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Krishnan CS, Li KC, Tompkins GR, Lyons KM, Cannon RD. Effects of simulated long-term exposure to bottled, neutral pH electrolyzed oxidizing water on the properties of denture base resins. J Prosthet Dent 2024:S0022-3913(24)00220-8. [PMID: 38622046 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Denture stomatitis can pose serious health risks, especially to older people. Chemical denture cleaning agents must be effective, yet not adversely affect the longevity of removable dentures. Ready-to-use (RTU) neutral pH electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) is an effective biocide against Candida albicans biofilms on denture resins, but the effects of daily disinfection with EOW on the physical and mechanical properties of resins have not been established. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effects of simulated long-term exposure to RTU EOW on the color, surface characteristics, and flexural strength of denture base resins. MATERIAL AND METHODS Heat-polymerized (HP), 3D printed (3D) and computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD-CAM)-milled (CC) denture resin specimens (square: 20×20×3.3 mm; beam: 64×10×3.3 mm) were immersed in tap water (TW), RTU EOW (Neutral Anolyte ANK; Envirolyte; EOW), or a commercial denture cleaning tablet solution (Polident 3-Minute; Glaxo SmithKline; PD), mimicking a 5-minute once daily disinfection routine performed up to 3.0 years. Color and surface roughness were recorded (n=3, squares), and changes in color (∆E00) and surface roughness (∆Ra) were calculated. Flexural strength (n=12, beams) and surface hardness (n=18, beams) were measured with a universal testing machine. The fractured surfaces of specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Data were assessed by performing the Shapiro-Wilk or D'Agostino and Pearson normality tests. Two-way ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis test with a post hoc Tukey HSD or Dunn multiple comparisons (α=.05) was used for statistical analyses. RESULTS No significant changes were found in either color or surface roughness for HP, 3D, and CC resins after 1.5-year and 3.0-year immersion in any of the agents (P>.05). The surface hardness of 3D resins reduced by 14% with TW and by 23% with EOW and PD at 3.0 years. The flexural strengths of all 3 resins were unaffected by 3.0-year immersion (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS Simulated long-term immersion disinfection with RTU neutral pH EOW did not adversely affect the physical and mechanical properties of HP or CC denture resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Shankar Krishnan
- Doctoral graduate, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kai Chun Li
- Senior Lecturer, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Geoffrey R Tompkins
- Honorary Associate Professor, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Karl M Lyons
- Professor, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Cannon
- Professor, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Krishnan CS, Tompkins GR, Lyons KM, Cannon RD. Electrolysed oxidising water as a multi-purpose biocide in dental healthcare-A scoping review. Gerodontology 2023; 40:422-462. [PMID: 37694292 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this scoping review was to map evidence of electrolysed oxidising water (EOW) as a biocide for dental applications of relevance to older people and identify research gaps. BACKGROUND EOW is an emerging, "green," and cost-effective biocide. There are no reviews on the landscape of EOW research as either an antiseptic or disinfectant in dental healthcare or its suitability for the oral healthcare of older people. MATERIALS AND METHODS The review follows the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Database searches (Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, Scopus and Science Direct) were undertaken using MESH terms and Boolean operators with no date restrictions, to identify full-text, original reports published in English-language peer-reviewed journals. RESULTS The search yielded 114 papers that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Dental applications of EOW include its use as an endodontic irrigant (39%); mouth rinse/surgical irrigant (21%); disinfectant for dental unit water lines (19%) and dental biomaterials (17%); and for antimicrobial efficacy, effects on oral tissues and on dental material properties. Most studies (83%) evaluated a single EOW formulation (acidic, moderately acidic or neutral) that was either generated at 'point-of-use' (POU; 72%), bottled ('ready-to-use', RTU; 24%) or from unspecified (3%) sources. Six reports evaluated storage-related parameters and 25 evaluated clinical applications; 89 were in vitro studies and one investigated the cost-effectiveness of POU EOW. CONCLUSIONS Neutral-pH, EOW is effective as an antimicrobial agent without deleterious effects on oral tissues. However, research on the impact of storage conditions, anti-Candida biofilm efficacy and mechanism of action against yeasts, long-term effects on denture materials and cost-effectiveness is required to establish the suitability of EOW as a multipurpose biocide for dental healthcare, including infection-control requirements relating to older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra S Krishnan
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey R Tompkins
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Karl M Lyons
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Cannon
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Chen Q, Zhou Y, Yun X, Zhao N, Bu H, Dong T. Bactericidal Efficacy and Mechanisms of Non-Electrolytic Slightly Acidic Hypochlorous Water on Pseudomonas fragi and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Foods 2023; 12:3980. [PMID: 37959099 PMCID: PMC10647583 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chilled pork is frequently contaminated with Pseudomonas fragi and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In this study, the bactericidal efficacy and mechanisms of non-electrolytic slightly acidic hypochlorous water (NE-SAHW) against two strains of these two species were evaluated. The results showed that the antibacterial efficacy of NE-SAHW was positively correlated with the concentration level of NE-SAHW and negatively correlated with the initial populations of the strains. The strains of small populations were completely inhibited when provided with each level of NE-SAHW. The killed cells of P. fragi were 0.94, 1.39, 4.02, and 5.60 log10 CFU/mL, respectively, and of P. fluorescens they were 1.21, 1.52, 4.14, and 5.74 log10 CFU/mL, respectively, when the initial populations of the strains were at high levels (about 7 log10 CFU/mL). Both strains were completely killed within 12 s with the available chlorine concentration (ACC) of 50 mg/L of NE-SAHW. Morphological changes in both cells were observed by using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and it was discovered that the cell membranes were damaged, which led to the leakage of the intracellular substances, including K+, nucleic acid, and protein. In terms of the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results, NE-SAHW destroyed the structures of membrane proteins and cell structure proteins, and influenced the composition of polysaccharides. The bacteria were definitely dead after treatment by NE-SAHW compared to the control according to the results of flow cytometry. These results demonstrated the potential bactericidal property of NE-SAHW when applied to the meat and other food sterilization industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (Q.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yanfang Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (Q.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xueyan Yun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (Q.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Namula Zhao
- Shanghai Wanlay Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200129, China;
| | - Hongyu Bu
- Inner Mongolia Institute for Drug Control, West Taoli Street, Hohhot 010020, China;
| | - Tungalag Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (Q.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.)
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Krishnan CS, Lyons KM, Tompkins GR, Cannon RD. Storage-related stability and antimicrobial efficacy of bottled, neutral-pH Electrolysed Oxidising Water. J Dent 2023; 137:104656. [PMID: 37567495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Denture stomatitis is prevalent in older people and poses serious health risks. Ready-to-use (RTU) neutral-pH Electrolysed Oxidizing Water (EOW) is an effective environmental disinfectant used in residential care settings and geriatric wards. However, the influence of storage on stability and effectiveness for denture disinfection has not been established. This research investigated the storage-related stability and antimicrobial activity of RTU EOW, and its efficacy against Candida albicans biofilms formed on denture resin. METHODS The pH, oxidation/reduction potential (mV), available chlorine content (mg/L) and [HOCl] (mM) of RTU EOW (Envirolyte, New Zealand) solutions (n = 22) were measured from bottle opening to 28 days following storage at 4 °C, room temperature (RT) or 37 °C. Staphylococcus aureus and C. albicans cells were incubated in 80% EOW for contact times (CTs) up to 15 min and colony-forming units (cfu) determined. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC90 EOW-HOCl) after CTs up to five minutes were determined for S. aureus and C. albicans reference strains and clinical isolates. C. albicans-denture resin disc biofilms were assessed after a five-minute CT with undiluted EOW by XTT-metabolic activity assay. RESULTS [HOCl] remained stable when RTU EOW was stored at 4 °C or RT for five months after manufacture. One-minute CT resulted in log10 cfu reductions of >6 for S. aureus and >5 for C. albicans. Mean MIC90 for five-minute CT was 37 µM (S. aureus) and 54 µM (C. albicans). Undiluted EOW reduced C. albicans biofilm metabolic activity by 86%. CONCLUSIONS RTU neutral-pH EOW is stable over five-months storage and is an effective denture disinfectant. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The efficacy of the RTU neutral EOW against C. albicans isolates and biofilms formed on denture resin surfaces supports its use as a denture disinfectant and can inform future research to assess its potential for preventing denture-related oral Candida infections in the older population, especially in resource-limited communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Krishnan
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - K M Lyons
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - G R Tompkins
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - R D Cannon
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Yoon SR, Lee JY, Yang JS, Ha JH. Bactericidal effects of diluted slightly acidic electrolyzed water in quantitative suspension and cabbage tests. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Song H, Lee JY, Lee HW, Ha JH. Inactivation of bacteria causing soft rot disease in fresh cut cabbage using slightly acidic electrolyzed water. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kang M, Park B, Ha JH. Kinetic Modeling of Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water Decay Characteristics in Fresh Cabbage Disinfection Against Human Norovirus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:616297. [PMID: 34295310 PMCID: PMC8290341 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.616297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To consistently disinfect fresh vegetables efficiently, the decay of disinfectants such as chlorine, electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW), ozonated water, and plasma-activated water during the disinfection maintenance stage needs to be understood. The aim of our study was to evaluate the changes in the inactivation kinetics of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) against human norovirus (HuNoV), based on the cabbage-to-SAEW ratio. After disinfection of fresh cabbage with disinfected SAEW solution, SAEW samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical properties such as pH, available chlorine concentrations (ACCs), and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). SAEW virucidal effects were evaluated. We confirmed the decay of post-disinfection SAEW solution and demonstrated the different patterns of the decay kinetic model for HuNoV GI.6 and GII.4. In addition, the goodness of fit of the tested models based on a lower Akaike information criterion, root-mean-square error (RMSE), and residual sum of squares (RSS) was close to zero. In particular, the change in both the HuNoV GI.6 and GII.4 inactivation exhibited a strong correlation with the changes in the ACC of post-disinfection SAEW. These findings demonstrate that physicochemical parameters of SAEW play a key role in influencing the kinetic behavior of changes in the disinfection efficiency of SAEW during the disinfection process. Therefore, to optimize the efficiency of SAEW, it is necessary to optimize the produce-to-SAEW ratio in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miran Kang
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Boyeon Park
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyoung Ha
- Hygienic Safety and Analysis Center, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, South Korea
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Abstract
Electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) is one of the promising novel antimicrobial agents that have recently been proposed as the alternative to conventional decontamination methods such as heat and chemical sanitizers. Acidic EOW with pH ranging from 2 to 5 is regarded most applicable in the antimicrobial treatment of vegetables and meats. Neutral and alkaline electrolyzed water have also been explored in few studies for their applications in the food industry. Neutral electrolyzed water is proposed to solve the problems related to the storage and corrosion effect of acidic EOW. Recently, the research focus has been shifted toward the application of slightly acidic EOW as more effective with some supplemental physical and chemical treatment methods such as ultrasound and UV radiations. The different applications of electrolyzed water range from drinking water and wastewater to food, utensil, and hard surfaces. The recent studies also conclude that electrolyzed water is more effective in suspensions as compared with the food surfaces where longer retention times are required. The commercialization of EOW instruments is not adopted frequently in many countries due to the potential corrosion problems associated with acidic electrolyzed water. This review article summarizes the EOW types and possible mechanism of action as well as highlights the most recent research studies in the field of antimicrobial applications and cleaning. Electrolyzed water can replace conventional chemical decontamination methods in the industry and household. However, more research is needed to know its actual mechanism of antimicrobial action along with the primary concerns related to EOW in the processing of different food products.
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Liu X, Zhang M, Meng X, He X, Zhao W, Liu Y, He Y. Inactivation and Membrane Damage Mechanism of Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water on Pseudomonas deceptionensis CM2. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041012. [PMID: 33672940 PMCID: PMC7917946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas is considered as the specific spoilage bacteria in meat and meat products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inactivation efficiency and mechanisms of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) against Pseudomonas deceptionensis CM2, a strain isolated from spoiling chicken breast. SAEW caused time-dependent inactivation of P. deceptionensis CM2 cells. After exposure to SAEW (pH 5.9, oxidation-reduction potential of 945 mV, and 64 mg/L of available chlorine concentration) for 60 s, the bacterial populations were reduced by 5.14 log reduction from the initial load of 10.2 log10 CFU/mL. Morphological changes in P. deceptionensis CM2 cells were clearly observed through field emission-scanning electron microscopy as a consequence of SAEW treatment. SAEW treatment also resulted in significant increases in the extracellular proteins and nucleic acids, and the fluorescence intensities of propidium iodide and n-phenyl-1-napthylamine in P. deceptionensis CM2 cells, suggesting the disruption of cytoplasmic and outer membrane integrity. These findings show that SAEW is a promising antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.L.); (M.Z.); (X.M.); (X.H.); (W.Z.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingli Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.L.); (M.Z.); (X.M.); (X.H.); (W.Z.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xi Meng
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.L.); (M.Z.); (X.M.); (X.H.); (W.Z.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiangli He
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.L.); (M.Z.); (X.M.); (X.H.); (W.Z.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Weidong Zhao
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.L.); (M.Z.); (X.M.); (X.H.); (W.Z.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yongji Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Henry Fok School of Food Science and Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yu He
- College of Food and Biotechnology Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
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Mahalakshmi AS, Jeyapalan V, Mahadevan V, Krishnan CS, Azhagarasan NS, Ramakrishnan H. Comparative evaluation of the effect of electrolyzed oxidizing water on surface detail reproduction, dimensional stability and Surface texture of poly vinyl siloxane impressions. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2019; 19:33-41. [PMID: 30745752 PMCID: PMC6340083 DOI: 10.4103/jips.jips_72_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this in vitro study was to comparatively evaluate the effect of chemical disinfectants on the surface detail reproduction, dimensional stability and surface texture of polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) impressions. Materials and Methods: The impressions were then divided into five groups (fifteen samples per group) and subjected to a ten minutes immersion with 2% glutaraldehyde (Group I), 1% sodium hypochlorite (Group II), freshly prepared electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) with different pH values - acidic (Group III), alkali (Group IV) and neutral (Group V). The samples were examined pre and post-immersion under visual observation for surface detail reproduction, travelling microscope for measurement of dimensional stability and surface profilometer (3D) for evaluation of surface texture. A standardized master die was fabricated and seventy-five PVS test samples were made. The samples were subjected to immersion disinfection and studied for surface detail reproduction, dimensional stability and surface texture. Post-hoc test, paired t test and ANOVA were used to analyze dimensional stability statistically both within and between the test groups. Results: The surface detail reproduction was satisfactory with both pre and post-immersion test samples. A statistically significant dimensional change was observed post-immersion in Groups II, III and V test samples and a statistically insignificant dimensional change was observed in Groups I and IV test samples. There was a negligible change in surface texture post-immersion in Groups I, III, IV and V test samples with a slight increase in surface roughness post-immersion in Group II samples. Conclusion: In this study, all the test disinfectants produced satisfactory surface detail reproduction on Polyvinyl siloxane impressions. 2% glutaraldehyde and electrolyzed oxidizing water (alkali) have resulted in statistically insignificant dimensional change, while 1% sodium hypochlorite, electrolyzed oxidizing water (acidic) and electrolyzed oxidizing water (neutral) have resulted in statistically significant dimensional changes. All the test disinfectants except 1% sodium hypochlorite showed a reduction in surface roughness (Ra) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Mahalakshmi
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vidhya Jeyapalan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vallabh Mahadevan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - N S Azhagarasan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hariharan Ramakrishnan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Rood L, Koutoulis A, Bowman JP, Evans DE, Stanley RA, Kaur M. Control of microbes on barley grains using peroxyacetic acid and electrolysed water as antimicrobial agents. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:103-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Super-oxidized water inactivates major viruses circulating in swine farms. J Virol Methods 2017; 242:27-29. [PMID: 28087375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Disinfectant is commonly employed to eliminate infectious agents and prevent its transmission. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of Medilox® super-oxidized water on inactivating veterinary viruses mainly circulating in swine farms. The results demonstrated that this super-oxidized water could effectively inactivate porcine viruses.
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Jeyapalan V, Krishnan CS, Ramasubramanian H, Sampathkumar J, Azhagarasan NS, Krishnan M. Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Three Immersion Chemical Disinfectants on Clinically Derived Poly(Vinyl Siloxane) Impressions. J Prosthodont 2016; 27:469-475. [PMID: 27385390 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya Jeyapalan
- Department of Prosthodontics; Ragas Dental College and Hospital; Chennai India
| | | | | | | | - N. S. Azhagarasan
- Department of Prosthodontics; Ragas Dental College and Hospital; Chennai India
| | - Madhusudan Krishnan
- Department of Prosthodontics; Ragas Dental College and Hospital; Chennai India
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Rahman SME, Khan I, Oh DH. Electrolyzed Water as a Novel Sanitizer in the Food Industry: Current Trends and Future Perspectives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15:471-490. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SME Rahman
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology, School of Bio-convergence Science and Technology; Kangwon Natl. Univ; Chuncheon Gangwon 200-701 Republic of Korea
- Dept. of Animal Science; Bangladesh Agricultural Univ; Mymensingh 2202 Bangladesh
| | - Imran Khan
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology, School of Bio-convergence Science and Technology; Kangwon Natl. Univ; Chuncheon Gangwon 200-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Deog-Hwan Oh
- Dept. of Food Science and Biotechnology, School of Bio-convergence Science and Technology; Kangwon Natl. Univ; Chuncheon Gangwon 200-701 Republic of Korea
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Bügener E, Kump AWS, Casteel M, Klein G. Benefits of neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water as a drinking water additive for broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2320-6. [PMID: 25037820 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-03909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the wake of discussion about the use of drugs in food-producing farms, it seems to be more and more important to search for alternatives and supportive measures to improve health. In this field trial, the influence of electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water on water quality, drug consumption, mortality, and performance parameters such as BW and feed conversion rate was investigated on 2 broiler farms. At each farm, 3 rearing periods were included in the study. With EO water as the water additive, the total viable cell count and the number of Escherichia coli in drinking water samples were reduced compared with the respective control group. The frequency of treatment days was represented by the number of used daily doses per population and showed lower values in EO-water-treated groups at both farms. Furthermore, the addition of EO water resulted in a lower mortality rate. In terms of analyzed performance parameters, no significant differences were determined. In this study, the use of EO water improved drinking water quality and seemed to reduce the drug use without showing negative effects on performance parameters and mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bügener
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany WEK Veterinary Practice, Lohe 13, 49429 Visbek, Germany
| | | | - M Casteel
- WEK Laboratory, Lohe 13, D-49429 Visbek, Germany
| | - G Klein
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
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Gunaydin M, Esen S, Karadag A, Unal N, Yanik K, Odabasi H, Birinci A. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Medilox® super-oxidized water. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2014; 13:29. [PMID: 25023905 PMCID: PMC4107540 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-13-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Super-oxidized water is one of the broad spectrum disinfectants, which was introduced recently. There are many researches to find reliable chemicals which are effective, inexpensive, easy to obtain and use, and effective for disinfection of microorganisms leading hospital infections. Antimicrobial activity of super-oxidized water is promising. The aim of this study was to investigate the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of different concentrations of Medilox® super-oxidized water that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as high level disinfectant. Material and methods In this study, super-oxidized water obtained from Medilox® [Soosan E & C, Korea] device, which had been already installed in our hospital, was used. Antimicrobial activities of different concentrations of super-oxidized water (1/1, 1/2, 1/5, 1/10, 1/20, 1/50, 1/100) at different exposure times (1, 2, 5, 10, 30 min) against six ATCC strains, eight antibiotic resistant bacteria, yeasts and molds were evaluated using qualitative suspension test. Dey-Engley Neutralizing Broth [Sigma-Aldrich, USA] was used as neutralizing agent. Results Medilox® was found to be effective against all standard strains (Acinetobacter baumannii 19606, Escherichia coli 25922, Enterococcus faecalis 29212, Klebsiella pneumoniae 254988, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853, Staphylococcus aureus 29213), all clinical isolates (Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Myroides spp.), and all yeastsat 1/1 dilution in ≥ 1 minute. It was found to be effective on Aspergillus flavus at 1/1 dilution in ≥ 2 minutes and on certain molds in ≥ 5 minutes. Conclusion Medilox® super-oxidized water is a broad spectrum, on-site producible disinfectant, which is effective on bacteria and fungi and can be used for the control of nosocomial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Gunaydin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Thorn RMS, Lee SWH, Robinson GM, Greenman J, Reynolds DM. Electrochemically activated solutions: evidence for antimicrobial efficacy and applications in healthcare environments. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 31:641-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Zeng X, Ye G, Tang W, Ouyang T, Tian L, Ni Y, Li P. Fungicidal efficiency of electrolyzed oxidizing water on Candida albicans and its biochemical mechanism. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 112:86-91. [PMID: 21458372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The fungicidal influencing factors of electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) on Candida albicans were investigated by suspension quantitative germicidal tests. Results showed that EOW possessed predominant fungicidal rate on C. albican, as high as consumately 100% after 0.5min duration of 65.5mg/L active available chlorine concentration (ACC). The fungicidal effect was promoted proportionally along with ACC but was inhibited by organic interferential bovine serum albumin (BSA). The fungicidal mechanism was also investigated at a biological molecular level by detecting series of biochemical indices. Fluorescent microscopy showed that almost all C. albicans cells were stained red in 1min, suggesting that cell membrane was one of EOW's action targets. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that EOW destroyed the cellular protective barriers and imposed some damage upon the nucleus area, which verified EOW's effects on microbial ultra-structures. EOW improved membrane permeabilities with the result that the leakages of cellular inclusions (K(+), proteins and DNA) and the conductivity increased rapidly. The dehydrogenase relative activities of C. albicans decreased by 44.0% after 10min, indicating that EOW also had a destructive effect on cellular dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Zeng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Hricova D, Stephan R, Zweifel C. Electrolyzed water and its application in the food industry. J Food Prot 2008; 71:1934-47. [PMID: 18810883 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.9.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrolyzed water (EW) is gaining popularity as a sanitizer in the food industries of many countries. By electrolysis, a dilute sodium chloride solution dissociates into acidic electrolyzed water (AEW), which has a pH of 2 to 3, an oxidation-reduction potential of >1,100 mV, and an active chlorine content of 10 to 90 ppm, and basic electrolyzed water (BEW), which has a pH of 10 to 13 and an oxidation-reduction potential of -800 to -900 mV. Vegetative cells of various bacteria in suspension were generally reduced by > 6.0 log CFU/ml when AEW was used. However, AEW is a less effective bactericide on utensils, surfaces, and food products because of factors such as surface type and the presence of organic matter. Reductions of bacteria on surfaces and utensils or vegetables and fruits mainly ranged from about 2.0 to 6.0 or 1.0 to 3.5 orders of magnitude, respectively. Higher reductions were obtained for tomatoes. For chicken carcasses, pork, and fish, reductions ranged from about 0.8 to 3.0, 1.0 to 1.8, and 0.4 to 2.8 orders of magnitude, respectively. Considerable reductions were achieved with AEW on eggs. On some food commodities, treatment with BEW followed by AEW produced higher reductions than did treatment with AEW only. EW technology deserves consideration when discussing industrial sanitization of equipment and decontamination of food products. Nevertheless, decontamination treatments for food products always should be considered part of an integral food safety system. Such treatments cannot replace strict adherence to good manufacturing and hygiene practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hricova
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 272, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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