strains and may lead to the development of novel diagnostic tools and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Zheng
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Xia
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
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12
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Warner R, Ydstie JA, Wulf LW, Gehring R, Coetzee JF, Mochel JP, Gorden PJ. Corrigendum: Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Meloxicam Between Healthy Post-partum vs. Mid-lactation Dairy Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:665021. [PMID: 34124224 PMCID: PMC8188475 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.665021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Warner
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Joshua A Ydstie
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Larry W Wulf
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Veterinary Pharmacotherapy and Pharmacy, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.,SMART Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
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13
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Rowe SM, Nydam DV, Godden SM, Gorden PJ, Lago A, Vasquez AK, Royster E, Timmerman J, Thomas MJ, Lynch RA. Partial budget analysis of culture- and algorithm-guided selective dry cow therapy. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5652-5664. [PMID: 33685701 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to (1) use partial budget analysis to estimate the cash impact for herds that switch from blanket dry cow therapy (BDCT) to culture- or algorithm-guided selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) and (2) conduct a sensitivity analysis to investigate effects in situations where SDCT increased clinical and subclinical mastitis risk during the subsequent lactation. A partial budget model was created using Monte Carlo simulation with @Risk software. Expenditures associated with dry-off procedures and health outcomes (clinical and subclinical mastitis) during the first 30 d in milk were used to model herd-level effects, expressed in units of US dollars per cow dry-off. Values for each economic component were derived from findings from a recent multisite clinical trial, peer-reviewed journal articles, USDA databases, and our experiences in facilitating the implementation of SDCT on farms. Fixed values were used for variables expected to have minimal variation within the US dairy herd population (e.g., cost of rapid culture plates) and sampling distributions were used for variables that were hypothesized to vary enough to effect the herd net cash impact of one or more DCT approach(es). For Objective 1, herd-level udder health was assumed to be unaffected by the implementation of SDCT. For culture-guided SDCT, producers could expect to save an average of +$2.14 (-$2.31 to $7.23 for 5th and 95th percentiles) per cow dry-off as compared with BDCT, with 75.5% of iterations being ≥$0.00. For algorithm-guided SDCT, the mean net cash impact was +$7.85 ($3.39-12.90) per cow dry-off, with 100% of iterations being ≥$0.00. The major contributors to variance in cash impact for both SDCT approaches were percent of quarters treated at dry-off and the cost of dry cow antibiotics. For Objective 2, we repeated the partial budget model with the 30-d clinical and subclinical mastitis incidence increasing by 1, 2, and 5% (i.e., risk difference = 0.01, 0.02, and 0.05) in both SDCT groups compared with BDCT. For algorithm-guided SDCT, average net cash impacts were ≥$0.00 per cow dry-off (i.e., cost effective) when mastitis incidence increased slightly. However, as clinical mastitis incidence increased, economic returns for SDCT diminished. These findings indicate that when SDCT is implemented appropriately (i.e., no to little negative effect on health), it might be a cost-effective practice for US herds under a range of economic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rowe
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S M Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - A Lago
- DairyExperts, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - A K Vasquez
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - E Royster
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - J Timmerman
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - M J Thomas
- Dairy Health & Management Services, Lowville, NY 13367
| | - R A Lynch
- Pro-Dairy, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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14
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Opgenorth J, Abuajamieh M, Horst EA, Kvidera SK, Johnson JS, Mayorga EJ, Sanz-Fernandez MV, Al-Qaisi MA, DeFrain JM, Kleinschmit DH, Gorden PJ, Baumgard LH. The effects of zinc amino acid complex on biomarkers of gut integrity, inflammation, and metabolism in heat-stressed ruminants. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2410-2421. [PMID: 33358164 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Study objectives were to evaluate the effects of replacing 40 mg/kg of dietary Zn from Zn sulfate (ZS) with Zn amino acid complex (ZA; Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN) on inflammation and intestinal integrity in heat-stressed and pair-fed (PF) ruminants. Forty Holstein steers (173.6 ± 4.9 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary-environmental treatments: (1) thermoneutral (TN) ad libitum with 75 mg/kg of dry matter (DM) ZS (ZSCON); (2) TN pair-fed with 75 mg/kg DM ZS (ZSPF); (3) TN pair-fed with 40 mg/kg DM ZA and 35 mg/kg DM ZS (ZAPF); (4) heat stress (HS) ad libitum with 75 mg/kg DM ZS (ZSHS); and (5) HS ad libitum 40 mg/kg DM ZA and 35 mg/kg DM ZS (ZAHS). Before study initiation, calves were fed their respective diets for 21 d. Following the pre-feeding phase, steers were transferred into environmental chambers and were subjected to 2 successive experimental periods. During period 1 (5 d), all steers were fed their respective diets ad libitum and housed in TN conditions (20.2 ± 1.4°C, 30.4 ± 4.3% relative humidity). During period 2 (6 d), ZSHS and ZAHS steers were exposed to cyclical HS conditions (27.1 ± 1.5°C to 35.0 ± 2.9°C, 19.3 ± 3.5% relative humidity), whereas the ZSCON, ZSPF, and ZAPF steers remained in TN conditions and were fed ad libitum or pair-fed relative to their ZSHS and ZAHS counterparts. Overall, steers exposed to HS had markedly increased rectal temperature (0.83°C), respiration rate (26 breaths per min), and skin temperature (8.00°C) relative to TN treatments. Rectal temperature from ZAHS steers was decreased (0.24°C) on d 4 to 6 of HS relative to ZSHS steers. Regardless of diet, HS decreased DMI (18%) relative to ZSCON steers. Circulating glucose from HS and PF steers decreased (16%) relative to ZSCON steers. Heat stress and nutrient restriction increased circulating nonesterified fatty acids 2- and 3-fold, respectively, compared with ZSCON steers. Serum amyloid A increased ~2-fold in PF relative to ZSCON and HS steers. We detected no treatment effect on blood pH; however, ZAHS steers had increased HCO3 relative to ZSHS. Relative to ZSHS, ZAHS steers had increased jejunum villi height (25%), a tendency for increased ileum villi height (9%), and decreased duodenal villi width (16%). In summary, ZA supplementation has some beneficial effects on thermal indices, intestinal architecture characteristics, and biomarkers of leaky gut in heat-stressed steers, indicative of an ameliorated heat load, and thus may be a nutritional strategy to minimize negative consequences of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Opgenorth
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M Abuajamieh
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - E A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - S K Kvidera
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J S Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - E J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | | | - M A Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | | | | | - P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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15
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Warner R, Kleinhenz MD, Ydstie JA, Schleining JA, Wulf LW, Coetzee JF, Gorden PJ. Randomized controlled trial comparison of analgesic drugs for control of pain associated with induced lameness in lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:2040-2055. [PMID: 33309349 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both the economic loss and welfare implications of lameness affect the dairy industry. Currently no analgesic drugs are approved to alleviate lameness-associated pain in lactating dairy cattle in the United States. In this randomized controlled trial, 48 lactating Holsteins were enrolled to evaluate the effect of oral meloxicam and i.v. flunixin meglumine on induced lameness. Cows were allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups (n = 12 per group): lameness and flunixin meglumine (LAME + FLU); lameness and meloxicam (LAME + MEL); lameness and placebo (LAME + PLBO); or sham induction and placebo (SHAM + PLBO). Six hours before treatment, arthritis-synovitis was induced in the distal interphalangeal joint with 20 mg of amphotericin B, whereas SHAM cows were given an intra-articular injection of an equal volume (4 mL) of isotonic saline. Cows in LAME + FLU received 2.2 mg/kg flunixin meglumine i.v. and whey protein placebo orally; LAME + MEL were administered 1 mg/kg meloxicam orally and 2 mL/45 kg sterile saline placebo i.v.; LAME + PLBO were administered 2 mL/45 kg sterile saline placebo i.v. and whey protein placebo orally; and SHAM + PLBO received 2 mL/45 kg sterile saline placebo i.v. and whey protein placebo orally. The initial treatment of MEL, FLU, or PLBO was identified as time 0 h and followed by a second dose 24 h later with data collection for 120 h. The methods used to assess analgesic efficacy were electronic pressure mat, visual lameness assessment, visual analog score, plasma cortisol concentration, plasma substance P concentration, mechanical nociception threshold, and infrared thermography imaging. Linear mixed effect modeling was the primary method of statistical analysis. Visual lameness scoring indicated a lower proportion of the FLU + LAME group was lame at the T2 h and T8 h time points in comparison to the positive controls, whereas MEL therapy resulted in a lower proportion of lame cows at the T8 h time point. Cortisol area under the effect curve was lower following FLU therapy compared with LAME + PBLO for the 0-2 h (LSM difference = 35.1 ng·h/mL, 95% CI: 6.8, 63.3 ng·h/mL), 2-8 h (LSM difference = 120.6 ng·h/mL, 95% CI: 77.2, 164.0 ng·h/mL), and 0-24 h (LSM difference = 226.0 ng·h/mL, 95% CI: 103.3, 348.8 ng·h/mL) time intervals. Following MEL therapy, cortisol area under the effect curve was lower than LAME + PLBO for both the 2 to 8 h (LSM difference = 93.6 ng·h/mL, 95% CI: 50.2, 137.0 ng·h/mL) and 0 to 24 h time intervals (LSM difference = 187.6 ng·h/mL, 95% CI: 64.9, 310.4 ng·h/mL). Analysis of data from other assessment modalities failed to discern biologically relevant differences between treatment groups. We conclude that meaningful differences were evident for visual lameness assessment and cortisol from MEL and FLU treatment versus the positive control. Further clinical research is needed toward development of a model that will create reproducible events that are more pronounced in severity and duration of lameness which can be validated as a substitute for naturally occurring lameness cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Warner
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M D Kleinhenz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - J A Ydstie
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J A Schleining
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77845
| | - L W Wulf
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - P J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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16
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Jantzi AE, Siberski CJ, Goetz BM, Healey M, Hayman K, Gorden PJ, Baumgard LH, Koltes JE. PSXI-20 Milking collar activity data is associated with health events and feed intake in lactating Holstein cattle. J Anim Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa278.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Feed is the largest expense for dairy farms, thus feed efficiency is essential to the sustainability and future of the industry. Our objective was to evaluate the association of milking collar activity with feed intake and health status in lactating cows. Health status was classified for impact of three durations of time (overall, current, or post diagnosis) and as: healthy, mastitis, lame, multiple, or other. Activity data for 155 lactating cows with feed intake records were averaged across two-hour windows to obtain a daily two-hour average. A larger population (n > 1,600) was used to filter out sensor failures and normalize data. Sensor data were adjusted for parity and contemporary group creating adjusted sensor measure (ASM). Dry matter intake (DMI) was adjusted (aDMI) for metabolic body weight, days in milk, and energy sinks used to calculate residual feed intake. Associations between ASM and aDMI, DMI, or health were conducted in SAS9.4. An association of ASM with aDMI was identified (estimate = 0.1635 kg/log count of average activity in a 2-hour period; P < 0.0029). ASM was also associated with DMI (0.2329 kg/log count of average activity, P < 0.0007). ASM was associated with current and overall health timeframes (P < 0.0008 and P < 0.0001, respectively). When health, ASM, and their interaction were included in a model with the response variable aDMI, significant associations were found in the models, including current and overall health (current health: ASM and health: P < 0.0001, interaction: P < 0.0009; overall health: ASM, health, and interaction: P < 0.0001). These results indicate that milking collar data may be useful as a predictor of feed intake either directly or indirectly through detection of health events. Additional studies are needed to determine the predictive ability of collar activity data and the relationship between collar data and health, and to assess if collar activity is an environmental proxy or heritable trait.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mary Healey
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University
| | - Kristen Hayman
- Vet Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University
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17
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Siberski CJ, Mayes MS, Gorden PJ, Copeland A, Healey M, Goetz BM, Beiki H, Kramer LM, Baumgard LH, Dixon P, Koltes JE. PSXI-16 Inclusion of automated sensor data as a predictor of feed intake increases the variance explained by a random forest model. J Anim Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa278.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Prediction of feed intake from indicators would benefit the dairy industry since on-farm feed intake data are rare. The objective of this study was to examine the ability of sensor data to improve predictions of feed intake. Dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield (MY) and components, metabolic body weight (MBW; body weight0.75), and veterinary health records were collected from two cow groups (n1=47, n2=60). Automated sensors (ear tags, rumen bolus, environmental) captured measurements of cow activity, temperature, rumination and rumen pH, and barn temperature and humidity which were used to calculate THI. Random forest (RF) models were trained in R (Caret package) by 10-fold cross validation, with DMI as the response variable. Training data originated from the full study with the exception of the final day, for which DMI was then predicted. Predictive ability was evaluated against a base model excluding automated sensor data to determine changes in accuracy and the percent of variance explained (VAR). The base model included MY and components, MBW, THI, health status and parity. Base model mean square error (MSE) was 9.86, 13.25 and 12.50 kg of DMI and VAR 44.71, 42.9 and 44.85% (n = 92, 56 and 41, respectively). The correlation between actual and predicted final day DMI (CORR) was 0.05, 0.03 and 0.02 (n = 92, 56 and 41, respectively). Adding activity and temperature (first ear tag; n = 92) reduced MSE to 9.70 kg and VAR increased to 45.62% (CORR=0.20). Independently adding bolus activity, rumen temperature and pH (n = 56) to the base model also decreased MSE to 12.53 kg (VAR=46.24% and CORR=0.26). Lastly, adding activity and rumination from the second ear tag (n = 41) to the base model decreased MSE to 12.32 kg (VAR=45.63%, CORR=0.18). Automated sensors appear to explain additional variation in DMI that is not captured in the typical energy sink variables utilized when predicting intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary S Mayes
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University
| | - Adam Copeland
- Veterinary Diagnostic & Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University
| | - Mary Healey
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University
| | | | - Hamid Beiki
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University
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18
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Horst EA, Mayorga EJ, Al-Qaisi M, Rodriguez-Jimenez S, Goetz BM, Abeyta MA, Gorden PJ, Kvidera SK, Baumgard LH. Evaluating effects of zinc hydroxychloride on biomarkers of inflammation and intestinal integrity during feed restriction. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11911-11929. [PMID: 33041022 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate effects of supplemental zinc hydroxychloride (HYD; Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN) on gut permeability, metabolism, and inflammation during feed restriction (FR). Holstein cows (n = 24; 159 ± 8 d in milk; parity 3 ± 0.2) were enrolled in a 2 × 2 factorial design and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: (1) ad libitum fed (AL) and control diet (ALCON; 75 mg/kg Zn from zinc sulfate; n = 6); (2) ad libitum fed and HYD diet (ALHYD; 75 mg/kg Zn from HYD; n = 6); (3) 40% of ad libitum feed intake and control diet (FRCON; n = 6); or (4) 40% of ad libitum feed intake and HYD diet (FRHYD; n = 6). Prior to study initiation, cows were fed their respective diets for 21 d. The trial consisted of 2 experimental periods (P) during which cows continued to receive their respective dietary treatments. Period 1 (5 d) served as the baseline for P2 (5 d), during which cows were fed ad libitum or restricted to 40% of P1 feed intake. In vivo total-tract permeability was evaluated on d 4 of P1 and on d 2 and 5 of P2, using the paracellular permeability marker chromium (Cr)-EDTA. All cows were euthanized at the end of P2 to assess intestinal architecture. As anticipated, FR cows lost body weight (∼46 kg), entered into calculated negative energy balance (-13.86 Mcal/d), and had decreased milk yield. Circulating glucose, insulin, and glucagon decreased, and nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate increased in FR relative to AL cows. Relative to AL cows, FR increased lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, serum amyloid A (SAA), and haptoglobin (Hp) concentrations (2-, 4-, and 17-fold, respectively); and peak SAA and Hp concentrations were observed on d 5. Circulating SAA and Hp from FRHYD tended to be decreased (47 and 61%, respectively) on d 5 relative to FRCON. Plasma Cr area under the curve increased (32%) in FR treatments on d 2 and tended to be increased (17%) on d 5 of P2 relative to AL treatments. No effects of diet were observed on Cr appearance. Relative to AL cows, FR increased jejunum villus width and decreased jejunum crypt depth and ileum villus height and crypt depth. Relative to FRCON, ileum villus height tended to increase in FRHYD cows. Feed restriction tended to decrease jejunum and ileum mucosal surface area, but the decrease in the ileum was ameliorated by dietary HYD. In summary, FR induced gut hyperpermeability to Cr-EDTA, and feeding HYD appeared to benefit some key metrics of barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011
| | - E J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011
| | - M Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011
| | | | - B M Goetz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011
| | - M A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011
| | - P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011
| | - S K Kvidera
- Micronutrients USA LLC, Indianapolis, IN 46241
| | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, 50011.
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19
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Warner R, Ydstie JA, Wulf LW, Gehring R, Coetzee JF, Mochel JP, Gorden PJ. Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Meloxicam Between Healthy Post-partum vs. Mid-lactation Dairy Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:548. [PMID: 33102542 PMCID: PMC7506135 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactating dairy cattle are at risk for various painful conditions throughout their life, such as lameness, parturition, mastitis, and metabolic disorders. These conditions necessitate adequate methods of analgesia to address welfare concerns through efficacious pain mitigation. As no method of analgesia has been approved for lactating dairy cattle, to date, research is necessary to determine effective pain management strategies for dairy cattle. In both the European Union and Canada, meloxicam has been approved for use in lactating dairy cattle as a methodology for pain control. The objective of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam administered orally and intravenously to lactating dairy cattle in the post-partum vs. mid-lactation period. In this parallel study design, 12 healthy, lactating Holsteins were enrolled within 24 h of freshening and randomly allocated to intravenous (0.2 mg/kg) or oral (1.0 mg/kg) meloxicam administration treatment groups. They were matched based on parity to 12, healthy cows that were considered mid-lactation [>150 days-in-milk (DIM)] to receive the same treatment. Based on meloxicam formulation, sampling times varied and plasma was collection via jugular venipuncture for 6 days. Plasma drug concentrations were evaluated using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy and pharmacokinetic properties were evaluated using non-compartmental (i.e., statistical moments) analysis. Results indicated a decreased systemic clearance of meloxicam in post-partum relative to mid-lactation cows, which resulted in a longer half-life and increased total exposure independent of mode of administration. These results suggest a need for dose adjustments based on stage in lactation and further assessment of the impact of days-in-milk on milk withholding period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Warner
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Joshua A Ydstie
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Larry W Wulf
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Veterinary Pharmacotherapy and Pharmacy, Department of Population Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.,SMART Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
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20
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Rowe SM, Godden SM, Nydam DV, Gorden PJ, Lago A, Vasquez AK, Royster E, Timmerman J, Thomas MJ. Randomized controlled non-inferiority trial investigating the effect of 2 selective dry-cow therapy protocols on antibiotic use at dry-off and dry period intramammary infection dynamics. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6473-6492. [PMID: 32448572 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Selective dry-cow therapy (SDCT) could be used to reduce antibiotic use on commercial dairy farms in the United States but is not yet widely adopted, possibly due to concerns about the potential for negative effects on cow health. The objective of this study was to compare culture- and algorithm-guided SDCT programs with blanket dry-cow therapy (BDCT) in a multi-site, randomized, natural exposure, non-inferiority trial for the following quarter-level outcomes: antibiotic use at dry-off, dry period intramammary infection (IMI) cure risk, dry period new IMI risk, and IMI risk at 1 to 13 d in milk (DIM). Two days before planned dry-off, cows in each of 7 herds were randomly allocated to BDCT, culture-guided SDCT (cult-SDCT), or algorithm-guided SDCT (alg-SDCT). At dry-off, BDCT cows received an intramammary antibiotic (500 mg of ceftiofur hydrochloride) in all 4 quarters. Antibiotic treatments were selectively allocated to quarters of cult-SDCT cows by treating only quarters from which aseptically collected milk samples tested positive on the Minnesota Easy 4Cast plate (University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN) after 30 to 40 h of incubation. For alg-SDCT cows, antibiotic treatments were selectively allocated at the cow level, with all quarters receiving antibiotic treatment if the cow had either a Dairy Herd Improvement Association test somatic cell count >200,000 cells/mL during the current lactation or 2 or more clinical mastitis cases during the current lactation. All quarters of all cows were treated with an internal teat sealant. Intramammary infection status at enrollment and at 1 to 13 DIM was determined using standard bacteriological methods. The effect of treatment group on dry period IMI cure, dry period new IMI, and IMI risk at 1 to 13 DIM was determined using generalized linear mixed models (logistic), with marginal standardization to derive risk difference (RD) estimates. Quarter-level antibiotic use at dry-off for each group was BDCT (100%), cult-SDCT (45%), and alg-SDCT (45%). The crude dry period IMI cure risk for all quarters was 87.5% (818/935), the crude dry period new IMI risk was 20.1% (764/3,794), and the prevalence of IMI at 1 to 13 DIM was 23% (961/4,173). Non-inferiority analysis indicated that culture- and algorithm-guided SDCT approaches performed at least as well as BDCT for dry period IMI cure risk. In addition, the final models indicated that the risks for each of the 3 IMI measures were similar between all 3 treatment groups (i.e., RD estimates and 95% confidence intervals all close to 0). These findings indicate that under the conditions of this trial, culture- and algorithm-guided SDCT can substantially reduce antibiotic use at dry-off without negatively affecting IMI dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rowe
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.
| | - S M Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - A Lago
- Research and Development Department, DairyExperts, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - A K Vasquez
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - E Royster
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - J Timmerman
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - M J Thomas
- Dairy Health and Management Services, Lowville, NY 13367
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21
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Rowe SM, Godden SM, Nydam DV, Gorden PJ, Lago A, Vasquez AK, Royster E, Timmerman J, Thomas MJ. Randomized controlled trial investigating the effect of 2 selective dry-cow therapy protocols on udder health and performance in the subsequent lactation. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6493-6503. [PMID: 32331877 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare culture- and algorithm-guided selective dry-cow therapy (SDCT) programs with blanket dry-cow therapy (BDCT) in a multi-site, randomized, natural exposure clinical trial for the following cow-level outcomes: clinical mastitis, removal from the herd, and Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) test-day milk yield and SCC measures during the first 120 d in milk (DIM). Two days before planned dry-off, cows in each of 7 herds were randomly allocated to BDCT, culture-guided SDCT (cult-SDCT), or algorithm-guided SDCT (alg-SDCT). At dry-off, BDCT cows received an intramammary antibiotic (500 mg of ceftiofur hydrochloride) in all 4 quarters. Antibiotic treatments were selectively allocated to quarters of cult-SDCT cows by only treating quarters from which aseptically collected milk samples tested positive on a rapid culture system after 30 to 40 h of incubation. For alg-SDCT cows, antibiotic treatments were selectively allocated at the cow level, with all quarters receiving antibiotic treatment if the cow met at least one of the following criteria: (1) any DHIA test with a somatic cell count >200,000 cells/mL during the current lactation, and (2) ≥2 clinical mastitis cases during the current lactation. All quarters of all cows were treated with an internal teat sealant. Clinical mastitis and removal from the herd events (i.e., culling or death) and DHIA test-day data from dry-off to 120 DIM were extracted from herd records. Hazard ratios (HR) for the effect of treatment group on clinical mastitis and removal from the herd during 1 to 120 DIM were determined using Cox proportional hazards regression. The effects of treatment group on test-day loge-transformed SCC and milk yield were determined using linear mixed models. Final models indicated that either SDCT program was unlikely to increase clinical mastitis risk (HRcult-SDCT/BDCT = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.58, 1.15; HRalg-SDCT/BDCT = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.63, 1.09) or test-day logeSCC (cult-SDCT minus BDCT = 0.05, 95% CI: -0.09, 0.18; alg-SDCT minus BDCT = 0.07, 95% CI: -0.07, 0.21). Risk of removal from the herd and test-day milk yield were similar between treatment groups. Findings from this study indicate that culture- or algorithm-guided SDCT can be used at dry-off without negatively affecting cow health and performance in early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rowe
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108.
| | - S M Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - A Lago
- DairyExperts, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - A K Vasquez
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - E Royster
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - J Timmerman
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - M J Thomas
- Dairy Health & Management Services, Lowville, NY 13367
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22
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Eder JM, Gorden PJ, Lippolis JD, Reinhardt TA, Sacco RE. Lactation stage impacts the glycolytic function of bovine CD4 + T cells during ex vivo activation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4045. [PMID: 32132555 PMCID: PMC7055328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy cattle undergo dynamic physiological changes over the course of a full lactation into the dry period, which impacts their immunocompetence. During activation, T cells undergo a characteristic rewiring to increase the uptake of glucose and metabolically reprogram to favor aerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation. To date it remains to be completely elucidated how the altered energetic demands associated with lactation in dairy cows impacts T cell metabolic reprogramming. Thus, in our ex vivo studies we have examined the influence of stage of lactation (early lactation into the dry period) on cellular metabolism in activated bovine CD4+ T cells. Results showed higher rates of glycolytic function in activated CD4+ T cells from late lactation and dry cows compared to cells from early and mid-lactation cows. Similarly, protein and mRNA expression of cytokines were higher in CD4+ T cells from dry cows than CD4+ T cells from lactating cows. The data suggest CD4+ T cells from lactating cows have an altered metabolic responsiveness that could impact the immunocompetence of these animals, particularly those in early lactation, and increase their susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Eder
- Immunobiology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - John D Lippolis
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Timothy A Reinhardt
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Immunobiology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States. .,Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agriculture Research Service, Ames, IA, United States.
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23
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Lin Z, He C, Magstadt DR, Cooper VL, Kleinhenz MD, Smith JS, Gorden PJ, Wulf LW, Coetzee JF. Tissue residue depletion and estimation of extralabel meat withdrawal intervals for tulathromycin in calves after pneumatic dart administration. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3714-3726. [PMID: 31342061 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the injection site pathology and determine tissue residue depletion of tulathromycin in calves following pneumatic dart administration and to calculate the associated extralabel withdrawal interval (WDI). Castrated male Holstein calves were injected with ~2.6 mg/kg tulathromycin via pneumatic dart administration. At 1 (n = 2), 6, 12, 18, and 24 d after drug injection (n = 3/time point), calves were euthanized, and muscle, liver, kidney, fat, and injection site samples were harvested and analyzed for tulathromycin concentrations using a LC-MS/MS method. Gross pathology and histopathology evaluations on the injection site samples were also performed. Pneumatic dart administration of tulathromycin caused severe localized lesions of hemorrhage and edema on days 1 and 6, as well as severe pathological reactions in the subcutaneous muscle on days 1, 6, and 12. Slight to moderate reactions were still observed in the majority of the skin or subcutaneous/muscle samples on day 24. Measured tulathromycin concentrations were converted to calculate the concentrations of the marker residue CP-60,300 by dividing a conversion factor of 1.4. The data were used to calculate extralabel WDIs based on the guidelines from U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The results showed that tulathromycin concentrations were the highest in the liver (4,877.84 ± 65.33 µg/kg), kidney (5,819.52 ± 1,087.00 µg/kg), muscle (1,717.04 ± 140.35 µg/kg), injection site (51,884.05 ± 7,529.34 µg/kg), and fat (161.69 ± 36.48 µg/kg) at 6, 1, 1, 1, and 1 d, respectively, after treatment. Tulathromycin concentrations remained above the limit of quantification of 5 µg/kg in all tissues at 24 d. The calculated WDIs based on kidney data were 26 d using EMA method, 36 d using FDA method based on CP-60,300 data, and 45 d using FDA method based on tulathromycin data. These results suggest that pneumatic dart administration of tulathromycin causes injection site reactions in calves and an extended WDI is needed. One limitation of this study was the small sample size of 3 that did not meet FDA guideline requirement. Therefore, the calculated WDIs should be considered as preliminary and additional studies that use a larger number of animals and directly measure the concentrations of the marker residue CP-60,300 are needed to make a more conclusive recommendation on the extralabel WDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Chunla He
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Drew R Magstadt
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Vickie L Cooper
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Joseph S Smith
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Larry W Wulf
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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24
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Gorden PJ, Kleinhenz MD, Warner R, Sidhu PK, Coetzee JF. Short communication: Determination of the milk pharmacokinetics and depletion of milk residues of flunixin following transdermal administration to lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11465-11469. [PMID: 31629517 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Flunixin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and the most commonly prescribed analgesic in cattle in the United States. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a transdermal formulation of flunixin for control of pyrexia associated with bovine respiratory disease and the control of pain associated with foot rot. The transdermal formulation is not currently approved for use in lactating dairy cattle in the United States, but extra-label use in dairy cattle is permissible under US regulations. The objectives of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetics in milk of dairy cows treated with transdermal flunixin and determine an appropriate withdrawal time for milk. Ten lactating Holstein cows were enrolled into the study in mid lactation. Following treatment, cows were milked 3 times per day through 144 h. Milk samples were collected for drug analysis using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The geometric mean maximum concentration for flunixin in milk was 0.010 μg/mL and was 0.061 μg/mL for the active metabolite, 5-hydroxyflunixin. The geometric mean terminal half-life was 20.71 h for flunixin and 22.62 h for 5-hydroxyflunixin. Calculations to approximate a withdrawal time in milk following transdermal flunixin administration were accomplished using a statistical tolerance limit procedure. This analysis indicated that it would be prudent to observe a withdrawal period of 96 h following the last treatment. This is more than twice as long as the labeled withdrawal period of 36 h following use of the injectable formulation. The withdrawal period suggested by this work should be applied carefully, as this study was not conducted under the full quality control practices required by the US FDA for a full drug approval study. Caution should be taken when applying this withdrawal time to diseased animals, animals that are milked with different milking frequencies, and those in different stages of production as these have all been shown to affect drug depletion from milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
| | - M D Kleinhenz
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - R Warner
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - P K Sidhu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - J F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506.
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25
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Jenkins SN, Okello E, Rossitto PV, Lehenbauer TW, Champagne J, Penedo MCT, Arruda AG, Godden S, Rapnicki P, Gorden PJ, Timms LL, Aly SS. Molecular epidemiology of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolated at different lactation stages from dairy cattle in the United States. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6749. [PMID: 31119068 PMCID: PMC6507897 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS) species are currently the most prevalent intra-mammary pathogens causing subclinical mastitis and occasional clinical mastitis or persistent infection in lactating dairy cattle. More than 10 CNS species have been identified, but they are generally managed as one group on most dairies in the United States. However, improved management decisions and treatment outcomes may be achieved with better understanding of the prevalent species, pathogenicity and strain diversity within and across dairies. Methodology A total of 604 CNS isolates were cultured from milk samples collected during a dry-cow treatment clinical trial conducted on 6 dairy herds in 4 states in the US. All the study cows were randomized to receive 1 of the 3 different intra-mammary antimicrobial infusions (Quatermaster, Spectramast DC or ToMorrow Dry Cow) at dry-off. Milk samples were collected at dry-off, calving (0–6 days in milk, DIM), post-calving (7–13 DIM) and at mastitis events within the first 100 DIM. The CNS isolates were identified to species level by partial sequencing of the rpoβ gene, and genetic relatedness within species was investigated by phylogenetic analysis of the pulse-field gel electrophoresis profiles of the isolates. Results The major CNS species identified were S. chromogenes (48.3%), S. haemolyticus (17.9%), S. simulans and S. epidermidis (each at 6.5%). Other CNS species identified at lower frequencies included S. hominis, S. auricularis, S. sciuri, S. spp KS-SP, S. capitis, S. cohnii, S. warneri, S. pasteuri, S. xylosus, S. hyicus, S. equorum, S. microti, S. rostri, S. gallinarum, S. saprophyticus and S. succinus. Phylogenetic analyses of the major species types demonstrated an association between genetic relatedness and epidemiological distributions of S. chromogenes, S. simulans, S. haemolyticus and S. auricularis. Additionally, identical strains of S. chromogenes and S. simulans were isolated from the same udder quarter of several cows at consecutive sample stages. The rest of the minor species had no deducible genetic-epidemiological link. Discussion The observed association between genetic and epidemiological distributions indicated animal-adapted nature of four CNS species, suggesting possible host-adapted and environmental transmission of these species. Multi-stage isolation of the same udder quarter strain was evidence for chronic intra-mammary infection. Conclusion The different CNS species and strains circulating on US dairy herds were genetically diverse. Four species identified were likely udder-adapted pathogens, 2 of which caused persistent infection. Our findings are important in guiding the design of effective mastitis control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Jenkins
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States of America
| | - Emmanuel Okello
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States of America.,Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Paul V Rossitto
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States of America
| | - Terry W Lehenbauer
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States of America.,Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - John Champagne
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States of America
| | - Maria C T Penedo
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Andréia G Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Sandra Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Paul Rapnicki
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Leo L Timms
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Sharif S Aly
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States of America.,Department of Population Health & Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
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26
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Kleinhenz MD, Gorden PJ, Smith JS, Schleining JA, Kleinhenz KE, Juarez JR, Rea D, Coetzee JF. Effects of transdermal flunixin meglumine on experimentally induced lameness in adult dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6418-6430. [PMID: 31030917 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lameness is a common animal health condition with significant production and welfare implications. The transdermal formulation of flunixin meglumine is the only approved drug for pain control in cattle in the United States. Thirty adult dairy cows were enrolled in a study to determine the effect of transdermal flunixin on cattle with induced lameness. Cows were allocated to 1 of 3 treatment groups, with 10 cows per group: lameness and flunixin (L+F), lameness and placebo (L+P), or sham induction and placebo (S+P). An arthritis-synovitis was induced in the distal interphalangeal joint of the left hind lateral digit, using 20 mg of amphotericin B, 6 h before the application of treatment. Cows enrolled into the sham induction group had 4 mL of isotonic saline injected into the joint. Cows were dosed with transdermal flunixin at 3.33 mg/kg (1 mL/15 kg), or a placebo at 1 mL/15 kg, every 24 h for 3 d. The first treatment of flunixin or placebo was considered the start of the study, identified as time 0 h. Data were collected from all cows for 120 h following the initial treatment application. Outcome measures included plasma cortisol; substance P; visual lameness assessment; mechanical nociception threshold (MNT), presented as difference between left and right feet; infrared thermography (IRT), presented as difference between left and right feet; and gait analysis using a pressure mat. Cortisol concentrations were lower for the L+F group starting at 1.5 h after drug administration. Substance P levels showed no evidence for treatment differences among groups. Differences between the left hind MNT and right hind MNT were detected, with S+P having the lowest difference at -0.04 kilograms-force (kgf; 95% CI: -1.86 to 1.78 kgf), and L+P having the highest at -2.96 kgf (95% CI: 1.55 to 4.36 kgf). The L+F group was intermediate at -2.08 kgf (95% CI: 0.89 to 3.27 kgf). Similarly, when the difference between the maximum temperatures of the coronary band were examined via IRT, the L+P group had the highest difference at 1.64°C (95% CI: 1.02 to 2.26°C), with the L+F and S+P groups measuring 0.57°C (95% CI: 0.06 to 1.08°C) and 0.53°C (95% CI: -0.2 to 1.25°C) respectively. We found no evidence for differences among treatment groups when analyzing force, contact pressure, step impulse, or stride length. Based on differences in MNT, IRT, and cortisol, transdermal flunixin is an effective analgesic agent for induced lameness. Multiple doses of transdermal flunixin may be required to be clinically effective, based on MNT and IRT data. Further investigation of transdermal flunixin and its analgesic effects is warranted in naturally occurring lameness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Kleinhenz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - P J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J S Smith
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J A Schleining
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - K E Kleinhenz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J R Juarez
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - D Rea
- Castle Veterinary Group, Downpatrick, Northern Ireland BT30 9JF
| | - J F Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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27
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Kleinhenz MD, Gorden PJ, Burchard M, Ydstie JA, Coetzee JF. Rapid Communication: Use of pressure mat gait analysis in measuring pain following normal parturition in dairy cows. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:846-850. [PMID: 30476107 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Research investigating the pain of normal parturition is lacking as there are few objective methods for measuring pain. The objective of this research was to describe the gait of cows following eutocia using pressure mat gait analysis; and if meloxicam alters the gait of cows. Twenty Holstein cows within 26 h of unassisted calving were enrolled into the study. Treatment groups included: 1) postpartum cows administered meloxicam (MEL; n = 10); and 2) postpartum cows administered placebo (PLBO; n = 10). Meloxicam was administered by oral bolus at 1 mg/kg within 26 h of calving. Placebo cows were given an oral bolus of dry whey powder within 26 h of calving. A commercially available floor mat-based pressure/force measurement system was used to compare ambulation between treatment groups. Cows were walked across the mat before treatment administration, and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h posttreatment. The percent of total force, percent total contact pressure, and percent total impulse of the rear limbs were calculated. Outcome measures were statistically analyzed using repeated measures, with the cow serving as the experimental unit. Cows in the MEL group placed 48.9% (95% CI: 47.4% to 50.5%) of total force on the rear limbs compared to 46.3% (95% CI: 44.7% to 47.9%) in PLBO cows (P = 0.02). Total impulse on their rear limbs for the MEL cows was 50.5% (95% CI: 48.6% to 52.4%) compared to 46.7% (95% CI: 44.8% to 48.7%) for the PLBO cows (P = 0.01). No differences in contact pressure of the rear limbs were observed (P = 0.27). The PLBO cows had a longer gait 101.3 cm (95% CI: 95.9% to 106.6 cm) vs. 90.8 cm (95% CI: 85.4% to 96.1 cm) (P = 0.03). These findings show meloxicam-treated cows have altered weight distribution to the rear limbs as measured by pressure mat gait analysis, suggesting meloxicam may effectively treat postpartum pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Clinical Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Michael Burchard
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Joshua A Ydstie
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Coetzee JF, Kleinhenz MD, Magstadt DR, Cooper VL, Wulf LW, Van Engen NK, Smith JS, Rand N, KuKanich B, Gorden PJ. Pneumatic dart delivery of tulathromycin in calves results in lower antimicrobial concentrations and increased biomarkers of stress and injection site inflammation compared with subcutaneous injection. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3089-3101. [PMID: 29873747 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote drug delivery (RDD) using pneumatic darts has become more prevalent in situations where cattle handling facilities are not available. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of pneumatic dart delivery and subcutaneous injection of tulathromycin on plasma pharmacokinetics and biomarkers of inflammation, stress, and muscle injury in calves. Twenty-three castrated-male Holstein calves, approximately 10 mo of age with an average weight of 378 ± 6.49 kg, were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Calves in the RDD group (n = 15) received 10 mL of tulathromycin (2.42 to 2.93 mg/kg) delivered into the left neck using a Type U 10.0 mL 1.9-cm 14 G Needle pneumatic dart administered with a breech loading projector. With the exception of 1 light weight calf that received 7 mL (2.53 mg/kg), calves in the injection group (INJ) (n = 8) also received 10 mL of tulathromycin (2.34 to 2.68 mg/kg) administered as a single subcutaneous injection in the left neck using a 14 G, 1.9-cm needle and a 12-mL syringe. Serum tulathromycin, cortisol, creatine kinase (CK), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations were determined in combination with other biomarkers of inflammation including mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT), infrared thermography (IRT), and swelling at the injection site over 432 h after administration. Pneumatic darts failed to deliver the required dose of tulathromycin in 4 of 15 calves evidenced by heavier dart weights post-administration (24 vs. 13.5 g). When these 4 calves were removed from the analysis, calves in the RDD group were found to have a smaller area under the tulathromycin concentration curve (AUC) (P = 0.005) and faster clearance (P = 0.025) compared with the INJ group. Furthermore, the RDD group recorded a greater difference in MNT between the treated and contralateral neck compared with the INJ group at 12 h (P = 0.016), 216 h (P = 0.024), and 288 h (P = 0.0494) after administration. Serum CK was elevated at 24 h (P = 0.03) and AST was greater at 24 h (P = 0.024) and 48 h (P = 0.037) after RDD. Serum cortisol concentrations were also greater at 0.5 h (P = 0.02) after RDD. These findings suggest that RDD is associated with reduced total body exposure to tulathromycin and increased acute stress, muscle damage, and pain at the injection site. Furthermore, the failure of darts to consistently deliver antimicrobial therapy has a negative impact on the welfare of sick animals treated with RDD technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Drew R Magstadt
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Vickie L Cooper
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Larry W Wulf
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Nicholas K Van Engen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Joseph S Smith
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (VDPAM), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Gorden PJ, Kleinhenz MD, Ydstie JA, Brick TA, Slinden LM, Peterson MP, Straub DE, Burkhardt DT. Efficacy of vaccination with a Klebsiella pneumoniae siderophore receptor protein vaccine for reduction of Klebsiella mastitis in lactating cattle. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10398-10408. [PMID: 30197148 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Clinical mastitis caused by Klebsiella spp. is an emerging problem in the US dairy industry and results in a high degree of financial losses to dairy workers. This study was conducted as a randomized, blinded, and placebo-controlled efficacy study of a Klebsiella pneumoniae siderophore receptor protein (SRP) vaccine (Kleb-SRP), with a total of 569 cows and heifers enrolled. The study was designed to look at vaccine effect on Klebsiella mastitis; however, the SRP in Klebsiella are highly conserved across coliform bacteria, which means that the vaccine has potential for cross-protection against all coliforms. Cows were paired based on parity, days in milk at enrollment, and somatic cell count. Within pairs, individuals were randomized to receive either Kleb-SRP or a placebo formulation. Following vaccination, the incidence of Klebsiella spp. and total coliform mastitis from natural exposure were compared to determine the efficacy of the vaccine. When analyzing all cows, the reduction of mastitis risk was not significant, though milk production increased 0.31 kg/d and somatic cell counts were reduced by 20.1%. When administered before calving, the vaccine reduced the risk of Klebsiella and total coliform mastitis by 76.9 and 47.5% respectively; however, we observed no significant effect when administered after calving. The vaccine, when administered before calving, also increased milk production by an average of 1.74 kg/d and reduced somatic cell counts by 64.8%. When administered after calving, we noted a slight decrease in daily milk production (0.39 kg) but no significant effect on somatic cell counts. All cows in the study (including vaccinates and placebo) received multiple doses of a commercially available licensed Escherichia coli bacterin. It should be noted that this herd was chosen because of the high number of clinical Klebsiella clinical mastitis cases this herd experienced before the trial and the extreme environmental challenge that was present from bedding with dried manure solids. The data from this study demonstrate efficacy of the Kleb-SRP vaccine against Klebsiella mastitis alone and coliform mastitis in general (including all coliforms) when administered before the initiation of a lactation cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
| | - M D Kleinhenz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J A Ydstie
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - T A Brick
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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Kleinhenz MD, Van Engen NK, Gorden PJ, Kleinhenz KE, Kukanich B, Rajewski SM, Walsh P, Coetzee JF. The impact of pain on the pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin meglumine administered at the time of cautery dehorning in Holstein calves. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 45:849-857. [PMID: 30122634 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the influence of pain on the pharmacokinetics and anti-inflammatory actions of transdermal flunixin administered at dehorning. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, crossover, clinical study. ANIMALS A total of 16 male Holstein calves, aged 6-8 weeks weighing 61.3 ± 6.6 kg. METHODS Calves were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: transdermal flunixin and dehorning (PAIN) or transdermal flunixin and sham dehorning (NO PAIN). Flunixin meglumine (3.33 mg kg-1) was administered topically as a pour-on concurrently with hot iron dehorning or sham dehorning. The calves were subjected to the alternative treatment 14 days later. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points up to 72 hours for measurement of plasma flunixin concentrations. Pharmacokinetics parameters were determined using noncompartmental analysis. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration was determined using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The 80% inhibition concentration (IC80) of PGE2 was determined using nonlinear regression. Pharmacokinetic data were statistically analyzed using paired t tests and Wilcoxon rank sums for nonparametric data. Flunixin and PGE2 concentrations were log transformed and analyzed using repeated measures. RESULTS A total of 15 calves completed the study. Plasma half-life of flunixin was significantly longer in PAIN (10.09 hours) than NO PAIN (7.16 hours) (p = 0.0202). Bioavailability of transdermal flunixin was 30% and 37% in PAIN and NO PAIN, respectively (p = 0.097). Maximum plasma concentrations of flunixin were 0.95 and 1.16 μg mL-1 in PAIN and NO PAIN, respectively (p = 0.089). However, there was a treatment (PAIN versus NO PAIN) by time interaction (p = 0.0353). PGE2 concentrations were significantly lower in the PAIN treatment at 48 and 72 hours (p = 0.0092 and p = 0.0287, respectively). The IC80 of PGE2 by flunixin was similar in both treatments (p = 0.88). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Pain alters the pharmacokinetics and anti-inflammatory effects of transdermally administered flunixin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Kleinhenz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas K Van Engen
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Katie E Kleinhenz
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Butch Kukanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Suzanne M Rajewski
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Philip Walsh
- Orchard Veterinary Centre, Armagh, Co. Armagh, UK
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Gorden PJ, Ydstie JA, Kleinhenz MD, Brick TA, Smith JS, Griffith RW, Wulf LW, Rajewski SM, Zhang M, Sidhu PK, Mochel JP, Coetzee JF. Comparative plasma and interstitial fluid pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid in cattle with induced coliform mastitis. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:848-860. [PMID: 29971798 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ceftiofur (CEF) is a third-generation cephalosporin that is the most widely used antimicrobial in the dairy industry. Currently, violative meat residues in cull dairy cattle are commonly associated with CEF. One potential cause for violative residues is altered pharmacokinetics of the drug due to disease, which could increase the time needed for the residue to deplete. The objectives of this study were (a) to determine the absolute bioavailability of CEF crystalline-free acid (CFA) in healthy versus diseased cows; (b) to compare the plasma and interstitial fluid pharmacokinetics and plasma protein binding of CEF between healthy dairy cows and those with disease; and (c) to determine the CEF residue profile in tissues of diseased cows. For this trial, disease was induced through intramammary Escherichia coli infusion. Following disease induction and CEF CFA administration, for plasma concentrations, there was not a significant effect of treatment (p = 0.068), but the treatment-by-time interaction (p = 0.005) was significant. There was a significantly greater concentration of CEF in the plasma of the DIS cows at T2 hr (p = 0.002), T8 hr (p < 0.001), T12 hr (p = 0.001), and T16 hr (p = 0.002). For PK parameters in plasma, the slope of the terminal phase of the concentration versus time curve was significantly lower (p = 0.007), terminal half-life was significantly longer (p = 0.014), and apparent volume of distribution during the elimination phase was significantly higher (p = 0.028) diseased group. There was no difference in plasma protein binding of CEF and interstitial fluid pharmacokinetics. None of the cows had kidney CEF residues above the US tolerance level following observation of the drug's withdrawal period, but one cow with a larger apparent volume of distribution and longer terminal half-life had tissue residues slightly below the tolerance. Whereas these findings do not support the hypothesis that severely ill cows need longer withdrawal times, alterations in the terminal half-life suggest that it is theoretically possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Joshua A Ydstie
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Troy A Brick
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Joe S Smith
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Ronald W Griffith
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Larry W Wulf
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Suzanne M Rajewski
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Pritam K Sidhu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Kleinhenz MD, Van Engen NK, Gorden PJ, Smith JS, KuKanich B, Rajewski SM, Walsh P, Perkins S, Coetzee JF. Effect of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of flunixin meglumine following intravenous and transdermal administration to Holstein calves. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:568-575. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.5.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Eder JM, Gorden PJ, Lippolis JD, Reinhardt TA, Sacco RE. Lactation stage impacts the glycolytic function of CD4+ T cells during ex vivo activation. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.59.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Dairy cattle undergo dynamic physiological changes during pregnancy and lactation. The impact of these physiological changes on the immune system can, at times, leave the animal more susceptible to infection with specific pathogens. While research has shed light on periods of increased susceptibility to infection, the impact of the stage of lactation on immune cell function remains to be completely elucidated. We have examined the impact of stage of lactation on CD4+T cells. We focused on how their metabolic function may be altered during this period. During activation T lymphocytes increase the uptake of glucose and metabolically reprogram to support aerobic glycolysis instead of oxidative phosphorylation, the pathway favored during their resting state. Our ex vivo studies compare the effects of activation on metabolic function of CD4+T cells from dairy cattle across multiple stages of lactation. Results show dampened glycolytic function in early lactation stages. Glycolytic and mitochondrial function were analyzed using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Cattle in early and mid-lactation, defined as 21–70 days in milk (DIM) and 71–150 DIM, respectively, have a decreased rate of glycolysis and reduced maximum glycolytic capacity in contrast to cattle in late lactation (151–330 DIM) and those that have been dried off and are pre-parturient. Mitochondrial results were comparable between the groups, suggesting no compensation of energy via the mitochondria in early and mid-lactation cows. CD4+T cells from dairy cattle in early and mid-lactation have decreased metabolic function as measured by glycolytic and mitochondrial respiration in contrast to those in late lactation or in the dry period.
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Kleinhenz MD, Gorden PJ, Smith J, Schleining JA, Kleinhenz KE, Rea D, Coetzee JF. 21 Evaluation of Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine on Experimentally Induced Lameness in Adult Dairy Cattle. J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky073.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M D Kleinhenz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - J Smith
- Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA
| | - J A Schleining
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - K E Kleinhenz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - D Rea
- Castle Veterinary Group, Downpatrick, United Kingdom
| | - J F Coetzee
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA
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Kleinhenz MD, Van Engen N, Smith J, Gorden PJ, Wang C, Perkins S, Coetzee JF. 17 The Impact of Transdermal Flunixin Meglumine on Biomarkers of Pain in Calves When Administered at the Time of Surgical Castration without Local Anesthesia. J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky073.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M D Kleinhenz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - N Van Engen
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - J Smith
- Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA
| | - P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - C Wang
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - S Perkins
- Castle Veterinary Surgeons, Barnard Castle, United Kingdom
| | - J F Coetzee
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA
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36
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Kleinhenz MD, Gorden PJ, Smith JS, Schleining JA, Kleinhenz KE, Wulf LL, Sidhu PK, Rea D, Coetzee JF. Pharmacokinetics of multiple doses of transdermal flunixin meglumine in adult Holstein dairy cows. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:490-493. [PMID: 29460288 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A transdermal formulation of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, flunixin meglumine, has been approved in the United States and Canada for single-dose administration. Transdermal flunixin meglumine was administered to 10 adult Holstein cows in their second or third lactation at the label dose of 3.33 mg/kg every 24 hr for three total treatments. Plasma flunixin concentrations were determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS). Pharmacokinetic analysis was completed on each individual animal with noncompartmental methods using computer software. The time to maximum drug concentration (Tmax) was 2.81 hr, and the maximum drug concentration was 1.08 μg/ml. The mean terminal half-life (T½) was determined to be 5.20 hr. Clearance per fraction absorbed (Cl/F) was calculated to be 0.294 L/hr kg-1 , and volume of distribution of fraction (Vz/F) absorbed was 2.20 L/kg. The mean accumulation factor was 1.10 after three doses. This indicates changes in dosing may not be required when giving multiple doses of flunixin transdermal. Further work is required to investigate the clinical efficacy of transdermal flunixin after multiple daily doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Kleinhenz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - P J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J S Smith
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J A Schleining
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - K E Kleinhenz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - L L Wulf
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - P K Sidhu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - D Rea
- Castle Veterinary Group, Downpatrick, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - J F Coetzee
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Kleinhenz MD, Van Engen NK, Gorden PJ, Ji J, Walsh P, Coetzee JF. Effects of transdermal flunixin meglumine on pain biomarkers at dehorning in calves. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:1993-2000. [PMID: 28726995 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the analgesic properties of transdermal flunixin meglumine when given at the time of dehorning on pain biomarkers. Twenty-four weaned male Holstein calves, 6 to 8 wk of age were enrolled into the study. The calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: 1) transdermal flunixin and dehorn (DH-FLU); 2) transdermal flunixin and sham dehorn (SHAM-FLU); and 3) placebo and dehorn (DH-PLBO). Transdermal flunixin at a label dose of 3.33 mg/kg (or placebo at an equivalent volume) was administered as a pour-on along the top-line of the calves in each treatment group concurrently with electrocautery dehorning or sham dehorning. Biomarker parameters collected and analyzed included: infrared thermography (IRT), mechanical nociception threshold (MNT), plasma cortisol, and substance P (SP). There were no differences in maximal temperatures detected for the IRT measurements of the medial canthus of the eye for the DH groups. Mean control point MNT measurements at 48 h were 3.14 kgF, 3.46 kgF, and 1.43 kgF for the DH-FLU, Sham-FLU, and DH-PLBO groups, respectively (P = 0.0001). No other differences of MNT were detected between the dehorned groups for the other test sites and time points. Plasma cortisol reached peak concentration at 20 min postdehorning for the DH-FLU and DH-PLBO groups and 10 min for SHAM-FLU group. Peak plasma cortisol concentrations were 32.0 ng/mL, 12.7 ng/mL, and 28.8 ng/mL for the DH-FLU, SHAM-FLU, and DH-PLBO groups, respectively. Cortisol concentrations were lower for the DH-FLU group at 90 min postdehorning compared to the SHAM-FLU and DH-PLBO groups ( = 0.04). Area under the effect curve (AUEC) were similar for all groups ( = 0.93). No statistical differences in SP concentrations between groups were detected for any of the time points. In conclusion, transdermal flunixin meglumine given at the time of dehorning did not provide substantial analgesia based on the pain biomarkers investigated. Further investigation into its role as part of a multimodal analgesic plan is warranted.
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Gorden PJ, Kleinhenz MD, Wulf LW, Rajewski SJ, Wang C, Gehring R, Coetzee JF. Comparative plasma and interstitial fluid pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine and ceftiofur hydrochloride following individual and co-administration in dairy cows. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:76-82. [PMID: 28731206 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ceftiofur (CEF) and flunixin meglumine (FLU) are two drugs approved for use in beef and dairy cattle that are frequently used in combination for many diseases. These two drugs are the most commonly used drugs in dairy cattle in their respective drug classes. Two research groups have recently published manuscripts demonstrating altered pharmacokinetics of FLU and CEF in cows affected with naturally occurring mastitis. The objective of this study was to determine whether pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine administered intravenously or intramuscularly administered ceftiofur hydrochloride would be altered when co-administered versus individual administration to healthy dairy cattle. Ten cows were utilized in a three-period, three-treatment crossover design, with all cows receiving each treatment one time with a 10-day washout period between treatments. Following treatment, plasma and interstitial fluid samples were collected and stored for later analysis. Additionally, plasma ultrafiltrate was collected using microcentrifugation to determine plasma protein binding of each drug. Drug concentrations in plasma, plasma ultrafiltrate, and interstitial fluid were determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The results of this trial indicate that drug interactions between FLU and CEF do not occur when the two drugs are administered simultaneously in healthy cattle. Further work is needed to determine whether this relationship is maintained in the presence of severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - M D Kleinhenz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - L W Wulf
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - S J Rajewski
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - C Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - R Gehring
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - J F Coetzee
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Gorden PJ, Ydstie JA, Kleinhenz MD, Wulf LW, Gehring R, Lee CJ, Wang C, Coetzee JF. A study to examine the relationship between metritis severity and depletion of oxytetracycline in plasma and milk after intrauterine infusion. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8314-8322. [PMID: 27522419 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metritis is a frequent problem in postpartum dairy cows. Intrauterine therapy with the antimicrobial oxytetracycline (OTC) is often used, although this therapy has not been shown to be superior to systemic therapy. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the plasma and milk concentrations of OTC following intrauterine infusion in postpartum dairy cows with varying degrees of metritis severity; (2) determine the depletion time of OTC in an attempt to provide veterinarians withdrawal guidelines, should they use this therapy; and (3) correlate metritis severity scores with OTC concentrations in plasma and milk. Our hypothesis was that cows with more severe metritis would have higher OTC concentrations in milk following intrauterine therapy. Thirty-two cows were selected to participate in the study after farm personnel had determined that they had metritis based on evaluation of vaginal discharge between 4 and 14 DIM, in accordance with the farm's treatment protocols. Metritis scores (1-4) were assigned based on a published scheme: 1 represented yellow-to-orange thick discharge or translucent mucus with no fetid smell; 2 represented blood-tinged vaginal mucus, slightly watery, with little or no fetid smell; 3 represented red to red/brown watery discharge with moderate fetid smell; and 4 represented red to red/brown watery discharge containing pieces of placenta and an intense fetid smell. Trial cows received a single treatment of 4g of OTC (approximately 6.7mg/kg) via intrauterine infusion. Blood samples were collected over 96h, and milk samples were collected before intrauterine therapy and 3 times a day for 4 d following infusion. Following treatment, OTC rapidly diffused to plasma and subsequently to milk. Maximum OTC concentrations in plasma and milk occurred within the first 24h following intrauterine infusion, and 25 of the 32 cows had detectable OTC concentrations in milk at 4 d after intrauterine infusion. Cows with clinical metritis (metritis severity scores of 3 or 4) at the initiation of treatment were significantly and positively correlated with higher milk OTC concentrations at the second [time (T)9 h; r=0.43], fourth (T25 h; r=0.42), and fifth milking following treatment (T33 h; r=0.38) compared with cows with normal vaginal discharge. We also observed a positive correlation between initial metritis score and milk maximum concentration (r=0.36) and milk area under the concentration curve (r=0.36). Given that intrauterine administration of OTC is an extra-label therapy, dairy producers should consult with their veterinarian to ensure that milk is being tested at or below the established tolerance for OTC. This will ensure that violative drug residues do not enter the human food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
| | - J A Ydstie
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M D Kleinhenz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - L W Wulf
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; Pharmacology Analytical Support Team, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - R Gehring
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66502
| | - C J Lee
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; Pharmacology Analytical Support Team, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - C Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - J F Coetzee
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; Pharmacology Analytical Support Team, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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40
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Kleinhenz MD, Van Engen NK, Gorden PJ, KuKanich B, Rajewski SM, Walsh P, Coetzee JF. The pharmacokinetics of transdermal flunixin meglumine in Holstein calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:612-615. [PMID: 27121728 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the pharmacokinetics of topical and intravenous (IV) flunixin meglumine in Holstein calves. Eight male Holsteins calves, aged 6 to 8 weeks, were administered flunixin at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg intravenously. Following a 10-day washout period, calves were dosed with flunixin at 3.33 mg/kg topically (transdermal). Blood samples were collected at predetermined times from 0 to 48 h for the intravenous portions and 0 to 72 h following topical dosing. Plasma drug concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy. Pharmacokinetic analysis was completed using noncompartmental methods. The mean bioavailability of topical flunixin was calculated to be 48%. The mean AUC for flunixin was determined to be 13.9 h × ug/mL for IV administration and 10.1 h × ug/mL for topical administration. The mean half-life for topical flunixin was 6.42 h and 4.99 h for the intravenous route. The Cmax following topical application of flunixin was 1.17 μg/mL. The time to maximum concentration was 2.14 h. Mean residence time (MRT) following IV injection was 4.38 h and 8.36 h after topical administration. In conclusion, flunixin when administered as a topical preparation is rapidly absorbed and has longer half-life compared to IV administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Kleinhenz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - N K Van Engen
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - P J Gorden
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - B KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - S M Rajewski
- Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - P Walsh
- Orchard Veterinary Centre, Armagh, UK
| | - J F Coetzee
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Pharmacology Analytical Support Team (PhAST), College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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41
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Krull AC, Cooper VL, Coatney JW, Shearer JK, Gorden PJ, Plummer PJ. A Highly Effective Protocol for the Rapid and Consistent Induction of Digital Dermatitis in Holstein Calves. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154481. [PMID: 27119564 PMCID: PMC4847800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine Digital Dermatitis (DD) is a leading cause of lameness in dairy cattle. DD is reportedly increasing in prevalence in beef cattle feedlots of the US. The exact etiologic agent(s) responsible for the disease have yet to be determined. Multiple studies have demonstrated the presence of a variety of Treponema spp. within lesions. Attempts to reproduce clinically relevant disease using pure cultures of these organisms has failed to result in lesions that mirror the morphology and severity of naturally occurring lesions. This manuscript details the systematic development of an experimental protocol that reliably induces digital dermatitis lesions on a large enough scale to allow experimental evaluation of treatment and prevention measures. In total, 21 protocols from five experiments were evaluated on their effectiveness in inducing DD lesions in 126 Holstein calves (504 feet). The protocols varied in the type and concentration of inoculum, frequency of inoculation, duration the feet were wrapped, and type of experimental controls need to validate a successful induction. Knowledge gained in the first four experiments resulted in a final protocol capable of inducing DD lesions in 42 of 44 (95%) feet over a 28 day period. All induced lesions were macroscopically and microscopically identified as clinical DD lesions by individuals blinded to protocols. Lesions were also located at the site of inoculation in the palmer aspect of the interdigital space, and induced clinically measurable lameness in a significant portion of the calves. Collectively these results validate the model and provide a rapid and reliable means of inducing DD in large groups of calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Krull
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Vickie L. Cooper
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - John W. Coatney
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jan K. Shearer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Plummer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Krull AC, Shearer JK, Gorden PJ, Scott HM, Plummer PJ. Digital dermatitis: Natural lesion progression and regression in Holstein dairy cattle over 3 years. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3718-3731. [PMID: 26923049 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine digital dermatitis (DD) is a leading cause of lameness in dairy cattle in the United States, with prevalence estimates as high as 30%. Whereas clinical lesions have been well described, little is known about the morphologic changes that are associated with the early stages of lesion development from normal skin to clinical lesions. This study used the Iowa DD scoring system to evaluate the epidemiology of natural lesion development by digitally photographing the rear legs of a cohort of dairy cows over a 3-yr period. Sixty-one adult Holstein dairy cows were monitored for 1,032 cow foot-months. The incidence rate of lesion development was 4 lesions per 100 cow foot-months, with the average time for a lesion to develop being 133 d. Whereas 20% of the 1,678 foot observations exhibited clinical DD lesions, an additional 55% of all observations exhibited preclinical stage 1 and 2 lesions that were indicative of DD lesion development. Utilizing the dichotomous categorization of preclinical lesions in the Iowa DD scoring system, it was found that first-lactation heifers had a higher rate of the thickened and crusted "B" type lesions, whereas the ulcerative "A" type lesions were more likely to be identified in multiparous animals. For clinical DD lesions that received topical treatment, scoring of the post-treatment lesions using the Iowa DD scoring system was found to be useful in prognosticating both the risk of recrudescence and the time until recrudescence. Systemic disease, systemic antibiotic therapy, and periparturient stress were not associated with an increase or decrease in DD lesion scores. Treatment with a single topical tetracycline wrap was associated with a significant decrease (-1.17) in DD lesion score. The results of this study demonstrate that the complex morphologic changes associated with digital dermatitis can be readily classified using the Iowa DD scoring system and the scores can be used to predict and monitor the effects of treatment and prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Krull
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - Jan K Shearer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - H Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M, College Station 77843
| | - Paul J Plummer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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Fogsgaard KK, Herskin MS, Gorden PJ, Timms LL, Shearer JK, Millman ST. Management and design of hospital pens relative to behavior of the compromised dairy cow: A questionnaire survey of Iowa dairy farms. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gorden PJ, van der List M, Lehman FD, Lantz RK, Constable PD. Elimination kinetics of cephapirin sodium in milk after an 8-day extended therapy program of daily intramammary infusion in healthy lactating Holstein-Friesian cows. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:4455-64. [PMID: 23684021 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the elimination kinetics of extended therapy with intramammary (IMM) cephapirin in lactating dairy cattle. Eight healthy Holstein-Friesian cows were administered cephapirin (200mg) into all 4 mammary glands every 24 h after milking. Cows were milked 3 times per day and concentrations of cephapirin and desacetyl cephapirin were determined in bucket milk using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Milk concentration-time data after the last of the 8 IMM infusions were fitted using compartment and noncompartmental models. The maximum cephapirin concentration was 128±57 µg/mL (mean ± SD), the elimination rate constant from the central compartment was 0.278±0.046 (h(-1)), clearance was 0.053±0.023 L/h, the half time for elimination was 2.55±0.40 h, and the mean residence time was 2.65±0.79 h. The cephapirin concentration was below the approved tolerance in all cows by 96 h after the last infusion, which is the labeled withholding time for the preparation used. Extended therapy for 8 d provided milk cephapirin concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration for common gram-positive mastitis pathogens (0.1 to 1.0 µg/mL) for the duration of therapy and for an additional 16 to 32 h after the end of treatment. Our findings suggest that this IMM cephapirin sodium formulation, which is labeled for 2 doses 12 h apart, could be administered at a 24-h interval for up to 8 d in cows milked 3 times per day, with no significant effect on residue levels by 96 h after the last treatment. Longer withdrawal times would be prudent for cows with low milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1250, USA
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Kuehn JS, Gorden PJ, Munro D, Rong R, Dong Q, Plummer PJ, Wang C, Phillips GJ. Bacterial community profiling of milk samples as a means to understand culture-negative bovine clinical mastitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61959. [PMID: 23634219 PMCID: PMC3636265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and infection of bovine mammary glands, commonly known as mastitis, imposes significant losses each year in the dairy industry worldwide. While several different bacterial species have been identified as causative agents of mastitis, many clinical mastitis cases remain culture negative, even after enrichment for bacterial growth. To understand the basis for this increasingly common phenomenon, the composition of bacterial communities from milk samples was analyzed using culture independent pyrosequencing of amplicons of 16S ribosomal RNA genes (16S rDNA). Comparisons were made of the microbial community composition of culture negative milk samples from mastitic quarters with that of non-mastitic quarters from the same animals. Genomic DNA from culture-negative clinical and healthy quarter sample pairs was isolated, and amplicon libraries were prepared using indexed primers specific to the V1–V2 region of bacterial 16S rRNA genes and sequenced using the Roche 454 GS FLX with titanium chemistry. Evaluation of the taxonomic composition of these samples revealed significant differences in the microbiota in milk from mastitic and healthy quarters. Statistical analysis identified seven bacterial genera that may be mainly responsible for the observed microbial community differences between mastitic and healthy quarters. Collectively, these results provide evidence that cases of culture negative mastitis can be associated with bacterial species that may be present below culture detection thresholds used here. The application of culture-independent bacterial community profiling represents a powerful approach to understand long-standing questions in animal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna S. Kuehn
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Daniel Munro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ruichen Rong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qunfeng Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Plummer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Gorden
- Food Supply Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Valdez KE, Cuneo SP, Gorden PJ, Turzillo AM. The role of thecal androgen production in the regulation of estradiol biosynthesis by dominant bovine follicles during the first follicular wave1,2. J Anim Sci 2005; 83:597-603. [PMID: 15705756 DOI: 10.2527/2005.833597x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first wave of follicular development following ovulation in cattle is characterized by selection and growth of a large, estrogenic dominant follicle. After the follicle becomes morphologically dominant, concentrations of estradiol in its follicular fluid decrease abruptly. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this decrease in estrogen production is caused by an insufficient supply of androgen from theca interna or decreased aromatization of androgen precursor by granulosa cells. Dominant follicles were collected from Holstein heifers on d 4, 6, or 8 of the first follicular wave (n = 5/d). Amounts of 17alpha-hydroxylase mRNA in theca interna were sevenfold higher (P < 0.01) on d 4 than on d 8. After 3 h in culture, secretion of androstenedione by theca interna collected on d 4 (236 +/- 44 pg/microg of protein) tended to be lower (P = 0.055) compared with d 6 (517 +/- 162 pg/microg protein) and was lower (P < 0.05) compared with d 8 (387 +/- 51 pg/microg of protein). In granulosa cells, amounts of aromatase mRNA decreased (P < 0.05) on d 8 compared with d 6 but not d 4. In vitro secretion of estradiol was higher in granulosa cells collected on d 4 (3.5 +/- 0.8 ng/[10(5) cells x 3 h]) compared with d 6 (1.8 +/- 0.6 ng/[10(5) cells x 3 h]; P < 0.05) and tended to be higher on d 4 than on d 8 (2.2 +/- 0.2 ng/[10(5) cells x 3 h]; P = 0.058). We conclude that the decrease in estradiol production observed during atresia of the dominant follicle is not due to lack of androgen substrate for aromatization or downregulated expression of the aromatase gene, but may be the direct result of decreased activity of the aromatase enzyme within granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Valdez
- Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA
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